566:. The feelings I then experienced, owing to my youth, were in no way surprising: for I imagined that they would administer the State by leading it out of an unjust way of life into a just way, and consequently I gave my mind to them very diligently, to see what they would do. And indeed I saw how these men within a short time caused men to look back on the former government as a golden age; and above all how they treated my aged friend Socrates, whom I would hardly scruple to call the most just of men then living, when they tried to send him, along with others, after one of the citizens, to fetch him by force that he might be put to death—their object being that Socrates, whether he wished or no, might be made to share in their political actions; he, however, refused to obey and risked the uttermost penalties rather than be a partaker in their unholy deeds. So when I beheld all these actions and others of a similar grave kind, I was indignant, and I withdrew myself from the evil practices then going on.
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wickedness… It appears to some that he became a good man toward the end of his life, inasmuch as he employed tyranny as his winding-sheet . But let it be declared on my part that none among men died well in behalf of a poor choice. And it seems to me that for this reason the man's wisdom and his thoughts were taken less seriously by the Greeks. Unless speech corresponds to character, we shall appear to be discoursing in an alien language, as though we were playing flutes.
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gravitated to him, and the two formed a friendship that was to last many years, though eventually they drifted apart. Plato, who cast
Socrates as the protagonist of most of his dialogues, included Critias as an interlocutor in two of them. Though these were written many years after both Socrates and Critias were dead, Plato made no mention in them of the activities that tarnished Critias’ reputation in his later years.
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accused were summarily executed or left town to escape prosecution, Critias was eventually exonerated when the testimony of his accuser was discredited by
Andocides and then withdrawn. As a member of Athens’ elite and in view of his later actions, it is not clear whether he was involved or not, but he was freed nonetheless.
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reviled as it was by many, a revolution took place; and the revolution was headed by fifty-one leaders, of whom eleven were in the City and ten in the
Piraeus (each of these sections dealing with the market and with all municipal matters requiring management) and Thirty were established as irresponsible rulers of all.
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In the days of my youth my experience was the same as that of many others. I thought that as soon as I should become my own master I would immediately enter into public life. But it so happened, I found, that the following changes occurred in the political situation. In the government then existing,
401:
to be "setting up a democracy in
Thessaly and was arming the serfs against their overlords". Also, he "consorted with men subject to lawlessness rather than to a sense of justice". Countering this, Philostratus said, "he rendered their oligarchies the more grievous by conversing with those in power
551:
Critias and
Alcibiades became disciples of Socrates and did the city much harm. For, in the oligarchy, Critias turned into the most thievish and violent and murderous of all, while Alcibiades, in the democracy, was of all men the most uncontrolled and wanton and violent. If the two of them did the
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In cruelty and in bloodthirstiness he outdid the Thirty. He also collaborated with the
Spartans in absurd resolution in order that Attica, emptied of its flock of men, might become a grazing-ground for sheep. Hence it seems to me that he is the worst of all the men who have gained a reputation for
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Critias' relationship with
Socrates withered during these months. At one point, the Thirty compelled the Three Thousand to begin arresting metics so they could be stripped of their property and executed – this so the citizens would become complicit in the slaughter. With blood on their hands, they
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Critias has been suspected by some modern scholars as being a member of the Four
Hundred, but there is little evidence of this. Arguing against that possibility is that in the days following their deposition he was recorded as proposing two decrees before the reconstituted Assembly: one to hold a
483:
Now
Critias bore a grudge against Socrates for this; and when he was … drafting laws with Charicles, he bore it in mind. He inserted a clause which made it illegal "to teach the art of words." It was a calculated insult to Socrates, whom he saw no means of attacking except by imputing to him the
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Alcibiades' rapprochement with his fellow citizens was not to last. In 407, while commanding a fleet in the eastern Aegean, he temporarily handed over some of his ships to a subordinate, who proceeded to instigate and then lose an encounter with the
Spartan fleet in the area. Alcibiades was held
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was well known for attracting the young men of Athens' elite. He questioned democracy, conventional morality and challenged the certainty with which many intellectuals propounded their thoughts endeared him to the rebellious adolescent minds of the younger generation. Critias was among those who
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that stood outside homes and in various locations around Athens. The citizens were outraged and saw this event as a bad omen. Even though the fleet sailed on schedule, the search for the perpetrators went on relentlessly afterwards. Among those arrested was Critias. While many of the
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It seems enough to me that a herdsman who lets his cattle decrease and go to the bad should not admit that he is a poor cowherd; but stranger still that a statesman, when he causes the citizens to decrease and go to the bad, should feel no shame nor think himself a poor
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would be less likely to attempt an overthrow of the oligarchy. When Socrates was ordered to go with three others to arrest one Leon of Salamis, he ignored the order and simply "went home". He was later recorded as offering this not-so-oblique criticism of Critias:
446:) classes, who were allowed to keep their armor and weapons after the rest of the citizens had been forcibly disarmed. This body would constitute the "citizenry" of the new Athens. Socrates and Xenophon (our source for much of this history) were among this group.
