1357:
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744:
1057:, from the long-lost mythical world of Númenor in the Second Age, to his fantasy world of Middle-earth in the Third Age, also now lost, to the real ancient Germanic and Anglo-Saxon thousands of years later, and finally down to the modern world, where names like Edwin still survive, all (in the fiction) that is left of Middle-earth, carrying for the knowledgeable philologist a hint of a rich living English mythology. Shippey notes that in Númenor, the myth would have been still stronger, as being an Elf-friend, one of the hated
579:, who had claimed to be the King of Men and overlord of Middle-earth. Ar-Pharazôn landed at Umbar to do battle, and upon seeing the might of Númenor, Sauron's armies fled, forcing Sauron to surrender without a fight. He was brought back to Númenor as a prisoner, but soon seduced the king and many other Númenóreans, promising them eternal life if they worshipped his master Melkor. With Sauron as his advisor, Ar-Pharazôn had a 500-foot (150 m) tall temple erected in Armenelos. In this temple
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522:, the king of the High Elves of the northwest of Middle-earth, whose ships sailed from the Grey Havens. Aldarion founded the Uinendili, a guild of sea-farers, in honour of Uinen, goddess of the Sea. He succeeded to the throne and became known as the Mariner-king. He established Vinyalondë (later called Lond Daer), the first Númenórean settlement in Middle-earth. This port provided access to the great forests of
336:, with three clans: the people of Hador, the people of Bëor, and the Folk of Haleth. Most descended from the fair-haired and blue-eyed people of Hador. The settlers of the western regions, especially Andustar, came mostly from the people of Bëor, with darker hair and grey eyes. A few remnants of the Folk of Haleth and a few families of the
312:, from which the smoke of numerous burned sacrifices rose, tarnishing the silver. Andúnië, "Sunset", was a western port, facing the Undying Lands; the Eldar used to land there. Valandil was the first Lord of Andúnië. Other ports included Rómenna and Eldalondë. As the Shadow fell over Númenor, Armenelos overtook Andúnië.
376:
upon the prow of a departing ship, the ceremonies concerned with the passing of the
Sceptre, and laying down one's life. The most famous traditions were the Three Prayers, during which the people climbed to the summit of Meneltarma and the King praised Eru Ilúvatar. These were the spring prayer for a
668:
in the south. The two kingdoms attempted to maintain Númenórean culture. Gondor flourished, and "for a while its splendour grew, recalling somewhat of the might of Númenor". Sauron gathered strength in Mordor, setting the scene for a struggle lasting thousands of years. Some of his servants, called
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857:
as an "Avallonian," that is Elvish, word. In this, Tolkien emulated how Plato rearticulated the origin of the name of
Atlantis as being derived from its first high king, Atlas, although its name was in fact a reference to the Titan Atlas who held the sky on his shoulders outside of the Pillars of
812:
According to
Tolkien in a letter from 1968, he had written the story of Númenor as "a new version of the Atlantis legend" as a result from a challenge by C. S. Lewis to write a time-travel story. Tolkien himself had recurring dreams of an "ineluctable Wave" from the quiet sea or towering over the
285:
estimated the island to be 167,691 square miles in area. Númenor had six main regions: the five promontories, named
Andustar, Hyarnustar, Hyarrostar, Orrostar, and Forostar; and the central area, Mittalmar, which contained the capital city Armenolos. The fifth king Tar-Meneldur built a tower in
538:
The increasing power of the Númenóreans had a dark side; the exploitation of Middle-earth's forests devastated much of
Eriador. The Númenóreans established further settlements in Middle-earth, coming to rule a coastal empire with no rival. At first, they engaged with the Men of Middle-earth in a
559:. The "King's Men" among the Númenóreans became jealous of Elves for their immortality, resenting the Ban of the Valar, and sought everlasting life. Those who remained loyal to the Valar and friendly to the Elves (and using Elvish languages) were the "Faithful" or "Elf-friends" (
865:
Similarly to how Plato internally claimed in his text that his account of
Atlantis represented the truth behind the confused words of the Egyptian priests, Tolkien himself also described his story of Númenor as being the truth behind Plato's own account, and he had Lowdham in
513:
to the east, and explored its coasts including the
Eastern Sea on the far side of Middle-earth. They brought their civilization to the Men of Middle-earth, who called them the Sea-kings. News of Númenórean seafarers spread far inland in Middle-earth; even the reclusive
645:
Sauron himself was caught in the cataclysm he had helped bring about. His body was destroyed, and he never again had a fair form. He fled back to Middle-earth as a monstrous spirit of hatred that "passed as a shadow and a black wind over the sea", and returned to
1911:
designed to convey the character of its people. The set is described as "an entire seaside city" with buildings, alleyways, shrines, graffiti, and a ship docked at the harbour. The production designer Ramsey Avery based Númenor's "looming marble structures" on
361:, employing it in works of lore and nomenclature. When the friendship with the Elves was broken, usage of Sindarin and Quenya lessened, until King Ar-Adûnakhôr forbade their teaching, and knowledge of the elven tongues was only preserved by the Faithful.
669:
the Black Númenóreans since they worshipped the
Darkness and were "enamoured of evil knowledge", had left Númenor before its destruction. For over a millennium, their descendants lingered on and remained allied to Sauron in Middle-earth.
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were offered to Melkor. The White Tree
Nimloth, which stood before the King's House in Armenelos and whose fate was tied to the line of kings, was cut down and burned as a sacrifice to Melkor, at Sauron's direction.
505:, with a desire to explore and master the ocean. There was one limitation on this activity: the Ban of the Valar. The Valar prohibited the Edain from sailing west out of sight of the island. This was because the
565:); they were led by the Lords of Andúnië. In the reign of Tar-Ancalimon (S.A. 2221-2386), the King's Men became dominant, and the Faithful became a persecuted minority accused of being "spies of the Valar".
453:, most Edain who had survived the wars left Middle-earth for Númenor, sailing in ships provided and steered by the Elves. The migration took 50 years and brought 5,000 to 10,000 people to the island. Elros
642:, which now meant travelling out of Arda. All the people on the island were drowned; only the Faithful, who had already sailed away, survived. Most of Ar-Pharazôn's armada met its doom in the cataclysm.
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1193:. For him, the existence of ideas embodied in ancient words and names indicated that there must have been "some original conception", a once-living tradition, behind those ideas. The Tolkien scholar
2746:
Il est évident que dans ce cadre, Númenor est une réécriture de l'Atlantide, et la lecture du Timée et du
Critias de Platon n'est pas nécessaire pour suggérer cette référence au lecteur de Tolkien
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1063:, marked a person out to the King's Men faction as a target for human sacrifice to Morgoth. Tolkien's "continuous playing with names" led to characters and situations, and sometimes to stories.
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was even then awaiting the end of the world. Burns comments that in that mythology, even the gods can die, everything has an end, and that, "though Sauron may go, the elves will fade as well."
304:
Nimloth, living symbol of the Kingdom, was planted in the days of the sixth King, the explorer Tar-Aldarion. During the reign of the last King, the proud Ar-Pharazôn, a giant circular temple to
1076:, leading finally to the last remnants of Númenor in the North, the Dúnedain, and the last Númenorean kingdom, Gondor, which "keeps alive the illusion that Númenor still exists in the South".
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friendly manner, but Minastir's successors, Tar-Ciryatan and Tar-Atanamir "the Great", became tyrannical, oppressing the Men of Middle-earth and exacting heavy tribute. The Númenóreans made
346:, or 6'4". Númenóreans not of the Line of Elros lived for 200 years, with royal kindred living much longer; their lifespan diminished due to their rebellion. Coming-of-age was at 25 years.
