887:
915:(NSB), the governing body for NSF and science advisers to both the legislative and executive branches, convened a 'Task Force on Merit Review' to determine "how well the current Merit Review criteria used by the NSF to evaluate all proposals were serving the agency." The task force reinforced its support for both criteria as appropriate for the goals and aims of the agency and published a revised version of the merit review criteria in its 2012 report, to clarify and improve the function of the criteria. However, both criteria already had been mandated for all NSF merit review procedures in the 2010 re-authorization of the
841:, dedicated to the understanding and control of matter at the atomic and molecular scale. NSF's roughly $ 300 million annual investment in nanotechnology research was still one of the largest in the 23-agency initiative. In 2001, NSF's appropriation passed $ 4 billion. The NSF's "Survey of Public Attitudes Toward and Understanding of Science and Technology" revealed that the public had a positive attitude toward science, but a poor understanding of it. During 2004–5 NSF sent "rapid response" research teams to investigate the aftermath of the
472:
the introduction of S. 2385 in 1948. This was a compromise bill cosponsored by Smith and
Kilgore, and Bush aide John Teeter had contributed in the drafting process. In 1949, S. 247 was introduced by the same group of senators behind S. 2385, marking the fourth and final effort to establish a national science agency. Essentially identical to S. 2385, S. 247 passed the Senate and the House with a few amendments. It was signed by President Truman on May 10, 1950. Kleinman points out that the final NSF bill closely resembles Vannevar Bush's proposals.
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168:
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991:, NSF's workforce includes some 200 scientists on temporary duty and 450 contract workers. Scientists from research institutions can join the NSF as temporary program directors, called "rotators", overseeing the merit review process and searching for new funding opportunities. These assignments typically last one–two years, but may extend to four. The NSF also offers contracting opportunities. As of May 2018, the NSF has 53 existing contracts.
430:, addressed plans for the postwar years to further foster government commitment to science and technology. Issued to President Harry S. Truman in July 1945, the report made a strong case for federally-funded scientific research, arguing that the nation would reap rich dividends in the form of better health care, a more vigorous economy, and a stronger national defense. It proposed creating a new federal agency, the National Research Foundation.
399:(OSRD) both from 1941 to 1947. Despite broad agreement over the principle of federal support for science, working out a consensus on how to organize and manage it required five years. The five-year political debate over the creation of a national scientific agency has been a topic for academic study, understood from a variety of perspectives. Themes include disagreements over administrative structure, patents and inclusion of social sciences, a
47:
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scientists, engineers, and educators who are experts in the relevant fields of study, and who are selected by the NSF with particular attention to avoiding conflicts of interest. For example, reviewers cannot work at the NSF itself, nor for the institution that employs the proposing researchers. All proposal evaluations are confidential: the proposing researchers may see them, but they do not see the names of the reviewers.
3584:, University of Minnesota. Barnes describes his duties as a program director at NSF. He provides brief overviews and examples of NSF's support of research in theoretical computer science, computer architecture, numerical methods, software engineering, and the development of networking. He describes NSF's support for the development of computing facilities through the 'Coordinated Experimental Research Program'.
709:(DARPA). These university-based laboratories had taken a more integrated approach than did most academic departments at the time, encouraging physicists, chemists, engineers, and metallurgists to cross departmental boundaries and use systems approaches to attack complex problems of materials synthesis or processing. The NSF expanded these laboratories into a nationwide network of
1188:
958:
866:
West
Virginia residents. In early 2018, it was announced that Trump would cut NSF Research Funding by 30% but quickly rescinded this due to backlash. As of May 2018, Heather Wilson, the secretary of the Air Force, signed that letter of intent with the director of NSF initiating partnership for the research related to space operations and
177:
620:, as the site of the first national observatory, that would give any astronomer unprecedented access to state-of-the-art telescopes; previously major research telescopes were privately funded, available only to astronomers who taught at the universities that ran them. The idea expanded to encompass the
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The NSF seeks to fulfill its mission chiefly by issuing competitive, limited-term grants in response to specific proposals from the research community and establishing cooperative agreements with research organizations. It does not operate its own laboratories, unlike other federal research agencies,
601:
With the Korean War underway, the agency's initial budget was just $ 151,000 for 9 months. After moving its administrative offices twice, NSF began its first full year of operations with an appropriation from
Congress of $ 3.5 million, far less the almost $ 33.5 million requested with which
454:
Sociologist Daniel
Kleinman divides the debate into three broad legislative attempts. The first attempt consisted of the 1945 Magnuson bill (S. 1285), the 1945 Science and Technology Mobilization Bill, a 1945 compromise bill (S. 1720), a 1946 compromise bill (S. 1850), and the Mills Bill (H.B. 6448).