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Critias also wrote prose. Among his most important works were a series of "Commonwealths" or treatises on the governments of various city-states. Athens, Lacedaemonia (Sparta), and Thessaly are specific mentions made in ancient sources. Other works include
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and attempting to ingratiate himself with those who had banished him a few years earlier. These two actions, while not clearly exonerating Critias, show that he was politically adept enough to shed the stigma of participating in the takeover, if he indeed had.
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Plato, on the other hand, said nothing disparaging about Critias directly – either about his exile in Thessaly or his time in the Thirty. Yet, the philosopher was loath to join the oligarchy because of its violent means. In his seventh letter, he said:
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limped along, a junta of oligarchic sympathizers contrived to take over the government and end the war. They succeeded in convincing the Athenian Assembly that governmental change was necessary and instituted in place of it the council of the
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confronted Socrates with the new law, the latter did what he had done so many times before and began to probe its actual meaning. Who could he talk to, or not talk to, and about what? After several minutes of this, Socrates summarized:
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During the next few months, as the Thirty consolidated their hold on the institutions of government, they arrested, confiscated the property of, and summarily executed a wider and wider swath of Athenian citizens and resident aliens
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As for Critias' efforts as a poet and essayist, his works survived for several centuries, as the above citations attest, but his repute as a writer eventually faded. Philostratus, writing in the 3rd century CE, said of Critias:
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to root them out, the two armies fought in the streets. During this confrontation Critias was killed, which left the oligarchs without their strongest leader. This spelled doom for their reign, and they were soon deposed and
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The many do not demand a statement of the case if you wish to extol Achilles, for all know his deeds; yet it is necessary to make use of them. Also, if you wish to extol Critias, it is necessary. For not many know his
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The failure of the Sicilian expedition in 413, in which tens of thousands of Athenian soldiers were killed or captured, rocked the city's political and social stability. In 411, as Athenian prosecution of the
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Critias was the scion of one of the premier families in Athens. The evidence for his lineage comes from several sources and there are numerous gaps in what they have to say. The reconstruction in Davies'
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For while he devoted himself to the study of all the older writers, from Critias he was inseparable, and he made the Greeks better acquainted with him, since he had hitherto been neglected and overlooked.
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He wrote tragedies, elegies, and prose works, of which not enough has survived for any sure estimate to be made of his talent. He was greatly admired by the later sophists, especially by Herodes Atticus.
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post-mortem trial of one of the perpetrators of the coup, one Phrynichus, the other to repatriate his friend Alcibiades, who had been exiled at the start of the Sicilian expedition for mocking the
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In terms of style, he was described as "lofty of sentiment, also pride", "stately, much like Antiphon, and sublime, verging on majesty, and says much in the negative, yet is rather pure in style".
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Our judgment today would not be much different than that of Philostratus, since Critias' extant works have diminished still further. What fragments survive were collected by the German historian
497:"Then must I keep off the subjects of which these supply illustrations: Justice, Holiness, and so forth?" "Indeed yes," said Charicles, "and cowherds too: else you may find the cattle decrease."
