Campaigns of Nader Shah - Knowledge (XXG)

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enlarged fighting force (Nader had campaigned against the Kurds and successfully incorporated many of them into his small army). A combined force of 30,000 men lay siege to Mashad with Sistani and his commander-in-chief Pir Mohammad trapped within the city's walls. Tahmasp had developed a tense relationship with Fathali Khan and matters came to a head on October 10, 1726 when Nader brought Tahmasp an intercepted letter, the damning contents of which provided abundant evidence of a clandestine line of communication between Fathali and Sistani. Nader, fearful that the Qajar contingent may leave if any harm befell their leader, advised Tahmasp to spare his life for the time being. Tahmasp, though agreeing with Nader's judgement, nevertheless had Fathali executed the subsequent day.

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of actual hard fighting, usually when Nader himself was present, but otherwise consisted of skirmishes and raids throughout. The majority of the Iranian casualties were from the extremity of the weather as well as the outbreak of disease, all of which combined with the indomitable will of the Dagestan people to wage an insurgency and retreat to their distant strongholds when threatened with a pitched battle made the entire war a quagmire for Nader's forces. Ultimately the Dagestan people who had held on in the northern fortresses marched south upon hearing of Nader's assassination and reclaimed most of their lost territories as the Iranian empire crumbled.

1875:(where the Afghans were given a rude introduction to modern warfare by Nader's well-drilled army). The Abdali forces consisted of 15,000 riders under Allahyar Khan, the governor of Herat, concentrated around Kafer Qal'eh and another detachment of 12,000 men led by an impetuous commander by the name of Zulfaqar Khan which was approaching kafer Qal'eh from the south. In the ensuing ebb and flow of marches and counter marches where dozens of skirmishes, charges, feints, ruses and retreats Nader would find himself hard-pressed to keep the upper hand in a constantly changing battlefield environment where even the weather would prove unpredictable. 2418: 2386:

Fortunately for Nader a unit of musketeers happened upon the Afghan cavalry encircling his tower and put the enemy to flight. At a later date after crossing over a bridge over Harrirud, the Iranians beat back a large counterattack by the Afghans forcing them to retire behind the walls of Herat's citadel. On a particular night when Nader was resting in his tent, an Afghan cannon from the citadel walls fired a random shot, lobbing a round ball through the roof of the tent with it landing right next to Nader's bed as he was resting causing his followers to claim he had divine protection.

2363:, defeating the Iranian under Ibrahim Khan and forcing it to withdraw into the city walls which now came under siege. Although the Abdalis had little chance of actually taking the city as what little artillery they possessed would make hardly any impression on the battlements of Mashad, these events shook Nader who received word that his power base back in Khorasan was under threat. On August 16 Nader left Tabriz behind and marched his force across 2,250 kilometres over the Iranian plateau with lightning speed, bringing him Mashad where he found the Abdalis in headlong retreat. 2008: 1779: 2074:

Ottomans hold on their newly acquired provinces. Despite support from the Turks, Nader still managed to completely destroy Ashraf's forces in numerous engagements which led to re-establishing the Safavid state under the nominal rule of Tahmasp II. Istanbul's fears had been realised as Nader would certainly turn to liberating the lost territories of the empire. The Ottomans however had been present in the west of the country for close to a decade and would prove a very formidable challenge to any efforts at their expulsion from what now formed the eastern boundaries of

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however the rebellion of Nader's appointed Darya Salar (Admiral), Mohammad Taqi Khan, wreaked havoc amongst the plethora of polities across the Persian gulf that had been brought under Iranian control and even after the defeat and capture of Mohammad Taqi Khan the Iranian empire was going through a tumultuous period of unrelenting civil strife and internal war due to Nader's increasingly brutal rule which made the empire collapse in the immediate aftermath of his assassination, leading to many of the conquests in the region to be lost.

