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time Nur ad-Din's commander gained full control of Egypt. Shawar was executed and
Shirkuh was named vizier of the newly conquered territory. Shirkuh died later that year and was succeeded by his nephew Saladin. One last invasion of Egypt was launched by Amalric and Manuel, but it was disorganized and came to nothing. Saladin continued to swear nominal fealty to Nur ad-Din until his death in 1174, but their relationship became increasingly tense. Saladin was reluctant to join forces with Nur ad-Din against Crusader armies or holdings, withdrawing his own armies on several occasions when Nur ad-Din's forces arrived to assist him. Nur ad-Din's insistence that Saladin abolish the
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1034:, although Nur ad-Din was "a mighty persecutor of the Christian name and faith," he was also "a just prince, valiant and wise, and according to the traditions of his race, a religious man." His sense of justice was never denied to anyone, regardless of their creed or origins. As a result of his justice, a Christian foreigner was said to have settled into Damascus, which was under Nur ad-Din's reign. Nur ad-Din was especially religious after his illness and his
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863:, but it provoked Nur ad-Din to lead a campaign of his own against the crusaders in Syria in order to turn their attention away from Egypt. Nur ad-Din's attack on Tripoli was unsuccessful, but he was soon visited by the exiled Shawar, who begged him to send an army and restore him to the vizierate. Nur ad-Din did not want to spare his own army for a defense of Egypt, but his
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895:, leaving three major principalities of the Crusader states leaderless. However, he refused to attack Antioch itself, fearing reprisals from the Byzantines. Instead he besieged and captured Banias, and for the next two years continually raided the frontiers of the crusader states. In 1166, Nur ad-Din's
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In 1168, Amalric sought an alliance with
Emperor Manuel and invaded Egypt once more. Shawar's son Khalil had had enough, and with support from Caliph al-Adid requested help from Nur ad-Din and Shirkuh. At the beginning of 1169, Shirkuh arrived and the crusaders once more were forced to retreat. This
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and made Egypt a tributary state, but due to the unpopularity of the
Egyptian alliance with the Crusaders, Shirkuh managed to take Alexandria without bloodshed. The Crusaders besieged Alexandria and famine set in quickly due to the city's limited stores of food. Shirkuh organized a sortie and broke
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by the crusaders in 1153, Mujir ad-Din forbade Nur ad-Din from travelling across his territory. Mujir ad-Din, however, was a weaker ruler than his predecessor, and he also agreed to pay an annual tribute to the crusaders in exchange for their protection. The growing weakness of
Damascus under Mujir
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declared himself his vassal, maintaining the de jure unity of Syria and Egypt under As-Salih's rule. When As-Salih died suddenly at the age of eighteen, Saladin defeated the other claimants to the throne and took power in Syria in 1185, uniting Syria and Egypt not just in name, as they were during
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A Frankish attempt to take advantage of the situation by reoccupying Edessa in
November 1146, led by Joscelin II and Baldwin of Marash, failed utterly, the count fleeing ignominiously, Baldwin meeting a heroic death, the city's walls being levelled and the local Armenian Christians suffering the
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to plunder the land and profane its sacred places. Nevertheless, he tolerated the
Christians who lived under his authority, aside from the Armenians of Edessa, and regarded Emperor Manuel with deep respect. In contrast to Nur ad-Din's respectful reaction to the death of Baldwin III, Amalric I
734:. He was cautious not to attack Jerusalem right away, and even continued to send the yearly tribute established by Mujir ad-Din; meanwhile he briefly became involved in affairs to the north of Mosul, where a succession dispute in the Sultanate of Rum threatened Edessa and other cities.
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As there was now nothing the crusaders could do in Syria, they were forced to look to the south if they wanted to expand their territory. The capture of
Ascalon had already succeeded in cutting off Egypt from Syria, and Egypt had been politically weakened by a series of very young
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against Zengi, had entered into an alliance with Nur ad-Din, the
Crusaders decided to attack Damascus, the conquest of which would preclude a combination of Jerusalem's enemies. Mu'in ad-Din threatened to turn the city over to Nur ad-Din if he was unable to defend it, but the
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after a raid in the Anti-Taurus mountains; Raynald remained in captivity for the next sixteen years. By 1162, with
Antioch under nominal Byzantine control and the crusader states further south powerless to make any further attacks on Syria, Nur ad-Din made a pilgrimage to
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arrived to assert his authority in
Antioch, and the crusaders hoped he would send an expedition against Aleppo. However, Nur ad-Din sent ambassadors and negotiated an alliance with the emperor against the Seljuks, much to the crusaders' dismay. Nur ad-Din, along with the
499:. Nur ad-Din's victories and the Crusaders' losses in Asia Minor however had made the recovery of Edessa – their original goal – practically impossible. Given that Aleppo was too far off from Jerusalem for an attack and Damascus, recently allied with the
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further raised tensions between them. Saladin was reluctant to do so because the authority of the Caliphate in Egypt was a source of legitimacy for his rule. He feared popular backlash, and was bound by friendship and obligation to the Caliph
985:, Nur ad-Din believed he could no longer trust anyone in Saladin's court to maintain the young ruler's fealty to him. Nur ad-Din began preparations to invade Egypt and depose Saladin, but he was seized by a fever due to complications from a
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Nur ad-Din took advantage of the failure of the Crusade to prepare another attack against Antioch. In 1149, he launched an offensive against the territories dominated by the castle of Harim, situated on the eastern bank of the
710:, succeeded him. Qutb ad-Din recognized Nur ad-Din as overlord of Mosul, so that the major cities of Mosul and Aleppo were united under one man. Damascus was all that remained as an obstacle to the unification of Syria.
