642:. In the November 1978 general election, Missoula voters overwhelmingly approved a ballot initiative in the form of a land-use ordinance establishing the entirety of Missoula County as a "'nuclear free' zoning district" banning all nuclear facilities except those for medical purposes. (In the same election, Montana voters approved a statewide initiative by a 2–1 margin barring nuclear facilities or reactors without strict state-enforced regulatory standards and ratification by popular referendum, and in a follow-up 1980 initiative, Montanans narrowly voted to ban the disposal of nuclear waste.) That Missoula's measure was originally drafted as a zoning ordinance legally enforceable by the county planning department apparently created the popular term "Nuclear Free Zone" adopted as the name of the local political action group sponsoring the initiative and later used by other jurisdictions worldwide.
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653:, was officially declared a nuclear-free zone in 1983 by then-mayor Sam Abbott. A citizen committee of the local city council continues to monitor city contracts. The city cannot hold contracts with any company associated with any aspect of nuclear weapons without a waiver from the citizen committee. In September 2005, Takoma Park took a stand against the transportation of high-level nuclear waste through the city. It voted to amend its Nuclear-Free Zone Ordinance to give its citizen committee responsibility to collect information and from this information and from consultations with individuals and organizations involved in the transportation of high-level nuclear waste, to advise the city on how to promote the safety and welfare of its citizens from harmful exposure to high-level nuclear waste.
123:, capital of Queensland, which has been nuclear weapon free since 1983, and the South and North Sydney councils. Fremantle in Western Australia was the first council to declare itself a nuclear free zone in 1980. The continuing presence of nuclear armed and powered warships in the city's port led to many protests during the 1980s and 1990s. However the passage of such legislation is generally considered just a symbolic measure. The majority of councils which have passed anti-nuclear weaponry legislation are members of the Australian Nuclear Free Zones and Toxic Industries Secretariat which has 44 member councils.
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668:, whose citizens passed the Nuclear Free Berkeley Act in 1986 which allows the city to levy fines for nuclear weapons-related activity and to boycott companies involved in the United States nuclear infrastructure. The City of Berkeley has posted signs at city limits proclaiming its nuclear free status. The ordinance specifies possible fines for such activities within its borders. The
550:. The Palauan government submitted a revised version of the constitution without the "nuclear-free" clause the following October. The Palauan people rejected the revised document and reinstated the original constitution in July 1980. Seven years later, however, the Palauan people voted to overturn their nuclear-free status out of "economic survival".
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Several sub-national authorities worldwide have declared themselves "nuclear-free". However, the label is often symbolic, as nuclear policy is usually determined and regulated at higher levels of government: nuclear weapons and components may traverse nuclear-free zones via military transport without
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The idea for a
Nuclear weapons-free zone in the north gained popularity in Norway from late 1980, and gained broad cross-party support in government. At a meeting of Nordic foreign ministers in September 1981, the issue was put on the agenda, but received little attention and no future prospects for
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Italy is a nuclear free zone since the
Italian nuclear power referendum of November 1987. Following center-right parties' victory in the 2008 election, Italy's industry minister announced that the government scheduled the construction to start the first new Italian nuclear-powered plant by 2013. The
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The measure was invalidated in federal court, on the grounds that it interfered with the
Federal Government's constitutional authority over national defense and atomic energy. The issue being Oakland is a major port, and like Berkeley, and Davis, has major freeway and train arteries running through
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in West
Oakland. The combination of the information disclosure in court as well as the freeway collapse generated concern from then West Oakland Councilmember, Wilson Riles Jr. who contended there would have been "deaths within a mile radius" had there been a truck carrying nuclear material present
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voters passed "Measure T" with 57% of the vote, making that city a nuclear free zone. Prior to the vote, the
Oakland City Council voted 8-1 to oppose the measure. Similarly, the Oakland Tribune editorial section, recommended a "No" vote towards the measure. Under Ordinance No. 11062 CMS then passed
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within the nuclear-free zone, as well as prohibiting any New
Zealand citizen or resident "to manufacture, acquire, possess, or have any control over any nuclear explosive device." Combined with the firm policy of the United States to "neither confirm nor deny" whether particular naval vessels carry
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in 1980 – this still exists to this day. Wales became 'nuclear free' on 23 February 1982 after Clwyd County
Council declared itself 'nuclear free' and the Nuclear Free Wales Declaration was made. This policy was legally underpinned by Section 137 of the Local Government Act, which allowed local
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In 1998, the
Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Act outlawed all construction and operation of nuclear power plants, nuclear fuel fabrication plants, and all other nuclear power in all Australian states and territories. All nuclear power concerns in Australia are handled by the
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to not seek atomic weapons, but Norway and
Denmark were members of NATO, and the alliance saw nuclear weapons as crucial to their strategy. Despite both Norway and Denmark being somewhat opposed to the stationing of nuclear weapons on their territory, the presence of foreign military in their
338:, territorial sea and land of New Zealand became nuclear weapons and nuclear-powered ship free zones. It does not ban nuclear power stations. A research reactor was operated by the University of Canterbury until 1981. Official planning for a nuclear power station continued until the 1980s.