1155:
An eighth directorate, the
Directorate for Technology, Innovation and Partnerships (TIP), was created in 2022 to accelerate the transition of basic research into real world impact. It has a primary goal of the support of use-inspired research and the translation of research results to the market and
926:
Most NSF grants go to individuals or small groups of investigators, who carry out research at their home campuses. Other grants provide funding for mid-scale research centers, instruments, and facilities that serve researchers from many institutions. Still, others fund national-scale facilities that
366:
approach to scientific research and development. Academic research in science and engineering occasionally received federal funding. Within
University laboratories, almost all support came from private contributions and charitable foundations. In industrial laboratories, the concentration of workers
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The NSF receives over 50,000 such proposals each year, and funds about 10,000 of them. Those funded are typically projects that are ranked highest in a 'merit review' process, the current version of which was introduced in 1997. Reviews are carried out by ad hoc reviewers and panels of independent
471:
After amendments, the Smith bill made it to
President Truman's desk, but it was vetoed. Truman wrote that regrettably, the proposed agency would have been "divorced from control by the people to an extent that implies a distinct lack of faith in the democratic process". The third attempt began with
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which would be controlled by members of the public and civil servants rather than scientific experts. The public would own the rights to all patents funded by public monies and research monies would be equitably spread across universities. Kilgore's supporters included non-elite universities, small
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All three overseas offices were shut down in
October 2018, to reflect the agency's move to a more nimble international posture. Rather than maintain dedicated offices, NSF will dispatch small teams to specific international institutions. Teams may work for up to a week on-site to evaluate research
725:
During this decade, increasing NSF involvement lead to a three-tiered system of internetworks managed by a mix of universities, nonprofit organizations, and government agencies. By the mid-1980s, primary financial support for the growing project was assumed by the NSF. In 1983, NSF budget topped $
675:
spurred international competition in science and technology and accelerated NSF growth. The NSF initiated a number of programs that support institution-wide research during this decade including the
Graduate Science Facilities program (started in 1960), Institutional Grants for Science (started in
446:
Vannevar Bush opposed
Kilgore, preferring science policy driven by experts and scientists rather than public and civil servants. Bush was concerned that public interests would politicize science, and believed that scientists would be the best judges of the direction and needs of their field. While
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The NSF first appeared as a comprehensive New Deal Policy proposed by Sen. Harley Kilgore of West Virginia. In 1942, Senator Kilgore introduced the "Science Mobilization Act" (S. 1297), which did not pass. Perceiving organizational chaos, elitism, over-concentration of funds in elite universities,
341:
In fiscal year 2020, NSF received 42,400 proposals and awarded 12,100, for a funding rate of 28%. In FY 2021, the estimates are 43,200 and 11,500 respectively, giving a funding rate of 26.6%. According to FY 2020 numbers, the median annualized award size is $ 153,800 and the average duration of an
324:
series criticizing "frivolous" government spending — Proxmire's first Golden Fleece had been awarded to the NSF in 1975 for granting $ 84,000 to a social science project investigating why people fall in love. Ultimately, the OMB's 75% reduction proposal failed, but the NSF Economics Program budget
865:
of the Federal Government, and NSF's lapse in funding, their website was down "until further notice", but was brought back online after the US government passed their budget. In 2014, NSF awarded rapid response grants to study a chemical spill that contaminated the drinking water of about 300,000
305:
NSF has published annual reports since 1950, which since the new millennium have been two reports, variously called "Performance Report" and "Accountability Report" or "Performance Highlights" and "Financial Highlights"; the latest available FY 2013 Agency Financial Report was posted December 16,
280:
The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) was established by the National Science Foundation Act of 1950. Its stated mission is "to promote the progress of science, to advance the national health, prosperity, and welfare, and to secure the national defense." The NSF's scope has expanded over the
910:
The first merit review criterion is 'intellectual merit', the second is that of the 'broader societal impact' of the proposed research; the latter reflects a broader global trend for funding agencies to demand evidence of research 'impact' and has been met with opposition from the scientific and
1297:. The report found fault with various research projects and was critical of the social sciences. It started a controversy about political bias and a Congressional Inquiry into federally sponsored research. In 2014, Republicans proposed a bill to limit the NSF Board's authority in grant-writing.
730:
was taken out of the NSF appropriation now requiring a separate appropriation. The NSF received more than 27,000 proposals and funded more than 12,000 of them in 1983. In 1985, the NSF delivered ozone sensors, along with balloons and helium, to researchers at the South Pole so they can measure
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and drafted by the OSRD, headed by Vannevar Bush. The Science and Technology Mobilization bill was promoted by Harley Kilgore. The bills called for the creation of a centralized science agency, but differed in governance and research supported. The second attempt, in 1947, included Senator
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Since passage of the Small Business Technology Transfer Act of 1992 (Public Law 102–564, Title II), NSF has been required to reserve 0.3% of its extramural research budget for Small Business Technology Transfer awards, and 2.8% of its R&D budget for small business innovation research.
813:
In 1996 NSF-funded research established beyond doubt that the chemistry of the atmosphere above Antarctica was grossly abnormal and that levels of key chlorine compounds are greatly elevated. During two months of intense work, NSF researchers learned most of what is known about the
263:(NSB) do not require U.S. Senate confirmation. The director and deputy director are responsible for administration, planning, budgeting and day-to-day operations of the foundation, while the NSB meets six times a year to establish its overall policies. The current NSF director is
1259:(NCSES) gathers data from surveys and partnerships with other agencies to offer official data on the American science and engineering workforce, graduates of advanced U.S. science and engineering programs, and R&D expenditures by U.S. industry. NCSES is one of the
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In addition to the research it funds in specific disciplines, the NSF has launched a number of projects that coordinate the efforts of experts in many disciplines, which often involve collaborations with other U.S. federal agencies. Examples include initiatives in:
375:) would eventually raise concern during the wartime period. In particular, concerns were raised that industry laboratories were largely allowed full patent rights of technologies developed with federal funds. These concerns, in part, led to efforts like Senator
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programs. In addition, an early career-development program (CAREER) supports teacher-scholars that most effectively integrate research and education within the mission of their organization, as a foundation for a lifetime of integrated contributions.
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summer programs. Graduate students are supported through Integrative Graduate Education Research Traineeships (IGERT) and Alliance for Graduate Education and the Professoriate (AGEP) programs and through the Graduate Research Fellowships,
886:
713:. In 1972 the NSF launched the biennial "Science & Engineering Indicators" report to the US president and Congress, as required by the NSF Act of 1950. In 1977 the first interconnection of unrelated networks was developed, run by
1307:
Some historians of science have argued that the National Science Foundation Act of 1950 was an unsatisfactory compromise between too many clashing visions of the purpose and scope of the federal government. The NSF was certainly not
301:
is essential for the nation's economic health and global competitiveness, and for national defense. This support has manifested in an expanding National Science Foundation budget from $ 1 billion in 1983 to $ 8.28 billion in 2020.