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has as its central device a brother and sister named Edred ("Bliss-counsel") and Elfrida ("Elf-strength") who visit several earlier times, always meeting a similar pair of characters.
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Prompted by Sauron and fearing old age and death, Ar-Pharazôn built a great armada and sailed into the West to make war upon the Valar, intending to seize the Undying Lands of
1378:
Both the use of a pair of related time-travellers with Old English names, and the idea of visiting Atlantis at the time of its destruction, echo events in children's books by
1971:
The Biblical temptation before the fall was the desire for knowledge of good and evil, and the prohibition that was broken was eating the fruit of the tree of that knowledge.
526:, which the Númenóreans needed for shipbuilding. The Númenóreans assisted Gil-galad in Middle-earth's War of the Elves and Sauron, which broke out after the forging of the
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184:, ancient Númenor representing a now-mythical age of greatness. Scholars, and Tolkien himself, have noted likenesses between Númenor and ancient civilisations including
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writes that the feeling of "inevitable disintegration" is borrowed from the Nordic world view, which emphasises that all may be lost at any moment. She writes that in
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in two of his letters. He equated the Númenórean practice of having just one place of worship at the summit of Mount Meneltarma with that of the Jews at their single
1127:
in their love of and power to build large monuments, and in their interest in ancestry and tombs. The crown of Gondor was tall and winged, like an ancient Egyptian
914:
The commentator Charles Delattre has noted that Númenor matches the myth of Atlantis, the only drowned island in surviving ancient literature, in multiple details:
638:
was transformed into a globe, Númenor sank beneath the ocean, and the Undying Lands were removed from the Earth forever. Only the Elves could continue to sail the
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530:. Tar-Minastir, later the eleventh King of Númenor, assembled an armada, and sent it to Gil-galad's aid. The forces of Númenor and the Elves defeated Sauron.
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from the sea were a significant part of Númenórean diet; those providing this food were Númenor's first sea-farers. The Númenóreans swiftly became skilled
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1072:, the glory of Númenor is already ancient history, evoking a sense of loss and nostalgia. This, he writes, is just one of many losses and downfalls in
1021:, notes that Tolkien thought that every story was essentially about a fall, and accordingly his legendarium contains many "falls": that of Morgoth, of
711:, as the vague land of "Westernesse", an advanced civilisation which had existed long ago, far to the west over the Sea, and the ancestral home of the
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it abounds in valuable minerals; and it has unmatched power, with a strong fleet able to project control far beyond its shores, like ancient Athens;
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was built in the city, over five hundred feet in diameter and as much in height to its cornice line, with a silver dome above that. The dome had an
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Tolkien's history of the Downfall of Númenor therefore remained faithful to Plato's story of Atlantis, and exhibits significant influences from
461:, gave up his immortality to become a Man and the first King of Númenor. The Númenóreans became a powerful people, friendly with Elves, both of
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Delattre states that the position of Númenor in Tolkien's Middle-earth is curious, being "at once marginal and central", not least because in
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claim that if Atlantis referred to Atlas, then it would connect the story with a "mountain regarded as the Pillar of Heaven," that is
151:, resulting in the destruction of the island and the death of most of its people. Tolkien intended Númenor to allude to the legendary
828:. Similarly to how Plato invented a tradition through which the story of Atlantis was allegedly handed down from Egyptian priests to
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905:; Tolkien described his invention of this additional allusion to Atlantis as a happy accident when he realized that the Quenya root
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509:, forbidden to mortals, lay tantalizingly close to the west of Númenor. So the Númenóreans explored the other seas. They reached
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and of Middle-earth. The Elves of Eressëa brought gifts including skills and plants. Elros brought a measure of Elvish blood and
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as being derived from Atlas's twin brother Gadiros despite the fictional king's name being in reality a reference to the city.
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911:"to fall" could be incorporated into a name for Númenor. Tolkien wrote of Númenor as Atlantis in several of his letters.
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literary discussion group. The misspelling came from Lewis's only hearing Tolkien say the name in one of his readings.
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that the ban was "soon defied", as in the Biblical fall. The temptation for the Númenoreans was the desire for
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3300:"Elven-Latin and Semitic Adûnaic: Linguistic, Religious, and Political Strife in Tolkien's Island of Númenor"
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The Downfall of Númenor and the Changing of the World. The outlines of the continents are purely schematic.
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Tolkien described the later Númenóreans of Gondor as "best pictured in (say) Egyptian terms", resembling
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69:
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755:'s map (inverted to show North at top) of Atlantis between America and Europe ("Hispania", Spain), 1669
357:, the speech of the Hadorians. Most Númenóreans knew Sindarin; noble families also knew the High-elven
3449:
A gateway to Sindarin : a grammar of an Elvish language from J.R.R. Tolkien's 'Lord of the Rings'
1886:
makes reference to Numinor, as "the true West", which Lewis credits as a then-unpublished creation of
575:
Late in the Second Age, Ar-Pharazôn, the 25th monarch of Númenor, sailed to Middle-earth to challenge
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143:. However, after centuries of prosperity many of the inhabitants ceased to worship the One God,
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1392:. Kullmann and Siepmann comment that the tsunami must have resonated with Tolkien's recurring
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1011:, with "its central theme .. (inevitably, I think, in a story of Men) a Ban, or Prohibition".
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A tall tower was constructed in Armenelos by the first King Elros, son of the seafaring hero
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Commentators have noted that the destruction of Númenor echoes the Biblical stories of the
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heard of the coming of "the Great Ships". Númenóreans had established good relations with
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144:
1920:, while he used the colour blue to reflect the culture's emphasis on water and sailing.
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it began as a perfect world, geometrically laid out to reflect its balance and harmony;
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The names connected by his philological studies formed for Tolkien the possibility of
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Herakles, as well as Plato's rearticulation of the origin of the name of the city of
618:
and achieve immortality. Sauron remained behind. Ar-Pharazôn landed on the shores of
506:
364:
Before the coming of the Shadow, the Númenóreans maintained traditions of worship of
185:
172:
1907:
is set mainly in the Second Age. It includes the port city of Armenelos in Númenor,
789:(excessive pride leading to a downfall) of nations in the ancient Greek philosopher
281:
extending from the central region, which was around 250 miles (400 km) across.
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makes reference to a land called Numinor as "the true West". The television series
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94:
3098:"How 'The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power' crafted a new (old) Middle-earth"
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Lords of the Sea: The Epic Story of the Athenian Navy and the Birth of Democracy
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1175:, being militarily powerful at sea, and worshipping a god with human sacrifice.
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630:, the One God. In response, Eru caused the Changing of the World: the hitherto
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and respect to the Valar. Among these were the setting a bough of the fragrant
139:, the main setting of Tolkien's writings, and was the greatest civilization of
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4696:
4457:
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3564:
3444:
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2600:"'The Lost Road' and 'The Notion Club Papers': Myth, History, and Time-travel"
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and his relatives, and that of Númenor among them. Eric Schweicher writes in
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influences were present in early versions of Númenor, such as Sauron's name
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2230:: Part Two, II Aldarion and Erendis, "The Further Course of the Narrative"
687:, Tolkien once saw the tale of the fall of Númenor as a conclusion to his
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152:
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477:, magical orbs that could foresee the future, for the Lords of Andúnië.
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is set mainly in the Second Age, with Númenor's port city of Armenelos.