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was given permission to invade in 1164. In response, Dirgham allied with Amalric, but the king could not mobilize in time to save him. Dirgham was killed during Shirkuh's invasion and Shawar was restored as vizier.
940:. Ultimately, Amalric could not hold Egypt while Nur ad-Din still held Syria, and he was forced to return to Jerusalem. The siege of Alexandria was lifted, and Shirkuh's forces withdrew from Egypt as well.
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ad-Din allowed Nur ad-Din to overthrow him in 1154, with help from the population of the city. Damascus was annexed to Zengid territory, and all of Syria was unified under the authority of Nur ad-Din, from
859:, led an offensive against Egypt, on the pretext that the Fatimids were not paying the tribute they had promised to pay during the reign of Baldwin III. This campaign failed and he was forced to return to
436:, which had been captured by a rebellious vassal of Mu'in ad-Din named Altuntash, but Mu'in ad-Din was always suspicious of Nur ad-Din's intentions and did not want to offend his former crusader allies in
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on the roads for travelers and pilgrims. He held court several times a week so that people could seek justice from him against his generals, governors, or other employees who had committed some crime.
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was sent again to Egypt. Amalric followed him at the beginning of 1167, and a formal treaty was established between Amalric and Shawar, with the nominal support of the caliph. The crusaders occupied
440:, who had helped defend Damascus against Zengi. To reassure Mu'in ad-Din, Nur ad-Din curtailed his stay in Damascus and turned instead towards the Principality of Antioch, where he was able to seize
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Nur ad-Din's Sunni orthodoxy can be seen in his public works. His repair of the Roman aqueduct in Aleppo insinuated an anti-Shia polemic, and the conversion of two Shia mosques into madrasas, one
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reports that Nur ad-Din said "We should sympathize with their grief and in pity spare them, because they have lost a prince such as the rest of the world does not possess today."
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Christian population of the city and destroyed its fortifications, in punishment for assisting Joscelin in this attempt. The women and children of Edessa were enslaved.
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followed the same policy. In 1150 and 1151, Nur ad-Din besieged the city, but retreated each time with no success, aside from empty recognition of his suzerainty. When
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were built in Syria, of which half he personally sponsored. Through the construction of these madrasas Nur ad-Din was ensuring the creation of Sunni Islamic
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In the Muslim world he remains a legendary figure of military courage, piety, and modesty. Sir Steven Runciman said that he loved, above all else, justice.
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1058:. Nur ad-Din himself enjoyed having specialists read to him from the Hadith, and his professors even awarded him a diploma in Hadith narration. He had
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in the south. Nur ad-Din was generous in his victory, and allowed Abaq to flee with his property, later granting him fiefdoms in the vicinity of
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generally speaks of Nur ad-Din in majestic terms, although he himself died in 1160, and did not witness the later events of Nur ad-Din's reign.
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and Syria in order to strengthen the Muslim front against their Crusader enemies. In 1147, he signed a bilateral treaty with
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from the east the next year, while Manuel attacked from the west. Later in 1160, Nur ad-Din captured the Prince of Antioch,
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immediately besieged Banias upon learning of the emir's death, and extorted a vast amount of money from his widow.
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556:(whose daughter he also married). Joscelin was blinded and died in his prison in Aleppo in 1159. In the
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set on three steps; stars, name and titles of Nur al-Din Mahmud, and blundered Greek legends in field.
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to make a common front against the crusaders. In 1149 Saif ad-Din Ghazi died, and a younger brother,
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and leaving a rump state around the city, which in any case soon fell under the suzerainty of the
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Raby, Julian (2004). "Nur Al-Din, the Qstal al-Shu-aybiyya, and the "Classical Revival"".
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The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades, Extracted and Translated from the Chronicle of
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A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East
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548:. In 1150, he defeated Joscelin II for a final time, after allying with the Seljuk
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Nur ad-Din sought to make alliances with his Muslim neighbours in northern
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Two Byzantine-style imperial figures standing facing, holding between them
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1169:"Copper alloy fals of Nur al-Din Mahmud ibn Zengi, Halab, nd H. 1971.75.1"
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It was Nur ad-Din's dream to unite the various Muslim forces between the
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610: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1476:"Reconstruction & Rehabilitation of the Al Nouri Complex in Mosul"
1274:. Internet Archive. New York : Schocken Books. pp. 146–184.
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al-Malik al-Adil Abul-Qasim Nur ad-Din Mahmud Ibn 'Imad ad-Din Zengi
827:(1164). "Histoire d'Outremer" (1232-1261) - BL Yates Thompson MS 12
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divided the kingdom between themselves, with Nur ad-Din governing
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region from 1149 to 1170. Coinage dated to AH 556 (1160-1161 CE).