281:
years to include many areas that were not in its initial portfolio, including the social and behavioral sciences, engineering, and science and mathematics education. The NSF is the only U.S. federal agency with a mandate to support
785:
pages that include both graphics and text. Within 18 months, NCSA Mosaic becomes the Web browser of choice for more than a million users, and sets off an exponential growth in the number of Web users. In 1994 NSF, together with
853:. In 2005, NSF's budget stood at $ 5.6 billion, in 2006 it stood at $ 5.91 billion for the 2007 fiscal year (October 1, 2006, through September 30, 2007), and in 2007 NSF requested $ 6.43 billion for FY 2008.
4389:
609:, the first ever human-made satellite, national self-appraisal questioned American education, scientific, technical and industrial strength and Congress increased the NSF appropriation for 1958 to $ 40 million.
422:. Narratives about the National Science Foundation prior to the 1970s typically concentrated on Vannevar Bush and his 1945 publication Science—The Endless Frontier. In this report, Vannevar Bush, then head of the
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was altered to allow commercial traffic. By 1995, with private, commercial market thriving, NSF decommissioned the NSFNET, allowing for public use of the Internet. In 1993 students and staff at the NSF-supported
765:, had almost entirely abandoned any instruction of traditional arithmetic in favor of cutting, coloring, pasting, and writing. During that debate, NSF was both lauded and criticized for favoring the standards.
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program and was ultimately rejected by President Richard Nixon. William D. McElroy instead took over as the third director of the NSF in 1969. By 1968, the NSF budget had reached nearly $ 500 million.
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In addition to researchers and research facilities, NSF grants also support science, engineering and mathematics education from pre-K through graduate school. Undergraduates can receive funding through
1164:
Prior to October 2018, NSF maintained three overseas offices to promote collaboration between the science and engineering communities of the United States and other continents' scientific communities:
4357:
387:
Amidst growing awareness that US military capability depended on strength in science and engineering, Congress considered several proposals to support research in these fields. Separately, President
903:(NIH). The NSF uses four main mechanisms to communicate funding opportunities and generate proposals: dear colleague letters, program descriptions, program announcements, and program solicitations.
726:
1 billion for the first time. Major increases in the nation's research budget were proposed as "the country recognizes the importance of research in science and technology, and education". The
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The NSF also supports research through several offices within the Office of the Director, including the Office of Integrative Activities, and Office of International Science and Engineering.
3820:
644:, also founded in 1958, in that the NSF provides virtually all the U.S. federal support for ground-based astronomy, while NASA's responsibility is the U.S. effort in space-based astronomy.
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stratospheric ozone loss. This was in response to findings earlier that year, indicating a steep drop in ozone over a period of several years. The Internet project continued, now known as
2809:
692:(1969). In 1969, Franklin Long was tentatively selected to take over directorship of the NSF. His nomination caused some controversy due to his opposition to the current administration's
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research sites; its high-end computer facilities and ultra-high-speed network connections; the ships and submersibles used for ocean research; and its gravitational wave observatories.
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3415:
4335:
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In 1998 two independent teams of NSF-supported astronomers discovered that the expansion of the universe was actually speeding up, as if some previously unknown force, now known as
317:
introduced a proposal to reduce the NSF social sciences directorate's budget by 75%. Economist Robert A. Moffit suggests a connection between this proposal and Democratic Senator
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with a $ 412,930 grant, which included a study concerning gender in glaciological research. After its January 2016 release, the NSF drew criticism for alleged misuse of funding.
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are shared by the research community as a whole. Examples of national facilities include the NSF's national observatories, with their giant optical and radio telescopes; its
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1961), and Science Development Grants, better known as Centers of Excellence program (started in 1964). Notable projects conducted during this decade include creation of the
1403:
1371:
710:
1059:(bioengineering, environmental systems, civil and mechanical systems, chemical and transport systems, electrical and communications systems, and design and manufacturing)
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862:
225:
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for peaceful and scientific research, and a presidential directive gave the NSF responsibility for virtually all U.S. Antarctic operations and research in form of the
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1260:
774:
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451:, wanted project selection limited to scientists, and focused support on basic research, not the social sciences, leaving the market to support applied projects.
1890:
Wang, Jessica (1995). "Liberals, the Progressive Left, and the Political Economy of Postwar American Science: The National Science Foundation Debate Revisited".
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2017:
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988:
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Bush and Kilgore both agreed on the need for a national science policy, Bush maintained that scientists should continue to own the research results and
468:'s bill S. 525. The Smith bill reflected ideas of Vannevar Bush, while the Thomas bill was identical to the previous year's compromise bill (S. 1850).
2344:
2332:
National Science Foundation (NSF) News – NSF awards rapid response grants to study West Virginia chemical spill – US National Science Foundation (NSF)
1987:"Science The Endless Frontier – A Report to the President by Vannevar Bush, Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, July 1945"
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2013, and the six-page FY 2013 Performance and Financial Highlights was posted March 25, 2013. More recently, the NSF has focused on obtaining high
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2810:"National Science Foundation prepares to move to its new Alexandria home developed by USAA and Lowe Enterprises – Washington Business Journal"
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806:, began to develop a search engine that used the links between Web pages as a ranking method, which they later commercialized under the name
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In 1990 the NSF's appropriation passed $ 2 billion for the first time. NSF funded the development of several curricula based on the
362:
Although the federal government had established nearly 40 scientific organizations between 1910 and 1940, the US relied upon a primarily
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3805:
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1702:"Determinants of Representatives' Votes on the Flake Amendment to End National Science Foundation Funding of Political Science Research"
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and lack of incentives for socially applicable research, Kilgore envisioned a comprehensive and centralized research body supporting
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1639:"FY 2014 Budget Request to Congress – NSF Budget Requests to Congress and Annual Appropriations | NSF – National Science Foundation"
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706:
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3293:"National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) – NSF Activities, Solicitations and Their Outcomes – NSF – National Science Foundation"
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751:. These standards were widely adopted by school districts during the subsequent decade. However, in what newspapers such as the
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NSB (2011). "National Science Foundation's Merit Review Criteria: Review and Revisions." National Science Board. Available at:
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In 1972 the NSF took over management of twelve interdisciplinary materials research laboratories from the Defense Department's
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220:. With an annual budget of about $ 9.9 billion (fiscal year 2023), the NSF funds approximately 25% of all federally supported
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2. To what extent do the proposed activities suggest and explore creative, original, or potentially transformative concepts?
