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556:, in relatively luxurious surroundings. At Gjerstad rectory, she enjoyed arranging balls and social gatherings. Much suggests she was early on an alcoholic and took little interest in the upbringing of the children. Niels Henrik and his brothers were given their schooling by their father, with handwritten books to read. An addition table in a book of mathematics reads: 1+0=0.
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640:; for then, wrote Degen, he would "discover Magellanian thoroughfares to large portions of a vast analytical ocean". Degen asked Abel to give a numerical example of his method. While trying to provide an example, Abel found a mistake in his paper. This led to a discovery in 1823 that a solution by formula to a fifth- or higher-degree equation was not necessarily possible.
477:
576:). Almost certainly, this is how he came into contact with the school, and he decided that his eldest son, Hans Mathias, should start there the following year. However, when the time for his departure approached, Hans was so saddened and depressed over having to leave home that his father did not dare send him away. He decided to send Niels instead.
1045:'s. Thus one might erect a monument to this divinely inspired mathematician like the one to Mozart in Vienna: simple and unassuming he stands there listening, while graceful angels float about, playfully bringing him inspiration from another world. Instead, I must mention the very different type of memorial that was in fact erected to Abel in
846:, Norway, to visit his fiancée. He became seriously ill on the journey. Although a temporary improvement allowed the couple to enjoy the holiday together, he died relatively soon after on 6 April 1829, just two days before a letter arrived from August Crelle telling Abel that Crelle had secured him an appointment as a professor at the
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In early 1823, Niels Abel published his first article in "Magazin for
Naturvidenskaberne", Norway's first scientific journal, which had been co-founded by Professor Hansteen. Abel published several articles, but the journal soon realized that this was not material for the common reader. In 1823, Abel
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and which must greatly disappoint anyone familiar with his nature. On a towering, steep block of granite a youthful athlete of the
Byronic type steps over two greyish sacrificial victims, his direction toward the heavens. If needed be, one might take the hero to be a symbol of the human spirit, but
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Abel's limited finances finally compelled him to abandon his tour in
January 1827. He returned to Berlin, and was offered a position as editor of Crelle's Journal, but opted out. By May 1827 he was back in Norway. His tour abroad was viewed as a failure. He had not visited Gauss in Göttingen and he
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in
Copenhagen. He too found no faults but still doubted that the solution, which so many outstanding mathematicians had sought for so long, could really have been found by an unknown student in far-off Christiania. Degen noted, however, Abel's unusually sharp mind, and believed that such a talented
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But I would not like to part from this ideal type of researcher, such as has seldom appeared in the history of mathematics, without evoking a figure from another sphere who, in spite of his totally different field, still seems related. Thus, although Abel shared with many mathematicians a complete
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From
Freiberg they went on to Dresden, Prague, Vienna, Trieste, Venice, Verona, Bolzano, Innsbruck, Luzern and Basel. From July 1826 Abel traveled on his own from Basel to Paris. Abel had sent most of his work to Berlin to be published in Crelle's Journal, but he had saved what he regarded as his
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requesting permission to travel abroad. He was granted this permission, and in
September 1825 he left Christiania together with four friends from university (Christian P.B Boeck, Balthazar M. Keilhau, Nicolay B. Møller and Otto Tank). These four friends of Abel were traveling to Berlin and to the
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After returning from
Copenhagen, Abel applied for a government scholarship in order to visit top mathematicians in Germany and France, but he was instead granted 200 speciedaler yearly for two years, to stay in Christiania and study German and French. In the next two years, he was promised a
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After he graduated, professors from university supported Abel financially, and
Professor Christopher Hansteen let him live in a room in the attic of his home. Abel would later view Ms. Hansteen as his second mother. While living here, Abel helped his younger brother, Peder Abel, through
932:, but he had saved what he regarded as his most important work for the French Academy of Sciences, a theorem on addition of algebraic differentials. The theorem was put aside and forgotten until his death. While in Freiberg, Abel did research in the theory of functions, particularly,
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When Abel entered the university in 1821, he was already the most knowledgeable mathematician in Norway. Holmboe had nothing more he could teach him and Abel had studied all the latest mathematical literature in the university library. During that time, Abel started working on the
1017:(version V) issued during 1978–1985. On 5 June 2002, four Norwegian stamps were issued in honour of Abel two months before the bicentenary of his birth. There is also a 20-kroner coin issued by Norway in his honour. A statue of Abel stands in Oslo, and crater
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one ponders the deeper significance of the two monsters in vain. Are they the conquered quintic equations or elliptic functions? Or the sorrows and cares of his everyday life? The pedestal of the monument bears, in immense letters, the inscription ABEL.
