1049:
Once inside the cell, the local anesthetic will be in equilibrium, with the formation of the protonated (ionized) form, which does not readily pass back out of the cell. This is referred to as "ion-trapping". In the protonated form, the molecule binds to the LA binding site on the inside of the ion channel near the cytoplasmic end. Most LAs work on the internal surface of the membrane - the drug has to penetrate the cell membrane, which is achieved best in the nonionised form. This is exemplified by the permanently ionised LA
40:
682:
tissue swelling at the point of injection. This is due to puncturing of the vein which allows the blood to flow into loose tissues in the surrounding area. Blanching of the tissues in the area where the local anesthetic is deposited is also common. This gives the area a white appearance as the blood flow is prevented due to vasoconstriction of arteries in the area. The vasoconstriction stimulus gradually wears off and subsequently the tissue returns to normal in less than two hours.
1163:(Bier's block) is when blood circulation of a limb is interrupted using a tourniquet (a device similar to a blood-pressure cuff), then a large volume of LA is injected into a peripheral vein. The drug fills the limb's venous system and diffuses into tissues, where peripheral nerves and nerve endings are anesthetized. The anesthetic effect is limited to the area that is excluded from blood circulation and resolves quickly once circulation is restored.
303:, conduction anesthesia may be preferable because of superior pain control and fewer side effects. For purposes of pain therapy, LA drugs are often given by repeated injection or continuous infusion through a catheter. LA drugs are also often combined with other agents such as opioids for synergistic analgesic action. Low doses of LA drugs can be sufficient so that muscle weakness does not occur and patients may be mobilized.
6814:
5308:
5329:
751:. The effects of local anesthetics are, therefore, not specific for the signal conduction in peripheral nerves. Side effects on the central nervous system and the heart may be severe and potentially fatal. However, toxicity usually occurs only at plasma levels which are rarely reached if proper anesthetic techniques are adhered to. High plasma levels might arise, for example, when doses intended for
6824:
1716:
1800:
introducing it to animal or human experimentation. The Vienna school first started using cocaine as local anaesthesia in ophthalmology and it was later incorporated into ophthalmologic practice. Dr. Halsted and Dr. Hall, in the United States in 1885 described an intraoral anesthetic technique of blocking the inferior alveolar nerve and the antero-superior dental nerve using 4% cocaine.{
1644:
1575:
1416:. Because the vasoconstrictor temporarily reduces the rate at which the systemic circulation removes the local anesthetic from the area of the injection, the maximum doses of LAs when combined with a vasoconstrictor is higher compared to the same LA without any vasoconstrictor. Occasionally, cocaine is administered for this purpose. Examples include:
1319:
1505:
888:, and does not result in cross-allergy to amides. Therefore, amides can be used as alternatives in those patients. Nonallergic reactions may resemble allergy in their manifestations. In some cases, skin tests and provocative challenge may be necessary to establish a diagnosis of allergy. Also cases of allergy to
1074:, thus interruption of only consecutive nodes of Ranvier will prevent action potential propagation. In turn, in unmyelinated nerves, an entire length needs to be blocked. Regarding diameter, the generally accepted principle is that susceptibility to local anesthesia depends inversely on fiber diameter.
1822:
published his article "Anestesia Metamérica". This technique was popularized in the 1930s and 1940s by Achile Mario
Dogliotti. With the advent of thin, flexible catheters, continuous infusion and repeated injections have become possible, making epidural anesthesia still a highly successful technique.
1301:
Gow-Gates technique is used to provide anesthetics to the mandible of the patient's mouth. With the aid of extra and intraoral landmarks, the needle is injected into the intraoral latero-anterior surface of the condyle, steering clear below the insertion of the lateral pterygoid muscle. The extraoral
1048:
and are usually formulated as the hydrochloride salt to render them water-soluble. At a pH equal to the protonated base's pKa, the protonated (ionized) and unprotonated (unionized) forms of the molecule exist in equimolar amounts, but only the unprotonated base diffuses readily across cell membranes.
1040:
cannot arise and signal conduction is inhibited. The receptor site is thought to be located at the cytoplasmic (inner) portion of the sodium channel. Local anesthetic drugs bind more readily to sodium channels in an activated state, thus onset of neuronal blockade is faster in rapidly firing neurons.
1309:
In comparison to other regional block methods of anestheising the lower jaw, the Gow-Gates technique has a higher success rate in fully anesthetising the lower jaw. One study found that out of 1,200 patients receiving injections through the Gow-Gates technique, only 2 of them did not obtain complete
1280:
C-CLADs (computer controlled local anesthetic delivery devices) can be used. Its usage of computer microprocessors allows for control of fluid dynamics and anesthetic deposition. This minimizes subjective flow rates and variability in pressure. This thereby results in enhanced hydrodynamic diffusion
1097:
Local anesthetics can block almost every nerve between the peripheral nerve endings and the central nervous system. The most peripheral technique is topical anesthesia to the skin or other body surface. Small and large peripheral nerves can be anesthetized individually (peripheral nerve block) or in
996:
Although lipid rescue mechanism of action is not completely understood, the added lipid in the blood stream may act as a sink, allowing for the removal of lipophilic toxins from affected tissues. This theory is compatible with two studies on lipid rescue for clomipramine toxicity in rabbits and with
939:
During pregnancy, it is not common for local anesthetics to have any adverse effect on the fetus. Despite this, risks of toxicity may be higher in pregnancy due to an increase in unbound fraction of local anesthetic and physiological changes increase the transfer of local anesthetic into the central
681:
Edema of tongue, pharynx and larynx may develop as a side effect of local anesthesia. This could be caused by a variety of reasons including trauma during injection, infection, an allergic reaction, haematoma or injection of irritating solutions such as cold-sterilization solutions. Usually there is
1229:
Disadvantages: Risk of temporary periodontal tissue damage, likelihood of bacteriemia and endocarditis for at-risk populations, appropriate pressure and correct needle placement are imperative for anesthetic success, short duration of pulpal anesthesia limits the use of ILIs for several restorative
1225:
Advantages of ILI over INAB: rapid onset (within 30 seconds), small dosage required (0.2–1.0 mL), limited area of numbness, lower intrinsic risks such as neuropathy, hematoma, trismus/jaw sprain and self-inflicted periodontal tissue injury, as well as decreased cardiovascular disturbances. Its
1190:
Dental needles are available in two lengths, short and long. As
Vazirani–Akinosi is a local anesthetic technique which requires penetration of a significant thickness of soft tissues, a long needle is used. The needle is inserted into the soft tissue which covers the medial border of the mandibular
727:
Permanent nerve damage after a peripheral nerve block is rare. Symptoms are likely to resolve within a few weeks. The vast majority of those affected (92–97%) recover within four to six weeks; 99% of these people have recovered within a year. An estimated one in 5,000 to 30,000 nerve blocks results
718:
Local anesthetics and vasoconstrictors may be administered to pregnant patients however it is very important to be extra cautious when giving a pregnant patient any type of drug. Lidocaine can be safely used but bupivacaine and mepivacaine should be avoided. Consultation with the obstetrician
714:
Giving local anesthesia to patients with liver disease can have significant consequences. Thorough evaluation of the disease should be carried out to assess potential risk to the patient as in significant liver dysfunction, the half-life of amide local anesthetic agents may be drastically increased
935:
Application of local anesthetics during oocyte removal during in vitro fertilization has been up to debate. Pharmacological concentrations of anesthetic agents have been found in follicular fluid. Clinical trials have not concluded any effects on pregnant women. However, there is some concern with
832:
Cardiac toxicity can result from improper injection of agent into a vessel. Even with proper administration, it is inevitable for some diffusion of agent into the body from the site of application due to unforeseeable anatomical idiosyncrasies of the patient. This may affect the nervous system or
771:
while inhibiting the orthosympathetic nervous system. What results is a dilation of arteries in muscles which can lead to a reduction in circulating blood volume inducing a temporary shortness of blood flow to the brain. Notable symptoms include restlessness, visibly looking pale, perspiration and
1814:
Spinal anesthesia was first used in 1885, but not introduced into clinical practice until 1899, when August Bier subjected himself to a clinical experiment in which he observed the anesthetic effect, but also the typical side effect of postpunctural headache. Within a few years, spinal anesthesia
1305:
Biophysical forces (pulsation of the maxillary artery, muscular function of jaw movement) and gravity will aid with the diffusion of anesthetic to fill the whole pterygomandibular space. All three oral sensory parts of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve and other sensory nerves in the
1186:
The
Vazirani–Akinosi technique is also known as the closed-mouth mandibular nerve block. It is mostly used in patients who have limited opening of the mandible or in those that have trismus; spasm of the muscles of mastication. The nerves which are anesthetised in this technique are the inferior
1199:
Intraligamentary infiltration, also known as periodontal ligament injection or intraligamentary injection (ILI), is known as "the most universal of the supplemental injections". ILIs are usually administered when inferior alveolar nerve block techniques are inadequate or ineffective. ILIs are
1803:
Shortly after the first use of cocaine for topical anesthesia, blocks on peripheral nerves were described. Brachial plexus anesthesia by percutaneous injection through axillary and supraclavicular approaches was developed in the early 20th century. The search for the most effective and least
1799:
The invention of clinical use of local anaesthesia is credited to the Vienna School which included
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), Carl Koller (1857-1944) and Leopold Konigstein (1850–1942). They introduced local anaesthesia, using cocaine, through 'self-experimation' on their oral mucosa before
1069:
For most patients, administration of local anesthetics causes the sensation of pain to be lost first, followed by temperature, touch, deep pressure, and finally motor function. The sensitivity of nerve fibers to blockade depends on a combination of diameter and myelination. Their different
973:
Ample supporting animal evidence and human case reports show successful use of lipid rescue in this way. In the UK, efforts have been made to publicize lipid rescue more widely. In 2010, lipid rescue had been officially promoted as a treatment of local anesthetic toxicity by the
1276:
The intraligamentary syringe offers mechanical advantage by using a trigger-grasp or click apparatus to employ a gear or lever that improves control and results in increased force to push the anesthetic cartridge's rubber stopper forward for medication deposition with greater
3957:
Aggarwal V, Singla M, Miglani S, Kohli S, Sharma V, Bhasin SS (January 2018). "Does the volume of supplemental intraligamentary injections affect the anesthetic success rate after a failed primary inferior alveolar nerve block? A randomized-double blind clinical trial".
402:
for the patient's comfort and ease of surgery. However, many anesthetists, surgeons, patients and nurses believe that it is safer to perform major surgeries under local anesthesia than general anesthesia. Typical operations performed under conduction anesthesia include:
782:
Hence, it is crucial for the medical professional administrating the local anesthesia, especially in the form of an injection, to ensure that the patient is in a comfortable setting and has any potential fears alleviated in order to avoid these possible complications.