692:, which it continued to operate after the act went into effect. The University of California, as a state institution, is not subject to Berkeley's municipal regulations, including the ban. Berkeley also has major freeway and train lines which are used in transporting nuclear materials.
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The idea was proposed first in 1963, in a speech by
Kekkonen proposing that the Nordic countries pledge to not procure nuclear weapons or station nuclear weapons in their territory. At the time, among the Nordic countries, Sweden was close to acquire nuclear weapons through a
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in 1967, and were adopted as a parliamentary resolution in 1971, though they have never formally been entered into law. They continue to reflect the attitudes of both government and the general public, who remain staunchly opposed to the manufacture or use of nuclear weapons.
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countries made an absolute peacetime and wartime ban, as proposed by Kekkonen, practically impossible. Sweden finally scrapped its nuclear weapon programme in 1968, due to concerns of a domino effect increase of countries in the world aiming for atomic weapons.
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In 1992, the Oakland City Council unanimously reinstated modified elements of the older ordinance, reportedly bringing the total number of Nuclear Free Zones in the United States at that time to 188, with a total population of over 17 million in 27 states.
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UK nuclear-free local authorities refused to take part in civil defence exercises relating to nuclear war, which they thought were futile. The non-cooperation of the nuclear-free zone authorities was the main reason for the cancellation of the national
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on 8 May 1978 presented a plan for arms control in the Nordic region, the strengthening of existing non-nuclear status of northern Europe, and a guarantee that nuclear-armed states would not use nuclear weapons against nuclear weapon free zone states.
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Early in court document filings, the federal government revealed that Oakland was the hub of the Bay Area's nuclear weapons distribution network and that radioactive components of atomic weapons traveled regularly through Oakland.Soon thereafter, the
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did not see their stance as incompatible with the treaty and sought a compromise for over two years before passing the Act. Support for the non-nuclear policy was bolstered by the perceived over-reaction of the United States and by the
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The Soviet Union was also interested in establishing a Nordic nuclear weapons-free zone, though likely only as a tool to divide NATO. The Soviet Union did not commit to the removal of any nuclear weapons on the
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adopted its first constitution in July 1979, stating that the Micronesian country would be "nuclear-free". The United States told the Palauan government that this constitution was likely incompatible with the
404:, abundance of other resources to generate electricity, and public opposition has meant a nuclear power plant has never gone beyond the investigation phase – a nuclear power plant was proposed north of
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Two lawsuits were filed against the City regarding the measure, one brought by Pacific Legal Foundation on behalf of businesses. The other was brought by the Federal government in September 1989.
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is located in Vienna, and the IAEA maintains nuclear laboratories both in Vienna and Seibersdorf. The IAEA has also established programs to assist nuclear energy projects in developing countries.
389:. According to some commentators, the legislation was a milestone in New Zealand's development as a nation and seen as an important act of sovereignty, self-determination and cultural identity.
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The Act prohibits "entry into the internal waters of New Zealand 12 miles (22.2 km) radius by any ship whose propulsion is wholly or partly dependent on nuclear power" and bans the dumping of
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Additionally, many cities, counties, and states considered becoming nuclear free zones. Locations where governmental or popular votes were conducted and defeated, where known, were:
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in July 1982. In England and Wales 24 of the 54 county councils refused to participate and seven more co-operated only in a half-hearted way. This has been seen as a victory for the
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ports or entering New Zealand waters. This policy followed a long campaign by peace activists which included large protests and the disruption of visits by US warships. Under the
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has led to the wholesale rejection of nuclear weapons, holding nuclear weapons shall not be manufactured in, possessed by, or allowed entry into Japan. These tenets, known as the
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The United States was against the establishment of a nuclear weapons-free Nordic zone, facing the fact that the zone would be against U.S. and NATO security interests.