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and eventually capitulated. The Spartans demanded that the city take down its walls, recall its exiles (oligarchic sympathizers all), and restore the ancient government – i.e., dismantle its
454:). At every step, Critias was the leading advocate for more extreme levels of violence, to the point where he was getting resistance even from within the Thirty. The leading "moderate" was
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to counter a perceived threat from the city of Syracuse. Just before it was to sail, one of the social clubs in Athens staged a city-wide raid where they mutilated statues of the god
286:, though there is little evidence that he (or Antiphon) participated in Athenian politics during the years that the latter was active (430s and 420s). What little there is was provided by
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595:, a 2nd-century CE Roman senator and rhetorician, attempted a revival of Critias’ works in the 2nd century CE. Among his extensive comments on Herodes, Philostratus inserted this:
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In general he appears to have stayed in the background, or perhaps on the periphery of Athenian politics – dabbling rather than plunging headlong. All this began to change in 415.
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in 1959. For discussions of Critias and translations of his fragments into English, see the works by Kathleen Freeman and Rosamund Kent Sprague listed in the references.
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The progenitor of the family was Dropides, who lived in the 7th century BCE. He had two sons: Critias I and Dropides II. The latter was a "relative and a dear friend" of
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Now of these some were actually connections and acquaintances of mine; and indeed they invited me at once to join their administration, thinking it would be congenial
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player. He was best attested as a poet, with a variety of forms to his credit: hexameters, elegies, and dramas. Among the plays tentatively assigned to him are
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dating to the 480s, which named "Critias son of Leaides" as the miscreant deserving of exile. It was discovered in a well near a road southwest of the Athenian
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is the most reliable and his discussion covers all the unknowns and suppositions. Without detailing the uncertainties here, as best we know, his ancestors were:
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The family clearly had a long and illustrious (if at times contentious) history in Athenian politics. In addition to the Solon connection, they were related to
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At another point, his critique became more personal. Xenophon related that Socrates took his old friend to task for being overly enamored with a young man.
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Dropides II was the father of Critias II, who lived into the late 6th century. The son of Critias II was Leaides, who is known only from an
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Critias seems to have the feelings of a pig: he can no more keep away from Euthydemus than pigs can help rubbing themselves against stones.
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For all the condemnation he received from his contemporaries, Critias was soon forgotten by most people. By the late 4th century,
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after the similar body at Sparta. Critias was one of the five. A third body was designated: the Three Thousand – those of the cavalry (
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responsible and banished once again. As his advocate, Critias was subsequently banished as well, and he spent the next few years in
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Many Athenians had left the city when the attacks of the Thirty began. In the spring of 403, they returned under the leadership of
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The Athenian year began shortly after the summer solstice. Each year was designated by the name of the chief magistrate (
1952:
422:. At their "suggestion", a ruling body of thirty governors was selected, mimicking Sparta's own ruling board of thirty, the
186:, the lawgiver of Athens. Both men were in their prime at the beginning of the 6th century BCE and Dropides served as
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1932:
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Ancilla to the Pre-Socratic Philosophers: A complete translation of the Fragments in Diels, Fragmente der Vorsokratiker
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there and by attacking all democracy. He slandered the Athenians, claiming that they, of all mankind, erred the most".
314:) came Critias, Theramenes, and Lysias. Much was written down by Lysias, some things by Critias; we hear of Theramenes.
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shortly after Solon held that position in 594/3. Solon died in the late 560s; presumably Dropides did as well.
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Socrates' reputation and general popularity protected him from the punishment meted out to Theramenes. Nonetheless:
428:. Critias had returned from Thessaly as part of the recall of the exiles and now became one of the leaders of the "
146:– 403 BC) was an ancient Athenian poet, philosopher and political leader. He is known today for being a student of
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381:, the most sacred religious cult at Athens. The playboy-general was at that time assisting the Athenian fleet at
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The Older Sophists: A Complete Translation by Several Hands of the Fragments in Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker
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Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, Griechisch und Deutsch von Hermann Diels, Neunte Auflage Herausgegeben
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He believed religion could play an important role in achieving obedience to the state. According to
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208:'s family, equally well established among the Athenian elite, and also to the family of the orator
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712:) for the year. Today the years are designated by the two BCE years spanned by the Athenian year.