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primary government agency for the funding of basic science, as its supporters had originally envisioned in the aftermath of
640:, all of which are funded in whole or in part by NSF. The NSF's astronomy program forged a close working relationship with
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2018:"Statement by the President Upon Signing Bill Creating the National Science Foundation. | The American Presidency Project"
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2056:"Harry S. Truman: "Statement by the President Upon Signing Bill Creating the National Science Foundation.," May 10, 1950"
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2606:"Assessing the Science-Society Relation: The Case of the US National Science Foundation's Second Merit Review Criterion"
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The NSF organizes its research and education support through eight directorates, each encompassing several disciplines:
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Historic technical reports from the National Science Foundation (and other federal agencies) are available in the
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Social Science for What?: Battles over Public Funding for the "Other Sciences" at the National Science Foundation
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2996:"Directorate for Computer & Information Science & Engineering (CISE) – NSF – National Science Foundation"
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Kevles, Daniel (1977). "The National Science Foundation and the Debate over Postwar Research Policy, 1942–1945".
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1316:. By 1950, support for major areas of research had already become dominated by specialized agencies such as the
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Kilgore and Bush Proposals differed on five issues which were central to the larger debate (Chart reproduced)
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1324:(nuclear and particle physics). That pattern would continue after 1957 when U.S. anxiety over the launch of
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122:
3432:"Dr. Coburn Releases New Oversight Report Exposing Waste, Mismanagement at the National Science Foundation"
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976:. It employs about 2,100 people in permanent, temporary and contractual positions at its headquarters in
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3329:"Cyberinfrastructure: Digital Libraries-Access to Human Knowledge – NSF – National Science Foundation"
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3068:"Directorate for Social, Behavioral & Economic Sciences (SBE) – NSF – National Science Foundation"
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signed Public Law 507, or 42 U.S.C. 16 creating the National Science Foundation. which provided for a
3594:, provides quantitative information on the U.S. and international science and engineering enterprise.
1358:, the Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, an NSF Science and Technology Center
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sponsored creation of organizations to coordinate federal funding of science for war, including the
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923:, a phrase which has been included in the most recent incarnation of the 'merit review' criteria.
680:(1960), creation of the Division of Environmental Sciences (1965), deep sea exploration endeavors
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3050:"Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences (MPS) – NSF – National Science Foundation"
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Amendment, breaking the precedent of granting the NSF autonomy to determine its own priorities.
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The Forged Consensus: Science, Technology, and Economic Policy in the United States, 1921–1953
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2321:"National Science Foundation Budget Positions U.S. to Maintain Competitive Edge" Feb. 13, 2012
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1462:(Report). Division of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences of the NSF. September 2019. p. 43
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1534:"Budget, Performance and Financial Reporting – About NSF | NSF – National Science Foundation"
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Q&A: Author of 'feminist glaciology' study reflects on sudden appearance in culture wars
3275:"Crosscutting and NSF-wide Active Funding Opportunities – NSF – National Science Foundation"
2966:"Office of International Science and Engineering (OISE) – NSF – National Science Foundation"
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1773:"NSF invests over $ 26 million in open-source projects | NSF – National Science Foundation"
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In addition to around 1,400 permanent employees and the staffs of the NSB office and the
944:. K–12 and some community college instructors are eligible to participate in compensated
2829:"National Science Foundation is relocating to its new Alexandria HQ. We take you inside"
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1263:. It is a part of the NSF's Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences Directorate (SBE).
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2767:"Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Program – NSF – National Science Foundation"
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3652:"U.S. lawmakers unveil bold $ 100 billion plan to remake NSF", Science (May, 26, 2020)
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U.S. House Backs New Bid to Require 'National Interest' Certification for NSF Grants
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403:-versus-scientist dispute, as well as the roles of political parties, Congress, and
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software as part of their Pathways to Enable Open-Source Ecosystems (POSE) program.
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2267:"After the Tsunami – Special Report – Archived – NSF – National Science Foundation"
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3359:"Ecology and Evolution of Infectious Diseases – NSF – National Science Foundation"
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National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research
2303:"Budget Requests and Approriations List Page – NSF – National Science Foundation"
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President Obama requested $ 7.373 billion for fiscal year 2013. Due to the
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794:, launched the Digital Library Initiative. One of the first six grants went to
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2745:"Research Experiences for Teachers (RET) in Engineering and Computer Science"
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2345:"Trump, Congress approve largest U.S. research spending increase in a decade"
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2936:"Office of Integrative Activities (OIA) – NSF – National Science Foundation"
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The NSF is broadly organized into four offices, seven directorates, and the
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688:(1968–1983), the Ecosystems Analysis Program (1969), and ownership of the
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and funding (some through military and government programs as a result of
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849:. An NSF-funded engineering team helped uncover why the levees failed in
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businesses, and the Budget Bureau. His proposals received mixed support.
