192:. The purpose of the study was to conclude if activities, academics, past experiences, and disposition are correlated to continued cognitive, neurological, and physical ability as individuals got older, as well as overall longevity. The Nun Study participants were gathered on a volunteer basis following a presentation on the importance of donating one's brain for research purposes after death. Prior to the study's beginning, researchers required the participants to be cognitively intact and at least 75 years of age and for the Sisters to participate in the study until time of death. Participation in the study included the following; all participants gave permission for researchers to have access to their autobiographies and personal documented information and to participate in regular physical and mental examinations. These examinations were designed to test the subject's proficiency with object identification, memory, orientation, and language. These categories were tested through a series of mental state examinations with the data being recorded with each passing test. Nun Study participants were asked to give permission for their brains to be donated at time of death so that their brains could be neuropathologically evaluated for changes related to Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Neuropathology evaluations for the Nun Study were performed by creating microscope slides from brain autopsy samples. Microscope slides that were created from the Nun Study brain autopsy samples were carefully evaluated for changes of Alzheimer's disease by specialized Physicians called Neuropathologists.
213:
researchers would evaluate the brains of the deceased to assess any brain pathology. Neuropathology evaluations for the Nun Study were performed by creating microscope slides from brain autopsy samples. Microscope slides that were created from the Nun Study brain autopsy samples were carefully evaluated for changes of
Alzheimer's disease by specialized Physicians called Neuropathologists. The original Neuropathologist for the Nun Study was Dr. William Markesbery.
25:
222:
who did not have higher education. Furthermore, the participants' word choice and vocabulary were also correlated to the development of
Alzheimer's. Among the documents reviewed were autobiographical essays that were written by the nuns upon joining the sisterhood. Upon review, it was found that an essay's lack of
239:
disease in old age; meanwhile, of those whose writing was not lacking, only 10% later developed the disease. This was found when researchers examined neuropathology after nuns died, confirming that most of those who had a low idea density had
Alzheimer's disease, and most of those with high idea density did not.
295:
fewer teeth were more likely to have dementia while living. Another study reaffirmed the findings of The Nun Study that higher idea density is correlated with better cognition during aging, even if the individual had brain lesions resembling those of
Alzheimer's disease. A 2019 study combined The Nun Study and
1211:
Hyman, Bradley T.; Phelps, Creighton H.; Beach, Thomas G.; Bigio, Eileen H.; Cairns, Nigel J.; Carrillo, Maria C.; Dickson, Dennis W.; Duyckaerts, Charles; Frosch, Matthew P.; Masliah, Eliezer; Mirra, Suzanne S.; Nelson, Peter T.; Schneider, Julie A.; Thal, Dietmar Rudolf; Thies, Bill (January 2012).
242:
Snowdon found that exercise was inversely correlated with development of
Alzheimer's disease, showing that participants who engaged in some sort of daily exercise were more likely to retain cognitive abilities during aging. Participants who started exercising later in life were more likely to retain
299:
vocational lectures, indicating that the vocation and lifestyle of nuns correlated with higher potential for developing dementia. Using research from the original study, Weinstein et al. found a correlation between longevity, and autonomy. Subjects were shown to have a longer lifespan based on the
221:
One of the major findings from the nun study was how the participants' lifestyle and education may deter
Alzheimer's symptoms. Participants who had an education level of a bachelor's degree or higher were less likely to develop Alzheimer's later in life. They also lived longer than their colleagues
234:
Snowdon and associates found three indicators of longer life when coding the sister's autobiographies: the number of positive sentences, positive words, and the variety of positive emotions used. The less positivity in writing correlated with greater mortality. There were many variables this study
153:
The
Sisters' autobiographies written just before they took their vows (ages 19–21) revealed that positivity was closely related to longevity and idea density, which is related to conversation and writing. This research found that higher idea density scores correlated with a higher chance of having
212:
Researchers accessed the convent archive to review documents amassed throughout the lives of the nuns in the study. They also collected data via annual cognitive and physical function examinations conducted throughout the remainder of the participants' lives. After the death of a participant, the
203:
During the examination process
Snowdon was able to compare the collected cognitive test scores with the neuropathology data that was obtained from examining the brains of the subject and quantifying microscopic changes. These results assisted in giving new layers of understanding to the nature of
294:
can help distinguish that some nondemented individuals fit the criteria for
Alzheimer's disease. Researchers have also used the autopsy data to determine that there is a relationship between the number of teeth an individual has at death with how likely they were to have had dementia. Those with
1153:
Montine, Thomas J.; Phelps, Creighton H.; Beach, Thomas G.; Bigio, Eileen H.; Cairns, Nigel J.; Dickson, Dennis W.; Duyckaerts, Charles; Frosch, Matthew P.; Masliah, Eliezer; Mirra, Suzanne S.; Nelson, Peter T.; Schneider, Julie A.; Thal, Dietmar Rudolf; Trojanowski, John Q.; Vinters, Harry V.