1173:
Transincision (or transwound) catheter anesthesia uses a multilumen catheter inserted through an incision or wound and aligned across it on the inside as the incision or wound is closed, providing continuous administration of local anesthetic along the incision or
711:, swelling and/or discolouration of the region. The density of tissues surrounding the injured vessels is an important factor for haematoma. There is greatest chance of this occurring in a posterior superior alveolar nerve block or in a pterygomandibular block.
1382:, while amide LAs are metabolized in the liver. This can be a factor in choosing an agent in patients with liver failure, although since cholinesterases are produced in the liver, physiologically (e.g. very young or very old individual) or pathologically (e.g.
1060:
Acidosis such as caused by inflammation at a wound partly reduces the action of LAs. This is partly because most of the anesthetic is ionized and therefore unable to cross the cell membrane to reach its cytoplasmic-facing site of action on the sodium channel.
1249:
The needle is inserted along the long axis, at a 30 degree angle, of the mesial or distal root for single rooted teeth and on the mesial and distal roots of multi-rooted teeth. Bevel orientation toward the root provides easier advancement of the needle
372:
is a complex and often serious condition that requires diagnosis and treatment by an expert in pain medicine. LAs can be applied repeatedly or continuously for prolonged periods to relieve chronic pain, usually in combination with medication such as
2904:
Sirianni AJ, Osterhoudt KC, Calello DP, Muller AA, Waterhouse MR, Goodkin MB, et al. (April 2008). "Use of lipid emulsion in the resuscitation of a patient with prolonged cardiovascular collapse after overdose of bupropion and lamotrigine".
1815:
became widely used for surgical anesthesia and was accepted as a safe and effective technique. Although atraumatic (noncutting-tip) cannulae and modern drugs are used today, the technique has otherwise changed very little over many decades.
1191:
ramus, in region of the inferior alveolar, lingual and mylohyoid nerves. The positioning of the bevel of the needle is very important as it must be positioned away from the bone of the mandibular ramus and instead towards the midline.
5749:
1217:
ILI utilization is expected to increase because dental patients prefer fewer soft tissue anesthesia and dentists aim to reduce administration of traditional inferior alveolar nerve block (INAB) for routine restorative procedures.
1495:
in extremities such as the nose, ears, fingers, and toes (due to constriction of end arteries), is invalidated, since no case of necrosis has been reported since the introduction of commercial lidocaine with epinephrine in 1948.
959:, a commonly available intravenous lipid emulsion, can be effective in treating severe cardiotoxicity secondary to local anesthetic overdose, including human case reports. However, the evidence at this point is still limited.
617:
Diagnostic tests such as bone marrow aspiration, lumbar puncture (spinal tap) and aspiration of cysts or other structures are made to be less painful upon administration of local anesthetic before insertion of larger needles.
3183:
Kampe S, Warm M, Kasper SM, Diefenbach C (July 2003). "Concept for postoperative analgesia after pedicled TRAM flaps: continuous wound instillation with 0.2% ropivacaine via multilumen catheters. A report of two cases".
1804:
traumatic approach for plexus anesthesia and peripheral nerve blocks continues to this day. In recent decades, continuous regional anesthesia using catheters and automatic pumps has evolved as a method of pain therapy.
1131:, often inside a tissue compartment that limits the diffusion of the drug away from the intended site of action. The anesthetic effect extends to the innervation areas of several or all nerves stemming from the plexus.
2028:
Ryan T, Hodge A, Holyoak R, Vlok R, Melhuish T, Binks M, et al. (July 2019). "Tramadol as an adjunct to intra-articular local anesthetic infiltration in knee arthroscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
3993:
Berlin J, Nusstein J, Reader A, Beck M, Weaver J (March 2005). "Efficacy of articaine and lidocaine in a primary intraligamentary injection administered with a computer-controlled local anesthetic delivery system".
1221:
Injection methodology: The periodontal ligament space provides an accessible route to the cancellous alveolar bone, and the anesthetic reaches the pulpal nerve via natural perforation of intraoral bone tissue.
801:
At higher concentrations, a relatively selective depression of inhibitory neurons results in cerebral excitation, which may lead to more advanced symptoms include motor twitching in the periphery followed by
5742:
393:
Virtually every part of the body can be anesthetized using conduction anesthesia. However, only a limited number of techniques are in common clinical use. Sometimes, conduction anesthesia is combined with
6754:
3523:
Shabazfar N, Daubländer M, Al-Nawas B, Kämmerer PW (2014). "Periodontal intraligament injection as alternative to inferior alveolar nerve block--meta-analysis of the literature from 1979 to 2012".
5735:
626:
Local anesthesia is also used during insertion of IV devices, such as pacemakers and implantable defibrillators, ports used for giving chemotherapy medications and hemodialysis access catheters.
4029:
Froum SJ, Tarnow D, Caiazzo A, Hochman MN (September 2000). "Histologic response to intraligament injections using a computerized local anesthetic delivery system. A pilot study in mini-swine".
1262:
Withdraw needle for minimally 10–15 seconds to permit complete deposition of solution. This can be slower than other injections as there is pressure build-up from the anesthetic administration.
864:(single-enantiomer derivatives), developed to ameliorate cardiovascular side effects, still harbor the potential to disrupt cardiac function. Toxicity from anesthetic combinations is additive.
6565:
6769:
2880:
975:
767:
When patients are emotionally affected in the form of nervousness or fear, it can lead to vasovagal collapse. This is the anticipation of pain during administration that activates the
6799:
1796:
in 1904. Since then, several synthetic local anesthetic drugs have been developed and put into clinical use, notably lidocaine in 1943, bupivacaine in 1957, and prilocaine in 1959.
5260:
4340:
1412:) to increase the duration of local anesthesia by constricting the blood vessels, thereby safely concentrating the anesthetic agent for an extended duration, as well as reducing
955:
is a method of toxicity treatment was invented by Dr. Guy
Weinberg in 1998, and was not widely used until after the first published successful rescue in 2006. Evidence indicates
1900:
6784:
2790:
Litz RJ, Popp M, Stehr SN, Koch T (August 2006). "Successful resuscitation of a patient with ropivacaine-induced asystole after axillary plexus block using lipid infusion".
1108:
Surface anesthesia is the application of an LA spray, solution, or cream to the skin or a mucous membrane; the effect is short lasting and is limited to the area of contact.
1818:
Epidural anesthesia by a caudal approach had been known in the early 20th century, but a well-defined technique using lumbar injection was not developed until 1921, when
1281:
of solution into bone or the target area of deposition, thus permitting larger amounts of anesthetic solution to be delivered during ILIs without increased tissue damage.
739:
General systemic adverse effects are due to the pharmacological effects of the anesthetic agents used. The conduction of electric impulses follows a similar mechanism in
1142:
roots; depending on the site of injection and the volume injected, the anesthetized area varies from limited areas of the abdomen or chest to large regions of the body.
5781:
5317:
385:. Though it can be easily performed, repeated local anesthetic blocks in chronic pain conditions are not recommended as there is no evidence of long-term benefits.
1788:
was first used as a local anesthetic in 1884. The search for a less toxic and less addictive substitute led to the development of the aminoester local anesthetics
2354:
1780:
as a local anesthetic in addition to its stimulant properties. It was also used for slave payment and is thought to play a role in the subsequent destruction of
1265:
Blanching of the tissue is observed and may be more evident when vasoconstrictors are used. It is caused by a temporary obstruction of blood flow to the tissue.
1089:(pain and temperature sensations) are blocked before the larger myelinated Aγ, Aβ, and Aα fibers (mediating postural, touch, pressure, and motor information).
6446:
1101:
Injection of LAs is often painful. A number of methods can be used to decrease this pain, including buffering of the solution with bicarbonate and warming.
923:
can produce this effect, especially benzocaine. The systemic toxicity of prilocaine is comparatively low, but its metabolite, o-toluidine, is known to cause
5366:
4330:
3375:
D'Souza JE, Walton RE, Peterson LC (March 1987). "Periodontal ligament injection: an evaluation of the extent of anesthesia and postinjection discomfort".
6749:
5111:
1302:
landmarks used for this technique are the lower border of the ear tragus, corners of the mouth and the angulation of the tragus on the side of the face.
6794:
6401:
6317:
6146:
4308:
433:
during restorative operations such as fillings, crowns, and root canals, or extractions, and regional nerve blocks during extractions and surgeries
6779:
2200:
Brown AR, Weiss R, Greenberg C, Flatow EL, Bigliani LU (1993). "Interscalene block for shoulder arthroscopy: comparison with general anesthesia".
3930:
Hochman MN, Friedman MJ, Williams W, Hochman CB (June 2006). "Interstitial tissue pressure associated with dental injections: a clinical study".
6718:
6697:
688:
The duration of soft tissue anesthesia is longer than pulpal anesthesia and is often associated with difficulty eating, drinking and speaking.
6759:
5693:
5659:
4684:
4141:
3122:
3093:
2563:
6073:
4971:
4964:
6365:
5071:
2999:"Correlation of plasma and peritoneal diasylate clomipramine concentration with hemodynamic recovery after intralipid infusion in rabbits"
1070:
sensitivities to LA blockade is termed differential blockade. Myelinated fibers are more sensitive to blockade as they are interrupted by
940:
nervous system. Hence, it is recommended that pregnant women use a lower dose of local anesthetic to reduce any potential complications.
791:
Depending on local tissue concentrations of local anesthetics, excitatory or depressant effects on the central nervous system may occur.
6789:
6600:
6183:
2646:
Weinberg G, Ripper R, Feinstein DL, Hoffman W (2003). "Lipid emulsion infusion rescues dogs from bupivacaine-induced cardiac toxicity".
1230:
procedures that require longer duration, postoperative discomfort, and injury on unerupted teeth such as enamel hypoplasia and defects.
4714:
2948:
6677:
6476:
4577:
4229:
2294:
6687:
6595:
6110:
3228:
2461:
2421:
2330:
1755:
1733:
848:
rhythms, and eventual cardiovascular collapse. Although all local anesthetics potentially shorten the myocardial refractory period,
703:
There is risk of accidental damage to local blood vessels during injection of the local anesthetic solution. This is referred to as
225:
Local anesthetics may be used to prevent and/or treat acute pain, to treat chronic pain, and as a supplement to general anesthesia.
3698:
Smith GN, Walton RE, Abbott BJ (December 1983). "Clinical evaluation of periodontal ligament anesthesia using a pressure syringe".
1057:
across the cell membrane but, if injected into the cytosol of a nerve fibre, can induce NaKATPase blockage and anesthetic effects.
806:. It is reported that seizures are more likely to occur when bupivacaine is used, particularly in combination with chloroprocaine.
79:. Local anesthetics are most commonly used to eliminate pain during or after surgery. When it is used on specific nerve pathways (
6550:
6228:
1811:
in 1908. This technique is still in use and is remarkably safe when drugs of low systemic toxicity such as prilocaine are used.
6728:
6682:
6504:
6198:
5359:
4867:
4323:
3895:
Walton RE, Garnick JJ (January 1982). "The periodontal ligament injection: histologic effects on the periodontium in monkeys".