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201:
17:
2784:
2371:"Air Force and NSF announce partnership in science and engineering rese"
1911:
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complained that some elementary texts based on the standards, including
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3032:"Directorate for Geosciences (GEO) – NSF – National Science Foundation"
3014:"Directorate for Engineering (ENG) – NSF – National Science Foundation"
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2248:
2186:"Chapter 7. Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding"
2161:"A Timeline of NSF History – 1960s | NSF – National Science Foundation"
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George T. Mazuzan, "The National Science Foundation: A Brief History" (
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1325:
1205:
1170:
1080:
1032:
941:
671:
as the second director of the NSF. During the 1960s, the impact of the
313:
Various bills have sought to direct funds within the NSF. In 1981, the
209:
3166:
2285:"NSF's Response to the Hurricanes – NSF – National Science Foundation"
4133:
3479:"Senate Report Finds Billions In Waste On Science Foundation Studies"
3292:
3196:
1903:
1355:
807:
732:
448:
2853:
2700:
2562:
2302:
1367:
National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program
890:
A grant proposal which the National Science Foundation chose to fund
3646:
2494:"Impact, theory of change, and the horizons of scientific practice"
1840:
1533:
1438:
4073:
3505:
3375:
3103:
2249:"nsf.gov – Surveys – NCSES – US National Science Foundation (NSF)"
1397:
1333:
1294:
1209:
1200:
1192:
1187:
1179:
956:
911:
policy communities since its inception in 1997. In June 2010, the
885:
787:
777:(NCSA) at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, developed
714:
4325:
Veterans Health Administration Office of Research and Development
2719:"NSF: AGEP Alliance for Graduate Education and the Professoriate"
2593:
https://www.nsf.gov/nsb/publications/2011/meritreviewcriteria.pdf
1049:, fundamental hardware and software, systems and networking, and
3715:
3640:
3453:"Sen. Coburn Sets Sight on Waste, Duplication at Science Agency"
3389:"nsf.gov – About – NCSES – US National Science Foundation (NSF)"
2879:"Temporary/Rotator Programs | NSF – National Science Foundation"
896:
791:
641:
3660:
410:
Commonly, this debate is characterized by the conflict between
4358:
Networking and Information Technology Research and Development
2549:
Lok, Corie (2010). "Science funding: Science for the masses".
176:
3577:
1747:"NSF Will Invest Up to $ 28M for STEM Open-Source Ecosystems"
1512:
919:. The Act also includes an emphasis on promoting potentially
1283:", receiving immediate attention from such media outlets as
825:, is driving the galaxies apart at an ever-increasing rate.
3870:
United States Army Medical Research and Development Command
3250:"National Science Foundation to close its overseas offices"
2785:"NSF Organization List | NSF – National Science Foundation"
1558:
590:
of twenty-four part-time members. In 1951 Truman nominated
329:
research was barred from NSF funding by the passage of the
4172:
Food and Drug Administration science and research programs
1892:
Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences
297:
has generally embraced the premise that government-funded
4390:
Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation
3311:"Science of Learning – NSF – National Science Foundation"
3635:
3578:
Oral history interview with Bruce H. Barnes, 26-Sep-1990
247:
NSF's director and deputy director are appointed by the
3611:
3086:"Directorate for Education & Human Resources (EHR)"
1577:"42 U.S. Code Chapter 16 – National Science Foundation"
158:
4183:
Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority
3833:
Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center
2722:
2446:"Proposal & Award Policies & Procedures Guide"
1300:
In 2013, the NSF had funded the work of Mark Carey at
1257:
National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics
1251:
National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics
4166:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
3905:
Marine Corps Operational Test and Evaluation Activity
3770:
United States Forest Service Research and Development
3734:
Smithsonian Institution research centers and programs
3248:
Normile, Dennis; Stone, Richard (February 26, 2018).
2129:"A Brief History | NSF – National Science Foundation"
961:
National Science Foundation's former headquarters in
143:
Linnea Avallone, Chief Officer of Research Facilities
4443:
Independent agencies of the United States government
4080:
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
1439:"Visit NSF | NSF – National Science Foundation"
259:, whereas the 24 president-appointed members of the
4407:
4375:
4334:
4315:
4296:
4266:
4242:
4223:
4198:
4148:
4118:
4093:
4066:
4047:
3992:
3914:
3885:
3813:
3804:
3779:
3742:
3700:
3413:"National Science Foundation: Under the Microscope"
1798:U.S. National Science Foundation (April 15, 2024).
1482:"Final 2020 spending bill is kind to U.S. research"
1404:
U.S. Civilian Research & Development Foundation
1346:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
153:
115:
107:
99:
91:
79:
61:
56:
3647:Technical Report Archive and Image Library (TRAIL)
2654:"Chapter III – NSF Proposal Processing and Review"
2081:
1372:National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities
980:. Prior to 2017, its headquarters were located in
711:Materials Research Science and Engineering Centers
244:, the NSF is the major source of federal backing.
4385:House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology
4276:Research and Innovative Technology Administration
3641:TerraFly Autopilot Walk from Metro to NSF offices
1281:National Science Foundation: Under the Microscope
1217:and explore collaborations with the institution.
1182:(established 1984; relocated to Brussels in 2015)
647:In 1959 the U.S. and other nations concluded the
4038:Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center
3728:Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity
3502:"Cosmic Log – Funny science sparks serious spat"
1932:B.L.R. Smith 1990: 40, cited in Daniel Kleinman
1801:Pathways to Enable Open Source Ecosystems (POSE)
1700:Uscinski, Joseph E.; Klofstad, Casey A. (2013).
1043:Computer and Information Science and Engineering
146:Terry Carpenter, Chief Information Officer (CIO)
3795:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1009:Office of Information & Resource Management
1006:Office of Budget, Finance, and Award Management
775:National Center for Supercomputing Applications
3789:National Institute of Standards and Technology
1195:for East Asia, except China (established 1960)
837:NSF joined with other federal agencies in the
781:, the first freely available browser to allow
757:called the "math wars", organizations such as
3716:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
3672:
2212:"NSFNET, National Science Foundation Network"
1330:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
667:In 1963, President John F. Kennedy appointed
424:Office of Scientific Research and Development
397:Office of Scientific Research and Development
134:Karen A. Marrongelle, Chief Operating Officer
8:
4458:Scientific organizations established in 1950
4214:Coast Guard Research and Development Center
3821:Army Combat Capabilities Development Command
1065:(geological, atmospheric and ocean sciences)
310:from their spending on scientific research.