238:
The average age of nuns who began an autobiography was 22 years. Some participants who used more advanced words in their autobiography had less symptoms of
Alzheimer's in older years. Roughly 80% of nuns whose writing was measured as lacking in linguistic density went on to develop Alzheimer's
273:
Overall, findings of the Nun Study indicated multiple factors concerning expression of Alzheimer's traits. The data primarily stated that age and disease do not always guarantee impaired cognitive ability and "that traits in early, mid, and late life have strong relationships with the risk of
195:
All Nun Study participants willingly signed a form agreeing to the terms of the study. As of 2017, there were three participants still living. Studying a relatively homogeneous group (no drug use, little or no alcohol, similar housing and reproductive histories) minimized the extraneous
149:
in 2021 under the directorship of Dr. Margaret Flanagan. The Nun Study is currently housed at the University of Texas Health San Antonio in the Bigg's Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative diseases under the continued directorship of Neuropathologist, Dr. Margaret Flanagan.
264:
and hippocampus may have less of an effect than amyloid beta plaques located within those same areas. Another important factor was brain weight, as subjects with brains weighing under 1000 grams were seen as higher risk than those in a higher weight class.
703:
Snowdon, David A.; Kemper, Susan J.; Mortimer, James A.; Greiner, Lydia H.; Wekstein, David R.; Markesbery, William R. (21 February 1996). "Linguistic Ability in Early Life and Cognitive Function and Alzheimer's Disease in Late Life: Findings From the Nun Study".
285:
The findings influenced other scientific studies and discoveries, one of which indicated that if a person has a stroke, there is a smaller requirement of Alzheimer's brain lesions necessary to diagnose a person with dementia. Another is that postmortem
259:
and Tau neurofibrillary tangles in the brain are required for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease Neuropathologic Change to be made. Results from the Nun Study indicated that Tau neurofibrillary tangles located in regions of the brain outside the
230:
predictor of its author's risk for developing Alzheimer's disease in old age. However, the study also found that the Sisters who wrote positively in their personal journals were more likely to live longer than their counterparts.
1042:
Riley, Kathryn P.; Snowdon, David A.; Desrosiers, Mark F.; Markesbery, William R. (March 2005). "Early life linguistic ability, late life cognitive function, and neuropathology: findings from the Nun Study".
1353:
Gosche, K. M.; Mortimer, J. A.; Smith, C. D.; Markesbery, W. R.; Snowdon, D. A. (28 May 2002). "Hippocampal volume as an index of Alzheimer neuropathology: Findings from the Nun Study".
1649:, 2001: Article contains, among other things, quotes from the nuns' autobiographical essays which may help to elucidate what is meant above by a "lack of linguistic density."
1406:
Stein, Pamela Sparks; Desrosiers, Mark; Donegan, Sara Jean; Yepes, Juan F.; Kryscio, Richard J. (1 October 2007). "Tooth loss, dementia and neuropathology in the Nun Study".