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declared the city to be a nuclear-free zone. Davis has major freeway and train arteries running through it which are used for transporting nuclear materials. The
147:, start-up was prevented by a popular vote in 1978. The completed power plant is now marketed as a shooting location for film and television. On July 9, 1997, the
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285:. While the United States does not maintain nuclear bases within its military installations on the Home Islands, it is believed to have once stored weapons at
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Dugger, Ronnie Dugger: Ronnie; Observer, the Publisher of the Texas; Weapons, Is Writing A. Book On the Ethical Implications of Nuclear (20 September 1987).
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206:, during the Soviet Union, such initiatives were brought to life, but with the collapse of the Soviet Union, the facilities were dismantled and moved to the
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campaign is the only successful movement of its type in the world which resulted in the nation's nuclear-free zone status being enshrined in legislation.
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have never made any attempt to manufacture or otherwise obtain nuclear arms, and no nuclear weapons are known to have been introduced into the Japanese
1987:
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729:"any entity knowingly engaged in nuclear weapons work and any of its agents, subsidiaries or affiliates which are engaged in nuclear weapons work."
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Other cities, counties, and other governments within the United States passing nuclear free zone ordinances and the date of adoption, when known:
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banned military activity on the continent, effective in 1961, and suspended territorial claims. A nuclear reactor provided electricity for
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The article adds that 14 of 16 ballot measures passed in the 1984 general election, and that there were 80 US NFZs at that time.
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357:, did not mention nuclear deterrence and did not require unconditional port access. However, after New Zealand refused entry to
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announced project was paused in March 2011, after the Japanese earthquake, and scrapped after a referendum on 12–13 June 2011.
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authorities to spend a small amount on whatever members considered was in the interest of their area or a part of their area.
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obligations to New Zealand, seeing New Zealand's effective rejection of United States Navy vessels as voiding the treaty. The
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Austria's anti-nuclear stance also causes tension with its nuclear neighbors. Vienna is located close to the Czech reactor at
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even though many of them are produced in nuclear reactors. They typically do not prohibit other nuclear technologies such as
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1396:"From Protest to Politics: The Effectiveness of Civil Society in shaping the Nuclear-free Policy in Aotearoa New Zealand"
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The nuclear-free zone law does not make building land-based nuclear power plants illegal. However, the relatively small
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1983:
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578:(GLC) (before its abolition) declared themselves to be 'nuclear free'. The first 'nuclear-free zone' in the UK was
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implementation. this was primarily due to the beliefs of ministers that the zone should be within the framework of
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are banned. The specific ramifications of these depend on the locale in question, but are generally distinct from
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688:. At the time of the passage of the act, the university operated a nuclear reactor for research purposes, the
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also bans mining for uranium, and the construction of nuclear power plants within its territorial limits.
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has recently proposed to reintroduce nuclear power to decrease the country's reliance on fossil fuels.
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1705:"The Movement for a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in the Nordic Region: Impact of the Karlskrona Incident"
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1986:. For the zoning ordinance text as updated in 2007, see Missoula County, MT Nuclear Free Zone, at:
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435:. The aim was to prevent the Nordic countries from becoming a nuclear battleground and a route for
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As a resource-poor nation, Japan is heavily reliant on nuclear power, but its unique experience in
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165:, and four reactors are being built in neighboring Slovakia and two in neighboring Hungary.
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treaty. Thus, there are no technologies to create a weapon or enrich the particles, but in
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Austria is a nuclear free zone, when a nuclear power station was built during the 1970s at
3278:
3101:
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2951:
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2540:
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2321:
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Meiklejohn Civil Liberties Institute Archives: Human Rights and Peace Law Docket 1945–1993
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Haynes, Jim (8 August 1984). "Nucleare-free zone ordinance passed by Chico City Council".
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established themselves as Nuclear-Free Zones in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. The first was
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107:, operated by the United States in the New Zealand Antarctic Territory from 1962 to 1972.
104:
35:
2204:
Boulder Revised Code Chapter 6–8: Nuclear Free Zone, via Colorado Code Publishing Company
1965:
Bolsover, Philip, "A victory – and a new development", in Minnion, J., and Bolsover, P.,
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announced it would work together with Russia in order to build a small nuclear plant. In
1982:
For more on the Missoula zoning ordinance, see Missoula Independent, Nov. 30, 2000, at:
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of 1981, made the establishment of a Nordic nuclear free zone in the Cold War unlikely.
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has begun preparations to begin construction of its first nuclear power plant. In 2022,
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2003:
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592:
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505:
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Johns, Brian (8 November 1989). "Official wants U.S. network of nuclear free cities".