293:Since the technology boom of the 1980s, the
51:Seal of the U.S. National Science Foundation
39:
4448:Science and technology in the United States
4189:Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation
3477:Office of Sen. Tom Coburn (April 7, 2010).
1400:, online database for sediment geochemistry
749:National Council of Teachers of Mathematics
455:The Magnuson bill was sponsored by Senator
4177:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
3810:
3758:National Institute of Food and Agriculture
3679:
3665:
3657:
3547:February 11, 2016, retrieved July 12, 2017
3451:JENNY MANDEL of Greenwire (May 26, 2011).
2334:. nsf.gov. Retrieved on February 21, 2014.
2044:. Gpo.gov. Retrieved on February 21, 2014.
2042:42 U.S.C. 16 – National Science Foundation
1507:
1505:
1503:
1409:United States National Academy of Sciences
474:
166:
45:
4074:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
2854:"About NSF – National Science Foundation"
2509:
2062:. Santa Barbara: University of California
1993:. National Science Foundation. July 1945.
1668:"In Defense of the NSF Economics Program"
1334:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
4463:1950 establishments in the United States
4134:Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy
3876:Engineer Research and Development Center
2827:Sernovitz, Daniel J. (August 24, 2017).
1095:Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences
678:National Center for Atmospheric Research
226:United States' colleges and universities
175:
4453:Government agencies established in 1950
4346:Office of Science and Technology Policy
3963:Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance
3893:Marine Corps Combat Development Command
3590:published biannually since 1972 by the
3534:March 11, 2016, retrieved July 12, 2017
1513:"About the National Science Foundation"
1457:2019 Committee of Visitors Final Report
1430:
1393:Science and Technology Policy Institute
1362:International Council on Nanotechnology
1012:Office of the Chief Information Officer
965:; in 2017, the foundation relocated to
937:Research Experiences for Undergraduates
4283:Research, Engineering, and Development
4020:Air Force Life Cycle Management Center
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
1961:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1695:
1693:
1661:
1659:
622:National Optical Astronomy Observatory
38:
3983:Operational Test and Evaluation Force
2492:McLellan, Timothy (August 25, 2020).
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1031:(molecular, cellular, and organismal
520:Non-scientist members of the public:
315:Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
7:
3971:Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake
1672:The Journal of Economic Perspectives
626:National Radio Astronomy Observatory
605:After the 1957 Soviet Union orbited
522:Business, labor, farmers, consumers
345:In 2022 the NSF has started funding
4352:U.S. Global Change Research Program
3899:Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory
2003:Truman, cited in Daniel Kleinman's
1261:principal U.S. statistical agencies
882:Grants and the merit review process
393:National Defense Research Committee
4364:National Nanotechnology Initiative
4208:Science and Technology Directorate
3724:Office of Research and Development
3588:Science and Engineering Indicators
2190:Science and Engineering Indicators
2086:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
2054:Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.
1706:PS: Political Science and Politics
1595:"US NSF – About – NSF at a Glance"
1133:STEM Education and Human Resources
1069:Mathematical and Physical Sciences
839:National Nanotechnology Initiative
25:
4258:FBI Science and Technology Branch
4032:Air Force Institute of Technology
3689:research and development agencies
946:Research Experiences for Teachers
707:Advanced Research Projects Agency
602:28 research grants were awarded.
216:. Its medical counterpart is the
208:in all the non-medical fields of
4026:Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center
2005:Politics on the Endless Frontier
1968:Politics on the Endless Frontier
1934:Politics on the Endless Frontier
1377:National Digital Library Program
1199:
1186:
1169:
598:, to become the first Director.
495:National Science Foundation Act
285:non-medical fields of research.
198:United States federal government
186:U.S. National Science Foundation
40:U.S. National Science Foundation
4473:Scientific research foundations
4395:Office of Technology Assessment
4281:Federal Aviation Administration
4233:United States Geological Survey
4103:Institute of Education Sciences
3722:Environmental Protection Agency
2060:The American Presidency Project
1003:Office of the Inspector General
989:Office of the Inspector General
878:, and workforce and processes.
798:, where two graduate students,
657:United States Antarctic Program
379:'s "Science Mobilization Act".
27:United States government agency
4287:Federal Highway Administration
2904:"Existing Contracts – FY 2018"
1178:for Europe, formerly based in
289:Budget and performance history
249:president of the United States
1:
4252:National Institute of Justice
4160:National Institutes of Health
4012:Air Force Research Laboratory
3936:Naval Medical Research Center
3752:Agricultural Research Service
2747:. National Science Foundation
2625:10.1016/j.techsoc.2005.08.001
1731:National Science Foundation.
1322:U.S. Atomic Energy Commission
1318:National Institutes of Health
901:National Institutes of Health
843:Indian Ocean tsunami disaster
529:Scientists and other experts
526:Scientists and other experts
218:National Institutes of Health
4306:Office of Financial Research
3159:"NSF Europe Regional Office"
1336:(defense-related research).
1279:released a 73-page report, "
489:Scientist/Business Proposal
464:'s bill S. 526, and Senator
4438:National Science Foundation
3864:Test and Evaluation Command
3710:National Science Foundation
3627:National Science Foundation
3189:"NSF Tokyo Regional Office"
2833:Washington Business Journal
1666:Moffitt, Robert A. (2016).