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During this time Nur ad-Din was busy in the north, fighting the
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363:. Almost as soon as he began his rule, Nur ad-Din attacked the
1062:(hospitals) constructed in his cities as well, one of them is
993:. He was initially buried there, before being reburied in the
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1869:
The Crusades to the Holy Land: The Essential Reference Guide
1026:, founded by Nur al-Din Zengi, 12th century CE, Iraq Museum.
359:. The border between the two new kingdoms was formed by the
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1428:. Internet Archive. New York, Pantheon Books. p. 364.
785:. Soon after he returned, he learned of the death of King
953:. Nonetheless, Saladin capitulated to Nur ad-Din and the
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in 1145, and expansion under Nur al-Din Zengi in 1174 CE.
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TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 33 (Nesi̇h – Osmanlilar)
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The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple
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1722:. H.A.R. Gibb, 1932 (reprint, Dover Publications, 2002)
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2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny
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Whelan Type II, 202-5; S&S Type 73; Album 1850.
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Emir of Aleppo (1146–1174) and Damascus (1154–1174)
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1521:"Remembering Nur ad-Din Zengi: The Light of Faith"
745:, routed a relief army from Jerusalem led by King
564:'s evacuation of the Latin Christian residents of
284:; February 1118 – 15 May 1174), commonly known as
989:. He died at the age of 56 on 15 May 1174 in the
1757:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 259–262.
1353:Riley-Smith, Jonathan Simon Christopher (1991).
823:Mail-coated Nur al-Din Zengi at the victorious
560:, Nur ad-Din tried but failed to prevent King
355:and Saif ad-Din Ghazi establishing himself in
1964:
1359:. New York : Facts on File. p. 59.
8:
1852:, Berkeley: University of California Press,
1139:massacre they had avoided two years earlier.
912:through the enemy lines, leaving command of
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1389:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 198–199.
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1694:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
920:. In the same year, Nur ad-Din raided the
843:, but the country was ruled by the vizier
568:. In 1152, Nur ad-Din captured and burned
38:
1552:
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670:Learn how and when to remove this message
1804:God's War: A New History of the Crusades
1792:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1774:Muqarnas: Essays in Honor of J.M. Rogers
1624:
1462:
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516:, after which he besieged the castle of
1655:The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land
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1122:since 2011, is named after Nur ad-Din.
424:. Together Mu'in ad-Din and Nur ad-Din
30:For other people named Nur al-Din, see
3138:2020 International Maturidi Conference
1827:A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea
1438:
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847:. That year, Shawar was overthrown by
222:
1829:, trans. E.A. Babcock and A.C. Krey.
1506:
1488:from the original on 23 February 2024
1403:from the original on 17 February 2024
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1046:During Nur ad-Din's reign, forty-two
379:by Zengi in 1144. In 1146, after the
68:Coinage of Nur al-Din (Aleppo mint).
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2170:(d. beginning of the 6th century AH)
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839:. By 1163, the caliph was the young
608:adding citations to reliable sources
1386:The Fatimids 2: The Rule from Egypt
971:Nur al-Din Mahmud's madrasa complex
924:, in which he temporarily captured
381:Frankish attempt to reoccupy Edessa
280:
1519:Uzayr, Sufyan bin (6 March 2021).
1383:Jiwa, Shainool (26 January 2023).
1334:from the original on 14 March 2024
1179:from the original on 16 March 2024
25:
3247:Deaths from peritonsillar abscess
1980:Maturidi school of Sunni theology
1737:Crusading and the Crusader States
1006:Nur ad-Din's reign, but in fact.
737:In 1157, Nur ad-Din besieged the
383:, Nur ad-Din massacred the local
339:, who was a devoted enemy of the
318:Nur ad-Din was the second son of
3287:Syrian people of Turkish descent
3282:People of the Nizari–Seljuk wars
3008:
2541:Makhdoom Muhammad Hashim Thattvi
1001:became his legitimate heir, and
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508:collapsed after only four days.
403:Bibliothèque Nationale de France
62:
2904:Muhammad Zakariyya al-Kandhlawi
1848:Arab Historians of the Crusades
1175:. American Numismatic Society.
595:needs additional citations for
2091:Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari
1271:The crusades through Arab eyes
973:in Damascus (his burial place)
936:, exploiting the captivity of
572:, briefly occupying the town.
470:, 1149. Illustration from the
1:
3252:Muslims of the Second Crusade
2743:Muhammad Anwaarullah Farooqui
1666:. Cambridge University Press.
881:besieged the castle of Harenc
772:, attacked the Seljuk sultan
477:
1844:Gabrieli, Francesco (1984),
1808:. Harvard University Press.
1673:"Nur al-Din Mahmud b. Zanki"
1112:Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki
741:in the crusader fortress of
3187:Maturidi-related templates
3104:Al-Muhannad ala al-Mufannad
1328:American Numismatic Society
298:
3303:
2464:'Abd al-Hakim al-Siyalkoti
2210:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
2021:Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi
1755:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
1735:Jotischky, Andrew (2017).
803:Crusader invasion of Egypt
800:
690:ruled concurrently in the
29:
3267:12th-century Asian people
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2785:Muhammad Bakhit al-Muti'i
2565:Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan
2245:Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar
2056:Fakhr al-Islam al-Bazdawi
1937:
1928:
1920:
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1901:
1893:
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1831:Columbia University Press
1747:"Nûredd İn Zengî, Mahmud"
1726:Jaspert, Nikolas (2006).