1815:"The Stranded USSR Submarine in Sweden and the Question of a Nordic Nuclear-Free Zone"
1456:
649:, attracted worldwide attention with its referendum in May, 1982. The following year,
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the knowledge or consent of local authorities which had declared nuclear-free zones.
42:
39:
2659:"Nuclear Free Berkeley Act" – Nuclear-free zone legislation for Berkeley, California
2268:"Signs announcing Cleveland Heights as Nuclear Free Zone: Whatever happened to ...?"
2036:
Cheevers, Jack (3 November 1988). "Oakland council opposes 'nuclear-free' measure".
119:
of Australia have passed anti-nuclear weaponry legislation; notable among these are
3170:
3076:
3036:
3031:
2785:
2780:
2668:
2105:
De Wolk, Roland (6 November 1989). "Oakland is area's nuclear transportation hub".
1542:
1281:
1182:
Care, scheme=AGLSTERMS AglsAgent; corporateName=Health and Aged (21 October 2016),
878:
714:, as well as workers who are involved with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
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and in a wider European context of disarmament, which seemed unlikely at the time.
480:
440:
394:
282:
255:
191:
2203:
2090:
Collier, Michael (7 September 1989). "U.S. in court to kill Oakland nuclear ban".
660:
Existing sign (2024) in Berkeley, California declaring itself a Nuclear Free Zone.
1984:
http://missoulanews.bigskypress.com/missoula/reading-the-sign/Content?oid=1133059
17:
3272:
3096:
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1902:
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1164:. Australian Nuclear Free Zones and Toxic Industries Secretariat. Archived from
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331:
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140:
75:
2505:
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was very strong in early 1980s; up to two hundred local authorities including
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61:
1910:
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1838:
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49:, in that the latter only bans nuclear weapons but may permit nuclear power.
3081:
3001:
2614:
484:
241:
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350:"), the Act effectively bars these ships from entering New Zealand waters.
2395:
Grabowicz, Paul; Cheevers, Jack. "Oakland, port assessing no-nukes vote".
2483:
COUNCIL POLICY 11.4: DECLARING THE CITY OF SANTA CRUZ A NUCLEAR FREE ZONE
2024:
472:
405:
386:
120:
3203:
Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
2673:
1918:
1886:
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1791:
1759:
1736:
1704:
1678:
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821:, HI (1981); amendment excluding military approved by referendum 11/1986
684:, a U.S. nuclear weapons design laboratory, and continues to manage the
483:
decreasing their nuclear weapon stockpile. A speech made by Kekkonen in
2176:
Oakland City Council Reinstates Nuclear-Free Policy, US Newswire 7/3/92
1628:
1596:
788:
527:
456:
408:
in the early 1970s, but the discovery of large natural gas reserves in
162:
144:
459:
had outright rejected them. Finland was required by Article 17 of the
2051:
Maynard, Robert C., ed. (8 November 1988). "The Tribune Recommends".
1647:"Three 'Waves' of the Kekkonen Plan and Nordic Security in the 1980s"
1420:
New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987
943:
727:
on December 6, 1988, the city is restricted from doing business with
531:
336:
New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987
2333:
Ordinance No. 87-024, An Ordinance Establishing Nuclear Free Hayward
1612:
1369:"Bringing Nuclear Law into the Spotlight in Central Asia and Beyond"
2552:
Gibson, Steve (7 June 1984). "9 women elected county supervisors".
1344:"Central Asia's struggle to keep lights on fuels nuclear ambitions"
2639:
Pictures of victims of US nuclear testing in the Marshall Islands.
655:
542:
369:
354:
289:, which remained under US administrative jurisdiction until 1972.
71:
1760:"A Nordic Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone as a (Partial) Depletion Zone"
151:
voted unanimously to maintain the country's anti-nuclear policy.
1887:"The United States and the Nordic Countries During the Cold War"
1319:"Rosatom plans to build first nuclear power plant in Uzbekistan"
493:
444:
382:
2677:
2633:
2519:
Gibson, Steve (11 April 1984). "St. Helena Opts for No Nukes".
2618:
1453:"New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone Extension Bill – Green Party"
2150:"WISE NC; US FEDERAL COURT OVERTURNS NUCLEAR FREE ZONE LAW"
1185:
Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Act 1998
78:
was the first Western-allied nation to legislate towards a
2761:
International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
1874:(Thesis). Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School.