1328:led to the creation of the
1320:(medical research) and the
180:Logo used from 1999 to 2009
4489:
4000:Air Force Materiel Command
3562:Princeton University Press
963:Arlington County, Virginia
630:National Solar Observatory
557:No nonexclusive licensing
554:No nonexclusive licensing
228:. In some fields, such as
200:that supports fundamental
29:
3977:Naval Postgraduate School
3928:Naval Research Laboratory
3764:Economic Research Service
3582:Charles Babbage Institute
2498:Social Studies of Science
2234:February 7, 2019, at the
1966:Kleinman, Daniel (1995).
1123:science of science policy
686:Deep Sea Drilling Project
612:In 1958 the NSF selected
594:, chief scientist at the
44:
3922:Office of Naval Research
3827:Army Research Laboratory
2683:"Find an IGERT: Results"
2511:10.1177/0306312720950830
2396:"US NSF – About Funding"
1970:. Duke University Press.
1559:"National Science Board"
1332:(space science) and the
863:October 1, 2013 shutdown
596:Office of Naval Research
30:Not to be confused with
4417:Federal Judicial Center
4289:Research and Technology
2983:NSF Biological Sciences
2604:Holbrook, J.B. (2005).
2473:. NSF. January 14, 2013
2022:www.presidency.ucsb.edu
1871:NSF Publication nsf8816
1235:The science of learning
1051:artificial intelligence
921:transformative research
895:notable examples being
562:Social Science Support
551:Nonexclusive licensing
517:Control/Administration
325:did fall 40%. In 2012,
265:Sethuraman Panchanathan
123:Sethuraman Panchanathan
111:$ 8.28 billion for 2020
95:Where Discoveries Begin
3941:Naval Warfare Centers
3691:of the United States (
3622:NSF Multimedia Gallery
3592:National Science Board
3129:"NSF Overseas Offices"
2660:. NSF. January 1, 2013
2216:www.livinginternet.com
1563:National Science Board
1000:Office of the Director
974:National Science Board
969:
953:Scope and organization
913:National Science Board
891:
759:Mathematically Correct
728:U.S. Antarctic Program
588:National Science Board
503:Coordination/Planning
261:National Science Board
181:
83:2415 Eisenhower Ave.,
67:; 74 years ago
4140:National Laboratories
4057:Space Systems Command
3841:CCDC Armaments Center
3617:Brand Identity Portal
3437:June 2, 2011, at the
3418:June 5, 2011, at the
2613:Technology in Society
1733:"NSF Funding Profile"
1221:Crosscutting programs
1149:mathematics education
1037:environmental science
1020:Research directorates
960:
889:
770:acceptable use policy
694:antiballistic missile
389:Franklin D. Roosevelt
179:
3597:Mark Solovey. 2020.
3219:"NSF Beijing Office"
3002:. February 26, 2024.
2658:Grant proposal Guide
1811:– via YouTube.
1617:"NSF Annual Reports"
1351:Capital Jury Project
1302:University of Oregon
978:Alexandria, Virginia
967:Alexandria, Virginia
917:America COMPETES Act
342:award is 2.9 years.
308:return on investment
257:United States Senate
85:Alexandria, Virginia
4006:Air Armament Center
3339:on February 7, 2019
2816:on August 28, 2017.
2451:. NSF. January 2016
2421:"PAPPG – Chapter I"
1488:. December 16, 2019
1388:Scientific literacy
1245:infectious diseases
1029:Biological Sciences
982:Arlington, Virginia
796:Stanford University
768:In 1991 the NSFNET
754:Wall Street Journal
690:Arecibo Observatory
669:Leland John Haworth
638:Arecibo Observatory
534:Research Supported
477:
322:Golden Fleece Award
41:
4377:Legislative branch
3857:Watervliet Arsenal
3852:Benét Laboratories
3365:. August 18, 2023.
3229:on October 2, 2015
2634:on August 18, 2011
1779:. October 25, 2023
1753:. February 3, 2023
1419:Zodletone Mountain
1286:The New York Times
1212:(established 2006)
970:
892:
874:, information and
634:Gemini Observatory
537:Basic and applied
483:Populist Proposal
475:
462:H. Alexander Smith
319:William Proxmire's
194:independent agency
182:
4425:
4424:
4200:Homeland Security
4128:Office of Science
4089:
4088:
3847:Picatinny Arsenal
3530:Carolyn Gramling
3199:on March 14, 2018
3108:Beta site for NSF
2557:(7297): 416–418.