1683:. At this juncture however Nader was beset by ever worsening mental health as he slowly deteriorated into insanity and paranoia. His subsequent campaigns against the Lezgis in the northernmost reaches of the Caucasus proved to be less successful and his siege of Baghdad was lifted prematurely due to an uncharacteristic lethargy in Nader's generalship. As Nader continued ruinous policies against the inhabitants of the empire and brutal suppression of dissent he alienated many of his subordinates and close associates. He had his 1015: 999: 990: 971: 960: 941: 928: 915: 419: 441: 2963: 1589: 2198:

Tabriz. Hearing of Ahmad Pasha entering west Iran with the intention of taking Kermanshah and Hamadan, Tahmasp was now caught in a dire situation. As the Iranian and Ottoman armies came into view of each other numerous letters were being exchanged between Ahmad Pasha and Tahmasp. The Iranian army was largely composed of raw recruits (the veterans campaigning far in the east under Nader) and was formed up in the traditional manner of three divisions making up the centre and the flanks.

1119: 710: 461: 2127: 2253:. The mountain path was a difficult and snowy route to negotiate and some amongst the soldiers perished but Nader managed to get his 600 men to descend down into the valley behind the Ottoman battlements and without hesitation struck in the dead of night. Completely out-witted by Nader the garrison of Zohab woke up and fled their posts in terror. Nader ordered a new fort to be built and moved south to join the main Iranian army that had left Hamadan and was heading to Baghdad. 535: 1130: 472: 2169:

invasion of Ottoman held Caucasus territory in light of the fact that the Abdali Afghans had rebelled and invaded Khorasan, besieging its provincial capital Mashhad. Gathering and training new recruits during the winter of 1731 in northern Iran he set out eastwards to secure the right flank of the empire. Tahmasp II who sat observantly on the newly regained throne (which he owed to Nader) was cajoled by his courtiers into taking to the field himself. Although

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intense few hours of fighting followed, with the Ottomans attempting to salvage their left to no avail. The onslaught of the Iranian right cut further into the flesh of the Turk's left wing and the killing of the chief Ottoman Bannerman caused a much demoralised army to turn tail and flee, with Iranian cavalry in pursuit cutting down and imprisoning a large number of men. A clear victory was won, opening the road to Hamadan for Nader's troops.

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divisions, placing himself in the centre. As the two armies came within musket range of each other, a general fire broke out along the entire length of the line, with the smoke created from the muskets & cannon dancing over shallow body of water separating the two armies, obscuring the Iranians and Ottomans from each other's view. Nader, under the veil of smoke, started strengthening and preparing his right wing for a bold gamble.

908: 1672:. In one of his most extraordinary campaigns he crossed the Khyber pass with just 10,000 men and subsequently descended down into the Mughal heartland where he engaged the Mughal army and despite being outnumbered six to one, crushed his foes in little over three hours. After he had made the Mughal emperor his vassal and marched to Delhi he looted the city and massacred its population after they revolted against his occupation. 1815:

the rebels and local warlords in a relatively short period of time with the capital Mashad falling into his hands. At this juncture Nader had established himself in the fortress of Kalat north of Mashad and with a mere force of 1,200 men raided Sistani's territory, although they did not come into direct confrontation Nader had established himself as the only real challenge to Sistani's influence in Khorasan.

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Abu ol-Fayz Khan, who Nader considered to be more accepting of Nader's overlordship. The conflict resulted in the most overwhelming Iranian triumph against the khanates of Central Asia in modern history and with the admixture of his previous annexation in northern India, Nader's empire in the east surpassed all other Iranian empires before it, all the way back to the Sassanians and Achaemenids of antiquity.

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The route of the imperial army allowed him to march on the capital Isfahan which he captured after a 6-month siege that caused unheard misery and loss of life in the city. During the chaos of the Safavid overthrow, the Tsardom of Russia and the Ottoman Empire seized on this opportunity to annex as much land as they could with Ottoman Turkey taking western Iran and dividing the Caucasus up with the Russians.

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return from the east. However Nader was back in Mashad well before Ashraf had a chance of invading Khorasan. Marching towards Damghan Nader and Ashraf clashed near the village of Mihmandoost where despite being heavily outnumbered the Iranians gave the Afghans a terribly bloody lesson in modern warfare and crushed Ashraf's army forcing him to retire towards Semnan.