2746:
International Association of Lawyers against Nuclear Arms
1241:. WISE News Communique. 26 September 1997. Archived from
129:
Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency
27:
Area in which nuclear weapons and power plants are banned
2648:
2456:"WISE NC; NATIVE LANDS BECOMINGNUCLEAR FREE ZONES IN US"
1108:"Stepping Out For Peace: A History of CANE and PND (WA)"
1066:(Rev. ed.). London: Minority Rights Group. p.
52:
Nuclear-free zones usually neither address nor prohibit
2299:
2297:
2295:
1282:"Austria and Czech Republic divided over nuclear power"
353:
New Zealand's security treaty with the United States,
2629:"By-laws beat the bomb" – Commentary by Frank Johnson
3208:
Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents
1997:
For more on Takoma Park's nuclear-free history see:
1429:
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2711:
1871:
The Soviet Nordic Nuclear Weapon Free Zone proposal
611:councillors were often active in this respect too.
599:. Generally, nuclear-free zones were predominantly
512:. This, combined with the Soviet Union's continued
2286:"Town of East Windsor Nuclear Free Zone Ordinance"
1481:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.
1059:
809:, OR (11/1986); revised measure defeated 5/15/1990
196:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
2751:International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
2352:press-citizen- Iowa City to replace missing signs
1477:The ANZUS Crisis, Nuclear Visiting and Deterrence
3268:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
2597:"From gambling to taxes, voters have last say".
744:on the structure when the earthquake occurred.
710:, runs a research reactor at the nearby former
210:. The Treaty came into force on 21 March 2009.
1533:"Search - Global Edition - The New York Times"
634:A number of towns, cities and counties in the
475:in the 1970s, with the background of both the
74:became the first nuclear-free nation in 1980.
2689:
2664:Radio Nizkor International Nuclear conference
2458:. Archived from the original on 11 June 2009.
2152:. Archived from the original on 11 June 2009.
1037:United States and weapons of mass destruction
664:Another well-known nuclear-free community is
8:
2534:Takoma Park Votes Itself a Nuclear-Free Zone
2136:"A Nuclear-Free Zone Is Ruled to Be Invalid"
1205:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
680:system until recently managed operations at
2067:"Schedule P, City of Oakland, rev. 7/30/01"
748:it. The City did not appeal the decision.
2696:
2682:
2674:
439:in the event of a nuclear war between the
2649:British Nuclear Test Veterans Association
1640:
1638:
1601:The American Journal of International Law
1575:"Nuclear Energy Prospects in New Zealand"
2771:Nuclear Information and Resource Service
2502:"Special Collections, Langsdale Library"
2138:. 28 April 1990 – via NYTimes.com.
1698:
1696:
1058:Clark, Roger; Roff, Sue Rabbitt (1984).
957:African Nuclear Weapons Free Zone Treaty
739:occurred leading to the collapse of the
235:
2756:International Day against Nuclear Tests
1868:Lumsden, Catherine Anne (1 June 1990).
1577:. World Nuclear Association. April 2009
1468:
1466:
1053:
1051:
1047:
718:Oakland, California and Legal Test Case
431:for a nuclear weapons-free zone in the
90:Nuclear-free zone by geographical areas
3188:France and weapons of mass destruction
2654:Australias Maralinga nuclear test site
2644:Nuclear Testing in Australia 1952–1958
2461:
2155:
1198:
982:France and weapons of mass destruction
686:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
558:The Nuclear Free Zone Movement in the
299:Italian nuclear power referendum, 1987
244:, seen from Po-ai Shiosai Park in 2011
200:Central Asian Nuclear Weapon Free Zone
2567:"Nuclear Ban Defeated in Cambridge".
1239:"Coalition of Nuclear-Free Countries"
1017:Nuclear weapons and the United States
992:Mongolian Nuclear-Weapons-Free Status
7:
3198:History of the anti-nuclear movement
2791:Physicians for Social Responsibility
2582:"Fresno rejects nuclear-free zone".
2000:"Nuclear Free Takoma Park Committee"
1597:"Treaty of Peace with Finland, 1947"
154:Ironically, the headquarters of the
3148:Songs about nuclear war and weapons
467:The idea was proposed again in the
3143:Nuclear weapons in popular culture
1394:Temocin, Pinar (21 January 2022).