2229:Digital Libraries
1239:Digital libraries
1089:materials science
872:material sciences
847:Hurricane Katrina
747:, devised by the
575:
574:
485:(Harley Kilgore)
428:Manhattan Project
416:Harley M. Kilgore
377:Harley M. Kilgore
327:political science
224:conducted by the
174:
173:
131:, Deputy Director
116:Agency executives
65:May 10, 1950
32:NSF International
16:(Redirected from
4480:
4338:of the President
4336:Executive Office
4317:Veterans Affairs
3811:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3658:
3631:Federal Register
3612:Official Website
3565:
3554:
3548:
3541:
3535:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3508:. Archived from
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3448:
3442:
3429:
3423:
3410:
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3403:
3401:
3399:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3335:. Archived from
3325:
3319:
3318:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3225:. Archived from
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3195:. Archived from
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3169:on April 5, 2018
3165:. Archived from
3155:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3139:on April 5, 2018
3135:. Archived from
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3064:
3058:
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3046:
3040:
3039:
3028:
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3021:
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2986:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2946:on July 19, 2018
2942:. Archived from
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2915:
2909:. Archived from
2908:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2812:. Archived from
2806:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2725:on June 21, 2007
2721:. Archived from
2715:
2709:
2708:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2665:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2633:
2627:. Archived from
2610:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2513:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2450:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
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2411:
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2408:
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2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2351:. March 23, 2018
2341:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2245:
2239:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2157:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2125:
2104:
2103:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2014:
2008:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1983:
1972:
1971:
1963:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1904:10.2307/27757758
1887:
1874:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1824:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1697:
1688:
1687:
1663:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1509:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1461:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1435:
1383:Research council
1204:
1203:
1191:
1190:
1174:
1173:
1047:computer science
649:Antarctic Treaty
592:Alan T. Waterman
491:(Vannevar Bush)
478:
440:applied research
426:which began the
405:President Truman
358:Pre–World War II
234:computer science
170:
165:
162:
160:
140:, Chief of Staff
75:
73:
68:
49:
42:
21:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4421:
4409:Judicial branch
4403:
4371:
4360:Program (NITRD)
4337:
4330:
4311:
4292:
4262:
4238:
4219:
4194:
4151:
4144:
4114:
4085:
4062:
4043:
3988:
3910:
3881:
3800:
3775:
3738:
3702:
3696:
3685:
3608:
3574:
3572:Further reading
3569:
3568:
3556:David M. Hart,
3555:
3551:
3542:
3538:
3529:
3525:
3515:
3513:
3512:on May 30, 2011
3499:
3498:
3494:
3484:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3461:
3459:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3439:Wayback Machine
3430:
3426:
3420:Wayback Machine
3411:
3407:
3397:
3395:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3376:NCSES home page
3374:
3370:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3342:
3340:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3258:
3256:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3232:
3230:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3200:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3172:
3170:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3142:
3140:
3127:
3126:
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2236:Wayback Machine
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2016:
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2011:
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1581:law.cornell.edu
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1459:
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1454:
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1437:
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1432:
1427:
1342:
1269:
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1243:The ecology of
1223:
1198:
1185:
1168:
1162:
1151:at every level)
1022:
997:
955:
884:
859:
835:
741:
723:
703:
684:(1961) and the
665:
618:Tucson, Arizona
584:Harry S. Truman
580:
506:Strong Mandate
457:Warren Magnuson
385:
360:
355:
339:
337:Funding profile
291:
278:
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242:social sciences
157:
149:
71:
69:
66:
57:Agency overview
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4486:
4484:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4468:Funding bodies
4465:
4460:
4455:
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4440:
4430:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4413:
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4405:
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4387:
4381:
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4332:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4321:
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4310:
4309:
4302:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4284:
4278:
4272:
4270:
4268:Transportation
4264:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4248:
4246:
4240:
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4229:
4227:
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4220:
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4211:
4204:
4202:
4196:
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4186:
4180:
4174:
4169:
4163:
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4152:Human Services
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4137:
4131:
4124:
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4112:
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4045:
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3948:
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3873:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3849:
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3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3792:
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3777:
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3761:
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3748:
3746:
3740:
3739:
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3713:
3706:
3704:
3698:
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3686:
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3683:
3676:
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3661:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3607:
3606:External links
3604:
3603:
3602:
3595:
3585:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3549:
3536:
3523:
3492:
3469:
3443:
3441:, May 26, 2011
3424:
3422:, May 26, 2011
3405:
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3266:
3254:Science | AAAS
3240:
3210:
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3150:
3120:
3095:
3077:
3059:
3041:
3023:
3005:
2987:
2975:
2957:
2927:
2916:on May 8, 2018
2895:
2870:
2845:
2819:
2801:
2776:
2758:
2736:
2710:
2692:
2674:
2645:
2619:(4): 437–451.
2596:
2584:
2541:
2504:(1): 100–120.
2484:
2471:"Merit Review"
2462:
2437:
2412:
2387:
2375:U.S. Air Force
2362:
2336:
2324:
2312:
2294:
2276:
2258:
2240:
2221:
2203:
2177:
2145:
2105:
2073:
2046:
2034:
2009:
1996:
1973:
1937:
1925:
1898:(1): 139–166.
1875:
1862:
1841:10.1086/351711
1814:
1790:
1764:
1738:
1723:
1712:(3): 557–561.
1689:
1678:(3): 213–233.
1655:
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1268:
1265:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1241:
1236:
1233:
1231:Nanotechnology
1222:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1196:
1183:
1161:
1160:Overseas sites
1158:
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1130:
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1021:
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954:
951:
883:
880:
858:
855:
834:
831:
783:World Wide Web
745:NCTM standards
740:
737:
722:
719:
702:
699:
682:Project Mohole
673:Sputnik Crisis
664:
661:
579:
576:
573:
572:
569:
566:
563:
559:
558:
555:
552:
549:
548:Patent Policy
545:
544:
541:
538:
535:
531:
530:
527:
524:
518:
514:
513:
512:Vague Mandate
510:
509:Vague Mandate
507:
504:
500:
499:
493:
487:
481:
418:and OSRD head
384:
381:
359:
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354:
351:
338:
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299:basic research
290:
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222:basic research
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4382:
4380:
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4326:
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4322:
4320:
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4314:
4307:
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4279:
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4274:
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4265:
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4231:
4230:
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4226:
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4206:
4205:
4203:
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4101:
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4078:
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4050:
4046:
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4027:
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3997:
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3991:
3984:
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3975:
3972:
3969:
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3871:
3868:
3865:
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3825:
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3809:
3807:
3803:
3796:
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3771:
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3729:
3726:
3723:
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3690:
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3670:
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3653:
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3648:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
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3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3605:
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3571:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3500:Boyle, Alan.
3496:
3493:
3480:
3473:
3470:
3458:
3454:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3409:
3406:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3241:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2912:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2834:
2830:
2823:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2706:
2705:www.igert.org
2702:
2696:
2693:
2688:
2687:www.igert.org
2684:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2607:
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2588:
2585:
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2576:
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2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2485:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2074:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2035:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1835:(241): 4–26.
1834:
1830:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1803:
1802:
1794:
1791:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1601:September 10,
1596:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1466:September 29,
1458:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1271:In May 2011,
1266:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1220:
1218:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1159:
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2238:at nsf.gov
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2092:, 64
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1127:economics
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