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crashing out simultaneously breaking the impetus of the Afghans charge and providing adequate persuasion to the Abdalis to fall behind the city walls. Herat now came under an intense bombardment from the Iranian guns and mortars, convincing the governor of Herat, Allahyar Khan, to sue for peace in exchange for recognition of Iran as suzerain of Herat.

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the relief army under Koprulu Pasha. By the time the main Iranian army of 40,000 reached the scene of the battle Nader, despite the enormous disparity in numbers, routed the Ottomans, forcing Istanbul to finally sign a peace recognizing Iranian control of the Caucasus and the border in Mesopotamia already agreed to in the treaty of Zuhab.

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had perfected the art and technique of overcoming fierce cavalry charges by steady infantry formations supported by cannon and guarded by cavalry on the flanks where the combined fire of musketry & cannon-fire would break the charge of the mounted assailants. This tactical system would be put to the ultimate test in the battles of

2090:), after which Nader commenced a rapid forced march westward in the hope of catching the Ottomans off balance. Reaching Ottoman-occupied town of Nahavand via Luristan, Nader put the Turks here to flight towards Hamadan, where, recovering from their initial shock and panic, they regrouped and presented themselves in the valley of 2186:, a mob rebellion had produced a change in leadership bringing Mahmud I to power. Sultan Mahmud I appointed a half-Venetian statesman to command in the east at the head of an army which would prove Tahmasp's undoing. Aiming to cloak the Caucasus under Iranian hegemony as in the time of his forefathers Tahmasp aimed to conquer 2210:

during the previous year had become utterly irrelevant. This gave Nader the political ammunition to force Tahmasp II to abdicate in favour of his infant son Abbas III in effect making Nader the supreme and unchallenged authority in the realm paving the way for his eventual overthrow of the Safavid dynasty altogether.

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him when he was already heavily engaged with Allahyar Khan's men. The impressive campaign however did not result in the Abdali's destruction and Nader followed their retreat eastward until he came in view of Herat where the combined forces of Allahyar & Zulfaqar rode out to meet him in a finale to the campaign.

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Khorasan to Tahmasp as well as gifting Fathali's position to the sole person of Nader as he now took to subdue the remaining Khans and tribes of the province hence further augmenting his forces. His conquest of Khorasan allowed the Safavid loyalist movement to next focus on an expedition further east towards Herat.

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was surprisingly not looted or sacked by Nader's troops. Ibrahim Khan managed to conquer Farah, helping to pacify the region as a whole in addition to Nader's policies of forced migration for many of the tribes involved in the rebellion as well as incorporating many of their fighters into his own armed forces.

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in August 1745. The war disintegrated. Nader Shah grew insane and started to punish his own subjects, which led to a revolt from early 1745 to June 1746. In 1746 peace was made. The boundaries were unchanged and Baghdad remained in Ottoman hands. Nader Shah dropped his demand for Ja'fari recognition.

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gained numerous strongholds and fortresses from the Dagestan people and pushed them to the very verge of defeat. The Dagestan people however held on in the northernmost reaches of Daghestan and continued to defy Iranian domination. The conflict was fought over many years and only included a few years

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angered Ilbares khan, the leader of Khiva. When Ilbares threatened to make a counterattack Nader ordered hostilities to cease despite his son's successes and later returned victoriously from Delhi to embark on a decisive campaign himself. After annexing Khiva he executed Ilbares and replaced him with

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Nader having besieged many of the key cities and fortresses in the area awaited the arrival of Koprulu Pasha's main army of some 130,000 men according to Nader's court historian Mirza Mehdi Astarabadi, prompting Nader to gather his advance guard of around 15,000 men and march them westwards to engage

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Hussein Hotaki was growing increasingly anxious about his position in Qandahar with Nader approaching Herat, prompting him to enter into negotiations with Nader in which he sent back a few captive Safavid princesses. Hussein sultan's support for his proxy, Zulfaqar Khan, however did not cease or even