670:University of California, Berkeley
589:'Hard Rock' civil defence exercise
250:Japan's non-nuclear weapons policy
156:International Atomic Energy Agency
25:
3177:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1941:"Palau Drops Nuclear-Free Status"
1561:Nuclear Free: The New Zealand Way
1400:The Commons Social Change Library
1112:The Commons Social Change Library
1093:Nuclear Free: The New Zealand Way
3293:
3292:
2814:
2736:Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament
2615:France's Nuclear Weapons Program
2601:. 6 November 1986. pp. A17.
2571:. 12 November 1983. pp. A5.
2414:. 20 December 1984. pp. B5.
2366:. 16 November 1983. pp. D2.
2122:The Tribune, Oakland, California
2107:The Tribune, Oakland, California
2092:The Tribune, Oakland, California
2038:The Tribune, Oakland, California
1507:"Lange's impact on NZ and world"
1062:Micronesia: the problem of Palau
972:Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament
623:
2781:Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign
2397:The Tribune, Oakland California
2053:The Tribune, Oakland California
645:Subsequently, the tiny town of
526:Nuclear energy is used in both
514:occupation of the Baltic states
314:New Zealand's nuclear-free zone
2380:. 13 July 2011. Archived from
2362:"Madison Oks nuke-free plan".
2025:Nuclear Free Zone – Davis Wiki
1473:Pugh, Michael Charles (1989).
1133:"Nuclear-free city? Afraid no"
1106:Kearns, Barbara (5 May 2021).
1027:Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior
682:Los Alamos National Laboratory
379:sinking of the Rainbow Warrior
348:policy of deliberate ambiguity
82:by effectively renouncing the
1:
2634:Bikini Atoll Atomic test zone
2315:Town of Garrett Park: History
1758:Saperstein, Alvin M. (1983).
1563:. New Zealand: Penguin Books.
1541:. 18 May 2011. Archived from
1095:. New Zealand: Penguin Books.
977:Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
722:On November 8, 1988, City of
420:Nuclear weapons-free Nordic (
226:Kazakhstan Ministry of Energy
2586:. 6 March 1985. pp. A4.
1439:canterbury.cyberplace.org.nz
1159:"[Untitled leaflet]"
260:Three Non-Nuclear Principles
2226:. 10 May 1985. pp. B6.
1903:10.1177/0010836798033002001
1813:LEITENBERG, MILTON (1982).
1764:Bulletin of Peace Proposals
1709:Bulletin of Peace Proposals
1651:Bulletin of Peace Proposals
1268:September 10, 2011, at the
1225:www.nuclear-power-plant.net
737:1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake
548:Compact of Free Association
424:) was an initiative by the
3355:
3263:Russell–Einstein Manifesto
3133:Films about nuclear issues
3128:Books about nuclear issues
2721:Anti-nuclear organizations
2624:Mururoa protest, Time 1973
2488:November 18, 2008, at the
2338:December 29, 2010, at the
1831:10.1177/001083678201700103
1776:10.1177/096701068301400405
1721:10.1177/096701068201300210
1663:10.1177/096701068001100103
695:On November 14, 1984, the
674:history of nuclear weapons
672:is deeply involved in the
412:saw the proposal shelved.
311:
296:
247:
80:national nuclear free zone
64:used in particle physics.
3288:
3218:Nuclear-Free Future Award
3138:Nuclear holocaust fiction
2812:
2726:Anti-nuclear power groups
2669:Nuclear-free future award
2468:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2162:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1300:"EnergyBC: Nuclear Power"
1007:Nuclear-Free Future Award
422:Finn. Ydinaseeton Pohjola
368:government suspended its
275:Japan Self-Defense Forces
47:nuclear-weapon-free zones
2776:Nevada Desert Experience
2425:Peace Magazine, Mar 1985
2256:– via NYTimes.com.
1891:Cooperation and Conflict
1885:ZAKHEIM, DOV S. (1998).
1819:Cooperation and Conflict
1221:"Zwentendorf - location"
1022:Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone
712:McClellan Air Force Base
704:University of California
678:University of California
603:controlled councils but
595:against the policies of
318:In 1984, Prime Minister
3233:Nuclear power phase-out
3112:Christopher Weeramantry
2254:"The Company As Target"
962:Antarctic Treaty System
580:Manchester City Council
374:Lange Labour government
262:, were first stated by
101:Antarctic Treaty System
3324:Nuclear weapons policy
3238:Nuclear weapons debate
3183:Defence Secretariat 19
2222:"No nukes in Carmel".