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began to be cleared, new fields were entered upon and the study of functions so advanced as to provide mathematicians with numerous ramifications along which progress could be made. His works, the greater part of which originally appeared in
714:(Memoir on algebraic equations, in which the impossibility of solving the general equation of the fifth degree is proven). By 1823, Abel had at last proved the impossibility of solving the quintic equation in radicals (now referred to as the
584:, was appointed in 1818. He gave the students mathematical tasks to do at home. He saw Niels Henrik's talent in mathematics, and encouraged him to study the subject to an advanced level. He even gave Niels private lessons after school.
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In 1815, Niels Abel entered the
Cathedral School at the age of 13. His elder brother Hans joined him there a year later. They shared rooms and had classes together. Hans got better grades than Niels; however, a new mathematics teacher,
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Niels Henrik was born premature and, according to oral tradition, a newly born child had to be washed in red wine and wrapped in cotton cloth in order to survive. Niels Henrik's father baptised him, and wrote in the parish register:
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Morten Kiærulf was appointed pastor for
Nedstrand in 1829. He wrote in a letter in 1880 to professor Bjerknes in Valle, that he was told by locals that one of Abel's sons was born at former bailiff Marstrand's house in
533:. Søren had spent his childhood at Gjerstad, and had also served as chaplain there; and after his father's death in 1804, Søren was appointed pastor at Gjerstad and the family moved there. The Abel family originated in
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962:'s writing style, "He is like the fox, who effaces his tracks in the sand with his tail." Gauss replied to him by saying, "No self-respecting architect leaves the scaffolding in place after completing his building."
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in radicals. Mathematicians had been looking for a solution to this problem for over 250 years. In 1821, Abel thought he had found the solution. The two professors of mathematics in Christiania, Søren Rasmussen and
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and then continue to Paris. However, when he got as far as Copenhagen, he changed his plans. He wanted to follow his friends to Berlin instead, intending to visit Göttingen and Paris afterwards.
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was published in 1881. The adjective "abelian", derived from his name, has become so commonplace in mathematical writing that it is conventionally spelled with a lower-case initial "a" (e.g.,
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of 200 spesidaler. He never repaid this loan. He also started tutoring. He continued to send most of his work to Crelle's Journal. But in mid-1828 he published, in rivalry with
718:). However, this paper was in an abstruse and difficult form, in part because he had restricted himself to only six pages in order to save money on printing. A more detailed
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Alps to study geology. Abel wanted to follow them to Copenhagen and from there make his way to Göttingen. The terms for his scholarship stipulated that he was to visit
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scholarship of 600 speciedaler yearly and he would then be permitted to travel abroad. While studying these languages, Abel published his first notable work in 1824,
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in radicals. This question was one of the outstanding open problems of his day, and had been unresolved for over 250 years. He was also an innovator in the field of
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who made pioneering contributions in a variety of fields. His most famous single result is the first complete proof demonstrating the impossibility of solving the
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812:. Abel's work was scarcely known in Paris, and his modesty restrained him from proclaiming his research. The theorem was put aside and forgotten until his death.
552:; her father, Niels Henrik Saxild Simonsen, was a tradesman and merchant ship-owner, and said to be the richest person in Risør. Anne Marie had grown up with two
607:; and in September 1818 he returned to Gjerstad with his political career in ruins. He began drinking heavily and died only two years later, in 1820, aged 48.
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808:, he found an apartment in Paris and continued his work on the theorem. He finished in October 1826 and submitted it to the academy. It was to be reviewed by
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Bernt Michael Holmboe supported Niels Henrik Abel with a scholarship to remain at the school and raised money from his friends to enable him to study at the
769:. This project was warmly encouraged by Abel, who contributed much to the success of the venture. Abel contributed seven articles to it in its first year.
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599:. Niels' reaction to the quarrel was said to have been "excessive gaiety". At the same time, Søren also almost faced impeachment after insulting
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955:). He applied for funds at the university to publish it. However the work was lost, while being reviewed, never to be found thereafter.
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675:. He applied for funds at the university to publish it. However, the work was lost while being reviewed, never to be found thereafter.
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1204:"6 September 1802 baptized in Finnøy church the pastor Søren G. Abel and Ane Marie Simonsen's child, Niels Henrik, born 5 August" – (
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1208:: September 6te 1802 døbt i Findøe Kirke Sognepræsten Søren G. Abel og Ane Marie Simonsens Barn Niels Henrik, fød den 5te August."