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251:" presumably comes from the satyr play – again, attributed to either Critias or Euripides.)
243:. All of these, however, have been contested by both ancient and modern scholars, with
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790:"Religion as a Means of Political Conformity and Obedience: From Critias to Thomas Hobbes"
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in 1903 – in Greek. This seminal work was later revised several times, most recently by
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432:". One source said that they also appointed five men to supervise this group, called
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Plato was about twenty at the time. See Nails, p. 243 ff. for his birth year of 424.
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in 1936. Critias III in turn had Callaeschus, the father of Critias IV, the tyrant.
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Little is known of Critias' early years. Athenaeus reported that he was a trained
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The Pre-Socratic Philosophers: A Companion to Diels, Fragmente der Vorsokratiker
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in 405, in which the Athenian fleet was destroyed, the city was besieged by the
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Critias was in ancient times castigated for his activities under the Thirty.
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practice constantly attributed to philosophers, and so making him unpopular.
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Vanderpool, Eugene. "Some Ostraka from the Athenian Agora.", p. 399 (#12).
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Xenophon lumped Critias in with his friend Alcibiades in his criticism:
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The People of Plato: A Prosopography of Plato and Other Socratics
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In the spring of 415, the Athenians decided to send an armada to
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150:, a writer of some regard, and for becoming the leader of the
538:, had much to say about him. His most damning comments were:
513:, Athens' port city. When the Thirty brought their forces to
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Vanderpool, Eugene. "Some Ostraka from the Athenian Agora."
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A generally unflattering portrait of Critias is provided in
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Theodosiadis, Michail; Vavouras, Elias (September 2023).
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1829:
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Rosenmeyer, Thomas G. (1949). "The Family of Critias".
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282:, he was among those who criticized the logographer
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proposed as the most likely alternate author. (The "
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1335:(4). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 404–410.
868:(3rd ed.). Harvard: Harvard University Press.
854:Cicero and Hermogenes, quoted in Sprague, p. 248.
505:and eventually commandeered the fortress called
1139:This would be more appropriately be "sophists".
369:. The coup was put down a few months later and
1307:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1948.
649:, another tale set in the latter years of the
1836:. Unsourced categories may be challenged and
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1422:
1359:. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Co., 2001.
8:
930:The one reference is by pseudo-Demosthenes,
634:, a retelling of Athens' last years in the
170:Plato's relatives in the Socratic dialogues
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1407:
25:
1856:Learn how and when to remove this message
866:Twelve Volumes, Lysis. Symposium. Gorgias
805:
290:, who names him as an orator, along with
1948:Ancient Greek dramatists and playwrights
165:
1290:Athenian Propertied Families 600–300 BC
894:Thucydides, iv.27.1-3; Andocides, i.47.
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552:city harm, I shall not offer a defense.
265:On the Nature of Desires or of Virtues
664:List of speakers in Plato's dialogues
16:Athenian politician (c. 460 – 403 BC)
7:
1834:adding citations to reliable sources
1387:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1300:. Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, 1959.
1292:. London: Oxford University Press.
14:
1296:Diels, Hermann and Walter Kranz.
956:Thucydides, viii.97.3; Plutarch,
1820:contains unreferenced categories
1809:
1322:. Cambridge: Hackett Publishing.
1314:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1946.
397:While there, he was reported by
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1918:Ancient Greeks killed in battle
609:Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker
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1161:Xenophon, Memorabilia, i.2.37.
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1938:Ancient Athenian philosophers
1824:Category:Atheist philosophers
1399:(original Ancient Greek text)
1329:American Journal of Philology
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1368:www.jstor.org/stable/1353914
1355:Sprague, Rosamond Kent, ed.
756:Sprague, Rosamond Kent, ed.
684:Athenian Propertied Families
638:and its immediate aftermath.