204:
Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. He concluded that Alzheimer's disease is likely caused by early childhood experiences or trauma instead of something from adulthood.
1711:
235:
was unable to glean from the autobiographies of the sisters, such as long term hopefulness or bleakness in one's personality, optimism, pessimism, ambition, and others.
145:
in 1990. In 2008, with Snowdon's retirement, the study returned to the University of Minnesota. The Nun Study was very briefly moved from the University of Minnesota to
1618:
1156:"National Institute on Aging–Alzheimer's Association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer's disease: a practical approach"
1696:
440:
612:
Sirts, Kairit; Piguet, Olivier; Johnson, Mark (1 June 2017). "Idea density for predicting Alzheimer's disease from transcribed speech".
161:
331:
108:
255:
was established as a possible factor in Alzheimer's disease, but its presence did not predict disease with certainty. Existence of
1701:
1691:
1313:
1086:
158:
46:
1636:
1214:"National Institute on Aging–Alzheimer's Association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer's disease"
1611:
189:
89:
799:
1655:
823:
754:"The Use of Convent Archival Records in Medical Research: The School Sisters of Notre Dame Archives and the Nun Study"
181:
169:
165:
61:
933:
Tyas, Suzanne L.; Snowdon, David A.; Desrosiers, Mark F.; Riley, Kathryn P.; Markesbery, William R. (November 2007).
154:
sufficient mental capacity in late-life, despite neurological evidence that showed the onset of Alzheimer's disease.
1670:
1270:
287:
42:
68:
848:
1615:
227:
560:
Iacono, D; Markesbery, W R.; Gross, M; Pletnikova, O; Rudow, G; Zandi, P; Troncoso, J C. (1 September 2009).
1706:
146:
138:
35:
75:
1362:
654:
Bennett, David A.; Schneider, Julie A.; Wilson, Zoe Arvanitakis and Robert S.; Wilson, RS (30 June 2012).
324:
Aging with Grace: What the Nun Study Teaches Us About Leading Longer, Healthier, and More Meaningful Lives
279:
142:
130:
396:
1665:
1652:
627:
421:
57:
1367:
991:
879:
275:
197:
1661:
1716:
1533:
1478:
1388:
1068:
1019:
891:
866:
Snowdon, David A. (2 September 2003). "Healthy Aging and Dementia: Findings from the Nun Study".
729:
613:
377:
126:
1590:
1572:
1525:
1517:
1498:"The Nun Study and Alzheimer's disease: Quality of vocation as a potential protective factor?"
1470:
1462:
1443:"The Nun Study and Alzheimer's disease: Quality of vocation as a potential protective factor?"
1423:
1380:
1295:
1251:
1233:
1193:
1175:
1060:
1011:
972:
954:
883:
781:
773:
721:
685:
591:
537:
529:
473:
369:
327:
1580:
1564:
1509:
1454:
1415:
1372:
1285:
1241:
1225:
1183:
1167:
1052:
1003:
962:
946:
875:
765:
713:
675:
667:
581:
573:
521:
252:
1442:
506:
1676:
1640:
1622:
640:
137:, an Epidemiologist and the founding Nun Study investigator, started the Nun Study at the
1056:
753:
769:
1645:
1585:
1552:
1246:
1213:
1188:
1155:
967:
934:
680:
655:
586:
561:
256:
185:
82:
1685:
895:
717:
134:
1419:
1392:
1321:
1072:
1023:
733:
1537:
1482:
1653:
Study Links Cognitive Ability of Youth With Alzheimer's Disease Risk Later in Life
1633:
1628:
1007:
577:
291:
223:
24:
1229:
671:
525:
1497:
1290:
1171:
1576:
1521:
1513:
1466:
1458:
1237:
1179:
1015:
958:
777:
533:
373:
1553:"Autonomous orientation predicts longevity: New findings from the Nun Study"
950:
935:"Healthy ageing in the Nun Study: definition and neuropathologic correlates"
507:"Positive emotions in early life and longevity: findings from the nun study"
296:
261:
1594:
1529:
1474:
1427:
1384:
1376:
1255:
1197:
1064:
976:
887:
785:
689:
595:
541:
1299:
725:
1551:
Weinstein, Netta; Legate, Nicole; Ryan, William S.; Hemmy, Laura (2019).