1653:Asbridge, Thomas (2012).
1356:The atlas of the Crusades
1099:The Damascene chronicler
686:A brother of Nur al-Din,
520:. The Prince of Antioch,
491:arrived in Syria, led by
232:
221:
61:
46:
2922:Habib al-Rahman al-'Azmi
2875:Muhammad Shafi' Deobandi
2773:Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri
2719:Imdadullah Muhajir Makki
2701:Rahmatullah al-Kairanawi
2695:Shihab al-Din al-Marjani
2689:'Abd al-Hayy al-Lucknawi
2672:'Abd al-Ghani al-Maydani
2660:Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi
2553:'Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi
2531:(d. 1158 AH, or 1178 AH)
2482:Shihab al-Din al-Khafaji
2227:Abu al-Barakat al-Nasafi
2168:Abu al-Thana' al-Lamishi
2151:Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi
1941:As-Salih Ismail al-Malik
1914:As-Salih Ismail al-Malik
1867:Murray, Alan V. (2015),
1753:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
1662:Barber, Malcolm (1994).
1422:Oldenbourg, Zoé (1966).
999:As-Salih Ismail al-Malik
787:Baldwin III of Jerusalem
576:Unification of sultanate
562:Baldwin III of Jerusalem
217:As-Salih Ismail al-Malik
153:As-Salih Ismail al-Malik
117:As-Salih Ismail al-Malik
2981:Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri
2755:Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi
2636:Muhammad 'Abid al-Sindi
2582:Gelenbevi Ismail Efendi
2452:'Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi
2292:'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari
2251:Akmal al-Din al-Babarti
2180:Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki
2109:Abu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi
1730:. Taylor & Francis.
1702:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
1657:. Simon & Schuster.
957:was abolished in 1171.
851:; soon afterwards, the
811:The Zengid state under
754:Bertrand de Blanquefort
365:Principality of Antioch
292:dynasty, who ruled the
276:Nūr al-Dīn Maḥmūd Zengī
3044:Al-'Aqida al-Tahawiyya
2958:Muhammad Ali al-Sabuni
2857:Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan
2851:Husayn Ahmad al-Madani
2761:Shakarim Qudayberdiuli
2559:İbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi
2547:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
2434:Hasan Kafi al-Aqhisari
2286:Shams al-Din al-Fanari
2257:Baha' al-Din Naqshband
2192:Saif ed-Din al-Boharsi
2085:Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi
2068:Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi
2009:Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi
2003:Abu Mansur al-Maturidi
1745:Kök, Bahattin (2007).
1671:Elisseeff, N. (1995).
1268:Maalouf, Amin (1984).
1078:
1027:
974:
828:
816:
695:
484:
405:
173:15 May 1174 (aged 56)
18:Nur ad-Din (died 1174)
2976:Muhammad Rafi' Usmani
2952:Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri
2910:Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi
2887:Abdul Majid Daryabadi
2749:Mahmud Hasan Deobandi
2648:Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi
2488:Khayr al-Din al-Ramli
2458:Mulla Mahmud Jaunpuri
2316:Al-Kamal ibn al-Humam
2015:Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi
1076:
1064:Nur al-Din Bimaristan
1017:
987:peritonsillar abscess
968:
822:
810:
685:
497:Conrad III of Germany
462:
399:Richard de Montbaston
393:
314:War against Crusaders
3109:Hak Dīni Kur'an Dili
2986:Muhammad Taqi Usmani
2946:Muhammad Salim Qasmi
2881:Abul Wafa Al Afghani
2839:Kifayatullah Dehlawi
2821:Shabbir Ahmad Usmani
2803:Muhammed Hamdi Yazır
2767:Muhammad Ali Mungeri
2731:Rashid Ahmad Gangohi
2642:Mamluk Ali Nanautawi
2600:Ghabdennasir Qursawi
2517:Ismail Haqqi Bursevi
2381:Abdul Quddus Gangohi
2310:Badr al-Din al-'Ayni
2186:Mu'in al-Din Chishti
2139:Fatima al-Samarqandi
2133:Nur al-Din al-Sabuni
2127:Siraj al-Din al-Ushi
1798:Tyerman, Christopher
1640:Altan, Ebru (2014).
961:Death and succession
778:Raynald of Châtillon
726:in the north to the
719:Ascalon was captured
604:improve this article
501:Kingdom of Jerusalem
281:نور الدين محمود زنگي
2934:Anzar Shah Kashmiri
2779:Anwar Shah Kashmiri
2707:Giritli Sırrı Pasha
2535:Nizamuddin Sihalivi
2513:(d. around 1123 AH)
2472:(d. around 1068 AH)
2103:Sheikh Ahmad-e Jami
1603:, pp. 296–297.