2209:June 14, 2009, at the
997:Nagasaki and Hiroshima
863:, Ohio (November 1985)
741:Cypress Street Viaduct
661:
647:Garrett Park, Maryland
593:British Peace movement
576:Greater London Council
245:
117:local government areas
3339:History of Manchester
3248:Otto Hahn Peace Medal
3057:Hermann Joseph Muller
2806:World Uranium Hearing
2786:Peace Action and SANE
2731:Anti-nuclear protests
2705:Anti-nuclear movement
2410:"Nuclear-free zone".
1703:Barth, Magne (1982).
1645:Apunen, Osmo (1980).
1091:Lange, David (1990).
967:Anti-nuclear movement
659:
651:Takoma Park, Maryland
239:
3228:Nuclear power debate
2508:on 1 September 2006.
1607:(3): 203–223. 1948.
1171:on 22 February 2014.
1032:Treaty of Tlatelolco
756:Additional US Cities
666:Berkeley, California
426:President of Finland
346:nuclear weapons (a "
54:radiopharmaceuticals
34:is an area in which
3193:Göttingen Manifesto
3047:Freda Meissner-Blau
2801:Sortir du nucléaire
2438:"Nuclear free Reno"
1435:"Nuclear Free Zone"
1245:on 23 February 2006
724:Oakland, California
706:, with a campus at
518:Karlskrona incident
181:Former Soviet Union
149:Austrian Parliament
3334:Nuclear-free zones
3329:Nuclear technology
3213:Mainau Declaration
2599:The Sacramento Bee
2584:The Sacramento Bee
2569:The Sacramento Bee
2554:The Sacramento Bee
2539:2017-08-28 at the
2521:The Sacramento Bee
2412:The Sacramento Bee
2399:. pp. A15-16.
2378:"Municode Library"
2320:2009-05-23 at the
2239:The Sacramento Bee
2224:The Sacramento Bee
2193:on 4 October 2011.
1945:The New York Times
1538:The New York Times
1002:Non-nuclear future
885:Sac and Fox Nation
690:Etcheverry Reactor
662:
609:Conservative Party
453:domestic programme
402:electricity system
246:
208:Russian Federation
3319:Environmental law
3306:
3305:
3223:Nuclear-free zone
3166:Anti-war movement
3107:Albert Schweitzer
2796:Pembina Institute
1971:Allison and Busby
1288:. 4 January 2012.
893:, CA (11/17/1998)
803:, CT (12/16/1992)
795:Cleveland Heights
777:Carmel-By-The Sea
697:Davis, California
640:Missoula, Montana
597:Margaret Thatcher
568:district councils
461:1947 Peace Treaty
343:radioactive waste
330:ships from using
281:since the end of
84:nuclear deterrent
32:nuclear-free zone
18:Nuclear free zone
16:(Redirected from
3346:
3296:
3295:
3092:Bertrand Russell
2982:Randall Forsberg
2818:
2817:
2766:Mayors for Peace
2698:
2691:
2684:
2675:
2603:
2602:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2549:
2543:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2504:. Archived from
2498:
2492:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2467:
2459:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2444:on 4 March 2016.
2440:. Archived from
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2384:on 13 July 2011.
2374:
2368:
2367:
2359:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2330:
2324:
2312:
2306:
2301:
2290:
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2276:
2275:
2274:. 15 April 2013.
2264:
2258:
2257:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2219:
2213:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2189:. Archived from
2187:"City of Arcata"
2183:
2177:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2161:
2153:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2072:. Archived from
2071:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2033:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2002:. Archived from
1995:
1989:
1980:
1974:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1882:
1876:
1875:
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1571:
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1547:
1546:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1513:. 14 August 2005
1503:
1497:
1496:
1480:
1470:
1461:
1460:
1459:on 30 June 2006.
1455:. Archived from
1449:
1443:
1442:
1431:
1422:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1391:
1385:
1384:
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1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1306:on 7 March 2014.
1302:. Archived from
1296:
1290:
1289:
1278:
1272:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1235:
1229:
1228:
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1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1065:
1055:
926:Calaveras County
905:, MD (6/16/1982)
887:, OK (8/28/1993)
875:, NY (11/8/1984)
767:, CA (9/15/1989)
627:
433:Nordic countries
416:Nordic countries
393:’s three decade
385:while docked in
194:have signed the
175:British Columbia
173:The province of
115:Many Australian
58:nuclear medicine
21:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3284:
3243:Peace activists
3158:
3152:
3116:
3102:Jonathan Schell
2977:Albert Einstein
2962:Helen Caldicott
2952:Daniel Berrigan
2947:Tadatoshi Akiba
2935:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2713:
2707:
2702:
2611:
2606:
2596:
2595:
2591:
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2565:
2561:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2541:Wayback Machine
2532:
2528:
2518:
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2513:
2500:
2499:
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2490:Wayback Machine
2481:
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2349:
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2340:Wayback Machine
2331:
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2322:Wayback Machine
2313:
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2099:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2079:on 26 May 2011.