1335:
1568:
381:
357:
441:"20 years later, lessons on aging from the 'Nun Study' resonate today"
358:"Study of Nuns Turns up Clues to Brain Aging and Alzheimer's Disease"
300:
amount of purposeful and reflective behavior shown in their writing.
618:
164:(RADC), building on the success of the Nun Study, proposed the
1320:. The University of Minnesota. 15 December 208. Archived from
226:
density (e.g., complexity, vivacity, fluency) functioned as a
18:
461:
1271:"Aging and Alzheimer's Disease: Lessons from the Nun Study"
243:
cognitive abilities, even if not having exercised before.
909:
656:"Overview and Findings from the Religious Orders Study"
184:. This study was focused on a group of 678 American
1662:
Agatha Christie And Nuns Tell A Tale Of Alzheimer's
607:
605:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
200:that may confound other similar research studies.
752:Patzwald, Gari-Anne; Wildt, Sister (2004-01-01).
180:The Nun Study began in 1986 with funding by the
168:. The Religious Orders Study was funded by the
1408:The Journal of the American Dental Association
880:10.7326/0003-4819-139-5_Part_2-200309021-00014
555:
553:
551:
849:"What Nuns Are Teaching Us About Alzheimer's"
505:Danner, DD; Snowdon, DA; Friesen, WV (2001).
8:
1496:Keohane, Kieran; Balfe, Myles (2017-08-25).
514:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1634:"Nuns Offer Clues to Alzheimer's and Aging"
1441:Keohane, Kieran; Balfe, Myles (July 2019).
439:Elizabeth Eisenstadt Evans (12 July 2021).
217:Writing, emotions, lifestyle and cognition
123:Nun Study of Aging and Alzheimer's Disease
1584:
1366:
1289:
1245:
1187:
966:
679:
617:
585:
129:, begun in 1986, to examine the onset of
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1712:1986 establishments in the United States
990:Schmitt, F.; Thomason, P. (2010-07-06).
992:"William R. Markesbery, MD (1932-2010)"
422:"Nun Study to return to the University"
309:
800:"Neuropathology | Careers in Medicine"
636:
625:
172:in 1993, and was ongoing, as of 2012.
141:, later transferring the study to the
1037:
1035:
1033:
747:
745:
743:
7:
1057:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.06.019
500:
498:
496:
494:
351:
349:
347:
345:
343:
326:. New York, New York: Bantam Books.
317:
315:
313:
274:Alzheimer's disease, as well as the
47:adding citations to reliable sources
770:10.17723/aarc.67.1.d558520196w85573
14:
1087:"Physical exercise and dementia"
847:Sauer, Alissa (9 January 2017).
718:10.1001/jama.1996.03530310034029
478:Scholars @ UT Health San Antonio
397:"Offering an education in aging"
269:Conclusions and further research
188:Sisters who were members of the
23:
1420:10.14219/jada.archive.2007.0046
162:Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center
34:needs additional citations for
1089:. UK Alzheimer's Society. 2021
159:Rush University Medical Center
1:
828:UPMC | Life Changing Medicine
356:Moore, Bernardine A. (1995).
1697:School Sisters of Notre Dame
1340:School Sisters of Notre Dame
1008:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181e73343
578:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181b01077
395:Dunkel, Tom (18 June 2006).
190:School Sisters of Notre Dame
1656:National Institute on Aging
1616:Official Nun Study homepage
1612:Official Nun Study homepage
868:Annals of Internal Medicine
182:National Institute on Aging
170:National Institute on Aging
166:Rush Religious Orders Study
16:Alzheimer's article on nuns
1733:
1658:, entry on Nun Study, 1996
1230:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.10.007
1218:Alzheimer's & Dementia
804:careersinmedicine.aamc.org
672:10.2174/156720512801322573
660:Current Alzheimer Research
526:10.1037/0022-3514.80.5.804
322:Snowdon, David A. (2002).