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An intense musketry duel was kept up along the entire breadth of the line until Nader ordered his infantry unsheathe their sabres and charge the Ottomans, supporting them with a pincer movement by his cavalry reserve which put Topal Osman's army in a cauldron of Iranian troops. The Turks crumbling in

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As a direct result of Tahmasp II's blunders in his ill-fated invasion of the Ottoman Caucasus all of Nader's previous gains in the theatre were lost and a humiliating treaty had been signed giving away hegemony over the Caucasus to Istanbul. This settlement gave Nader the authority to force Tahmasp's

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There seems to have been an unintentional initiation of musketry by the inexperienced Iranian infantry leading to a pitched battle where the Iranian cavalry on either flank overcame their counterparts but were let down by the nervous infantry in the centre who were easily put to flight by the advance

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Soon the Hotaki conquerors installed a new leader as king through a coup de'tat in which Mahmud I was replaced with a capable cousin of his; Ashraf. Ashraf marched west to put a halt to any further expansion by the Ottomans and to the surprise of many defeated them. The diplomatic outcome however was

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Having delayed a confrontation with Tahmasp long enough, Ashraf found himself threatened by the pretender to the Safavid throne and his young general Nader. Hearing of their expedition against the Abdali of Herat Ashraf decided to march on the capital of Khorasan and capture Mashad before Nader could

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As Allahyar broke away towards Herat Nader dispatched a portion of his army to pursue him but kept the bulk of his men to turn and face the fresh troops under Zulfaqar khan's command, however before Nader engaged Zulfaqar's contingent a sandstorm swept into the area rendering any further fighting all

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men, women and children were slaughtered by the Iranian troops during the massacre in the city. Exact casualty figures are uncertain, as after the massacre, the bodies of the victims were simply buried in mass burial pits or cremated in grand funeral pyres without any proper record being made of the

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Failing in their siege artillery capacity the Iranians sent sappers to dig underground to reach the citadels walls from beneath but the Turks received timely intelligence reports revealing the intention of the besiegers. Tunnelling underground the Iranians and Ottomans burrowed into each other's way

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In a cunning ruse Topal drew Nader into a disadvantageous battle where despite losing a quarter of his own men Topal inflicted a crushing defeat on the Iranian army, half of which was destroyed and all its guns lost. This monumental victory allowed the lifting of the siege further to the south where

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Tahmasp was obliged to sign a treaty by which he accepted Ottoman suzerainty over the Caucasus and in exchange he would be given back Tabriz, Hamadan and kermanshah. The conclusion of his incompetence in this foreign venture had resulted in signing one of the most humiliating treaties of his dynasty

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The Ottomans had entered the western regions of the country in the early 1720s when the Hotaki invasion of Mahmud I was launched against the Safavid state. In a decisive engagement near Gulnabad, Mahmud Hotaki managed a surprising victory against a far greater (though severely divided) Iranian army.

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With the Abdalis in Herat brought into orbit the road now lay open to the heartland of the Iranian empire and the liberation of Isfahan seemed feasible given the successes of the previous campaigns. Nader had also demonstrated the effectiveness of his military system and through numerous engagements

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against the Ottomans where he annihilated the Ottoman army sent against him, prompting Istanbul to seek terms of peace. He was finally assassinated by a faction of his officers in his own tent. The death of Nader spelt the beginning of an extremely troubled and bloody chapter in Iranian history were

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agreed to divide the northwest and the Caspian region of Iran, but with the advent of Nader Shah, the Russians and the Turks withdrew from the region. Nader Shah waged war against the Ottomans from 1730 to 1736 but it ended with a stalemate. Nader Shah afterwards turned east and declared war on the

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The conflict between the Iranian Empire & the Dagestan people was intermittently fought through the mid-1730s during Nader's first campaign in the Caucasus until the very last years of his reign and assassination in 1747. The incredibly difficult terrain of the northern Caucasus region made the

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had captured vast swathes of territory in Central and Northern India. Its ruler, Muhammad Shah, proved unable to stop the disintegration of the empire. The imperial court administration was corrupt and weak whereas the country was extremely rich whilst Delhi's prosperity and prestige was still at a