1160:
355:
3081:
1823:
Besides its many uses for surgery, epidural anesthesia is particularly popular in obstetrics for the treatment of labor pain.
1326:. A cartridge of LA fits into the disposable needle, which can be locked when not in use and can be separated from the handle.
6774:
6733:
6380:
3110:
2451:
2371:
1737:
1098:
anatomic nerve bundles (plexus anesthesia). Spinal anesthesia and epidural anesthesia merge into the central nervous system.
768:
4106:
1243:
Administration of soft tissue anesthesia is recommended prior to ILI administration. This helps to enhance patient comfort.
817:, and death. Such tissue concentrations may be due to very high plasma levels after intravenous injection of a large dose.
779:. The patient may feel a tingling sensation in hands and feet or a sense of light-headedness and increased chest pressure.
6764:
6723:
6616:
6235:
6129:
5826:
5568:
2962:
Harvey M, Cave G (February 2007). "Intralipid outperforms sodium bicarbonate in a rabbit model of clomipramine toxicity".
4566:
3814:
Malamed SF (February 1982). "The periodontal ligament (PDL) injection: an alternative to inferior alveolar nerve block".
872:
Endocrine and metabolic systems only have slightly adverse effects with most cases being without clinical repercussions.
6271:
4348:
1013:-stabilizing drugs; they reversibly decrease the rate of depolarization and repolarization of excitable membranes (like
80:
1259:
For its success, the anesthetic must be administered under pressure. It must not leak out of the sulcus into the mouth.
6621:
6286:
5710:
5177:
2596:"Pretreatment or resuscitation with a lipid infusion shifts the dose-response to bupivacaine-induced asystole in rats"
2740:"Successful use of a 20% lipid emulsion to resuscitate a patient after a presumed bupivacaine-related cardiac arrest"
3736:
Roberts GJ, Holzel HS, Sury MR, Simmons NA, Gardner P, Longhurst P (January 1997). "Dental bacteremia in children".
3593:
Galili D, Kaufman E, Garfunkel AA, Michaeli Y (December 1984). "Intraligamentary anesthesia--a histological study".
2477:
Mulroy MF (2002). "Systemic toxicity and cardiotoxicity from local anesthetics: incidence and preventive measures".
1306:
region will come in contact with the anesthetic and this reduces the need to anesthetise supplementary innervation.
6853:
6667:
6529:
6441:
5352:
4827:
4316:
4301:
642:
824:, i.e., overdose in spinal anesthesia or accidental injection into the subarachnoid space in epidural anesthesia.
6575:
6281:
5907:
5800:
2874:
1852:
1847:
1237:
All plaque and calculus to be eradicated, optimally before the operative visit to assist gingival tissue healing.
1115:
of LA into the tissue to be anesthetized; surface and infiltration anesthesia are collectively topical anesthesia
740:
594:
430:
31:
3323:
2692:
Picard J, Meek T (February 2006). "Lipid emulsion to treat overdose of local anesthetic: the gift of the glob".
1226:
usage as a secondary or supplementary anesthesia on the mandible has reported a high success rate of above 90%.
6636:
6590:
6456:
6347:
6066:
5984:
5344:
6327:
1983:
Heavner, James E. (2017). Longnecker, David E.; Mackey, Sean C.; Newman, Mark F.; Sandberg, Warren S. (eds.).
1378:. The names of each locally clinical anesthetic have the suffix "-caine". Most ester LAs are metabolized by
836:
Cardiac toxicity associated with overdose of intravascular injection of local anesthetic is characterized by
685:
The side effects of inferior alveolar nerve block include feeling tense, clenching of the fists and moaning.
426:
6817:
6641:
6631:
6585:
6276:
6266:
6188:
6151:
5698:
4882:
4560:
4411:
3138:
Henkel G (December 2001). "Susceptibility of Nerve Fibers to Local
Anesthesia:"Size Principle" Challenged".
1726:
752:
43:
Many local anesthetics fall into two general chemical classes, amino esters (top) and amino amides (bottom).
6692:
6580:
5380:
4919:
4674:
1121:
1036:, in particular the so-called voltage-gated sodium channels. When the influx of sodium is interrupted, an
903:
is a process where iron in hemoglobin is altered, reducing its oxygen-carrying capability, which produces
885:
845:
744:
445:
341:
249:
1124:
is injection of LA in the vicinity of a peripheral nerve to anesthetize that nerve's area of innervation.
772:
possible loss of consciousness. In severe cases, clonic cramps resembling an epileptic insult may occur.
6827:
6514:
6203:
6168:
5664:
4604:
4540:
4385:
1984:
1379:
841:
546:
487:
254:
39:
962:
Though most case reports to date have recorded most common use of
Intralipid, other emulsions, such as
585:
spinal anaesthesia or epidural anesthesia, peripheral nerve blocks, or intravenous regional anesthesia
521:
495:
5727:
798:), a metallic taste in the mouth, tingling or numbness of the mouth, dizziness and/or disorientation.
461:
6626:
6560:
6555:
6489:
6466:
6370:
5669:
4679:
4659:
4528:
2521:
1393:
1350:
1292:
ILIs should not be administered at tooth sites with 5 mm or more of periodontal attachment loss.
1112:
884:
are very rare. Allergic reactions to the esters is usually due to a sensitivity to their metabolite,
630:
329:
2411:
1118:
Field block is subcutaneous injection of an LA in an area bordering on the field to be anesthetized.
833:
cause the agent to enter into general circulation. However, infections are very seldom transmitted.
6848:
6484:
6342:
6332:
6223:
6213:
6178:
6173:
6117:
6100:
6059:
5850:
5765:
5405:
5288:
5024:
4810:
4589:
4416:
1690:
Most naturally occurring local anesthetics with the exceptions of menthol, eugenol and cocaine are
1146:
1086:
1082:
1078:
821:
809:
A profound depression of brain functions may occur at even higher concentrations which may lead to
568:
449:
325:
5328:
1166:
Local anesthesia of body cavities includes intrapleural anesthesia and intra-articular anesthesia.
541:, often combined with general anesthesia during inguinal hernia repair or other abdominal surgery
6570:
6426:
6296:
6208:
6193:
6156:
6141:
6134:
5322:
5187:
5046:
4500:
3877:
3779:
Kaufman E, Galili D, Garfunkel AA (March 1983). "Intraligamentary anesthesia: a clinical study".
3761:
3548:
2815:
2769:
2717:
2671:
2625:
2502:
2348:
2054:
2002:
1842:
1471:
1323:
1256:
Anesthetic deposition is recommended at 0.2 mL, per root or site, over minimally 20 seconds.
814:
803:
603:
599:
554:
506:
475:
422:
395:
336:
265:
236:
102:
72:
1253:
When the needle reaches between the root and crestal bone, significant resistance is experience.
967:
880:
Adverse reactions to local anesthetics (especially the esters) are not uncommon, but legitimate
775:
On the other hand, fear of administration can also result in accelerated, shallow breathing, or
696:
The risk of temporary or permanent nerve damage varies between different locations and types of
5562:
1017:). Though many other drugs also have membrane-stabilizing properties, not all are used as LAs (
6672:
6499:
6494:
6385:
6312:
6218:
5956:
5946:
5283:
5066:
5056:
4959:
4789:
4745:
4729:
4533:
4523:
4466:
4456:
4276:
4207:
4180:
4137:
4088:
4046:
4011:
3975:
3939:
3912:
3869:
3831:
3796:
3753:
3715:
3680:
3663:
Walton RE, Abbott BJ (October 1981). "Periodontal ligament injection: a clinical evaluation".
3645:
3610:
3540:
3505:
3470:
3443:
3392:
3357:
3304:
3269:
3234:
3224:
3201:
3118:
3089:
3059:
3020:
2979:
2922:
2856:
2835:"Intravenous lipid emulsion as antidote beyond local anesthetic toxicity: a systematic review"
2807:
2761:
2709:
2663:
2617:
2559:
2494:
2457:
2417:
2336:
2326:
2300:
2290:
2264:
2256:
2217:
2182:
2130:
2089:
2046:
1965:
1947:
924:
908:
900:
550:
538:
532:
479:
4071:
Gow-Gates GA (April 1998). "The Gow-Gates mandibular block: regional anatomy and analgesia".
963:
6662:
6451:
6411:
6124:
5992:
5758:
5293:
5116:
5041:
4954:
4820:
4699:
4488:
4266:
4170:
4080:
4038:
4003:
3967:
3904:
3861:
3823:
3788:
3745:
3707:
3672:
3637:
3602:
3575:
3532:
3497:
3433:
3423:
3384:
3349:
3296:
3261:
3193:
3147:
3051:
3010:
2971:
2940:
2914:
2846:
2799:
2751:
2701:
2655:
2607:
2486:
2248:
2209:
2172:
2120:
2081:
2038:
1955:
1939:
1409:
1071:
1045:
1037:
853:
776:
502:
242:
Topical administration of cream, gel, ointment, liquid, or spray of anesthetic dissolved in
229:
136:
68:
1462:
One combination product of this type is used topically for surface anaesthesia, TAC (5–12%
852:
blocks the cardiac sodium channels, thereby making it most likely to precipitate malignant
6416:
6291:
6251:
5970:
5599:
5521:
5458:
5453:
5333:
5278:
5147:
5142:
4981:
4914:
4909:
4795:
4741:
4582:
4473:
4426:
2014:
1606:
1530:
1365:
1340:
1246:
Needle gauges of sizes 27-gauge short or 30-gauge ultra-short needle are usually utilized.
1010:
997:
a clinical report on the use of lipid rescue in veterinary medicine to treat a puppy with
857:
516:
283:
129:
76:
1784:
when
Spaniards realized the effects of chewing the coca leaves and took advantage of it.
892:
derivatives occur, which are often added as preservatives to local anesthetic solutions.
3287:
Blanton PL, Jeske AH (June 2003). "The key to profound local anesthesia: neuroanatomy".
6524:
6519:
6431:
6086:
6036:
5858:
5704:
5483:
5433:
5312:
5212:
5207:
5061:
5051:
5001:
4986:
4976:
4877:
4872:
4862:
4800:
4772:
4724:
4719:
4451:
4406:
4402:
4255:"Local anaesthesia through the action of cocaine, the oral mucosa and the Vienna group"
4175:
4158:
4084:
3438:
3411:
1960:
1927:
1819:
1773:
1520:
1346:
1135:
979:
382:
170:
3908:
3641:
3606:
3197:
2975:
2918:
2213:
6842:
6646:
6534:
6436:
6261:
6022:
5920:
5916:
5878:
5874:
5813:
5809:
5773:
5608:
5526:
5244:
5217:
5076:
4894:
4805:
4785:
4781:
4644:
4572:
4461:
4376:
3827:
3792:
3353:
3265:
3151:
3055:
3015:
2998:
2851:
2834:
2803:
2756:
2739:
2705:
2612:
2595:
2085:
1699:
1695:
1360:
1033:
756:
650:
271:
3711:
3676:
3579:
3388:
3300:
2819:
2773:
2721:
2506:
2058:
1928:"Experience with nalbuphine, a new opioid analgesic, in acute myocardial infarction"
142:
The suffix "-caine" at the ends of these medication names is derived from the word "
6509:
6337:
6322:
5951:
5762:
5503:
5473:
5438:
5386:
5202:
5121:
4857:
4815:
4649:
4639:
4555:
4550:
3881:
3765:
3552:
2675:
2629:
1664:
1659:
1647:
1557:
1546:
1535:
1371:
1356:
1150:
1139:
1128:
661:
634:
590:
564:
457:
453:
369:
133:
4760:
4007:
2382:
719:
is vital before administering any type of local anesthetic to a pregnant patient.