1172:10.1007/s00401-011-0910-3
462:https://katoactonalz.org/
1514:10.1177/1471301217725186
1459:10.1177/1471301217725186
157:In 1992, researchers at
1291:10.1093/geront/37.2.150
1269:Snowdon, David (1997).
443:. Global Sisters Report
251:In 1992, a gene called
147:Northwestern University
139:University of Minnesota
1692:Psychology experiments
1672:Religious Orders Study
1557:Journal of Personality
1377:10.1212/WNL.58.10.1476
758:The American Archivist
635:Cite journal requires
280:cognitive disabilities
143:University of Kentucky
1160:Acta Neuropathologica
1045:Neurobiology of Aging
951:10.1093/ageing/afm120
474:"Margaret E Flanagan"
362:Public Health Reports
257:amyloid beta plaques
176:Origin and procedure
43:improve this article
1702:Alzheimer's disease
1643:by Pam Belluck for
1127:. pp. 121–123.
874:(5_Part_2): 450–4.
428:. 23 February 2009.
426:The Minnesota Daily
131:Alzheimer's disease
1639:2009-09-25 at the
1621:2018-03-29 at the
1569:10.1111/jopy.12379
127:longitudinal study
1627:Nun study video:
1414:(10): 1314–1322.
1361:(10): 1476–1482.
1278:The Gerontologist
119:
118:
111:
93:
1724:
1599:
1598:
1588:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1508:(5): 1651–1662.
1493:
1487:
1486:
1453:(5): 1651–1662.
1438:
1432:
1431:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1370:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1293:
1275:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1249:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1191:
1154:(January 2012).
1150:
1144:
1143:
1140:Aging with Grace
1138:Snowdon, David.
1135:
1129:
1128:
1125:Aging with Grace
1123:Snowdon, David.
1120:
1114:
1113:
1110:Aging with Grace
1108:Snowdon, David.
1105:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1039:
1028:
1027:
987:
981:
980:
970:
930:
924:
923:
922:
921:
910:"Neuropathology"
906:
900:
899:
863:
857:
856:
844:
838:
837:
835:
834:
824:"Neuropathology"
820:
814:
813:
811:
810:
796:
790:
789:
749:
738:
737:
700:
694:
693:
683:
651:
645:
644:
638:
633:
631:
623:
621:
609:
600:
599:
589:
557:
546:
545:
511:
502:
489:
488:
486:
485:
470:
464:
459:
453:
452:
450:
448:
436:
430:
429:
418:
412:
411:
409:
407:
392:
386:
385:
353:
338:
337:
319:
253:apolipoprotein E
125:is a continuing
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1682:
1681:
1677:Rush University
1641:Wayback Machine
1623:Wayback Machine
1608:
1603:
1602:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1368:10.1.1.631.4067
1352:
1351:
1347:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1324:on 12 May 2010.
1312:
1311:
1307:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1041:
1040:
1031:
989:
988:
984:
932:
931:
927:
919:
917:
908:
907:
903:
865:
864:
860:
846:
845:
841:
832:
830:
822:
821:
817:
808:
806:
798:
797:
793:
751:
750:
741:
702:
701:
697:
653:
652:
648:
634:
624:
611:
610:
603:
562:"The Nun Study"
559:
558:
549:
509:
504:
503:
492:
483:
481:
472:
471:
467:
460:
456:
446:
444:
438:
437:
433:
420:
419:
415:
405:
403:
394:
393:
389:
355:
354:
341:
334:
321:
320:
311:
306:
271:
249:
219:
210:
178:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1730:
1728:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1707:Cohort studies
1704:
1699:
1694:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1668:
1659:
1650:
1646:New York Times
1631:
1625:
1614:– as of 2018:
1607:
1606:External links
1604:
1601:
1600:
1563:(2): 181–193.
