153:. Though a double-stranded DNA sequence is generally stable under physiological conditions, changing these conditions in the laboratory (generally by raising the surrounding temperature) will cause the molecules to separate into single strands. These strands are complementary to each other but may also be complementary to other sequences present in their surroundings. Lowering the surrounding temperature allows the single-stranded molecules to anneal or “hybridize” to each other.
232:(i.e., in their natural positions within a chromosome). In 1969, the two scientists published a paper demonstrating that radioactive copies of a ribosomal DNA sequence could be used to detect complementary DNA sequences in the nucleus of a frog egg. Since those original observations, many refinements have increased the versatility and sensitivity of the procedure to the extent that in situ hybridization is now considered an essential tool in
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192:). Due to sequence similarity between closely related organisms, higher temperatures are required to melt such DNA hybrids when compared to more distantly related organisms. A variety of different methods use hybridization to pinpoint the origin of a DNA sample, including the
196:(PCR). In another technique, short DNA sequences are hybridized to cellular mRNAs to identify expressed genes. Pharmaceutical drug companies are exploring the use of antisense RNA to bind to undesired mRNA, preventing the ribosome from translating the mRNA into protein.
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Hybridization is a basic property of nucleotide sequences and is taken advantage of in numerous molecular biology techniques. Overall, genetic relatedness of two species can be determined by hybridizing segments of their DNA
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In 1962 James Watson (b. 1928), Francis Crick (1916–2004), and
Maurice Wilkins (1916–2004) jointly received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for their 1953 determination of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid
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In the 1960s, researchers Joseph Gall and Mary Lou Pardue found that molecular hybridization could be used to identify the position of DNA sequences
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Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a laboratory method used to detect and locate a DNA sequence, often on a particular
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Levsky, JM; Singer, RH (15 July 2003). "Fluorescence in situ hybridization: past, present and future".
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of DNA into RNA both rely upon nucleotide hybridization, as do molecular biology techniques including
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Felsenfeld, G; Miles, HT (1967). "The physical and chemical properties of nucleic acids".
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Proceedings of the
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Southern hybridization & Northern hybridization
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294:DNA - Basics of Structure and Analysis
371:Pardue, ML; Gall, JG (October 1969).
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267:10.1146/annurev.bi.36.070167.002203
217:Fluorescence in situ hybridization
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194:polymerase chain reaction
173:polymerase chain reaction
151:complementary DNA or RNA
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141:) or ribonucleic acid (
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398:10.1073/pnas.64.2.600
215:Further information:
206:DNA-DNA hybridization
204:Further information:
200:DNA-DNA hybridization
190:DNA-DNA hybridization
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475:Genetics techniques
389:1969PNAS...64..600P
288:McClean, Phillip.
480:Molecular biology
350:10.1242/jcs.00633
344:(Pt 14): 2833–8.
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