4130:
2594:
Weinberg GL, VadeBoncouer T, Ramaraju GA, Garcia-Amaro MF, Cwik MJ (April 1998).
2252:
1157:; the resulting anesthesia usually extends from the legs to the abdomen or chest.
820:
Another possibility is direct exposure of the central nervous system through the
128:
Synthetic cocaine-derived LAs differ from cocaine because they have a much lower
6713:
6421:
6375:
6163:
6051:
6006:
5966:
5924:
5886:
5870:
5794:
5674:
5633:
5618:
5603:
5595:
5546:
5448:
5418:
5086:
4996:
4736:
4689:
4634:
4517:
4483:
1808:
1781:
1715:
1698:
side of the channels while saxitoxin, neosaxitoxin and tetrodotoxin bind to the
1627:
1617:
1595:
1590:
1541:
1442:
1438:
1424:
1402:
1154:
1026:
1018:
1014:
987:
861:
849:
837:
697:
469:
214:
209:
204:
108:
4253:
LĂłpez-Valverde A, de
Vicente J, MartĂnez-DomĂnguez L, de Diego RG (July 2014).
4042:
3501:
1943:
1374:
are prone to producing allergic reactions, which may necessitate the use of an
1021:, for example, though it has LA properties). LA drugs act mainly by inhibiting
6461:
6256:
6082:
6030:
5974:
5930:
5902:
5882:
5866:
5862:
5835:
5790:
5679:
5643:
5638:
5623:
5541:
5536:
5511:
5493:
5468:
5463:
5413:
5264:
5235:
5193:
5162:
5157:
5096:
5091:
5081:
5019:
5005:
4945:
4900:
4848:
4768:
4764:
4705:
4665:
4620:
4616:
4506:
4442:
4392:
4357:
4353:
3536:
3040:"Moxidectin toxicosis in a puppy successfully treated with intravenous lipids"
1837:
1832:
1691:
1684:
1632:
1622:
1601:
1562:
1515:
1488:
1463:
1448:
1428:
1420:
1413:
1050:
998:
956:
920:
912:
665:
320:
296:
199:
187:
160:
56:
3428:
3238:
2340:
2304:
2260:
2177:
2160:
1951:
1874:
1240:
Before injection, disinfect gingival sulcus with 0.2% chlorhexidine solution.
978:. One published case has been reported of successful treatment of refractory
17:
6018:
6014:
5996:
5961:
5896:
5817:
5628:
5613:
5590:
5488:
5423:
5172:
5152:
5126:
5101:
5036:
5014:
4842:
4755:
4629:
4271:
4254:
3996:
Oral
Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics
3628:
Pashley D (October 1986). "Systemic effects of intraligamental injections".
3165:
2738:
Rosenblatt MA, Abel M, Fischer GW, Itzkovich CJ, Eisenkraft JB (July 2006).
2659:
2490:
2236:
1654:
1611:
1585:
1578:
1455:
1434:
1383:
1054:
983:
916:
657:
417:
300:
277:
182:
84:
4280:
4211:
4092:
4050:
4015:
3979:
3943:
3873:
3865:
3544:
3509:
3447:
3361:
3308:
3205:
3166:"BestBets: The Effect of Warming Local anesthetics on Pain of Infiltration"
3063:
3024:
2983:
2926:
2860:
2811:
2765:
2713:
2667:
2498:
2268:
2186:
2134:
2093:
2050:
1289:
ILIs are not recommended for patients with active periodontal inflammation.
4184:
3916:
3835:
3800:
3757:
3749:
3719:
3684:
3649:
3614:
3474:
3396:
3273:
2621:
2221:
1969:
1643:
6406:
6105:
6026:
6010:
5988:
5978:
5839:
5478:
5428:
5273:
5137:
5133:
5106:
4545:
4478:
4397:
3461:
Nazif M (January 1970). "Local anesthesia for patients with hemophilia".
3340:
Meechan JG (November 2002). "Supplementary routes to local anaesthesia".
2125:
2108:
1793:
1789:
1551:
1508:
1492:
1386:) impaired hepatic metabolism is also a consideration when using esters.
904:
795:
704:
438:
399:
259:
165:
3416:
Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry
5531:
5516:
5443:
5249:
5167:
4832:
4599:
4421:
4371:
3852:
Meechan JG (January 1999). "How to overcome failed local anaesthesia".
1785:
1740: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1679:
1674:
1669:
1525:
1445:(recommended final concentrations of 0.5, 0.25, and 0.5%, respectively)
1318:
889:
881:
731:
Symptoms may continue to improve for up to 18 months following injury.
708:
646:
143:
119:
3971:
2042:
1574:
1408:
LA solutions for injection are sometimes mixed with vasoconstrictors (
6002:
5823:
4931:
4594:
2323:
Successful local anesthesia for restorative dentistry and endodontics
1030:
1022:
572:
374:
349:
1504:
1149:, usually at the lumbar spine (in the lower back), where it acts on
755:
or intrasupport tissue administration are accidentally delivered as
606:, peripheral nerve blocks, spinal anesthesia or epidural anesthesia
5782:
3039:
794:
Initial symptoms of systemic toxicity include ringing in the ears (
494:
infiltration anesthesia, field blocks, or peripheral nerve blocks,
67:) in a specific body part without loss of consciousness, providing
5582:
5395:
5231:
4941:
4436:
1642:
1573:
1503:
1491:. The commonly held belief that LA with vasoconstrictor can cause
1375:
1317:
748:
638:
378:
60:
38:
3086:
Goodman & Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics
2235:
Flaherty, James; Horn, Jean-Louis; Derby, Ryan (September 2014).
4935:
1777:
1769:
1694:, and have the suffix -toxin in their names. Cocaine binds the
993:
The design of a 'homemade' lipid rescue kit has been described.
810:
243:
64:
6055:
5731:
5348:
4312:
3488:
Moore PA, Haas DA (October 2010). "Paresthesias in dentistry".
1330:
Local anesthetic solutions for injection typically consist of:
645:. It may also be suitable for other kinds of punctures such as
306:
Some typical uses of conduction anesthesia for acute pain are:
75:, which eliminates all sensation in the entire body and causes
6755:
American Society of Anesthesia Technologists & Technicians
1709:
580:
576:
2581:
Univ. of Wisconsin, Local Anesthesia and Regional Anesthetics
1487:
Using LA with vasoconstrictor is safe in regions supplied by
1337:
A vehicle, which is usually water-based or just sterile water
3252:
Meechan JG (December 1992). "Intraligamentary anaesthesia".
2109:"General anaesthesia vs local anaesthesia: an ongoing story"
146:", because cocaine was formerly used as a local anesthetic.
633:(EMLA) is most commonly used to enable relatively painless
6719:
Helsinki Declaration for Patient Safety in Anaesthesiology
6566:
Effects of early-life exposures to anesthesia on the brain
1187:
alveolar, incisive, mental, lingual and mylohyoid nerves.
1127:
Plexus anesthesia is injection of LA in the vicinity of a
936:
the behavioral effects of lidocaine on offspring in rats.
6770:
Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland
2881:
Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland
976:
Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland
4296:
3140:
The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists
3410:
Shastry SP, Kaul R, Baroudi K, Umar D (December 2014).
1807:
Intravenous regional anesthesia was first described by
482:
during cataract removal or other ophthalmic procedures
6800:
European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care
4198:
Nielsen LJ, Lumholt P, Hölmich LR (October 2014). "".
1926:
Greenbaum, R. A.; Kaye, G.; Mason, P. D. (July 1987).
5827:
4341:
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
2372:"Nerve damage associated with peripheral nerve block"
728:
in some degree of permanent persistent nerve damage.
527:
epidural anesthesia combined with general anesthesia
511:
plexus anesthesia or intravenous regional anesthesia
3412:"Hemophilia A: Dental considerations and management"
1454:
Septocaine (trade name Septodont), a combination of
668:(visualization of the inner surface of the bladder)
6785:
Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists
6742:
6706:
6655:
6609:
6543:
6475:
6394:
6358:
6305:
6244:
6093:
5939:
5849:
5787:
Tooltip Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
5772:
5652:
5581:
5555:
5502:
5404:
5394:
5258:
5230:
5186:
4995:
4930:
4893:
4841:
4754:
4698:
4658:
4615:
4499:
4435:
4347:
4129:
2556:Facial plastic, reconstructive, and trauma surgery
2321:Reader A, Nusstein J, Drum M (12 September 2014).
2072:"Current world literature. Drugs in anaesthesia".
5908:
5801:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4060:
3044:Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care
2875:"Management of severe local anaesthetic toxicity"
2733:
2731:
2549:
2547:
2453:Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs Used in Anesthesia
1989:(3 ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education
1349:(antioxidant), e.g. if epinephrine is used, then
1041:This is referred to as state-dependent blockade.
4136:. New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division.
4132:Pharmacology: PreTest self-assessment and review
3113:. In Santos AC, Epstein JN, Chaudhuri K (eds.).
3075:
3073:
2641:
2639:
2589:
2587:
1065:Sensitivity of nerve fibers to local anesthetics
246:or other solvents/carriers for deeper absorption
3816:Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, and Oral Pathology
3566:Nelson PW (November 1981). "Injection system".
3223:(6th ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier.
2316:
2314:
1134:Epidural anesthesia is an LA injected into the
911:. Exposure to aniline group chemicals such as
87:(loss of muscle function) also can be induced.
3568:The Journal of the American Dental Association
3111:"Drugs commonly used in obstetric anesthesia."
2522:"Intralipid Treatment Of Bupicavaine Toxicity"
6067:
6038:
5743:
5360:
4324:
4223:
4221:
4159:"Vasoconstrictor agents for local anesthesia"
2997:Harvey M, Cave G, Hoggett K (February 2009).
2687:
2685:
2577:
2575:
2159:Torpy JM, Lynm C, Golub RM (September 2011).
1145:Spinal anesthesia is an LA injected into the
8:
6447:Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
4339:Major chemical drug groups – based upon the
1776:are believed to have used the leaves of the
1396:(EMLA, eutectic mixture of local anesthetic)
177:Medium Duration of Action and Medium Potency
4297:The American Society of Regional Anesthesia
4230:"Cocaine's use: From the Incas to the U.S."