1543:
1488:
1433:
1398:
1345:
1327:
1305:
1261:
1203:
1145:
1142:. p. 124.
1130:
1115:
1100:
1078:
1051:(3): 341–347.
1029:
982:
945:(6): 650–655.
939:Age and Ageing
925:
901:
858:
853:Alzheimers.net
839:
815:
791:
739:
712:(7): 528–532.
695:
666:(6): 628–645.
646:
637:|journal=
601:
572:(9): 665–673.
547:
490:
465:
454:
431:
413:
387:
339:
332:
308:
307:
305:
302:
270:
267:
248:
247:Neuropathology
245:
218:
215:
209:
206:
186:Roman Catholic
177:
174:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1729:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1318:The Nun Study
1315:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1134:
1131:
1126:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1104:
1101:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
986:
983:
978:
974:
969:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
929:
926:
915:
911:
905:
902:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
862:
859:
854:
850:
843:
840:
829:
825:
819:
816:
805:
801:
795:
792:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
764:(1): 86–106.
763:
759:
755:
748:
746:
744:
740:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
699:
696:
691:
687:
682:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
650:
647:
642:
629:
620:
615:
608:
606:
602:
597:
593:
588:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
556:
554:
552:
548:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
520:(5): 804–13.
519:
515:
508:
501:
499:
497:
495:
491:
479:
475:
469:
466:
463:
458:
455:
442:
435:
432:
427:
423:
417:
414:
402:
401:Baltimore Sun
398:
391:
388:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
352:
350:
348:
346:
344:
340:
335:
333:0-553-38092-3
329:
325:
318:
316:
314:
310:
303:
301:
298:
293:
290:scans of the
289:
283:
282:of old age."
281:
277:
268:
266:
263:
258:
254:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
229:
225:
216:
214:
207:
205:
201:
199:
193:
191:
187:
183:
175:
173:
171:
167:
163:
160:
155:
151:
148:
144:
140:
136:
135:David Snowdon
132:
128:
124:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1671:
1644:
1560:
1556:
1546:
1505:
1501:
1491:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1339:
1330:
1322:the original
1317:
1308:
1284:(2): 150–6.
1281:
1277:
1264:
1221:
1217:
1206:
1163:
1159:
1148:
1139:
1133:
1124:
1118:
1109:
1103:
1091:. Retrieved
1081:
1048:
1044:
999:
995:
985:
942:
938:
928:
918:, retrieved
916:, 2022-11-17
913:
904:
871:
867:
861:
852:
842:
831:. Retrieved
827:
818:
807:. Retrieved
803:
794:
761:
757:
709:
705:
698:
663:
659:
649:
628:cite journal
569:
565:
517:
513:
482:. Retrieved
480:(in Spanish)
477:
468:
457:
445:. Retrieved
434:
425:
416:
404:. Retrieved
400:
390:
365:
361:
323:
284:
272:
250:
241:
237:
233:
220:
211:
202:
194:
179:
156:
152:
122:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1336:"Nun Study"
1224:(1): 1–13.
1166:(1): 1–11.
297:Max Weber's
292:hippocampus
228:significant
58:"Nun Study"
1686:Categories
1093:21 January
920:2023-06-24
833:2023-06-24
809:2023-06-24
619:1706.04473
484:2023-06-24
368:(4): 508.
304:References
224:linguistic
99:April 2018
69:newspapers
1717:Pathology
1577:1467-6494
1522:1471-3012
1467:1471-3012
1363:CiteSeerX
1355:Neurology
1238:1552-5260
1180:0001-6322
1016:0028-3878
1002:(1): 20.