135:'s writings. It was the kingdom occupying a large island to the west of
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Plato also wrote the myth of Atlantis as an allegory of the archetypal
1397:
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and the "last tale" about the Elder Days. Later, with the emergence of
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3486:
The Road to Middle-Earth: How J. R. R. Tolkien Created a New Mythology
3262:"Get an exclusive look at 'The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power'"
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208:. Tolkien chose to make the names of its months reflect those of the
3195:"Amazon's Lord of the Rings Series Rises: Inside The Rings of Power"
1388:
has Atlantis destroyed by a combination of volcanic eruption and a
1382:, who Tolkien described as "an author I delight in". Nesbit's 1906
1203:, the key names are from Germanic legend, and they speak of elves:
398:
The Númenórean calendar, the "King's Reckoning", is similar to the
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1400:, of a great wave that rushes in over the treetops. Nesbit's 1908
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Tolkien likened the winged crown of Gondor to the Egyptian winged
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241:
931:
and its downfall recalls the destruction of Atlantis, the divine
622:. As the Valar were forbidden to take direct action against Men,
2843:
J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment
2808:
J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment
1864:
1160:
1128:
1116:
515:
3768:
3764:
4331:
4299:
981:
340:
were also present. The average Númenórean was taller than two
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
5549:
The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary
876:, which would in turn refer to Mount Meneltarma in Númenor.
840:
who met the Elves who had preserved ancient lost knowledge.
697:, it became the link back to his mythology of earlier ages.
1035:, and the ban that they broke was not to sail towards the
968:
The downfall of Númenor has been compared to the Biblical
588:
rescued a fruit of the tree; it became an ancestor of the
402:, with a week of seven days, a year of 365 days except in
30:"Siril" redirects here. For the software application, see
3229:"Showrunners and John Howe reveal more of Rings of Power"
3193:
Breznican, Anthony; Robinson, Joanna (10 February 2022).
2028:, part 2, ch. 1 "A Description of the Island of Númenor"
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1086:, this began during the creation: in the realm of fire,
1430:. For example, the names of the third month of Winter,
1278:
1229:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
1829:
1798:
1767:
1736:
1705:
1674:
1643:
1612:
1581:
1550:
1519:
1488:
1437:
1956:
1333:
1327:
1298:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1154:
1148:
1067:
1002:
996:
867:
845:
823:
341:
250:
2563:
Interrupted Music: The Making of Tolkien's Mythology
1949:
1840:
1822:
1809:
1791:
1778:
1760:
1747:
1729:
1716:
1698:
1685:
1667:
1654:
1636:
1623:
1605:
1592:
1574:
1561:
1543:
1530:
1512:
1499:
1481:
1443:
1431:
1340:
1305:
1268:
1058:
906:
884:
852:
560:
547:
of Middle-earth, into a great fortress and expanded
471:
407:
390:
384:
378:
370:
5382:
5325:
5258:
5179:
5096:
5087:
5053:
4966:
4776:
4667:
4660:
4603:
4493:
4345:
4207:
4196:
4151:
4038:
4029:
3936:
3844:
3837:
2995:, #156 draft to Robert Murray, SJ, 4 November 1954.
2290:
2288:
924:Númenor's pride, too, writes Delattre, matches the
836:, Tolkien created one in the form of the figure of
817:
803:
795:
425:Númenor was raised from the sea as a gift from the
110:
100:
89:
81:
76:
64:
41:
3059:
3022:"Going back: time travel in Tolkien and E. Nesbit"
2836:Garbowski, Christopher (2013) . "Immortality". In
2756:
2754:
2724:"Númenor et l'Atlantide: Une écriture en héritage"
2211:
2209:
2207:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1873:, as envisaged by production designer Ramsey Avery
3091:
3089:
3087:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3004:
2980:
2963:
2696:
2675:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
1143:", itself modelled after Semitic languages. Some
781:') is a fictional island mentioned within an
715:. Tolkien chose the name for its resonance with "
3040:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
719:", a faraway land that sank into the sea in the
277:in the east. In shape it was a star, with five
3169:Tolkien and C.S. Lewis: The Gift of Friendship
3015:
3013:
2372:, #257 to Christopher Bretherton, 16 July 1964
27:Fictional place in J. R. R. Tolkien's writings
3780:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2509:, pp. 324–328, "The Lost Straight Road".
2173:, ch. 18 "Of the Coming of Men into the West"
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
8:
5500:Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings
2326:
2201:, "Of Dwarves and Men" note 71, pp. 329–330.
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
5458:The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion
3399:The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion
2612:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 161–171.
1139:and an affinity with the Dwarvish language
890:
383:; the midsummer prayer for a good harvest,
5093:
4664:
4204:
4035:
3841:
3787:
3773:
3765:
1159:. Tolkien compared the Númenóreans to the
269:. Númenor was in the Great Sea, closer to
3421:Kullmann, Thomas; Siepmann, Dirk (2021).
2992:
2948:
2763:"Aspects of the Fall in The Silmarillion"
2739:
2381:
2369:
2337:
2000:
1904:The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power
1870:The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power
1396:, ascribed also to the Tolkien-figure of
879:The destruction of Númenor earned it the
246:Map of Númenor, with its principal cities
226:The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power
5493:Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'
5444:The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide
5370:Things named after Tolkien and his works
2275:
1962:, the name of the story of the Downfall.
1450:
1205:
328:The Númenóreans were descended from the
5437:J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century
2951:, #211 To Rhona Beare, 14 October 1958.
2888:
2785:
2506:
2494:
2487:
2469:
2455:harvnb error: no target: Lost_Tales_I (
2435:
2420:
2353:
2306:
2297:, book 5, ch. 10 "The Black Gate Opens"
2294:
2263:
2251:
2239:
2227:
2215:
2198:
2182:
2170:
2161:, "The Line of Elros: Kings of Númenor"
2158:
2146:
2134:
2122:
2097:
2080:
2064:
2025:
1988:
1941:
389:; and the autumn harvest thanksgiving,
2911:"J.R.R. Tolkien and the Journey North"
2125:, part 2, ch. 2 "Aldarion and Erendis"
1890:; they were friends and colleagues at
252:A Description of the Island of Númenor
176:. The tale forms part of the theme of
38:
2340:, #276 to Dick Plotz, 'Thain' of the
2323:Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings
1167:. Númenor has parallels with ancient
843:Tolkien had his character Lowdham in
412:): ten with 30 days and two with 31.
7:
4109:The History of The Lord of the Rings
2761:Schweicher, Eric (15 October 1996).
2574:Chapter 6, section "Drowned Lands".
2408:
2309:, "The early history of the legend".
2093:
2091:
2089:
3172:. Paulist Press. pp. 102–103.
2100:, part 2, III, "The Line of Elros".
813:green inlands throughout his life.
5521:Tolkien, Race and Cultural History
5395:The Complete Guide to Middle-earth
3713:. Boston, New York, & London:
3298:Fernández Camacho, Pamina (2023).
2525:The Complete Guide to Middle-earth
1055:an inexorable downward progression
660:The Faithful, led by the nobleman
626:, chief of the Valar, called upon
602:The Silmarillion § Akallabêth
25:
5486:Tolkien and the Invention of Myth
3274:from the original on 14 July 2022
3241:from the original on 10 June 2022
3110:from the original on 19 July 2022
2450:
2384:, #131 to Milton Waldman, c. 1951
2083:, "The History of the Akallabêth"
1863:"Looming marble structures": the
1137:Semitic-like triconsonantal roots
1135:: Tolkien described it as having
4085:The Lost Road and Other Writings
3678:The Lost Road and Other Writings
2722:Delattre, Charles (March 2007).
1867:city of Armenelos in Númenor in
1049:Decline and fall in Middle-earth
178:decline and fall in Middle-earth
5402:A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien
5279:Poems and Songs of Middle Earth
5001:Finnish language and literature
3971:The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien
3338:The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien
2609:A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien
2522:(1978). "Change of the World".