2785:
2783:
2366:
2364:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
6750:American Association of Nurse Anesthetists
6074:
6060:
6052:
5750:
5736:
5728:
5401:
5367:
5353:
5345:
4331:
4317:
4309:
3700:Journal of the American Dental Association
3665:Journal of the American Dental Association
3377:Journal of the American Dental Association
3324:"Intraligamentary Injections in Dentistry"
3289:Journal of the American Dental Association
2381:. Section 12. January 2006. Archived from
2353:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2280:
2278:
2237:"Regional anesthesia for vascular surgery"
1484:per mille) adrenaline, 4 or 10% cocaine).
6795:International Anesthesia Research Society
6402:ASA physical status classification system
4270:
4174:
3437:
3427:
3329:. Dental Academy of Continuing Education.
3014:
2850:
2755:
2611:
2176:
2124:
1959:
1756:Learn how and when to remove this message
1451:, consisting of lidocaine and epinephrine
656:Surface anesthesia also facilitates some
559:spinal anesthesia or epidural anesthesia
6147:Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia
2287:Manual of local anaesthesia in dentistry
2107:Bodenham AR, Howell SJ (December 2009).
1932:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
1869:
1867:
1210:Contraindication for systemic anesthesia
664:(visualization of the lower airways) or
405:
308:
155:Short Duration of Action and Low Potency
6780:Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists
4303:Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine
3038:Crandell DE, Weinberg GL (April 2009).
1863:
1085:(pain sensation), and small myelinated
464:and various other podiatric procedures
228:They are used in various techniques of
5318:Pharmacological classification systems
4685:Selective estrogen receptor modulators
3463:ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children
3084:. In Brunton LL, Knollmann BC (eds.).
2941:"lipidrescue - Sample LipidRescue Kit"
2346:
2010:
2000:
1322:This LA system is designed to prevent
715:thus increasing the risk of overdose.
6760:American Society of Anesthesiologists
5832:Tooltip monoamine reuptake inhibitors
4965:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
3847:
3845:
3731:
3729:
3595:International Journal of Oral Surgery
2648:Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
2520:Stiles P, Prielipp RC (Spring 2009).
2479:Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2405:
2403:
2379:Risks Associated with Your Anesthetic
2161:"JAMA patient page. Local anesthesia"
944:Treatment of overdose: "Lipid rescue"
7:
6765:Anaesthesia Trauma and Critical Care
2526:Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation
1738:adding citations to reliable sources
1213:Presence of systemic health problems
1178:Dental-specific techniques include:
442:(surgery of feet, ankles, and legs)
27:Medications to reversibly block pain
6790:Australian Society of Anaesthetists
6698:Physicians' assistant (anaesthesia)
6601:Postoperative residual curarization
4578:Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
3781:The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry
2833:Cave G, Harvey M (September 2009).
1389:Sometimes, LAs are combined, e.g.:
629:Topical anesthesia, in the form of
30:For the novel by GĂĽnter Grass, see
6678:Operating department practitioners
4085:10.1111/j.1747-4477.1998.tb00251.x
3186:British Journal of Plastic Surgery
2951:from the original on 25 July 2022.
2410:Baart JA, Brand HS (7 June 2017).
970:, have also been shown effective.
25:
6688:Certified anesthesia technologist
6596:Postoperative nausea and vomiting
6111:Procedural sedation and analgesia
5913:Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants
5806:Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants
2976:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.07.016
2919:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2007.06.004
2074:Current Opinion in Anesthesiology
1334:The local anesthetic agent itself
1138:, where it acts primarily on the
6822:
6813:
6812:
6229:Transverse abdominis plane block
5327:
5307:
5306:
3960:International Endodontic Journal
3354:10.1046/j.1365-2591.2002.00592.x
3342:International Endodontic Journal
3152:10.1097/00000542-200112000-00003
3056:10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00402.x
3016:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2008.00313.x
2852:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2009.00499.x
2804:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2006.04740.x
2757:10.1097/00000542-200607000-00033
2706:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2005.04494.x
2613:10.1097/00000542-199804000-00028
2086:10.1097/00001503-200308000-00010
1714:
6823:
6729:History of neuraxial anesthesia
6683:Certified anesthesia technician
6505:Double-lumen endobronchial tube
6366:Blood–gas partition coefficient
6199:Intravenous regional anesthesia
4715:Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones
3712:10.14219/jada.archive.1983.0357
3677:10.14219/jada.archive.1981.0307
3580:10.14219/jada.archive.1981.0380
3490:Dental Clinics of North America
3389:10.14219/jada.archive.1987.0080
3301:10.14219/jada.archive.2003.0262
3080:Catterall WA, Mackie K (2023).
2289:. : Jaypee Brothers Medical P.
1725:needs additional citations for
1161:Intravenous regional anesthesia
1025:influx through sodium-specific
990:overdose using lipid emulsion.
356:intravenous regional anesthesia
6775:Royal College of Anaesthetists
6734:History of tracheal intubation
6381:Minimum alveolar concentration
6318:Anesthesia provision in the US
3088:(14th ed.). McGraw Hill.
2413:Local Anaesthesia in Dentistry
2113:British Journal of Anaesthesia
1399:Lidocaine/tetracaine (Rapydan)
1273:Standard syringes can be used.
769:parasympathetic nervous system
194:High Duration and High Potency
1:
6724:History of general anesthesia
6236:Total intravenous anaesthesia
6184:Inferior alveolar nerve block
6130:Continuous wound infiltration
5569:3-(p-Fluorobenzoyloxy)tropane
5556:ArCO2- (not para-amino or Ph)
4467:Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics
4073:Australian Endodontic Journal
4008:10.1016/j.tripleo.2004.11.009
3909:10.1016/S0099-2399(82)80312-9
3642:10.1016/s0099-2399(86)80206-0
3607:10.1016/s0300-9785(84)80022-8
3198:10.1016/S0007-1226(03)00180-2
2450:Aronson JK (7 October 2008).
2214:10.1016/S0749-8063(05)80425-6
1195:Intraligamentary Infiltration
1104:Clinical techniques include:
1077:In general, autonomic fibers
641:collection) and placement of
6287:Neuromuscular-blocking drugs
5178:Wakefulness-promoting agents
4228:Gazourian A (4 April 1985).
3828:10.1016/0030-4220(82)90273-0
3793:10.1016/0022-3913(83)90273-1
3525:Clinical Oral Investigations
3266:10.1016/0300-5712(92)90018-8
3221:Handbook of local anesthesia
3109:Piehl E, Bucklin BA (2015).
2964:Annals of Emergency Medicine
2907:Annals of Emergency Medicine
2253:10.1016/j.anclin.2014.05.002
81:local anesthetic nerve block
6622:Critical emergency medicine
3003:Academic Emergency Medicine
2945:lipidrescue.squarespace.com
2839:Academic Emergency Medicine
2554:Dolan R (17 October 2003).
2080:(4): 429–436. August 2003.
1353:is used as a reducing agent
1111:Infiltration anesthesia is
595:peripheral vascular surgery
431:intraligamentary anesthesia
59:that causes absence of all
6870:
6668:Anesthesiologist assistant
6530:Relative analgesia machine
5660:Anesthetic/vasoconstrictor
4828:Intravenous immunoglobulin
4043:10.1902/jop.2000.71.9.1453
3932:Quintessence International
3502:10.1016/j.cden.2010.06.016
1944:10.1177/014107688708000708
1182:Vazirani–Akinosi technique
707:and could result in pain,
276:Diagnostic purposes (e.g.
29:
6808:
6576:Local anesthetic toxicity
5985:NMDA receptor antagonists
5688:
5565:(3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoyl)
5302:
4031:Journal of Periodontology
3537:10.1007/s00784-013-1113-1
3322:Boynes SG (1 June 2018).
1853:List of local anesthetics
1848:List of cocaine analogues
1702:side of sodium channels.
931:Second-generation effects
354:Peripheral nerve blocks,
32:Local Anaesthetic (novel)
6591:Postanesthetic shivering
6457:Neuromuscular monitoring
6348:Rapid sequence induction
6277:Inhalational anesthetics
4883:Topoisomerase inhibitors
4567:renin–angiotensin system
4561:Calcium channel blockers
3429:10.4103/2231-0762.149022
2178:10.1001/jama.306.12.1395
474:surface anesthesia with
286:agents (e.g. lidocaine).
6642:Oral sedation dentistry
6632:Intensive care medicine
6586:Perioperative mortality
6442:Guedel's classification
6189:Intercostal nerve block
5619:Cinchocaine (Dibucaine)
5381:sodium channel blockers
4272:10.1038/sj.bdj.2014.546
2970:(2): 178–85, 185.e1–4.
2660:10.1053/rapm.2003.50041
2491:10.1053/rapm.2002.37127
1233:Technique description:
1204:Single-tooth anesthesia
537:epidural anesthesia or
427:infiltration anesthesia
412:Purposes or procedures
342:Peripheral nerve blocks
139:(with few exceptions).
6693:Anaesthetic technician
6581:Malignant hyperthermia
4675:Hormonal contraception
4605:Bile acid sequestrants
4386:Proton-pump inhibitors
4349:gastrointestinal tract
4259:British Dental Journal
3897:Journal of Endodontics
3866:10.1038/sj.bdj.4800006
3854:British Dental Journal
3630:Journal of Endodontics
3422:(Suppl 3): S147–S152.
2241:Anesthesiology Clinics
2031:ANZ Journal of Surgery
1875:"Types of Anaesthesia"
1650:
1581:
1511:
1327:
1153:roots and part of the
1122:Peripheral nerve block
949:Lipid emulsion therapy
886:para-aminobenzoic acid
787:Central nervous system
745:central nervous system
735:Potential side effects
677:Localized side effects
425:(surface anesthesia),
358:, epidural anesthesia
344:, epidural anesthesia
44:
6515:Laryngeal mask airway
6359:Scientific principles
6328:Dogliotti's principle
6204:Occipital nerve block
6169:Brachial plexus block
5665:Bupivacaine/meloxicam
3750:10.1007/s002469900103
1646:
1577:
1507:
1321:
1081:, small unmyelinated
828:Cardiovascular system
547:Gynecological surgery
488:Head and neck surgery
330:Pudendal nerve blocks
299:can be managed using
255:Brachial plexus block
42:
6561:Drug-induced amnesia
6556:Anesthesia awareness
6490:Anesthetic vaporizer
6467:Thyromental distance
6371:Concentration effect
6245:Pharmacologic agents
6214:Pudendal nerve block
5851:Ion channel blockers
5670:Lidocaine/prilocaine
5479:Procaine (Novocaine)
5284:Radiopharmaceuticals
5072:Antiparkinson agents
4200:Ugeskrift for Laeger
4107:"Allergic Reactions"
3738:Pediatric Cardiology
3254:Journal of Dentistry
3115:Obstetric Anesthesia
2913:(4): 412–5, 415.e1.