996:Neurology
959:1468-2834
914:Knowledge
896:207535774
778:0360-9081
566:Neurology
534:0022-3514
374:0033-3549
262:neocortex
198:variables
1637:Archived
1619:Archived
1595:29524338
1530:28840756
1502:Dementia
1475:28840756
1447:Dementia
1428:17908844
1393:24979186
1385:12034782
1256:22265587
1198:22101365
1073:41770951
1065:15639312
1024:72347024
977:17906306
888:12965975
786:15222313
734:13613023
690:22471860
596:19587326
542:11374751
1629:video 1
1586:6446812
1538:7553127
1483:7553127
1300:9127971
1247:3266529
1189:3268003
968:2243258
726:8606473
681:3409291
587:2734290
406:24 June
382:4597883
208:Results
83:scholar
1593:
1583:
1575:
1536:
1528:
1520:
1481:
1473:
1465:
1426:
1391:
1383:
1365:
1298:
1254:
1244:
1236:
1196:
1186:
1178:
1071:
1063:
1022:
1014:
975:
965:
957:
894:
886:
784:
776:
732:
724:
688:
678:
594:
584:
540:
532:
447:19 May
380:
372:
330:
276:mental
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1664:, on
1534:S2CID
1479:S2CID
1389:S2CID
1314:"FAQ"
1274:(PDF)
1069:S2CID
1020:S2CID
892:S2CID
730:S2CID
614:arXiv
510:(PDF)
378:JSTOR
90:JSTOR
76:books
1591:PMID
1573:ISSN
1526:PMID
1518:ISSN
1471:PMID
1463:ISSN
1424:PMID
1381:PMID
1296:PMID
1252:PMID
1234:ISSN
1194:PMID
1176:ISSN
1095:2021
1061:PMID
1012:ISSN
973:PMID
955:ISSN
884:PMID
782:PMID
774:ISSN
722:PMID
706:JAMA
686:PMID
641:help
592:PMID
538:PMID
530:ISSN
449:2022
408:2023
370:ISSN
328:ISBN
278:and
121:The
62:news
1666:NPR
1581:PMC
1565:doi
1510:doi
1455:doi
1416:doi
1412:138
1373:doi
1286:doi
1242:PMC
1226:doi
1184:PMC
1168:doi
1164:123
1053:doi
1004:doi
963:PMC
947:doi
876:doi
872:139
766:doi
714:doi
710:275
676:PMC
668:doi
582:PMC
574:doi
522:doi
366:110
288:MRI
45:by
1688::
1675:,
1589:.
1579:.
1571:.
1561:87
1559:.
1555:.
1532:.
1524:.
1516:.
1506:18
1504:.
1500:.
1477:.
1469:.
1461:.
1451:18
1449:.
1445:.
1422:.
1410:.
1387:.
1379:.
1371:.
1359:58
1357:.
1338:.
1316:.
1294:.
1282:37
1280:.
1276:.
1250:.
1240:.
1232:.
1220:.
1216:.
1192:.
1182:.
1174:.
1162:.
1158:.
1067:.
1059:.
1049:26
1047:.
1032:^
1018:.
1010:.
1000:75
998:.
994:.
971:.
961:.
953:.
943:36
941:.
937:.
912:,
890:.
882:.
870:.
851:.
826:.
802:.
780:.
772:.
762:67
760:.
756:.
742:^
728:.
720:.
708:.
684:.
674:.
662:.
658:.
632::
630:}}
626:{{
604:^
590:.
580:.
570:73
568:.
564:.
550:^
536:.
528:.
518:80
516:.
512:.
493:^
476:.
424:.
399:.
376:.
364:.
360:.
342:^
312:^
133:.
1597:.
1567::
1540:.
1512::
1485:.
1457::
1430:.
1418::
1395:.
1375::
1342:.
1302:.
1288::
1258:.
1228::
1222:8
1200:.
1170::
1112:.
1097:.
1075:.
1055::
1026:.
1006::
979:.
949::
898:.
878::
855:.
836:.
812:.
788:.
768::
736:.
716::
692:.
670::
664:9
643:)
639:(
622:.
616::
598:.
576::
544:.
524::
487:.
451:.
410:.
384:.
336:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