2453:, "Cottage of Lost Play", p. 41
1426:the calendar of Númenor on the
739:Tolkien and the classical world
469:. Among these gifts were seven
5542:The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien
5514:Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth
4791:Ancestry as guide to character
3927:The Adventures of Tom Bombadil
3340:: Revised and Expanded Edition
3260:Coggan, Devan (13 July 2022).
3096:Coggan, Devan (19 July 2022).
485:Númenor was surrounded by the
1:
5451:J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia
3915:The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen
2728:Revue de littérature comparée
832:and members of the family of
286:Forostar to watch the stars.
3423:Tolkien as a Literary Artist
3041:Kullmann & Siepmann 2021
1957:
1950:
1830:
1823:
1799:
1792:
1768:
1761:
1737:
1730:
1706:
1699:
1675:
1668:
1644:
1637:
1613:
1606:
1582:
1575:
1551:
1544:
1520:
1513:
1489:
1482:
1438:
1432:
1341:
1318:
1306:
1288:
1279:
1269:
1239:
1230:
1155:
1149:
1059:
1003:
984:to eat the forbidden fruit,
960:Christianity in Middle-earth
907:
885:
853:
747:Tolkien wrote of Númenor as
677:Originally intended to be a
561:
472:
408:
391:
385:
379:
371:
342:
324:Architecture in Middle-earth
219:A novel by Tolkien's friend
4974:Tolkien's impact on fantasy
4142:The Peoples of Middle-earth
4077:The Shaping of Middle-earth
3742:The Peoples of Middle-earth
3305:Journal of Inklings Studies
2801:(2013) . "Fall of Man". In
2568:Kent State University Press
2254:, book 3, ch. 4 "Treebeard"
1841:
1810:
1779:
1748:
1717:
1686:
1655:
1624:
1593:
1562:
1531:
1500:
1444:
1334:
1328:
1299:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1189:Tolkien was a professional
1068:
1018:J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia
1007:) was effectively a second
997:
868:
846:
824:
818:
804:
796:
751:in several of his letters.
679:part of a time-travel story
251:
147:, and rebelled against the
5602:
4648:List of weapons and armour
4181:The Nature of Middle-earth
3871:The Fellowship of the Ring
3514:The Fellowship of the Ring
3066:. Grahaeme Young. p.
3030:(53 (Spring 2012)): 30–31.
2342:Tolkien Society of America
1428:French Republican calendar
1415:
1182:
1131:. Adûnaic was modelled on
1104:
1046:
957:
767:
736:
599:
321:
210:French Republican calendar
131:, is a fictional place in
29:
5535:Tolkien and the Great War
5343:Works inspired by Tolkien
5247:Nightfall in Middle-Earth
5062:The Atlas of Middle-earth
4166:The History of The Hobbit
3908:The Scouring of the Shire
3802:
3372:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
3367:The Atlas of Middle-earth
3062:An Introduction to Elvish
3020:Luling, Virginia (2012).
2137:, "The Drúedain", note 7.
1418:The Shire § Calendar
1185:Time in Tolkien's fiction
1179:Philology and time-travel
707:Númenor first appears in
263:derived from the archives
46:
5472:The Road to Middle-Earth
5338:Middle-earth Enterprises
3984:The three "Great Tales"
3453:University of Utah Press
2327:Hammond & Scull 2005
1394:"Atlantis complex" dream
1197:notes that in Tolkien's
851:describe Númenor's name
5293:An Evening in Rivendell
5166:Margrethe II of Denmark
5045:A mythology for England
1588:new / young / budding?
1412:Origins of the calendar
1385:The Story of the Amulet
1367:The Story of the Amulet
1360:"The Atlantis Wave" by
1153:and Tar-Miriel's name,
998:The Downfall of Númenor
555:near the Mouths of the
433:who had stood with the
349:Their common language,
162:and the destruction of
77:In-universe information
5416:Master of Middle-Earth
4938:Psychological journeys
4502:First and Second Ages
4354:First and Second Ages
4116:The Notion Club Papers
4054:The Book of Lost Tales
3901:The Return of the King
3878:The Shadow of the Past
3578:The Return of the King
3005:Fernández Camacho 2023
2981:Fernández Camacho 2023
2964:Fernández Camacho 2023
2697:Fernández Camacho 2023
2676:Fernández Camacho 2023
2633:Hale, John R. (2009).
2003:, #131, 154, 156, 227.
1901:The television series
1874:
1836:cold / shivering month
1375:
1120:
988:
869:The Notion Club Papers
847:The Notion Club Papers
756:
684:The Notion Club Papers
611:
543:, the harbour city in
247:
212:, translated into his
5528:Tolkien's Legendarium
5272:The Road Goes Ever On
5214:The Lord of the Rings
5199:The Lord of the Rings
5075:A Map of Middle-earth
4818:Death and immortality
4621:Red Book of Westmarch
4134:The War of the Jewels
4069:The Lays of Beleriand
3990:The Children of Húrin
3885:The Council of Elrond
3864:The Lord of the Rings
3584:The Lord of the Rings
3552:The Lord of the Rings
3520:The Lord of the Rings
3318:10.3366/ink.2023.0176
3135:That Hideous Strength
2280:The Council of Elrond
2189:", p. 368 and note 5.
1948:The Adûnaic word for
1883:That Hideous Strength
1862:
1359:
1183:Further information:
1114:
1105:Further information:
1074:Tolkien's legendarium
1069:The Lord of the Rings
1047:Further information:
1037:Undying Lands of Aman
967:
958:Further information:
746:
737:Further information:
709:The Lord of the Rings
695:The Lord of the Rings
609:
600:Further information:
406:, and twelve months (
322:Further information:
245:
182:Tolkien's legendarium
180:that runs throughout
70:The Lord of the Rings
5581:Middle-earth islands
5307:At Dawn in Rivendell
5300:A Night in Rivendell
5287:The Tolkien Ensemble
5121:Brothers Hildebrandt
4643:Two Trees of Valinor
4006:The Fall of Gondolin
3267:Entertainment Weekly
3142:. pp. 165–166.
3103:Entertainment Weekly
2850:. pp. 292–293.
2838:Drout, Michael D. C.
2815:. pp. 187–188.
2803:Drout, Michael D. C.
2741:10.3917/rlc.323.0303
1448:, all mean 'Windy'.
928:of Plato's Atlantis;
590:White Tree of Gondor
273:in the West than to
5586:Atlantis in fiction
5576:Middle-earth realms
4811:Round World dilemma
4363:Eärendil and Elwing
4016:The Fall of Númenor
3737:Christopher Tolkien
3705:Christopher Tolkien
3673:Christopher Tolkien
3641:Christopher Tolkien
3609:Christopher Tolkien
3362:Fonstad, Karen Wynn
3333:Carpenter, Humphrey
3209:on 10 February 2022
3058:Allan, Jim (1978).
2891:, pp. 336–337.
2344:, 12 September 1965
2266:, pp. 250, 284, 437
1165:Temple in Jerusalem
986:Notre Dame de Paris
445:in the wars of the
353:, was derived from
233:Fictional geography
5430:A Question of Time
5232:The Rings of Power
5151:Alexander Korotich
4948:Sound and language
4828:Dreams and visions
3489:(Third ed.).
3451:. Salt Lake City:
3427:Palgrave Macmillan
2907:Burns, Marjorie J.
2799:Birzer, Bradley J.