1734:improve this article
1394:Lidocaine/prilocaine
1380:pseudocholinesterase
1351:sodium metabisulfite
1343:possibly (see below)
643:intravenous cannulae
631:lidocaine/prilocaine
446:cutaneous anesthesia
315:Possible treatments
268:(subarachnoid block)
239:(surface anesthesia)
95:LAs are of 2 types:
6485:Anaesthetic machine
6343:Tracheal intubation
6333:Intravenous therapy
6272:General anesthetics
6224:Sciatic nerve block
6179:Femoral nerve block
6174:Fascia iliaca block
6152:Epidural anesthesia
6118:Twilight anesthesia
5067:Antimigraine agents
5057:Antidementia agents
4960:Anti-inflammatories
4650:Medicated dressings
4590:Antihyperlipidemics
4417:Diabetes medication
4163:Anesthesia Progress
4157:Yagiela JA (1995).
3219:Malamed SF (2013).
3082:"Local Anesthetics"
2879:anaesthetists.org.
1901:"Local anaesthesia"
1297:Gow-Gates Technique
1207:Low anesthetic dose
1147:cerebrospinal fluid
1005:Mechanism of action
876:Immunologic allergy
822:cerebrospinal fluid
763:Emotional reactions
660:procedures such as
476:topical anesthetics
326:Epidural anesthesia
6571:Emergence delirium
6551:Allergic reactions
6427:Entropy monitoring
6209:Paracervical block
6194:Interpleural block
6157:Spinal anaesthesia
6142:Neuraxial blockade
5715:Never to phase III
4920:Immunosuppressants
4790:Antimycobacterials
4746:Antithyroid agents
4730:Mineralocorticoids
4534:Cardiac stimulants
4524:Cardiac glycosides
4516:cardiac therapy /
4412:Anti-obesity drugs
4109:. Cleveland Clinic
2285:Chitre AP (2016).
2126:10.1093/bja/aep310
1843:General anesthetic
1651:
1582:
1512:
1423:hydrochloride and
1328:
1324:needlestick injury
844:conduction delay,
815:respiratory arrest
804:grand mal seizures
600:topical anesthesia
555:Urological surgery
423:topical anesthesia
396:general anesthesia
337:Postoperative pain
237:Topical anesthesia
73:general anesthetic
71:, as opposed to a
45:
6854:Local anesthetics
6836:
6835:
6673:Nurse anesthetist
6500:Bronchial blocker
6495:Arterial catheter
6386:Second gas effect
6313:Airway management
6282:Local anesthetics
6219:Retrobulbar block
6049:
6048:
5957:Botulinum toxin A
5947:Alpha lipoic acid
5893:Local anesthetics
5766:pharmacotherapies
5725:
5724:
5577:
5576:
5376:Local anesthetics
5342:
5341:
5245:Ophthalmologicals
4955:Anabolic steroids
4858:Anticancer agents
4821:Ectoparasiticides
4541:Antihypertensives
4489:Antifibrinolytics
4143:978-0-07-136704-2
3972:10.1111/iej.12773
3124:978-0-07-178613-3
3095:978-1-264-25807-9
2565:978-0-8247-4595-0
2558:. Marcel Dekker.
2388:on 9 October 2007
2043:10.1111/ans.14920
1986:Local Anesthetics
1907:. 19 October 2017
1881:. 17 October 2017
1766:
1765:
1758:
1639:Naturally derived
1470:(0.05%, 500
925:methemoglobinemia
901:Methemoglobinemia
896:Methemoglobinemia
741:peripheral nerves
610:
609:
551:Obstetric surgery
539:spinal anesthesia
533:Abdominal surgery
522:Pulmonary surgery
496:plexus anesthesia
491:(ENT operations)
480:retrobulbar block
362:
361:
266:Spinal anesthesia
132:and do not cause
16:(Redirected from
6861:
6826:
6825:
6816:
6815:
6663:Anesthesiologist
6452:Mallampati score
6412:Bispectral index
6252:Anticholinergics
6076:
6069:
6062:
6053:
6040:
6037:Sodium oxybate (
5993:dextromethorphan
5914:
5910:
5833:
5829:
5807:
5803:
5788:
5784:
5759:Neuropathic pain
5752:
5745:
5738:
5729:
5402:
5384:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5346:
5331:
5310:
5309:
5294:Senotherapeutics
5148:Neuroprotectives
5143:Mood stabilizers
5042:Anti-ADHD agents
4982:Muscle relaxants
4915:Immunostimulants
4910:Immunomodulators
4742:Thyroid hormones
4680:Fertility agents
4583:Renin inhibitors
4474:Antihemorrhagics
4441:forming organs (
4427:Dietary minerals
4333:
4326:
4319:
4310:
4285:
4284:
4274:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4225:
4216:
4215:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4178:
4169:(3–4): 116–120.
4154:
4148:
4147:
4135:
4128:Stern A (2002).
4125:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4068:
4055:
4054:
4037:(9): 1453–1459.
4026:
4020:
4019:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3849:
3840:
3839:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3733:
3724:
3723:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3441:
3431:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3077:
3068:
3067:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3018:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2854:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2787:
2778:
2777:
2759:
2735:
2726:
2725:
2689:
2680:
2679:
2643:
2634:
2633:
2615:
2606:(4): 1071–1075.
2591:
2582:
2579:
2570:
2569:
2551:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2447:
2428:
2427:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2387:
2376:
2368:
2359:
2358:
2352:
2344:
2318:
2309:
2308:
2282:
2273:
2272:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2180:
2156:
2139:
2138:
2128:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2037:(7–8): 827–832.
2025:
2019:
2018:
2012:
2008:
2006:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1963:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1871:
1761:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1718:
1710:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1410:combination drug
1285:Things to note:
1072:nodes of Ranvier
1038:action potential
907:and symptoms of
842:atrioventricular
777:hyperventilation
613:Diagnostic tests
503:Shoulder surgery
462:hammertoe repair
409:Type of surgery
406:
309:
230:local anesthesia
137:vasoconstriction
69:local anesthesia
49:local anesthetic
21:
6869:
6868:
6864:
6863:
6862:
6860:
6859:
6858:
6839:
6838:
6837:
6832:
6804:
6738:
6702:
6651:
6605:
6539:
6471:
6417:Body mass index
6390:
6354:
6301:
6267:Benzodiazepines
6240:
6089:
6080:
6050:
6045:
5935:
5912:
5859:Anticonvulsants
5845:
5831:
5805:
5786:
5768:
5756:
5726:
5721:
5720:
5705:Clinical trials
5684:
5648:
5600:Levobupivacaine
5573:
5551:
5522:Cyclomethycaine
5498:
5459:Metabutoxycaine
5454:Metabutethamine
5390:
5378:
5373:
5343:
5338:
5334:Medicine portal
5298:
5254:
5226:
5221:
5213:Cough medicines
5208:Bronchodilators
5189:
5182:
5062:Antidepressants
5052:Anticonvulsants
5000:
4991:
4987:Bisphosphonates
4977:Corticosteroids
4939:
4926:
4898:
4889:
4873:Spindle poisons
4863:Antimetabolites
4846:
4837:
4759:
4750:
4725:Glucocorticoids
4720:Corticosteroids
4701:
4694:
4661:
4654:
4611:
4529:Antiarrhythmics
4502:
4495:
4452:Antithrombotics
4440:
4431:
4407:Antipropulsives
4403:Antidiarrhoeals
4380:
4351:
4343:
4337:
4293:
4288:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4237:
4235:
4233:Boca Raton News
4227:
4226:
4219:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4144:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4112:
4110:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4070:
4069:
4058:
4028:
4027:
4023:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3851:
3850:
3843:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3735:
3734:
3727:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3636:(10): 501–504.
3627:
3626:
3622:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3348:(11): 885–896.
3339:
3338:
3334:
3326:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3231:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3117:. McGraw Hill.
3108:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3079:
3078:
3071:
3037:
3036:
3032:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2888:
2886:
2885:. December 2010
2873:
2872:
2868:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2789:
2788:
2781:
2737:
2736:
2729:
2691:
2690:
2683:
2645:
2644:
2637:
2593:
2592:
2585:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2553:
2552:
2545:
2535:
2533:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2449:
2448:
2431:
2424:
2409:
2408:
2401:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2362:
2345:
2333:
2320:
2319:
2312:
2297:
2284:
2283:
2276:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2158:
2157:
2142:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2009:
1999:
1992:
1990:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1873:
1872:
1865:
1861:
1829:
1762:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1731:
1719:
1708:
1641:
1607:Levobupivacaine
1572:
1531:Cyclomethycaine
1502:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1469:
1458:and epinephrine
1431:Citanest Forte)
1341:Vasoconstrictor
1316:
1299:
1197:
1184:
1095:
1067:
1007:
946:
933:
898:
878:
870:
858:levobupivacaine
846:idioventricular
830:
789:
765:
737:
725:
694:
679:
674:
624:
615:
553:
549:
524:(lung surgery)
520:
519:(heart surgery)
517:Cardiac surgery
505:
490:
441:
391:
383:anticonvulsants
367:
293:
284:Anti-arrhythmic
223:
152:
130:abuse potential
93:
77:unconsciousness
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6867:
6865:
6857:
6856:
6851:
6841:
6840:
6834:
6833:
6831:
6830:
6820:
6809:
6806:
6805:
6803:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6746:
6744:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6710:
6708:
6704:
6703:
6701:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6659:
6657:
6653:
6652:
6650:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6617:Cardiothoracic
6613:
6611:
6610:Subspecialties
6607:
6606:
6604:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6547:
6545:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6525:Magill forceps
6522:
6520:Laryngeal tube
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6481:
6479:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6432:Fick principle
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6398:
6396:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6362:
6360:
6356:
6355:
6353:
6352:
6351:
6350:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6309:
6307:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6262:Butyrophenones
6259:
6254:
6248:
6246:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6238:
6233:
6232:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6161:
6160:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6132:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6115:
6114:
6113:
6097:
6095:
6091:
6090:
6087:anesthesiology
6081:
6079:
6078:
6071:
6064:
6056:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6043:
6034:
6000:
5982:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5943:
5941:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5933:
5928:
5905:
5900:
5890:
5855:
5853:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5821:
5798:
5778:
5776:
5774:Monoaminergics
5770:
5769:
5757:
5755:
5754:
5747:
5740:
5732:
5723:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5716:
5713:
5702:
5696:
5690:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5656:
5654:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5593:
5587:
5585:
5579:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5571:
5566:
5559:
5557:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5508:
5506:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5484:Proxymetacaine
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5434:Chloroprocaine
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5410:
5408:
5399:
5392:
5391:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5364:
5357:
5349:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5279:Contrast media
5276:
5270:
5268:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5252:
5247:
5241:
5239:
5232:sensory organs
5228:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5199:
5197:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5077:Antipsychotics
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5047:Antiaddictives
5044:
5039:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5027:
5017:
5011:
5009:
5002:nervous system
4993:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4972:Antirheumatics
4969:
4968:
4967:
4957:
4951:
4949:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4917:
4906:
4904:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4880:
4878:Antineoplastic
4875:
4870:
4865:
4854:
4852:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4811:Antiprotozoals
4806:Antiparasitics
4803:
4798:
4793:
4786:Antibacterials
4782:Antimicrobials
4778:
4776:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4739:
4734:
4733:
4732:
4727:
4717:
4711:
4709:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4671:
4669:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4645:Antipsoriatics
4642:
4637:
4632:
4626:
4624:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4573:ACE inhibitors
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4512:
4510:
4501:cardiovascular
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4462:Anticoagulants
4459:
4448:
4446:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4374:
4363:
4361:
4345:
4344:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4291:External links
4289:
4287:
4286:
4245:
4217:
4190:
4149:
4142:
4120:
4098:
4056:
4021:
4002:(3): 361–366.