1525:Political Periscope
991:Citadel of Damascus
739:Knights Hospitaller
522:Raymond of Poitiers
493:Louis VII of France
473:Passages d'outremer
422:Ismat ad-Din Khatun
349:Saif ad-Din Ghazi I
206:Ismat ad-Din Khatun
3257:People from Aleppo
3054:Tabsirat al-Adilla
3039:Tafsir al-Maturidi
2964:Nur Hossain Kasemi
2928:Muhammad Ayyub Ali
2869:Muhammad Abu Zahra
2863:Ömer Nasuhi Bilmen
2737:Ahmad Hasan Amrohi
2713:Ahmed Cevdet Pasha
2624:Syed Ahmad Barelvi
2618:Shah Ismail Dehlvi
2606:Ghulam Ali Dehlavi
2594:Sanaullah Panipati
2529:Liu Zhi of Nanjing
2422:Khwaja Baqi Billah
2304:Ahmad ibn Arabshah
2263:Kadi Burhan al-Din
2038:Abu Zayd al-Dabusi
1079:
1028:
995:Nur al-Din Madrasa
975:
829:
817:
708:Qutb ad-Din Mawdud
696:
688:Qutb al-Din Mawdud
619:"Nur al-Din Zengi"
485:
406:
191:Nur al-Din Madrasa
134:1154 – 15 May 1174
97:1146 – 15 May 1174
3214:
3213:
3181:
3180:
3117:
3116:
3094:Tafsir al-Mazhari
3064:Talkhis al-Adilla
3059:'Aqa'id al-Nasafi
3049:Al-Sawad al-A'zam
3004:
3003:
2940:Wahbah al-Zuhayli
2815:Ubaidullah Sindhi
2809:Ashraf Ali Thanwi
2791:Fatma Aliye Topuz
2588:Murtada al-Zabidi
2387:Ibrāhīm al-Ḥalabī
2239:Nizamuddin Auliya
2212:(d. after 690 AH)
1988:Maturidi scholars
1947:
1946:
1938:Succeeded by
1911:Succeeded by
1764:978-975-389-455-5
1709:978-90-04-09834-3
1396:978-0-7556-4675-3
1366:978-0-8160-2186-4
1281:978-0-8052-0898-6
1077:Nur ad-Din's tomb
983:Najm al-Din Ayyub
955:Fatimid Caliphate
922:County of Tripoli
853:King of Jerusalem
797:Conquest of Egypt
761:Manuel I Comnenus
758:Byzantine emperor
715:Mujir ad-Din Abaq
680:
679:
672:
654:
414:Mu'in ad-Din Unur
375:, which had been
320:Imad al-Din Zengi
273:
272:
258:Imad al-Din Zengi
237:
236:
144:Mujir ad-Din Abaq
107:Imad ad-Din Zengi
16:(Redirected from
3294:
3206:Islamic theology
3126:
3029:Al-Fiqh al-Akbar
3022:
3012:
2991:Husein Kavazović
2970:Usmankhan Alimov
2916:Abdul Haq Akorwi
2725:Abai Qunanbaiuly
2523:Shah Abdur Rahim
2399:Muhammad Birgivi
2298:Yaqub al-Charkhi
2174:Al-Mu'azzam 'Isa
2121:Nur al-Din Zengi
2050:Yūsuf Balasaguni
1993:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1950:
1931:Emir of Damascus
1921:Preceded by
1894:Preceded by
1886:
1881:
1862:
1851:
1819:
1807:
1793:
1786:Runciman, Steven
1781:
1768:
1740:
1731:
1713:
1685:Heinrichs, W. P.
1667:
1658:
1649:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1487:
1480:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1380:
1371:
1370:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1265:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1140:
1136:
1116:Syrian Civil War
1114:, active in the
997:. His young son
675:
668:
664:
661:
655:
653:
612:
588:
580:
558:Battle of Aintab
546:Byzantine Empire
482:
479:
395:Battle of Edessa
373:County of Edessa
301:
283:
282:
223:
135:
124:Emir of Damascus
98:
66:
39:
21:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3177:
3113:
3084:Qingzhen Zhinan
3034:Kitab al-Tawhid
3013:
3000:
2897:14th AH/20th AD
2892:
2682:13th AH/19th AD
2677:
2612:Shah Abdul Aziz
2575:12th AH/18th AD
2570:
2498:11th AH/17th AD
2493:
2415:10th AH/16th AD
2410:
2405:Ebussuud Efendi
2363:Ali-Shir Nava'i
2351:
2268:
2215:
2156:
2073:
2026:
1982:
1977:
1943:
1934:
1926:
1916:
1907:
1899:
1879:
1866:
1860:
1843:
1840:
1823:William of Tyre
1816:
1796:
1784:
1771:
1765:
1744:
1734:
1725:
1719:Ibn al-Qalanisi
1710:
1677:Bosworth, C. E.
1670:
1661:
1652:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1551:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1404:
1397:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1324:numismatics.org
1318:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1267:
1266:
1243:
1239:, p. 1140.