1464:"Mémoire sur les équations algébriques où on démontre l'impossibilité de la résolution de l'équation générale du cinquième degré"
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Mémoire sur les équations algébriques où on démontre l'impossibilité de la résolution de l'équation générale du cinquième degré
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With Norwegian independence and the first election held in Norway, in 1814, Søren Abel was elected as a representative to the
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also wrote a paper in French. It was "a general representation of the possibility to integrate all differential formulas" (
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and his brother the mathematician August Naumann. In Freiberg Abel did research in the theory of functions, particularly,
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Postcard of Gjerstad church and rectory in 1890–95. The main building of the rectory was the same as when Abel lived here.
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987:, were edited by Bernt Michael Holmboe and published in 1839 by the Norwegian government, and a more complete edition by
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In 1823 Abel wrote a paper titled "a general representation of the possibility to integrate all differential formulas" (
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had not published anything in Paris. His scholarship was therefore not renewed and he had to take up a private loan in
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On 6 April 1929, four Norwegian stamps were issued for the centenary of Abel's death. His portrait appears on the 500-
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said: "Abel has left mathematicians enough to keep them busy for five hundred years." Another French mathematician,
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In 1818, Søren Abel had a public theological argument with the theologian Stener Johannes Stenersen regarding his
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702:, Copenhagen, and at a ball there Niels Abel met Christine Kemp, his future fiancée. In 1824, Christine moved to
627:, found no errors in Abel's formulas, and sent the work on to the leading mathematician in the Nordic countries,
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in Altona, now a district of Hamburg. He then spent four months in Berlin, where he became well acquainted with
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young man should not waste his abilities on such a "sterile object" as the fifth degree equation, but rather on
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lack of musical talent, I will not sound absurd if I compare his kind of productivity and his personality with
913:. While travelling to Paris he published a paper revealing the double periodicity of elliptic functions, which
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Most of his work was done in six or seven years of his working life. Regarding Abel, the French mathematician
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Abel graduated in 1822. His performance was exceptionally high in mathematics and average in other matters.
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and visit Ferdinand Degen and other mathematicians there. While in Copenhagen, Abel did some work on
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from 1806. The argument was well covered in the press. Søren was given the nickname "Abel Treating"
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1283:"Charles Hermite Quotes - 2 Science Quotes - Dictionary of Science Quotations and Scientist Quotes"
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and Anne Marie Simonsen. When Niels Henrik Abel was born, the family was living at a rectory on
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Statue of Niels Henrik Abel, called the "Abelmonumentet", in Oslo (former Christiania) by
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673:: en alminnelig Fremstilling af Muligheten at integrere alle mulige Differential-Formler)
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Math & Mathematics: The History of Math Discoveries Around the World (Volume 1: A-H)
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as "a monument more lasting than bronze" (borrowing a famous sentence by the Roman poet
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1493:"Abel, Niels Henrik (1802-1829) -- from Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography"
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en alminnelig Fremstilling af Muligheten at integrere alle mulige Differential-Formler
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of degree greater than four, in terms of explicit algebraic operations with the
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804:, a theorem on addition of algebraic differentials. With the help of a painter,
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525:. Søren's father, Niels's grandfather, Hans Mathias Abel, was also a pastor, at
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While abroad Abel had sent most of his work to Berlin to be published in the
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as well. Abel sent a paper on the unsolvability of the quintic equation to
706:, Norway to work as a governess and the couple got engaged over Christmas.
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568:. Meetings of the Storting were held until 1866 in the main hall of the
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Translation of Niels Henrik Abel's "Research on Elliptic Functions"
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From Berlin Abel also followed his friends to the Alps. He went to
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Memorial plaque unveiled in 2014 in Berlin where Abel lived 1825-26
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698:. Abel's uncle, Peder Mandrup Tuxen, lived at the naval base in
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Niels Henrik Abel's father, Søren Georg Abel, had a degree in
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in mathematics, originally proposed in 1899 to complement the
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Niels Henrik Abel on a Norwegian 500 kroner banknote, 1978
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In mid-1823, Professor Rasmussen gave Abel a gift of 100
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Under Abel's guidance, the prevailing obscurities of
444:(but first awarded in 2003), is named in his honour.
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As a 16-year-old, Abel gave a rigorous proof of the
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in Nedstrand in July / August of his year of birth.
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1428:. Groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk. Retrieved on 2011-07-12.