3985:
3949:
3938:(6): 469–476.
3922:
3887:
3841:
3822:(2): 117–121.
3806:
3787:(3): 337–339.
3771:
3725:
3706:(6): 953–956.
3690:
3671:(4): 571–575.
3655:
3620:
3585:
3558:
3531:(2): 351–358.
3515:
3496:(4): 715–730.
3480:
3453:
3402:
3383:(3): 341–344.
3367:
3332:
3314:
3295:(6): 753–760.
3279:
3260:(6): 325–332.
3244:
3229:
3211:
3192:(5): 478–483.
3175:
3157:
3130:
3123:
3101:
3094:
3069:
3050:(2): 181–186.
3030:
3009:(2): 151–156.
2989:
2954:
2932:
2896:
2866:
2845:(9): 815–824.
2825:
2798:(8): 800–801.
2779:
2750:(1): 217–218.
2744:Anesthesiology
2727:
2700:(2): 107–109.
2681:
2654:(3): 198–202.
2635:
2600:Anesthesiology
2583:
2571:
2564:
2543:
2512:
2485:(6): 556–561.
2469:
2462:
2429:
2422:
2399:
2360:
2331:
2310:
2296:978-9352501984
2295:
2274:
2247:(3): 639–659.
2227:
2208:(3): 295–300.
2192:
2140:
2119:(6): 785–789.
2099:
2064:
2020:
1975:
1938:(7): 418–421.
1918:
1892:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1828:
1825:
1772:, the ancient
1764:
1763:
1722:
1720:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1588:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1555:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1521:Chloroprocaine
1518:
1501:
1498:
1467:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1446:
1432:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1354:
1347:Reducing agent
1344:
1338:
1335:
1315:
1312:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1200:purposed for:
1196:
1193:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1158:
1143:
1136:epidural space
1132:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1109:
1094:
1091:
1066:
1063:
1006:
1003:
980:cardiac arrest
945:
942:
932:
929:
897:
894:
877:
874:
869:
866:
829:
826:
788:
785:
764:
761:
736:
733:
724:
721:
693:
690:
678:
675:
673:
670:
623:
620:
614:
611:
608:
607:
597:
587:
586:
583:
561:
560:
557:
543:
542:
535:
529:
528:
525:
513:
512:
509:
499:
498:
492:
484:
483:
472:
466:
465:
450:nail avulsions
443:
435:
434:
420:
414:
413:
410:
390:
387:
366:
363:
360:
359:
352:
346:
345:
339:
333:
332:
323:
317:
316:
313:
292:
289:
288:
287:
281:
274:
269:
263:
260:Epidural block
257:
252:
247:
240:
222:
219:
218:
217:
212:
207:
202:
191:
190:
185:
174:
173:
171:Chloroprocaine
168:
163:
151:
148:
126:
125:
124:
123:
116:Synthetic LAs
114:
113:
112:
106:
99:Clinical LAs:
92:
91:Classification
89:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6866:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6846:
6844:
6829:
6821:
6819:
6811:
6810:
6807:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6743:Organizations
6741:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6711:
6709:
6705:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6654:
6648:
6647:Pain medicine
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6614:
6612:
6608:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6548:
6546:
6544:Complications
6542:
6536:
6535:Tracheal tube
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6478:
6474:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6437:Goldman index
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6393:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6357:
6349:
6346:
6345:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6310:
6308:
6304:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6243:
6237:
6234:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6165:
6162:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6143:
6140:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6126:
6123:
6119:
6116:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6102:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6077:
6072:
6070:
6065:
6063:
6058:
6057:
6054:
6042:
6035:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6023:buprenorphine
6020:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6001:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5983:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5938:
5932:
5929:
5926:
5922:
5921:nortriptyline
5918:
5917:amitriptyline
5911:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5898:
5894:
5891:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5879:oxcarbazepine
5876:
5875:carbamazepine
5872:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5852:
5848:
5841:
5837:
5830:
5825:
5822:
5819:
5815:
5814:nortriptyline
5811:
5810:amitriptyline
5804:
5799:
5796:
5792:
5785:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5764:
5760:
5753:
5748:
5746:
5741:
5739:
5734:
5733:
5730:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5687:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5651:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5609:Butanilicaine
5607:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5584:
5580:
5570:
5567:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5554:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5505:
5501:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5407:
5403:
5400:
5397:
5393:
5388:
5382:
5377:
5370:
5365:
5363:
5358:
5356:
5351:
5350:
5347:
5335:
5330:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5262:
5257:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5223:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5203:Decongestants
5201:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5191:
5185:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5135:
5132:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5122:Dissociatives
5120:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5112:Hallucinogens
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5003:
4998:
4994:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4943:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4896:
4892:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4844:
4840:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4816:Anthelmintics
4814:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4757:
4753:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4703:
4697:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4663:
4660:genitourinary
4657:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4640:Antipruritics
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4556:Beta blockers
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4498:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4457:Antiplatelets
4455:
4454:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4438:
4434:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4355:
4350:
4346:
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3230:9780323074131
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3017:
3012:
3008:
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3000:
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2527:
2523:
2516:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2470:
2465:
2463:9780444532701
2459:
2455:
2454:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2423:9783319437057
2419:
2415:
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2400:
2384:
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2373:
2367:
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2334:
2332:9780867156157
2328:
2324:
2317:
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2306:
2302:
2298:
2292:
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2279:
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2270:
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2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
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2238:
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2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2004:
1988:
1987:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1919:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1864:
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1821:
1816:
1812:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1782:Incas culture
1779:
1775:
1771:
1760:
1757:
1749:
1746:February 2014
1739:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1723:This section
1721:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1700:extracellular
1697:
1696:intracellular
1693:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
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1624:
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1605:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1565:(Amethocaine)
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
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1513:
1510:
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1473:
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1436:
1433:
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1426:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1361:methylparaben
1358:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1325:
1320:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1264:
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1255:
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1236:
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1234:
1231:
1227:
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1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1179:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1079:Type B fibers
1075:
1073:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1053:which cannot
1052:
1047:
1044:LAs are weak
1042:
1039:
1035:
1034:cell membrane
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1004:
1002:
1000:
994:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
971:
969:
965:
960:
958:
954:
950:
943:
941:
937:
930:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
895:
893:
891:
887:
883:
875:
873:
867:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
834:
827:
825:
823:
818:
816:
812:
807:
805:
799:
797:
792:
786:
784:
780:
778:
773:
770:
762:
760:
758:
757:intravascular
754:
750:
746:
742:
734:
732:
729:
722:
720:
716:
712:
710:
706:
701:
699:
691:
689:
686:
683:
676:
671:
669:
667:
663:
659:
654:
652:
651:amniocentesis
649:drainage and
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
627:
621:
619:
612:
605:
601:
598:
596:
592:
589:
588:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
569:joint surgery
566:
563:
562:
558:
556:
552:
548:
545:
544:
540:
536:
534:
531:
530:
526:
523:
518:
515:
514:
510:
508:
504:
501:
500:
497:
493:
489:
486:
485:
481:
477:
473:
471:
468:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
444:
440:
437:
436:
432:
428:
424:
421:
419:
416:
415:
411:
408:
407:
404:
401:
397:
388:
386:
384:
380:
376:
371:
364:
357:
353:
351:
348:
347:
343:
340:
338:
335:
334:
331:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
314:
312:Type of pain
311:
310:
307:
304:
302:
298:
290:
285:
282:
279:
275:
273:
272:Iontophoresis
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
245:
241:
238:
235:
234:
233:
231:
226:
220:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
197:
196:
195:
189:
186:
184:
181:
180:
179:
178:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
158:
157:
156:
149:
147:
145:
140:
138:
135:
131:
121:
118:
117:
115:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
98:
97:
96:
90:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Numbing agent
6510:Gas cylinder
6395:Measurements
6338:Laryngoscopy
6323:Bronchoscopy
5967:Cannabinoids
5952:Benfotiamine
5892:
5763:fibromyalgia
5653:Combinations
5474:Propoxycaine
5439:Dimethocaine
5406:Aminobenzoic
5375:
5117:Psychedelics
5087:Aphrodisiacs
5029:
4761:infestations
4737:Sex hormones
4690:Sex hormones
4635:Cicatrizants
4565:
4551:Vasodilators
4518:antianginals
4515:
4367:stomach acid
4366:
4302:
4265:(1): 41–43.
4262:
4258:
4248:
4236:. Retrieved
4232:
4203:
4199:
4193:
4166:
4162:
4152:
4131:
4123:
4111:. Retrieved
4101:
4079:(1): 18–19.
4076:
4072:
4034:
4030:
4024:
3999:
3995:
3988:
3963:
3959:
3952:
3935:
3931:
3925:
3903:(1): 22–26.
3900:
3896:
3890:
3860:(1): 15–20.
3857:
3853:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3744:(1): 24–27.
3741:
3737:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3601:(6): 511–6.
3598:
3594:
3588:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3469:(1): 79–84.
3466:
3462:
3456:
3419:
3415:
3405:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3317:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3220:
3214:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3170:bestbets.org
3169:
3160:
3146:(6): 5A–6A.
3143:
3139:
3133:
3114:
3104:
3085:
3047:
3043:
3033:
3006:
3002:
2992:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2944:
2935:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2887:. Retrieved
2878:
2869:
2842:
2838:
2828:
2795:
2791:
2747:
2743:
2697:
2693:
2651:
2647:
2603:
2599:
2555:
2534:. Retrieved
2529:
2525:
2515:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2456:. Elsevier.
2452:
2416:. Springer.
2412:
2390:. Retrieved
2383:the original
2378:
2322:
2286:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2171:(12): 1395.
2168:
2164:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2034:
2030:
2023:
1991:. Retrieved
1985:
1978:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1909:. Retrieved
1904:
1895:
1883:. Retrieved
1878:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1792:in 1903 and
1767:
1752:
1743:
1732:Please help
1727:verification
1724:
1689:
1665:Tetrodotoxin
1660:Neosaxitoxin
1648:Tetrodotoxin
1614:(Lignocaine)
1558:Proparacaine
1547:Propoxycaine
1536:Dimethocaine
1489:end arteries
1486:
1461:
1407:
1388:
1370:
1357:Preservative
1329:
1310:anesthesia.