1235:
1231:
1223:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1173:numismatics.org
1167:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1101:Ibn al-Qalanisi
1032:William of Tyre
1012:
963:
916:to his nephew,
825:Battle of Harim
805:
799:
791:William of Tyre
774:Kilij Arslan II
749:, and captured
676:
665:
659:
656:
613:
611:
601:
589:
578:
480:
466:victory at the
371:to recover the
316:
294:Syrian province
197:
174:
133:
96:
81:
56:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3300:
3298:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3219:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3129:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3018:Theology books
3015:
3014:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2797:Meher Ali Shah
2794:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2654:Yusuf Ma Dexin
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2440:Ahmad Sirhindi
2437:
2431:
2425:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2369:Husayn Kashifi
2366:
2359:
2357:
2356:9th AH/15th AD
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2334:'Ali al-Qushji
2331:
2328:Ali al-Bistami
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2276:
2274:
2273:8th AH/14th AD
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2223:
2221:
2220:7th AH/13th AD
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2164:
2162:
2161:6th AH/12th AD
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2097:Yusuf Hamadani
2094:
2088:
2081:
2079:
2078:5th AH/11th AD
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2034:
2032:
2031:4th AH/10th AD
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
1999:
1997:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1953:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1909:
1904:Emir of Aleppo
1900:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1889:Regnal titles
1884:
1883:
1878:978-1610697804
1877:
1864:
1859:978-0520052246
1858:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1820:
1815:978-0674023871
1814:
1794:
1782:
1769:
1763:
1742:
1732:
1723:
1714:
1708:
1681:van Donzel, E.
1668:
1659:
1650:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1627:, p. 398.
1617:
1615:, p. 297.
1605:
1593:
1591:, p. 296.
1581:
1579:, p. 299.
1569:
1567:, p. 300.
1557:
1555:, p. 121.
1553:Jotischky 2017
1542:
1511:
1499:
1467:
1455:
1453:, p. 132.
1451:Elisseeff 1995
1443:
1431:
1414:
1395:
1372:
1365:
1345:
1311:
1299:
1297:, p. 195.
1287:
1280:
1241:
1229:
1227:, p. 268.
1214:
1202:
1190:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1020:al-Nuri Mosque
1011:
1008:
962:
959:
946:Shia Caliphate
926:Areimeh Castle
801:Main article:
798:
795:
678:
677:
592:
590:
583:
577:
574:
526:Battle of Inab
506:crusader siege
489:Second Crusade
468:Battle of Inab
428:the cities of
416:, governor of
315:
312:
308:Second Crusade
271:
270:
265:
261:
260:
255:
251:
250:
248:Zengid dynasty
245:
239:
238:
235:
234:
230:
229:
219:
218:
215:
209:
208:
203:
199:
198:
189:
187:
183:
182:
171:
167:
166:
163:
159:
158:
155:
154:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
87:Emir of Aleppo
83:
82:
67:
59:
58:
55:
54:
48:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3299:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3262:Zengid rulers
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3227:Sunni Muslims
3225:
3224:
3222:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3163:Firangi Mahal
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3099:Izhar ul-Haqq
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3089:Kutadgu Bilig
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3011:
2997:
2996:Salah Mezhiev
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2845:Mustafa Sabri
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2666:Naqi Ali Khan
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2446:Mahmud Hudayi
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:3rd AH/9th AD
1994:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1932:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1898:
1892:
1887:
1880:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1646:Tarih Dergisi
1643:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1625:Runciman 1952
1621:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1512:
1509:, p. 72.
1508:
1503:
1500:
1484:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1463:Gabrieli 1984
1459:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1444:
1441:, p. 231
1440:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1418:
1415:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1349:
1346:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1309:, p. 81.
1308:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1237:Asbridge 2012
1233:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1212:, p. 73.
1211:
1206:
1203:
1200:, p. 60.
1199:
1194:
1191:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1135:
1132:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1068:caravanserais