302:Hard upon them (the orators
177:Athenian Propertied Families
1898:Ancient Greek elegiac poets
607:and first published in his
19:For the work by Plato, see
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1928:Ancient Greek LGBTQ people
1908:5th-century BC Greek poets
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18:
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1943:Presocratic philosophers
1888:5th-century BC Athenians
830:Lives of the Ten Orators
978:Thucydides, viii.81 ff.
921:Thucydides, viii.92.ff.
912:Thucydides, viii.61 ff.
903:Thucydides, viii.1.1-4.
338:Mutilation of the Herms
1364:Hesperia Supplements 8
1288:Davies, J. K. (1971).
832:, p. 832de (Antiphon).
686:, p. 322 (§ 8792)
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78:Leading member of the
1953:Writers of lost works
1649:Demetrius of Phalerum
1440:of the 5th century BC
1259:Lives of the Sophists
1185:Lives of the Sophists
969:Thucydides, vi.28 ff.
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536:Lives of the Sophists
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406:Tyranny of the Thirty
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1958:Atheist philosophers
1830:improve this article
1076:Against Eratosthenes
645:'s historical novel
631:The Last of the Wine
628:'s historical novel
410:After the battle of
379:Eleusinian Mysteries
373:gradually restored.
1933:Ancient LGBT people
1310:Freeman, Kathleen.
1303:Freeman, Kathleen.
1261:, i.14, § 501.
1039:Philostratus, i.16.
807:10.3390/rel14091180
778:Sprague, p. 264 ff.
769:Sprague, p. 261 ff.
325:Student of Socrates
273:for Public Speaking
64:403 BC (aged 55-56)
1913:Pupils of Socrates
1318:Nails, D. (2002).
1282:General references
1248:, iii.16 (1416b26)
958:Life of Alcibiades
932:Against Theocrines
758:The Older Sophists
643:Alessandro Barbero
619:In popular culture
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21:Critias (dialogue)
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1366:(1949): 394–496.
1274:ii.1, § 565.
1065:, ii.2.10-ii.3.2.
945:Against Leocrates
651:Peloponnesian War
636:Peloponnesian War
488:When Critias and
362:Peloponnesian War
249:Sisyphus fragment
156:Peloponnesian War
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703:
694:
690:
681:
677:
672:
660:
621:
593:Herodes Atticus
528:
522:reestablished.
408:
357:
340:
327:
280:pseudo-Plutarch
218:
164:
143:
95:
91:
70:
65:
56:
51:
36:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1976:
1974:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1893:Thirty Tyrants
1890:
1885:
1880:
1878:460s BC births
1870:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1817:
1815:
1808:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1520:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1392:
1376:
1375:External links
1373:
1372:
1371:
1360:
1353:
1341:10.2307/291107
1324:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1270:Philostratus,
1263:
1257:Philostratus,
1250:
1237:
1224:
1211:
1202:
1189:
1183:Philostratus,
1176:
1163:
1154:
1141:
1132:
1119:
1106:
1093:
1080:
1067:
1054:
1041:
1032:
1019:
1006:
993:
980:
971:
962:
949:
936:
923:
914:
905:
896:
887:
871:
864:Plato (1967).
856:
847:
834:
821:
780:
771:
762:
749:
736:
723:
714:
701:
688:
674:
673:
671:
668:
667:
666:
659:
656:
655:
654:
639:
620:
617:
527:
524:
407:
404:
356:
353:
339:
336:
326:
323:
217:
214:
163:
160:
152:Thirty Tyrants
83:
82:
80:Thirty Tyrants
76:
75:Known for
72:
71:
66:
62:
58:
57:
52:
48:
44:
43:
33:
32:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1975:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1883:403 BC deaths
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1860:
1857:
1849:
1846:November 2023
1839:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1821:
1818:This article
1816:
1807:
1806:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
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1772:
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1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
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1712:
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1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
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1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1439:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1174:. ii.4.10-19.
1173:
1167:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1091:, ii.3.21-55.
1090:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1052:, ii.1.17 ff.