2570:. pp. 95–99,
2185:, "The Problem of
1875:
1557:windy / wind month
1403:The House of Arden
1376:
1121:
991:Tolkien, a devout
989:
937:Sodom and Gomorrah
757:
753:Athanasius Kircher
612:
283:Karen Wynn Fonstad
248:
238:Physical geography
204:, was modelled on
164:Sodom and Gomorrah
114:Elros Tar-Minyatur
5558:
5557:
5507:A Tolkien Compass
5423:Picturing Tolkien
5409:Interrupted Music
5378:
5377:
5314:Leaving Rivendell
5083:
5082:
5069:Journeys of Frodo
4923:Old Straight Road
4913:Naming of weapons
4656:
4655:
4403:Lúthien and Beren
4192:
4191:
4174:Carl F. Hostetter
4025:
4024:
3998:Beren and Lúthien
3979:Bilbo's Last Song
3756:978-0-395-82760-4
3733:Tolkien, J. R. R.
3701:Tolkien, J. R. R.
3669:Tolkien, J. R. R.
3660:978-0-395-29917-3
3637:Tolkien, J. R. R.
3628:978-0-395-25730-2
3605:Tolkien, J. R. R.
3573:Tolkien, J. R. R.
3541:Tolkien, J. R. R.
3509:Tolkien, J. R. R.
3500:978-0-261-10275-0
3462:978-0-87480-800-1
3436:978-3-030-69298-8
3390:Hammond, Wayne G.
3353:978-0-35-865298-4
3179:978-1-58768-026-7
3138:(14th ed.).
3077:978-0-905220-10-9
3043:, pp. 72–74.
2857:978-0-415-86511-1
2822:978-0-415-86511-1
2699:, pp. 72–77.
2678:, pp. 67–69.
2650:978-0-670-02080-5
2639:. New York City:
2619:978-1-119-65602-9
2581:978-0-87338-824-5
2472:, Appendix, s.v.
2438:, Appendix, s.v.
2423:, Appendix, s.v.
2319:Tolkien, J. R. R.
2278:, book 2, ch. 2 "
1894:, and members of
1892:Oxford University
1852:
1851:
1422:Tolkien chose to
1354:
1353:
1133:Semitic languages
1125:ancient Egyptians
1015:, writing in the
1013:Bradley J. Birzer
776:
640:Old Straight Road
416:Fictional history
261:, was supposedly
206:Semitic languages
118:
117:
16:(Redirected from
5593:
5479:Splintered Light
5094:
4918:Northern courage
4843:Environmentalism
4823:Decline and fall
4746:Tolkien's poetry
4665:
4383:Finwë and Míriel
4205:
4159:John D. Rateliff
4036:
3963:Unfinished Tales
3946:The Silmarillion
3842:
3807:J. R. R. Tolkien
3789:
3782:
3775:
3766:
3760:
3747:Houghton Mifflin
3728:
3715:Houghton Mifflin
3696:
3683:Houghton Mifflin
3664:
3651:Houghton Mifflin
3646:Unfinished Tales
3632:
3619:Houghton Mifflin
3614:The Silmarillion
3600:
3589:Houghton Mifflin
3568:
3557:Houghton Mifflin
3536:
3525:Houghton Mifflin
3504:
3474:
3440:
3417:
3394:Scull, Christina
3385:
3357:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3237:. 10 June 2022.
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3208:
3203:. Archived from
3190:
3184:
3183:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3093:
3082:
3081:
3065:
3055:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3017:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2967:
2961:
2952:
2946:
2933:
2932:
2903:
2892:
2886:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2758:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2719:
2700:
2694:
2679:
2673:
2662:
2661:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2530:Unwin Paperbacks
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2476:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2448:
2442:
2433:
2427:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2351:
2345:
2335:
2329:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2283:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2101:
2095:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2062:
2029:
2023:
2004:
1998:
1972:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1909:its architecture
1888:J. R. R. Tolkien
1844:
1833:
1826:
1813:
1802:
1795:
1782:
1771:
1764:
1751:
1740:
1733:
1720:
1709:
1702:
1693:(wheat) harvest
1689:
1678:
1671:
1658:
1647:
1640:
1627:
1616:
1609:
1596:
1585:
1578:
1565:
1554:
1547:
1534:
1523:
1516:
1503:
1492:
1485:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1344:
1337:
1331:
1321:
1309:
1302:
1291:
1282:
1272:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1242:
1233:
1206:
1158:
1152:
1071:
1062:
1043:Decline and fall
1006:
1000:
910:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
888:
871:
856:
849:
827:
821:
807:
799:
771:
769:
690:The Silmarillion
581:human sacrifices
564:
534:The Shadow looms
475:
411:
394:
388:
382:
374:
345:
258:Unfinished Tales
254:
214:Elvish languages
200:. Its language,
133:J. R. R. Tolkien
65:First appearance
53:
52:
51:J. R. R. Tolkien
39:
32:Siril (software)
21:
5601:
5600:
5596:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5561:
5560:
5559:
5554:
5465:Perilous Realms
5385:
5374:
5321:
5254:
5197:Symphony No. 1
5175:
5136:Donato Giancola
5089:
5079:
5049:
4996:Classical world
4962:
4853:First World War
4772:
4652:
4599:
4551:Lonely Mountain
4489:
4341:
4212:
4199:
4188:
4147:
4092:The Etymologies
4042:
4031:
4021:
3932:
3846:
3833:
3798:
3793:
3763:
3757:
3731:
3725:
3710:Sauron Defeated
3699:
3693:
3667:
3661:
3635:
3629:
3603:
3571:
3539:
3507:
3501:
3479:
3463:
3443:
3437:
3420:
3414:
3388:
3382:
3360:
3354:
3335:, ed. (2023) .
3331:
3322:
3320:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3287:
3277:
3275:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3244:
3242:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3212:
3210:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3150:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3113:
3111:
3095:
3094:
3085:
3078:
3057:
3056:
3047:
3039:
3035:
3019:
3018:
3011:
3003:
2999:
2991:
2987:
2979:
2970:
2962:
2955:
2947:
2936:
2905:
2904:
2895:
2887:
2876:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2823:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2760:
2759:
2752:
2721:
2720:
2703:
2695:
2682:
2674:
2665:
2659:or naval power.
2651:
2643:. p. 368.
2632:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2598:(11 May 2020).