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1030:According to
1025:
1021:
1016:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
972:
967:
960:
958:
956:
952:
947:
941:
939:
935:
931:
930:Chastel Blanc
927:
923:
919:
915:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
873:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
835:
826:
821:
814:
809:
804:
796:
794:
792:
788:
784:
779:
775:
771:
767:
762:
759:
755:
752:
748:
744:
740:
735:
733:
729:
725:
720:
716:
711:
709:
705:
701:
693:
689:
684:
674:
671:
663:
652:
649:
645:
642:
638:
635:
631:
628:
624:
621: –
620:
616:
615:Find sources:
609:
605:
599:
598:
593:This section
591:
587:
582:
581:
575:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
550:Sultan of Rüm
547:
543:
539:
538:Mediterranean
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
509:
507:
502:
498:
494:
490:
487:In 1148, the
475:
474:
469:
465:
461:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
329:
325:
321:
313:
311:
309:
305:
304:Seljuk Empire
300:
295:
291:
287:
277:
269:
266:
262:
259:
256:
252:
249:
246:
244:
240:
231:
228:
224:
220:
216:
214:
210:
207:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
181:
180:Seljuk Empire
177:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
145:
142:
138:
132:
128:
125:
121:
118:
115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
95:
91:
88:
84:
79:
75:
71:
65:
60:
57:
53:
50:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3074:Fihi Ma Fihi
2972:(d. 1443 AH)
2966:(d. 1442 AH)
2960:(d. 1442 AH)
2954:(d. 1441 AH)
2948:(d. 1439 AH)
2942:(d. 1436 AH)
2936:(d. 1428 AH)
2930:(d. 1415 AH)
2924:(d. 1412 AH)
2918:(d. 1409 AH)
2912:(d. 1403 AH)
2906:(d. 1402 AH)
2889:(d. 1397 AH)
2883:(d. 1395 AH)
2877:(d. 1395 AH)
2871:(d. 1394 AH)
2865:(d. 1391 AH)
2859:(d. 1378 AH)
2853:(d. 1377 AH)
2847:(d. 1373 AH)
2841:(d. 1371 AH)
2835:(d. 1371 AH)
2829:(d. 1368 AH)
2823:(d. 1368 AH)
2817:(d. 1364 AH)
2811:(d. 1361 AH)
2805:(d. 1361 AH)
2799:(d. 1356 AH)
2793:(d. 1354 AH)
2787:(d. 1354 AH)
2781:(d. 1352 AH)
2775:(d. 1346 AH)
2769:(d. 1346 AH)
2763:(d. 1344 AH)
2757:(d. 1340 AH)
2751:(d. 1338 AH)
2745:(d. 1335 AH)
2739:(d. 1330 AH)
2733:(d. 1323 AH)
2727:(d. 1321 AH)
2721:(d. 1317 AH)
2715:(d. 1312 AH)
2709:(d. 1312 AH)
2703:(d. 1308 AH)
2697:(d. 1306 AH)
2691:(d. 1304 AH)
2674:(d. 1298 AH)
2668:(d. 1297 AH)
2662:(d. 1297 AH)
2656:(d. 1291 AH)
2650:(d. 1278 AH)
2644:(d. 1267 AH)
2638:(d. 1257 AH)
2632:(d. 1252 AH)
2626:(d. 1246 AH)
2620:(d. 1246 AH)
2614:(d. 1239 AH)
2608:(d. 1239 AH)
2602:(d. 1226 AH)
2596:(d. 1225 AH)
2590:(d. 1205 AH)
2584:(d. 1204 AH)
2567:(d. 1195 AH)
2561:(d. 1193 AH)
2555:(d. 1176 AH)
2549:(d. 1176 AH)
2543:(d. 1174 AH)
2537:(d. 1161 AH)
2525:(d. 1131 AH)
2519:(d. 1127 AH)
2507:(d. 1118 AH)
2490:(d. 1081 AH)
2484:(d. 1069 AH)
2478:(d. 1068 AH)
2476:Kâtip Çelebi
2466:(d. 1067 AH)
2460:(d. 1061 AH)
2454:(d. 1052 AH)
2448:(d. 1037 AH)
2442:(d. 1034 AH)
2436:(d. 1025 AH)
2430:(d. 1014 AH)
2428:'Ali al-Qari
2424:(d. 1011 AH)
2393:Taşköprüzade
2346:Khwaja Ahrar
2233:Sultan Walad
2115:Ahmad Yasawi
1929:
1924:Mujir ad-Din
1902:
1871:, ABC-CLIO,
1868:
1847:
1838:Bibliography
1826:
1803:
1789:
1777:
1773:
1750:
1739:. Routledge.
1736:
1728:The Crusades
1727:
1716:
1699:
1698:Volume VIII:
1692:
1663:
1654:
1645:
1620:
1608:
1596:
1584:
1572:
1560:
1533:. Retrieved
1524:
1514:
1502:
1490:. Retrieved
1470:
1465:, p. 68
1458:
1446:
1434:
1425:The crusades
1424:
1417:
1405:. Retrieved
1385:
1355:
1348:
1336:. Retrieved
1323:
1314:
1302:
1295:Tyerman 2006
1290:
1270:
1232:
1225:Tyerman 2006
1210:Jaspert 2006
1205:
1193:
1181:. Retrieved
1172:
1163:
1154:
1134:
1105:
1098:
1095:
1080:
1045:
1029:
1018:Mihrab from
976:
942:
893:Bohemond III
889:Joscelin III
874:
830:
751:Grand Master
736:
712:
697:
666:
657:
647:
640:
633:
626:
614:
602:Please help
597:verification
594:
510:
486:
471:
464:Nūr-ad-Din's
407:
397:in 1146, by
361:Khabur River
343:presence in
326:
317:
285:
275:
274:
193:, Damascus,
77:
69:
47:
36:
3277:1174 deaths
3272:1118 births
3143:Ahl al-Ra'y
2833:Al-Kawthari
2827:Musa Bigiev
2630:Ibn 'Abidin
2407:(d. 982 AH)
2401:(d. 980 AH)
2395:(d. 968 AH)
2389:(d. 955 AH)
2383:(d. 943 AH)
2377:(d. 940 AH)
2371:(d. 910 AH)
2365:(d. 906 AH)
2348:(d. 895 AH)
2342:(d. 886 AH)
2336:(d. 879 AH)
2330:(d. 874 AH)
2324:(d. 863 AH)
2318:(d. 861 AH)
2312:(d. 855 AH)
2306:(d. 861 AH)
2300:(d. 851 AH)
2294:(d. 841 AH)
2288:(d. 834 AH)
2282:(d. 825 AH)
2280:Bande Nawaz
2265:(d. 800 AH)
2259:(d. 791 AH)
2253:(d. 786 AH)
2247:(d. 747 AH)
2241:(d. 725 AH)
2235:(d. 711 AH)
2229:(d. 710 AH)
2206:(d. 671 AH)
2200:(d. 664 AH)
2194:(d. 659 AH)
2188:(d. 633 AH)
2182:(d. 632 AH)
2176:(d. 624 AH)
2153:(d. 593 AH)
2147:(d. 587 AH)
2141:(d. 581 AH)
2135:(d. 580 AH)
2129:(d. 575 AH)
2123:(d. 569 AH)
2117:(d. 561 AH)
2111:(d. 537 AH)
2105:(d. 536 AH)
2099:(d. 535 AH)
2093:(d. 534 AH)
2087:(d. 508 AH)
2070:(d. 493 AH)
2064:(d. 483 AH)
2062:Al-Sarakhsi
2058:(d. 482 AH)
2052:(d. 469 AH)
2046:(d. 464 AH)
2044:Ali Hujwiri
2040:(d. 429 AH)
2023:(d. 396 AH)
2017:(d. 379 AH)
2011:(d. 342 AH)
2005:(d. 333 AH)
1689:Lecomte, G.