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62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1384:Skadberg, Gunnar A.: Ætt og heim 2004, chapter 5,
905:. Abel wrote a fundamental work on the theory of
1386:Sogneprest Søren Georg Abel – Matematikerens far
1277:
1275:
925:). The paper was, however, misplaced by Cauchy.
402:; 5 August 1802 – 6 April 1829) was a Norwegian
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766:Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik
560:Cathedral School and Royal Frederick University
433:, said: "What a head the young Norwegian has!"
1604:Development of mathematics in the 19th century
909:, containing the foundations of the theory of
824:, an important work on elliptic functions in
722:was published in 1826 in the first volume of
8:
1405:Myhre, Sigmar: Ætt og heim 2009, chapter 6,
1373:Niels Henrik Abel – utdypning (NBL-artikkel)
1178:List of things named after Niels Henrik Abel
972:List of things named after Niels Henrik Abel
874:. To do this, he invented (independently of
842:. At Christmas 1828, he traveled by sled to
498:, Norway, as the second child of the pastor
494:Niels Henrik Abel was born prematurely in
1765:The Niels Henrik Abel mathematical contest
1442:. Farmington Hills, MI: U•X•L. p. 3.
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739:In 1825, Abel wrote a personal letter to
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
1835:People educated at Oslo Cathedral School
537:and came to Norway in the 17th century.
1697:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
1673:Biographies and handwritten manuscripts
1651:. Trans. by Richard R. Daly. Springer.
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755:On the way, he visited the astronomer
655:From the notebook of Niels Henrik Abel
1815:19th-century Norwegian mathematicians
1810:19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
1767:, The Norwegian Mathematical Olympiad
858:Abel showed that there is no general
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7:
1624:The Equation That Couldn't be Solved
782:Georg Amadeus Carl Friedrich Naumann
60:adding citations to reliable sources
1606:. Math Sci Press, 1979, p. 97.
878:) a branch of mathematics known as
27:Norwegian mathematician (1802–1829)
1749:Famous Quotes by Niels Henrik Abel
1628:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
1025:was named after him. In 2002, the
901:'s result which had held only for
25:
1578:. New York: McGraw Hill. p.
1541:Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment
1518:Eric Weisstein's World of Science
897:valid for all numbers, extending
488:Niels Henrik Abel's parents, 1809
1718:"Abel, Niels Henrik (1802–1829)"
1544:. Routledge. 2002. p. 562.
1407:Niels Henrik Abel – fødestaden.
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838:While in Paris, Abel contracted
741:King Carl Johan of Norway/Sweden
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1647:Niels Henrik Abel and his Times
1572:Simmons, George Finlay (1992).
1091:Abelmonumentet in front of the
1029:was established in his memory.
940:, and a new class now known as
792:, and a new class now known as
399:[ˌnɪlsˈhɛ̀nːɾɪkˈɑ̀ːbl̩]
231:Abel equation of the first kind
47:needs additional citations for
1708:Biography of Niels Henrik Abel
1234:Ore, Øystein (18 April 2018).
1106:Niels Henrik Abel memorial in
605:Norwegian Constituent Assembly
279:Abelian and tauberian theorems
1:
1845:Tuberculosis deaths in Norway
1735:Mathematics Genealogy Project
757:Heinrich Christian Schumacher
572:in Christiania (now known as
548:Anne Marie Simonsen was from
255:Abel's irreducibility theorem
862:solution for the roots of a
854:Contributions to mathematics
800:most important work for the
1682:from the Abel Prize website
1866:
969:
802:French Academy of Sciences
612:Royal Frederick University
303:Abelian variety of CM-type
212:Royal Frederick University
1850:University of Oslo alumni
827:Astronomische Nachrichten
348:
339:
312:
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1830:Norwegian mathematicians
1758:12 February 2006 at the
1714:Weisstein, Eric Wolfgang
1702:University of St Andrews
1643:Stubhaug, Arild (2000).
521:and served as pastor at
408:general quintic equation
275:Abel's summation formula
1438:Bruno, Leonard (1999).
1121:A monument for Abel at
223:Abel's binomial theorem
1375:– Store norske leksion
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958:Abel said famously of
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690:so he could travel to
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656:
545:
414:and the discoverer of
1678:25 March 2012 at the
1620:Livio, Mario (2005).