1051:
1045:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1003:
997:
994:
990:
984:
981:
975:
972:
966:
963:
959:
953:
950:
946:
940:
937:
933:
927:
924:
918:
915:
909:
906:
900:
897:
891:
888:
884:
880:
875:
872:
867:
860:
857:
851:
848:
844:
843:On the Orator
838:
835:
831:
825:
822:
817:
813:
808:
803:
799:
795:
791:
784:
781:
775:
772:
766:
763:
759:
753:
750:
746:
740:
737:
733:
727:
724:
718:
715:
711:
705:
702:
698:
692:
689:
685:
679:
676:
669:
665:
662:
661:
657:
652:
648:
644:
640:
637:
633:
632:
627:
623:
622:
618:
616:
614:
610:
606:
600:
596:
594:
589:
585:
580:
575:
574:could write:
573:
567:
565:
558:
553:
548:
544:
539:
537:
533:
525:
523:
521:
516:
512:
508:
504:
498:
494:
491:
485:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
459:
457:
453:
447:
445:
441:
437:
436:
431:
427:
426:
421:
417:
413:
405:
403:
400:
395:
393:
387:
384:
380:
374:
372:
368:
363:
354:
352:
349:
345:
337:
335:
332:
324:
322:
319:
315:
313:
309:
305:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
252:
250:
246:
242:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
215:
213:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
191:
189:
185:
180:
178:
168:
161:
159:
157:
153:
149:
138:
128:
122:
89:
81:
77:
73:
69:
63:
59:
55:
49:
45:
34:
27:
22:
1903:Tragic poets
1852:
1843:
1828:Please help
1819:
1764:Themistocles
1684:Eratosthenes
1638:
1604:Callistratus
1589:Aristogeiton
1505:Thrasymachus
1470:Dionysodorus
1459:
1396:
1385:
1363:
1356:
1332:
1328:
1319:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1289:
1271:
1266:
1258:
1253:
1245:
1240:
1235:, 324b-325a.
1232:
1227:
1219:
1214:
1205:
1200:, i.2.12-13.
1197:
1192:
1184:
1179:
1171:
1166:
1157:
1149:
1144:
1135:
1127:
1122:
1114:
1109:
1101:
1096:
1088:
1083:
1075:
1070:
1062:
1057:
1049:
1044:
1035:
1027:
1022:
1014:
1009:
1001:
996:
991:, i.5.11-17.
988:
983:
974:
965:
957:
952:
944:
939:
931:
926:
917:
908:
899:
890:
882:
878:
874:
865:
859:
850:
842:
837:
829:
824:
797:
793:
783:
774:
765:
757:
752:
744:
739:
731:
726:
717:
709:
704:
696:
691:
683:
678:
646:
641:Likewise in
629:
626:Mary Renault
613:Walter Kranz
608:
605:Herman Diels
602:
598:
591:
587:
582:
577:
569:
563:
560:
555:
550:
546:
541:
535:
532:Philostratus
529:
503:Thrasyboulus
500:
496:
487:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
460:
448:
433:
423:
409:
396:
388:
375:
367:Four Hundred
358:
341:
328:
320:
317:
301:
277:
272:
271:(Prologues)
268:
264:
260:
256:
253:
240:
233:
230:Rhadamanthys
229:
225:
219:
203:
198:
192:
187:
181:
176:
173:
158:in 404/403.
136:
87:
86:
1774:Thrasybulus
1754:Pisistratus
1664:Demosthenes
1624:Cleisthenes
1614:Chremonides
1549:politicians
1244:Aristotle,
1218:See above,
1198:Memorabilia
1150:Memorabilia
1128:Memorabilia
1115:Memorabilia
1028:Memorabilia
1000:Herodotus,
987:Herodotus,
845:, ii.23.93.
800:(9): 1180.
730:Andocides,
647:Le Ateniesi
412:Aigospotami
1872:Categories
1794:Xanthippus
1779:Thucydides
1769:Theramenes
1704:Hypereides
1699:Hyperbolus
1654:Demochares
1594:Aristophon
1569:Alcibiades
1500:Protagoras
1475:Euthydemus
1402:(in Greek)
1196:Xenophon,
1170:Xenophon,
1148:Xenophon,
1126:Xenophon,
1113:Xenophon,
1087:Xenophon,
1061:Xenophon,
1048:Xenophon,
1017:, ii.3.36.