2596:Flieger, Verlyn
2594:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2554:Flieger, Verlyn
2552:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2468:
2464:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2434:
2430:
2419:
2415:
2407:
2388:
2380:
2376:
2368:
2364:
2358:The Etymologies
2352:
2348:
2336:
2332:
2317:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2293:
2286:
2274:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2181:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2121:
2104:
2096:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2063:
2032:
2024:
2007:
1999:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1926:
1857:
1475:
1469:
1420:
1414:
1345:
1187:
1181:
1109:
1103:
1084:Norse mythology
1051:
1045:
962:
956:
935:retribution on
902:
899:
896:
893:
777:'island of
741:
735:
705:
675:
658:
604:
598:
573:
551:, a landing in
536:
483:
449:. Early in the
423:
418:
326:
318:
292:
290:Human geography
255:, published in
240:
235:
93:Island west of
50:
49:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5599:
5597:
5589:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5563:
5562:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5552:
5545:
5538:
5531:
5524:
5517:
5510:
5503:
5496:
5489:
5482:
5475:
5468:
5461:
5454:
5447:
5440:
5433:
5426:
5419:
5412:
5405:
5398:
5390:
5388:
5380:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5340:
5335:
5329:
5327:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5319:
5318:
5317:
5310:
5303:
5296:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5275:
5262:
5260:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5252:
5251:
5250:
5241:Blind Guardian
5238:
5237:
5236:
5227:
5218:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5189:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5106:Pauline Baynes
5102:
5100:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5065:
5057:
5055:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5030:
5029:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4976:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4893:Mental illness
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4782:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4714:
4704:
4699:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4673:
4671:
4662:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4626:Rings of Power
4623:
4618:
4613:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4499:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4428:Túrin Turambar
4425:
4423:Tuor and Idril
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4351:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4218:
4216:
4202:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4137:
4129:
4126:Morgoth's Ring
4121:
4120:
4119:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4095:
4080:
4072:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4048:
4046:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4001:
3993:
3982:
3974:
3966:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3911:
3897:
3894:The Two Towers
3890:
3889:
3888:
3881:
3859:
3850:
3848:
3839:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3769:
3762:
3761:
3755:
3729:
3723:
3697:
3691:
3665:
3659:
3633:
3627:
3601:
3569:
3546:The Two Towers
3537:
3505:
3499:
3477:
3475:
3461:
3441:
3435:
3418:
3412:
3386:
3380:
3358:
3352:
3344:Harper Collins
3329:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3252:
3234:TheOneRing.net
3220:
3185:
3178:
3155:
3148:
3121:
3083:
3076:
3045:
3033:
3009:
2997:
2993:Carpenter 2023
2985:
2968:
2953:
2949:Carpenter 2023
2934:
2893:
2874:
2863:
2856:
2828:
2821:
2790:
2778:
2750:
2734:(3): 303–322.
2701:
2680:
2663:
2649:
2625:
2618:
2604:Lee, Stuart D.
2587:
2580:
2558:"The Artifice"
2545:
2538:
2520:Foster, Robert
2511:
2499:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2462:
2443:
2428:
2413:
2386:
2382:Carpenter 2023
2374:
2370:Carpenter 2023
2362:
2346:
2338:Carpenter 2023
2330:
2311:
2299:
2284:
2268:
2256:
2244:
2232:
2220:
2203:
2191:
2175:
2163:
2151:
2139:
2127:
2102:
2085:
2073:
2030:
2005:
2001:Carpenter 2023
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1964:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1925:
1922:
1914:Ancient Greece
1880:'s 1945 novel
1856:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1837:
1834:
1827:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1806:
1803:
1796:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1775:
1772:
1765:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1744:
1741:
1734:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1713:
1710:
1703:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1682:
1679:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1651:
1648:
1641:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1620:
1617:
1610:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1589:
1586:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1558:
1555:
1548:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1527:
1524:
1517:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1496:
1493:
1486:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1413:
1410:
1352:
1351:
1338:
1325:
1322:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1293:
1284:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1247:
1244:
1235:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1180:
1177:
1102:
1099:
1080:Marjorie Burns
1044:
1041:
995:, stated that
993:Roman Catholic
955:
952:
951:
950:
929:
922:
919:
900:the Downfallen
768:Ἀτλαντὶς νῆσος
734:
731:
721:Middle English
704:
701:
674:
671:
657:
654:
597:
594:
572:
569:
535:
532:
482:
479:
422:
419:
417:
414:
317:
314:
291:
288:
239:
236:
234:
231:
123:, also called
116:
115:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
91:
87:
86:
85:Island kingdom
83:
79:
78:
74:
73:
66:
62:
61:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5598:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5551:
5550:
5546:
5544:
5543:
5539:
5537:
5536:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5511:
5509:
5508:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5469:
5467:
5466:
5462:
5460:
5459:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5420:
5418:
5417:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5406:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5387:
5381:
5371:
5368:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5316:
5315:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5281:
5280:
5276:
5274:
5273:
5269:
5268:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5257:
5249:
5248:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5235:
5233:
5228:
5226:
5224:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5201:
5200:
5195:
5194:
5193:
5192:Johan de Meij
5190:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5131:Mary Fairburn
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5099:
5095:
5092:
5086:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5052:
5046:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5031:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4903:Moral dilemma
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4883:Luck and fate
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4863:Frame stories
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4666:
4663:
4659:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4219:
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3724:0-395-60649-7
3720:
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3698:
3694:
3692:0-395-45519-7
3688:
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3496:
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3491:HarperCollins
3488:
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3415:
3413:0-00-720907-X
3409:
3405:
3404:HarperCollins
3401:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3381:0-618-12699-6
3377:
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3253:
3240:
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3230:
3224:
3221:
3207:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3189:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3164:Duriez, Colin
3159:
3156:
3151:
3149:0-330-02170-2
3145:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3092:
3090:
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3084:
3079:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3063:
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3052:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3034:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3007:, p. 82.
3006:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2986:
2983:, p. 78.
2982:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2966:, p. 83.
2965:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2950:
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2943:
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2824:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2791:
2788:, p. 64.
2787:
2782:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2730:(in French).
2729:
2725:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2658:
2657:thalassocracy
2652:
2646:
2642:
2641:Penguin Books
2638:
2637:
2629:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2591:
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2583:
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2549:
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2541:
2539:0-04-803001-5
2535:
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2527:
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2515:
2512:
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2500:
2496:
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2315:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2276:Tolkien 1954a
2272:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2224:
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2117:
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2031:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1978:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1942:
1935:
1931:
1928:
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1899:
1897:
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1879:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1854:
1848:cold, frosty
1847:
1845:
1843:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1817:misty, foggy
1816:
1814:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1786:wine harvest
1785:
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1219:
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1214:
1211:
1208:
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1204:
1202:
1201:
1200:The Lost Road
1196:
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1186:
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1005:
999:
994:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
966:
961:
953:
948:
947:
946:Paradise Lost
942:
938:
934:
933:Old Testament
930:
927:
923:
920:
917:
916:
915:
912:
909:
887:
882:
877:
875:
870:
863:
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826:
820:
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808:
806:
800:
798:
792:
788:
784:
780:
774:
765:
764:Ancient Greek
761:
754:
750:
745:
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732:
730:
728:
727:
722:
718:
714:
710:
702:
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629:
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621:
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582:
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566:
563:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
533:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
508:
507:Undying Lands
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
480:
478:
476:
474:
468:
467:magical power
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
420:
415:
413:
410:
405:
401:
396:
393:
387:
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375:
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367:
362:
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339:
335:
331:
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303:
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294:
289:
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284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
259:
253:
244:
237:
232:
230:
228:
227:
222:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
186:ancient Egypt
183:
179:
175:
174:
173:Paradise Lost
169:
165:
161:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
113:
109:
106:
103:
101:Fictional era
99:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
75:
72:
71:
67:
63:
59:
58:
55:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5547:
5540:
5533:
5526:
5519:
5512:
5505:
5498:
5491:
5484:
5477:
5470:
5463:
5456:
5449:
5442:
5435:
5428:
5421:
5414:
5407:
5400:
5393:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5277:
5270:
5266:Donald Swann
5245:
5231:
5222:
5213:
5207:Howard Shore
5198:
5146:Tove Jansson
5126:Jenny Dolfen
5116:Anke Eißmann
5088:Adaptations,
5067:
5060:
4984:
4801:Christianity
4796:Architecture
4702:Black Speech
4682:Family trees
4510:
4483:Tom Bombadil
4179:
4164:
4140:
4132:
4124:
4114:
4107:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4075:
4067:
4052:
4043:Middle-earth
4039:
4014:
4004:
3996:
3988:
3977:
3969:
3961:
3944:
3925:
3899:
3892:
3869:
3862:
3854:
3845:In Tolkien's
3812:Bibliography
3796:Middle-earth
3740:
3708:
3676:
3644:
3612:
3582:
3576:
3550:
3544:
3518:
3512:
3485:
3481:Shippey, Tom
3448:
3422:
3397:
3365:
3342:. New York:
3336:
3321:. Retrieved
3312:(2): 67–86.