1240:Store Norske Leksikon
919:Augustin-Louis Cauchy
915:Adrien-Marie Legendre
810:Augustin-Louis Cauchy
761:August Leopold Crelle
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696:Fermat's Last Theorem
681:
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582:Bernt Michael Holmboe
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431:Adrien-Marie Legendre
334:Bernt Michael Holmboe
1688:Robertson, Edmund F.
1514:"Abel, Niels Henrik"
960:Carl Friedrich Gauss
888:Carl Friedrich Gauss
872:Abel-Ruffini theorem
848:University of Berlin
716:Abel–Ruffini theorem
629:Carl Ferdinand Degen
625:Christopher Hansteen
307:Dual abelian variety
267:Abel–Ruffini theorem
56:improve this article
1840:People from Froland
1825:Norwegian Lutherans
1692:"Niels Henrik Abel"
1686:O'Connor, John J.;
1304:"Welcome to nginx!"
1254:"Niels Henrik Abel"
1236:"Niels Henrik Abel"
917:later described to
868:polynomial equation
597:: "Abel Spandabel")
295:Abel transformation
71:"Niels Henrik Abel"
1520:. Wolfram Research
1258:www.matematikk.org
1093:Royal Palace, Oslo
1036:wrote about Abel:
911:elliptic functions
907:elliptic integrals
737:
684:
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634:elliptic functions
603:, the host of the
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412:elliptic functions
263:Abel–Plana formula
1795:Niels Henrik Abel
1776:Niels Henrik Abel
1731:Niels Henrik Abel
1413:978-82-90087-72-7
1371:Stubhaug, Arild:
942:abelian functions
866:, or any general
794:abelian functions
416:Abelian functions
360:Niels Henrik Abel
357:
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330:Academic advisors
314:Scientific career
251:Abel's inequality
235:Abelian extension
138:Niels Henrik Abel
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725:Crelle's Journal
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570:Cathedral School
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45:This article
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1780:Find a Grave
1723:ScienceWorld
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1555:. Retrieved
1540:
1534:
1522:. Retrieved
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1498:12 September
1496:. Retrieved
1472:. Retrieved
1468:the original
1458:
1439:
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1406:
1401:
1385:
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1340:12 September
1338:. Retrieved
1334:the original
1330:"Niels Abel"
1324:
1312:. Retrieved
1308:the original
1298:
1288:12 September
1286:. Retrieved
1262:. Retrieved
1257:
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1127:Gustav Lærum
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183:(1829-04-06)
181:6 April 1829
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54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
1805:1829 deaths
1800:1802 births
1753:Convergence
1744:Convergence
1047:Christiania
1034:Felix Klein
830:in Altona.
822:Carl Jacobi
818:Norges Bank
688:speciedaler
554:stepmothers
324:Mathematics
283:Abel's test
200:Nationality
1789:Categories
1557:27 January
1524:27 January
1221:References
1213:Nedstrand.
1027:Abel Prize
993:Sophus Lie
970:See also:
692:Copenhagen
519:philosophy
453:Early life
438:Abel Prize
395:Norwegian:
214:(BA, 1822)
159:1802-08-05
82:newspapers
18:N. H. Abel
1206:Norwegian
949:Norwegian
903:rationals
860:algebraic
780:to visit
750:Göttingen
671:Norwegian
595:Norwegian
589:catechism
535:Schleswig
529:near the
496:Nedstrand
344:Signature
203:Norwegian
167:Nedstrand
1756:Archived
1676:Archived
1314:8 August
1172:See also
1108:Gjerstad
1015:banknote
978:analysis
934:elliptic
923:Horatius
786:elliptic
778:Freiberg
566:Storting
515:theology
1733:at the
1716:(ed.).
1474:28 July
1021:on the
884:physics
844:Froland
774:Leipzig
508:bailiff
189:Froland
96:scholar
1655:
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1043:Mozart
1012:kroner
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966:Legacy
876:Galois
647:Career
523:Finnøy
504:Finnøy
320:Fields
193:Norway
98:
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77:
69:
1264:5 May
1189:Notes
899:Euler
834:Death
746:Gauss
720:proof
550:Risør
103:JSTOR
89:books
1653:ISBN
1630:ISBN
1584:ISBN
1559:2017
1546:ISBN
1526:2017
1500:2015
1476:2015
1444:ISBN
1409:ISBN
1390:ISBN
1342:2015
1316:2013
1290:2015
1266:2018
1023:Moon
1019:Abel
991:and
776:and
636:and
574:Oslo
517:and
448:Life
436:The
390:-bəl
178:Died
153:Born
75:news
1778:at
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1125:by
1007:).
748:in
704:Son
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