1013:Xenophon,
1004:, ii.3.15.
943:Lycurgus,
883:Protagoras
747:, iv.184d.
743:Athenaeus
467:statesman.
456:Theramenes
312:Thucydides
308:Alcibiades
296:Theramenes
238:satyr play
236:, and the
216:Early life
144: 460
1789:Timotheus
1729:Moerocles
1724:Miltiades
1679:Ephialtes
1674:Echedemos
1609:Charmides
1584:Aristides
1574:Andocides
1564:Agyrrhius
1559:Aeschines
1490:Lycophron
1455:Callicles
1382:"Critias"
1172:Hellenica
1152:, i.2.31.
1130:, i.2.30.
1117:, i.2.32.
1089:Hellenica
1078:, xii.43.
1063:Hellenica
1050:Hellenica
1030:, i.2.24.
1015:Hellenica
1002:Hellenica
989:Hellenica
879:Charmides
816:2077-1444
794:Religions
760:, p. 242.
670:Citations
572:Aristotle
534:, in his
520:democracy
511:Peiraieus
490:Charicles
420:democracy
371:democracy
257:Aphorisms
245:Euripides
210:Andocides
1784:Timoleon
1744:Philinus
1739:Pericles
1719:Lysicles
1714:Lycurgus
1659:Democles
1629:Cleophon
1599:Autocles
1579:Archinus
1495:Prodicus
1450:Antiphon
1438:Sophists
1397:Sisyphus
1246:Rhetoric
1233:Letter 7
1074:Lysias,
841:Cicero,
658:See also
507:Munichia
425:gerousia
416:Spartans
399:Xenophon
392:Thessaly
331:Socrates
304:Pericles
284:Antiphon
261:Lectures
241:Sisyphus
234:Pirithus
195:ostracon
162:Ancestry
148:Socrates
1838:removed
1822: (
1749:Phocion
1689:Eubulus
1644:Demades
1639:Critias
1485:Hippias
1480:Gorgias
1460:Critias
1231:Plato,
1220:Apology
1187:, i.16.
1102:Apology
1100:Plato,
960:, 33.1.
734:, i.47.
697:Timaeus
695:Plato,
515:Piraeus
444:hoplite
440:hippeis
137:Kritias
132:Κριτίας
88:Critias
68:Piraeus
39:Κριτίας
30:Critias
1734:Nicias
1709:Laches
1694:Hagnon
1349:291107
1347:
1272:Lives,
1104:, 32d.
947:, 113.
814:
699:, 20e.
579:deeds.
526:Legacy
452:metics
435:ephors
430:Thirty
348:Hermes
344:Sicily
310:, and
292:Lysias
288:Cicero
269:Proems
267:, and
226:Tennis
54:Athens
50:460 BC
1759:Solon
1669:Draco
1634:Cleon
1619:Cimon
1465:Damon
1345:JSTOR
1026:Xen.
383:Samos
222:aulos
206:Plato
199:agora
184:Solon
127:Greek
1222:32d.
934:, 6.
881:and
812:ISSN
294:and
61:Died
47:Born
1832:by
1337:doi
802:doi
509:in
1874::
1826:).
1384:.
1343:.
1333:70
1331:.
828:,
810:.
798:14
796:.
792:.
394:.
306:,
275:.
263:,
259:,
232:,
228:,
212:.
141:c.
139:;
135:,
129::
125:;
1859:)
1853:(
1848:)
1844:(
1840:.
1539:e
1532:t
1525:v
1430:e
1423:t
1416:v
1390:.
1370:.
1351:.
1339::
885:.
818:.
804::
653:.
450:(
298:.
121:/
118:s
115:ə
112:i
109:t
106:ɪ
103:r
100:k
97:ˈ
94:/
90:(
23:.
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