3309:
3303:
3276:. Retrieved
3265:
3255:
3243:. Retrieved
3232:
3223:
3211:. Retrieved
3206:the original
3198:
3188:
3168:
3158:
3133:
3130:Lewis, C. S.
3124:
3112:. Retrieved
3101:
3061:
3036:
3025:
3000:
2988:
2920:
2914:
2889:Shippey 2005
2866:
2841:
2831:
2806:
2793:
2786:Shippey 2005
2781:
2772:
2766:
2745:
2731:
2727:
2654:
2635:
2628:
2607:
2590:
2571:
2562:
2548:
2523:
2514:
2507:Shippey 2005
2502:
2495:Fonstad 1991
2490:
2473:
2470:Tolkien 1977
2465:
2451:Lost Tales I
2446:
2439:
2436:Tolkien 1977
2431:
2424:
2421:Tolkien 1977
2416:
2411:, Appendix 6
2377:
2365:
2354:Tolkien 1987
2349:
2333:
2314:
2307:Tolkien 1987
2302:
2295:Tolkien 1955
2271:
2264:Tolkien 1992
2259:
2252:Tolkien 1954
2247:
2240:Tolkien 1996
2235:
2228:Tolkien 1980
2223:
2216:Tolkien 1955
2199:Tolkien 1996
2194:
2186:
2183:Tolkien 1996
2178:
2171:Tolkien 1977
2166:
2159:Tolkien 1980
2154:
2147:Tolkien 1980
2142:
2135:Tolkien 1980
2130:
2123:Tolkien 1980
2098:Tolkien 1980
2081:Tolkien 1996
2076:
2065:Tolkien 1977
2026:Tolkien 1980
1967:
1944:
1902:
1900:
1896:The Inklings
1881:
1876:
1868:
1743:fruit giving
1619:flower month
1421:
1408:
1401:
1383:
1380:Edith Nesbit
1377:
1365:
1362:H. R. Millar
1295:Bliss-friend
1198:
1188:
1145:Mesopotamian
1122:
1078:
1065:
1052:
1026:
1016:
990:
944:
913:
878:
864:
842:
815:
811:
758:
724:
708:
706:
699:
694:
688:
682:
676:
659:
652:
644:
628:Eru Ilúvatar
613:
574:
567:
537:
511:Middle-earth
499:shipbuilders
484:
424:
421:Land of gift
397:
363:
348:
327:
319:
295:
293:
275:Middle-earth
256:
249:
224:
218:
171:
157:
145:Eru Ilúvatar
137:Middle-earth
128:
124:
120:
119:
95:Middle-earth
68:
47:
36:
5363:Video games
5348:Fan fiction
5326:Other media
5225:film series
5216:film series
5171:Ted Nasmith
5033:Prose style
5026:Shakespeare
4786:Anachronism
4358:Celebrimbor
4032:composition
3953:Ainulindalë
3824:Legendarium
3445:Salo, David
3213:10 February
3200:Vanity Fair
1878:C. S. Lewis
1855:Adaptations
1780:Vendémiaire
1223:In Númenor
1220:Modern name
1213:Old English
1195:Tom Shippey
1191:philologist
1033:immortality
1009:fall of man
970:fall of man
954:Fall of man
874:Mount Atlas
377:good year,
221:C. S. Lewis
190:Mesopotamia
168:John Milton
160:fall of man
129:Westernesse
125:Elenna-nórë
57:legendarium
18:Númenóreans
5565:Categories
5223:The Hobbit
5187:Bo Hansson
5161:Tom Loback
5054:Geographic
4979:Influences
4556:Lothlórien
4522:Third Age
4458:Glorfindel
4439:Third Age
4347:Characters
4283:Half-elven
4041:History of
4030:History of
3937:Posthumous
3856:The Hobbit
3745:. Boston:
3681:. Boston:
3649:. Boston:
3617:. Boston:
3587:. Boston:
3565:1042159111
3555:. Boston:
3523:. Boston:
3402:. London:
3370:. Boston:
2923:(4): 5–9.
2497:, page 191
2218:Appendix D
2069:Akallabêth
1979:References
1958:Akallabêth
1774:sun-fading
1470:Republican
1416:See also:
1350:-friend")
1324:God-friend
1246:Elf-friend
1129:atef crown
1101:Historical
1004:Akallabêth
673:Influences
632:flat world
455:Half-elven
451:Second Age
404:leap years
392:Eruhantalë
386:Erulaitalë
302:White Tree
279:peninsulas
105:Second Age
5386:criticism
5358:Calendars
5234:TV series
5230:Music of
5221:Music of
5212:Music of
5180:Composers
5141:John Howe
5038:Ambiguity
5021:Philology
4898:Modernism
4806:Cosmology
4692:Languages
4638:Silmarils
4586:The Shire
4576:Rivendell
4506:Beleriand
4463:Goldberry
4448:Galadriel
4433:Ungoliant
4388:Gil-galad
4378:Fingolfin
4315:Beornings
4293:Sundering
4256:Ancalagon
4198:Fictional
3597:519647821
3511:(1954a).
3483:(2005) .
3140:Pan Books
3132:(1976) .
2871:Genesis 3
2848:Routledge
2813:Routledge
2482:Secondary
2409:Salo 2004
1831:Girithron
1769:Narbeleth
1762:Narquelië
1749:Fructidor
1718:Thermidor
1372:E. Nesbit
1169:Phoenicia
793:'s works
726:King Horn
656:Aftermath
596:Cataclysm
545:the south
520:Gil-galad
487:Great Sea
481:Sea-kings
473:palantíri
457:, son of
447:First Age
439:Beleriand
400:Gregorian
380:Erukyermë
334:Beleriand
194:Phoenicia
5384:Literary
5259:Settings
5156:Alan Lee
5111:Cor Blok
5006:Medieval
4967:Literary
4928:Paganism
4717:Sindarin
4687:Heraldry
4669:Elements
4661:Analysis
4631:One Ring
4616:Palantír
4561:Mirkwood
4546:Isengard
4531:Esgaroth
4325:Dúnedain
4320:Drúedain
4214:monsters
4200:universe
4106:1988–92
4051:1983–84
3861:1954-55
3847:lifetime
3735:(1996).
3703:(1992).
3671:(1987).
3639:(1980).
3607:(1977).
3575:(1955).
3543:(1954).
3471:54960199
3447:(2004).
3425:. Cham:
3396:(2005).
3364:(1991).
3272:Archived
3239:Archived
3166:(2003).
3114:1 August
3108:Archived
2929:26811938
2916:Mythlore
2909:(1989).
2768:Mythlore
2572:see also
2556:(2005).
2242:, p.145.
1951:Atalantë
1924:See also
1842:Frimaire
1811:Brumaire
1738:Ivanneth
1731:Yavannië
1687:Messidor
1681:harvest
1656:Prairial
1631:flowery
1600:budding
1594:Germinal
1532:Pluviôse
1483:Narvinyë
1476:meaning
1474:Fr. Rep.