1308:
1304:
1300:
1284:
1268:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1198:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1169:
1151:spinal nerve
1140:spinal nerve
1129:nerve plexus
1113:infiltration
1103:
1100:
1096:
1076:
1068:
1059:
1043:
1027:ion channels
1009:All LAs are
1008:
995:
992:
972:
961:
953:lipid rescue
952:
948:
947:
938:
934:
899:
879:
871:
835:
831:
819:
808:
800:
793:
790:
781:
774:
766:
738:
730:
726:
717:
713:
702:
698:nerve blocks
695:
687:
684:
680:
672:Side effects
662:bronchoscopy
655:
635:venipuncture
628:
625:
616:
604:field blocks
591:Skin surgery
565:Bone surgery
458:bunionectomy
454:matricectomy
392:
370:Chronic pain
368:
365:Chronic pain
305:
295:Even though
294:
262:(extradural)
250:Infiltration
227:
224:
221:Medical uses
193:
192:
176:
175:
154:
153:
141:
134:hypertension
127:
94:
52:
48:
46:
36:
6714:ACE mixture
6656:Professions
6477:Instruments
6422:Capnography
6376:Fink effect
6257:Antiemetics
6164:Nerve block
6007:hydrocodone
5925:desipramine
5887:lamotrigine
5871:mirogabalin
5795:milnacipran
5701:from market
5634:Mepivacaine
5604:Ropivacaine
5596:Bupivacaine
5547:Piperocaine
5449:Meprylcaine
5419:Benzonatate
5379:(primarily
5250:Otologicals
5222:antagonists
5188:respiratory
5163:Orexigenics
5158:Neurotoxins
5107:Euphoriants
5097:Entactogens
5092:Depressants
5082:Anxiolytics
5020:Anesthetics
4796:Antifungals
4393:Antiemetics
4381:antagonists
3966:(1): 5–11.
2792:Anaesthesia
2694:Anaesthesia
2325:. Chicago.
2202:Arthroscopy
2011:|work=
1820:Fidel Pagés
1809:August Bier
1692:neurotoxins
1628:Ropivacaine
1618:Mepivacaine
1598:(Dibucaine)
1596:Cinchocaine
1591:Bupivacaine
1570:Amide group
1554:(Novocaine)
1542:Piperocaine
1538:(Larocaine)
1500:Ester group
1443:epinephrine
1439:bupivacaine
1425:epinephrine
1155:spinal cord
1019:propranolol
1015:nociceptors
1001:toxicosis.
988:lamotrigine
862:ropivacaine
854:arrhythmias
850:bupivacaine
838:hypotension
759:injection.
507:Arm surgery
470:Eye surgery
215:Ropivacaine
210:Cinchocaine
205:Bupivacaine
122:derivatives
109:amino ester
103:amino amide
63:(including
6849:Anesthesia
6843:Categories
6462:Pain scale
6306:Techniques
6083:Anesthesia
6031:tapentadol
5975:dronabinol
5931:Ziconotide
5903:Mexiletine
5883:lacosamide
5867:pregabalin
5863:gabapentin
5836:tapentadol
5791:duloxetine
5680:Iontocaine
5644:Trimecaine
5639:Prilocaine
5624:Etidocaine
5614:Carticaine
5542:Isobucaine
5537:Hexylcaine
5512:Amylocaine
5494:Tetracaine
5469:Orthocaine
5464:Nitracaine
5414:Benzocaine
5173:Stimulants
5153:Nootropics
5127:Deliriants
5102:Entheogens
5037:Anorectics
5015:Analgesics
4868:Alkylating
4801:Antivirals
4756:infections
4630:Emollients
4484:Coagulants
4354:metabolism
4238:2 February
4206:(44): 44.
3574:(5): 692.
2392:10 October
1859:References
1838:Anesthetic
1833:Amylocaine
1778:coca plant
1685:Spilanthol
1633:Trimecaine
1623:Prilocaine
1602:Etidocaine
1563:Tetracaine
1516:Benzocaine
1464:tetracaine
1449:Iontocaine
1429:trade name
1421:Prilocaine
1414:hemorrhage
1269:Syringes:
1093:Techniques
1051:RAC 421-II
999:moxidectin
968:Medialipid
957:Intralipid
921:prilocaine
913:benzocaine
747:, and the
666:cystoscopy
658:endoscopic
622:Other uses
321:Labor pain
301:analgesics
297:acute pain
291:Acute pain
200:Tetracaine
188:Prilocaine
161:Benzocaine
57:medication
6637:Obstetric
6627:Geriatric
6297:Sedatives
6019:methadone
6015:oxycodone
5997:methadone
5962:Bupropion
5897:lidocaine
5818:dosulepin
5711:Phase III
5699:Withdrawn
5629:Lidocaine
5591:Articaine
5563:Amoproxan
5532:β-Eucaine
5527:α-Eucaine
5489:Risocaine
5424:Butacaine
5323:ATC codes
5289:Dressings
5274:Antidotes
5138:Sedatives
5134:Hypnotics
4843:malignant
4700:endocrine
4546:Diuretics
4479:Platelets
4439:and blood
4398:Laxatives
3239:769141511
2349:cite book
2341:892911544
2305:930829770
2261:1932-2275
2013:ignored (
2003:cite book
1952:0141-0768
1655:Saxitoxin
1612:Lidocaine
1586:Articaine
1579:Lidocaine
1456:articaine
1435:Lidocaine
1384:cirrhosis
1250:apically.
1087:Aδ fibers
984:bupropion
917:lidocaine
882:allergies
868:Endocrine
705:haematoma
418:Dentistry
278:dibucaine
232:such as:
183:Lidocaine
85:paralysis
61:sensation
6818:Category
6407:Baricity
6106:Sedation
6027:tramadol
6011:morphine
5989:ketamine
5979:nabilone
5971:cannabis
5840:tramadol
5429:Butamben
5168:Serenics
4833:Vaccines
4600:Fibrates
4422:Vitamins
4372:Antacids
4281:25012333
4212:25354008
4113:11 April
4093:11431805
4051:11022775
4016:15716846
3980:28370327
3944:16752703
3874:10028738
3545:24077785
3510:20831934
3448:25625071
3362:12453016
3309:12839412
3206:12890461
3064:19691569
3025:19133855
2984:17098328
2949:Archived
2927:17766009
2889:10 April
2861:19845549
2820:43125067
2812:16867094
2774:40214528
2766:16810015
2722:29843241
2714:16430560
2668:12772136
2507:36915462
2499:12430104
2269:25113725
2187:21954483
2135:19918020
2094:17021493
2059:59275648
2051:30684306
1993:10 April
1911:10 April
1885:10 April
1827:See also
1794:procaine
1790:stovaine
1552:Procaine
1509:Procaine
1493:necrosis
1031:neuronal
1011:membrane
905:cyanosis
796:tinnitus
753:epidural
723:Recovery
439:Podiatry
400:sedation
166:Procaine
150:Examples
6828:Outline
6707:History
6292:Opioids
6135:Topical
6101:General
6005:(e.g.,
6003:Opioids
5987:(e.g.,
5969:(e.g.,
5915:(e.g.,
5895:(e.g.,
5861:(e.g.,
5834:(e.g.,
5808:(e.g.,
5789:(e.g.,
5517:Cocaine
5504:Benzoic
5444:Lucaine
5398:by acid
5025:General
4932:muscles
4901:L03–L04
4897:disease
4849:L01–L02
4845:disease
4595:Statins
4185:8934977
4176:2148913
3917:6948904
3882:6618968
3836:6949113
3801:6573480
3766:7178684
3758:8960488
3720:6581222
3685:6945341
3650:3465856
3615:6439659
3553:9525498
3475:4904493
3439:4304051
3397:3470356
3274:1452871
2883:(AAGBI)
2676:6247454
2630:1661916
2622:9579517
2536:12 June
2222:8323615
1970:3309298
1961:1290901
1786:Cocaine
1706:History
1680:Cocaine
1675:Eugenol
1670:Menthol
1526:Cocaine
1479:⁄
1359:, e.g.
1055:diffuse
1029:in the
964:Liposyn
909:hypoxia
890:paraben
856:. Even
709:trismus
647:ascites
571:of the
389:Surgery
375:opioids
144:cocaine
120:Cocaine
55:) is a
5940:Others
5824:Opioid
5694:WHO-EM
5583:Amides
5396:Esters
5332:
5311:
5259:other
5190:system
4942:joints
4895:immune
4702:system
4662:system
4503:system
4279:
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1879:nhs.uk
1441:, and
1372:Esters
1366:Buffer
1174:wounds
1083:type C
1023:sodium
919:, and
743:, the
579:, and
573:pelvis
381:, and
379:NSAIDs
350:Trauma
6125:Local
6094:Types
5783:SNRIs
5313:Drugs
5030:Local
4997:brain
4936:bones
4437:blood
3878:S2CID
3762:S2CID
3549:S2CID
3327:(PDF)
2816:S2CID
2770:S2CID
2718:S2CID
2672:S2CID
2626:S2CID
2503:S2CID
2386:(PDF)
2375:(PDF)
2055:S2CID
1774:Incas
1376:amide
1314:Types
1277:ease.
1046:bases
749:heart
692:Risks
639:blood
6085:and
5909:TCAs
5828:MRIs
5802:TCAs
5761:and
5387:N01B
4940:and
4617:skin
4277:PMID
4240:2014
4208:PMID
4181:PMID
4138:ISBN
4115:2014
4089:PMID
4047:PMID
4012:PMID
3976:PMID
3940:PMID
3913:PMID
3870:PMID
3832:PMID
3797:PMID
3754:PMID
3716:PMID
3681:PMID
3646:PMID
3611:PMID
3541:PMID
3506:PMID
3471:PMID
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3393:PMID
3358:PMID
3305:PMID
3270:PMID
3235:OCLC
3225:ISBN
3202:PMID
3119:ISBN
3090:ISBN
3060:PMID
3021:PMID
2980:PMID
2923:PMID
2891:2023
2857:PMID
2808:PMID
2762:PMID
2710:PMID
2664:PMID
2618:PMID
2560:ISBN
2538:2013
2495:PMID
2458:ISBN
2418:ISBN
2394:2007
2355:link
2337:OCLC
2327:ISBN
2301:OCLC
2291:ISBN
2265:PMID
2257:ISSN
2218:PMID
2183:PMID
2165:JAMA
2131:PMID
2090:PMID
2047:PMID
2015:help
1995:2023
1966:PMID
1948:ISSN
1913:2023
1887:2023
1770:Peru
1468:2000
986:and
966:and
860:and
811:coma
593:and
567:and
429:and
244:DMSO
65:pain
6039:GHB
5675:TAC
5261:ATC
4999:and
4758:and
4267:doi
4263:217
4204:176
4171:PMC
4081:doi
4039:doi
4004:doi
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3862:doi
3858:186
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3708:doi
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