1492:14 February
1439:Murray 2015
1407:18 February
1307:Barber 1994
1060:bimaristans
938:Raymond III
885:Raymond III
768:of eastern
766:Danishmends
747:Baldwin III
481: 1490
446:Kafar Latha
369:Joscelin II
268:Sunni Islam
227:Regnal name
140:Predecessor
103:Predecessor
3221:Categories
2470:Wang Daiyu
2198:Baba Farid
1935:1154–1174
1908:1146–1174
1535:15 January
1507:Altan 2014
1198:Altan 2014
1147:References
1066:and built
1036:pilgrimage
914:Alexandria
905:Alexandria
660:March 2024
630:newspapers
530:Al-Muqtafi
286:Nur ad-Din
42:Nur ad-Din
32:Nur al-Din
3237:Maturidis
3079:Han Kitab
2505:Aurangzeb
2375:Ibn Kemal
2340:Mehmed II
2322:Khidr Bey
2145:Al-Kasani
1613:Raby 2004
1601:Raby 2004
1589:Raby 2004
1577:Raby 2004
1565:Raby 2004
969:Domes of
934:Gibelacar
861:Jerusalem
857:Amalric I
700:Euphrates
566:Turbessel
438:Jerusalem
377:conquered
302:) of the
150:Successor
113:Successor
3168:Deobandi
3122:See also
1800:(2006).
1788:(1952).
1780:. Brill.
1691:(eds.).
1529:Archived
1483:Archived
1401:Archived
1338:16 March
1332:Archived
1183:16 March
1177:Archived
1108:Islamist
1085:another
1048:madrasas
1040:Outremer
979:Artuqids
899:general
867:general
770:Anatolia
702:and the
450:Basarfut
426:besieged
418:Damascus
401:(1337),
385:Armenian
341:crusader
264:Religion
176:Damascus
78:Reverse:
70:Obverse:
3242:Atabegs
3232:Hanafis
3196:Ash'ari
3173:Barelvi
3069:Masnavi
1833:, 1943.
1700:Ned–Sam
1634:Sources
1091:Shi'ism
1083:Shafi'i
1003:Saladin
951:al-Adid
918:Saladin
901:Shirkuh
897:Kurdish
877:Bilbeis
869:Shirkuh
865:Kurdish
849:Dirgham
841:al-Adid
837:caliphs
834:Fatimid
644:scholar
570:Tortosa
542:Orontes
534:Baghdad
514:Orontes
434:Salkhad
324:Turkmen
243:Dynasty
74:labarum
3191:Hanafi
3158:Gedimu
3153:Tawhid
2511:Ma Zhu
1875:
1856:
1812:
1761:
1706:
1687:&
1393:
1363:
1278:
1120:Aleppo
1110:group
1087:Hanafi
1010:Legacy
845:Shawar
743:Banias
728:Hauran
724:Edessa
646:
639:
632:
625:
617:
554:Mas'ud
452:, and
353:Aleppo
333:Aleppo
328:atabeg
322:, the
290:Zengid
254:Father
202:Spouse
186:Burial
3148:Kalam
1897:Zengi
1675:. In
1486:(PDF)
1479:(PDF)
1126:Notes
1056:imams
1052:qadis
1024:Mosul
909:Cairo
813:Zengi
783:Mecca
692:Mosul
651:JSTOR
637:books
442:Artah
430:Bosra
357:Mosul
345:Syria
337:Mosul
213:Issue
195:Syria
130:Reign
93:Reign
3201:Sufi
2204:Rumi
1873:ISBN
1854:ISBN
1810:ISBN
1759:ISBN
1704:ISBN
1537:2023
1494:2024
1409:2024
1391:ISBN
1361:ISBN
1340:2024
1276:ISBN
1185:2024
1106:The
1054:and
932:and
907:and
891:and
732:Homs
704:Nile
623:news
518:Inab
495:and
454:Bara
432:and
410:Iraq
335:and
299:Shām
170:Died
165:1118
162:Born
52:Emir
1741:121
1118:in
1022:in
606:by
532:in
331:of
3223::
1825:,
1778:21
1776:.
1749:.
1683:;
1679:;
1644:.
1545:^
1527:.
1523:.
1481:.
1399:.
1375:^
1330:.
1326:.
1322:.
1244:^
1217:^
1171:.
1093:.
928:,
887:,
855:,
552:,
478:c.
476:,
456:.
448:,
444:,
310:.
178:,
1972:e
1965:t
1958:v
1882:.
1863:.
1818:.
1767:.
1712:.
1696:.
1648:.
1539:.
1496:.
1411:.
1369:.
1342:.
1284:.
1187:.
673:)
667:(
662:)
658:(
648:·
641:·
634:·
627:·
600:.
483:.
296:(
278:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