1464:Meaning
1460:Sindarin
1342:Valandil
1307:Herendil
1209:Germanic
1173:Carthage
1060:Elendili
1028:Mythlore
886:Atalantë
854:Atalante
783:allegory
760:Atlantis
749:Atlantis
733:Atlantis
723:romance
717:Lyonesse
713:Dúnedain
703:Lyonesse
562:Elendili
549:Pelargir
528:One Ring
503:mariners
459:Eärendil
441:against
372:oiolairë
366:Ilúvatar
338:Drúedain
298:Eärendil
198:Carthage
153:Atlantis
90:Location
60:location
5571:Númenor
5098:Artists
4985:Beowulf
4873:Heroism
4858:Forests
4838:England
4833:Economy
4766:Tengwar
4751:Scripts
4734:Westron
4729:Valarin
4724:Khuzdul
4697:Adûnaic
4677:Artwork
4611:Mithril
4604:Objects
4591:Bag End
4516:Valinor
4511:Númenor
4473:Saruman
4453:Gandalf
4418:Thingol
4413:Morgoth
4398:Isildur
4368:Elendil
4305:Hobbits
4268:Dwarves
4251:Dragons
4237:Wizards
4232:Balrogs
4209:Peoples
4099:Lhammas
4060:Ælfwine
3829:Outline
3739:(ed.).
3707:(ed.).
3675:(ed.).
3643:(ed.).
3611:(ed.).
3533:9552942
3323:15 June
3291:Sources
3278:31 July
3245:27 June
3027:Mallorn
2840:(ed.).
2805:(ed.).
2606:(ed.).
1984:Primary
1824:Ringarë
1676:Cerveth
1662:grassy
1625:Floréal
1614:Lothron
1607:Lótessë
1583:Gwirith
1576:Víressë
1563:Ventôse
1552:Gwaeron
1495:new sun
1490:Narwain
1445:Ventôse
1439:Gwaeron
1398:Faramir
1390:tsunami
1289:Eadwine
1270:Elendil
1240:Ælfwine
1217:Meaning
1141:Khuzdul
1107:Adûnaic
1088:Muspell
976:tempts
974:serpent
894:
838:Ælfwine
834:Critias
825:Critias
819:Timaeus
805:Critias
797:Timaeus
785:on the
775:
662:Elendil
616:Valinor
586:Isildur
524:Eriador
463:Eressëa
443:Morgoth
429:to the
355:Taliska
351:Adûnaic
316:Culture
306:Morgoth
202:Adûnaic
121:Númenor
111:Founder
42:Númenor
5333:Impact
5090:legacy
5011:Modern
4991:Celtic
4943:Quests
4933:Plants
4778:Themes
4761:Sarati
4712:Quenya
4707:Elvish
4566:Mordor
4536:Gondor
4495:Places
4478:Sauron
4468:Gollum
4443:Elrond
4408:Melian
4373:Fëanor
4337:Trolls
4288:Noldor
4273:Eagles
4152:Others
3753:
3721:
3689:
3657:
3625:
3595:
3563:
3531:
3497:
3469:
3459:
3433:
3410:
3378:
3350:
3176:
3146:
3074:
2927:
2854:
2819:
2647:
2616:
2578:
2536:
1918:Venice
1800:Hithui
1793:Hísimë
1755:fruit
1669:Cermië
1569:windy
1545:Súlimë
1538:rainy
1526:watery
1514:Nénimë
1507:snowy
1501:Nivôse
1468:French
1455:Quenya
1442:, and
1433:Súlímë
1424:calque
1374:, 1908
1335:Oswald
1332:, cf.
1319:Oswine
1280:Audoin
1263:Aldwin
1231:Alboin
1119:crown.
1092:jötunn
1090:, the
1023:Fëanor
972:. The
941:Milton
939:, and
926:hubris
908:talat-
881:Quenya
860:Gadira
787:hubris
666:Gondor
648:Mordor
577:Sauron
571:Sauron
557:Anduin
553:Gondor
359:Quenya
343:rangar
310:oculus
300:; the
267:Gondor
196:, and
166:, and
5016:Norse
4958:Trees
4908:Music
4888:Magic
4878:Light
4756:Cirth
4581:Rohan
4571:Moria
4541:Harad
4393:Húrin
4278:Elves
4261:Smaug
4244:Valar
4227:Maiar
4222:Ainur
4178:2021
4163:2007
4139:1996
4131:1994
4123:1993
4082:1987
4074:1986
4066:1985
4013:2022
4003:2018
3995:2017
3987:2007
3976:1990
3968:1981
3960:1980
3943:1977
3924:1962
3853:1937
3838:Works
3819:Canon
2925:JSTOR
2602:. In
2325:" in
1936:Notes
1930:Charn
1805:misty
1700:Urimë
1650:sunny
1645:Nórui
1638:Nárië
1521:Nínui
1348:Valar
1329:Oswin
1300:Edwin
1257:Elwin
1251:Alwin
1156:Istar
1150:Zigûr
883:name
830:Solon
791:Plato
779:Atlas
624:Manwë
541:Umbar
435:Elves
431:Edain
427:Valar
409:astar
330:Edain
149:Valar
5353:Film
4953:Time
4868:Hell
4848:Evil
4741:Maps
4526:Bree
4332:Orcs
4300:Ents
3751:ISBN
3719:ISBN
3687:ISBN
3655:ISBN
3623:ISBN
3593:OCLC
3561:OCLC
3529:OCLC
3495:ISBN
3467:OCLC
3457:ISBN
3431:ISBN
3408:ISBN
3376:ISBN
3348:ISBN
3325:2024
3280:2022
3247:2022
3215:2022
3174:ISBN
3144:ISBN
3116:2022
3072:ISBN
2852:ISBN
2817:ISBN
2775:(2).
2645:ISBN
2614:ISBN
2576:ISBN
2534:ISBN
2474:hith
2457:help
1916:and
1865:port
1724:hot
1707:Urui
1171:and
1161:Jews
1117:atef
1095:Surt
980:and
978:Adam
891:lit.
822:and
801:and
773:lit.
636:Arda
620:Aman
516:Ents
501:and
495:fish
491:Arda
271:Aman
82:Type
4310:Men
3314:doi
3068:151
2736:doi
2732:323
2425:sul
2356:, "
2321:, "
2187:Ros
2067:, "
1954:is
1712:hot
1370:by
1364:in
982:Eve
943:'s
681:in
650:.
634:of
489:of
437:of
332:of
265:of
170:'s
155:.
141:Men
127:or
5567::
3749:.
3717:.
3685:.
3653:.
3621:.
3591:.
3581:.
3559:.
3549:.
3527:.
3517:.
3493:.
3465:.
3455:.
3429:.
3406:.
3392:;
3374:.
3346:.
3310:13
3308:.
3302:.
3270:.
3264:.
3231:.
3197:.
3106:.
3100:.
3086:^
3070:.
3048:^
3024:.
3012:^
2971:^
2956:^
2937:^
2921:15
2919:.
2913:.
2896:^
2877:^
2846:.
2811:.
2773:21
2771:.
2765:.
2753:^
2744:.
2726:.
2704:^
2683:^
2666:^
2653:.
2566:.
2560:.
2532:.
2528:.
2440:ur
2389:^
2287:^
2206:^
2105:^
2088:^
2033:^
2008:^
1991:^
1436:,
1346:("
1260:,
1254:,
1039:.
889:,
809:.
770:,
766::
729:.
592:.
395:.
216:.
192:,
188:,
54:'s
4211:,
3955:"
3951:"
3917:"
3913:"
3910:"
3906:"
3887:"
3883:"
3880:"
3876:"
3788:e
3781:t
3774:v
3759:.
3727:.
3695:.
3663:.
3631:.
3599:.
3567:.
3535:.
3503:.
3473:.
3439:.
3416:.
3384:.
3356:.
3327:.
3316::
3282:.
3249:.
3217:.
3182:.
3152:.
3118:.
3080:.
2931:.
2860:.
2825:.
2738::
2622:.
2584:.
2542:.
2459:)
2360:"
2282:"
2071:"
1314:—
1001:(
949:.
903:'
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762:(
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