2076:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2040:. pp. A11.
2035:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2007:
2006:on 28 June 2006
1998:
1996:
1992:
1981:
1977:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1948:
1947:. 7 August 1987
1939:
1938:
1934:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1867:
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1812:
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1807:
1757:
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1613:10.2307/2213959
1595:
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1573:
1572:
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1555:
1554:
1550:
1545:on 18 May 2011.
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1139:. 18 March 2009
1131:
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1105:
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1100:
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1012:Nuclear testing
987:Helen Caldicott
953:
758:
720:
632:
631:
630:
629:
628:
617:
607:and even a few
564:county councils
556:
540:
437:cruise missiles
418:
324:nuclear-powered
316:
310:
301:
295:
252:
234:
198:and signed the
188:
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171:
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105:McMurdo Station
97:
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36:nuclear weapons
28:
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3253:Peace movement
3250:
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3099:
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3087:Joseph Rotblat
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
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3054:
3049:
3044:
3042:Caroline Lucas
3039:
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2964:
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2957:Albert Bigelow
2954:
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2609:External links
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2556:. pp. B1.
2544:
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2523:. pp. B8.
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2124:. pp. C3.
2112:
2109:. pp. A1.
2097:
2094:. pp. A1.
2082:
2058:
2055:. pp. B6.
2043:
2028:
2017:
1990:
1975:
1958:
1932:
1897:(2): 115–129.
1877:
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1770:(4): 337–339.
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248:Main article:
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383:French spies
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3027:David Lange
3017:Kate Hudson
2997:Paul Gunter
2987:John Gofman
2911:Switzerland
2896:South Korea
2876:Philippines
2871:New Zealand
1348:Nikkei Asia
940:, CA (1985)
934:, MA (1983)
928:, CA (1984)
917:, MD (1983)
915:Takoma Park
911:, CA (1984)
899:, CA (1985)
881:, NV (1996)
869:, CA (1984)
857:, CA (1988)
851:, CA (1986)
845:, WI (1983)
839:, IA (1985)
815:, MD (1982)
797:, OH (1987)
791:, IL (1986)
785:, CA (1984)
773:, CO (1985)
455:, and only
391:New Zealand
332:New Zealand
320:David Lange
308:New Zealand
267:Eisaku SatĹŤ
141:Zwentendorf
76:New Zealand
3313:Categories
3258:Peace camp
3072:Mike Pentz
2866:Kazakhstan
2824:By country
2741:Greenpeace
2714:and groups
2010:2 November
1969:, London:
1581:9 December
1143:6 February
1043:References
909:St. Helena
903:Sykesville
897:Sebastopol
891:Santa Cruz
676:, and the
504:or in the
222:Kazakhstan
218:Kyrgyzstan
214:Uzbekistan
204:Tajikistan
95:Antarctica
62:cyclotrons
3082:Adi Roche
3002:Otto Hahn
2992:Jim Green
2831:Australia
2712:Protests
2272:cleveland
1927:143457225
1911:0010-8367
1855:153493094
1839:0010-8367
1800:143708385
1784:0007-5035
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1671:0007-5035
1621:0002-9300
1317:uz, Kun.
932:Cambridge
837:Iowa City
485:Stockholm
242:Kobe Port
111:Australia
3298:Category
3279:The Bomb
3157:Related
2537:Archived
2486:Archived
2464:cite web
2336:Archived
2318:Archived
2207:Archived
2158:cite web
1951:22 April
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1847:45083274
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1737:44480937
1679:44480739
1559:(1990).
1511:BBC News
1379:24 April
1353:24 April
1328:24 April
1286:BBC News
1266:Archived
1201:citation
1192:24 April
951:See also
516:and the
506:Northern
473:Cold War
410:Taranaki
406:Auckland
387:Auckland
361:Buchanan
121:Brisbane
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2617:at the
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855:Oakland
843:Madison
825:Hayward
789:Chicago
771:Boulder
528:Finland
469:DĂ©tente
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322:barred
287:Okinawa
163:Temelin
145:Austria
135:Austria
3159:topics
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2856:India
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2070:(PDF)
1923:S2CID
1915:JSTOR
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1583:2009
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1487:ISBN
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