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Making an almost fantastical recovery from his seemingly irreplaceable losses Nader rebuilt his army in an incredibly short amount of time and invaded Ottoman Iraq once more. After some minor frontier skirmishing he sent Haji Beg Khan to lure out Topal Pasha which he succeeded in doing. The Ottoman

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On discovering the cataclysmic events that had unfolded in the west Nader abandoned any further conquest in the east to return to Isfahan with much justified anger at the Shah's inept statesmanship which must have been all the more infuriating as Nader's impressive achievements against the Ottomans

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and many other historians accuse Tahmasp of being motivated primarily by jealousies caused by his illustrious commander-in-chief's incessant victories there is reason to suspect his decision was in fact induced by court intrigue amongst the imperial entourage eager to have their Shah outshine Nader

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As Nader and Ashraf came head-to-head in a conflict that would decide the fate of the country, the Ottomans wisely supported Ashraf against the Safavid loyalists as a resurgent Iran under an ambitious and talented general who would be flushed with the success of conquest would not bode well for the

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The entire campaign thus far had been a chain of skirmishes, marches and counter marches where Nader excelled as a quick thinking commander who outwitted his foes at every corner despite at times seemingly caught in near impossible situations such as when news of Zulfaqar's imminent arrival reached

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The battle of Kafer Qal'eh resulted in a tactical victory for Nader after which Allahyar Khan was pursued and re-engaged. At the height of the battle Nader's scouts brought word of Zulfaqar Khans approach prompting Nader to carry out an ingenious ruse. A column of Iranian troops was sent on a march

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but could not stay in the region permanently as those areas not under Afghan control were unremittingly coming under the marching boots of Ottoman soldiers invading from the west. Tahmasp was chased from the west of the country and in Astarabad found a loyal if difficult subject warlord by the name

1652:) into his service. After having subdued north-west Iran as well as neutralising the Abdali Afghans to the east and turning Tahmasp II into a vassal, Nader marched against the Hotaki Afghans in occupation of the rest of the country. In a series of incredible victories the Afghans were decimated and 2402:

The siege of the citadel was hence resumed with the Afghan's sending peace emissaries once they realised their predicament. The negotiations lasted a long while but were eventually concluded, giving Zulfaqar Khan and his brother a chance to escape to Qandahar whilst Herat came under occupation but

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Under the treaty signed by both sides Allahyar Khan was returned his governorship of Herat with Zulfaqar Khan being exiled to Farah. Nader did not however militarily occupy the citadel – an action which would prove a terrible mistake when 4,000 fighters came down from Farah and stoked the fires of

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Ottoman held Iraq seemed a peculiar choice for Nader's invasion as all the western territories of Iran were restored under the ignominious treaty signed by Tahmasp with the Caucasus under Turkish control. Axworthy speculates that Nader intended to seize Baghdad as a bargaining chip in exchange for

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being lost. The result of this particular military catastrophe was still overturned with Nader's return from the east but would have much more significant impact on the Safavid dynasty itself as Tahmasp II sealed his own fate by initiating this ill-fated expedition. Nader had to cancel his planned

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on August 12, crushing an army sent (too late) to reinforce Tabriz. The Turkish prisoners were treated kindly, with Nader freeing many of the Pashas, dispatching them with messages of peace to Constantinople (Istanbul). In a lightning campaign Nader had reincorporated all the main provinces of the

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Nader liberated Isfahan and soon after received Tahmasp II outside the main city gates where the Shah expressed his gratitude to Nader. The city had been devastated by the Afghans leaving very little in terms of riches for when Nader arrived. Tahmasp famously wept when he saw what had befallen the

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Deciding that it was too soon to march on Isfahan to liberate the heartland of Iran they would begin in Khorasan where they could forge alliances and rally more troops under their banner. Marching toward Khorasan they came into contact with Nader whose loyalty they acquired along with his now much

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A courtier in Isfahan by the name of Malek Mahmoud Sistani reached an accord with the Hotaki Afghan conquerors in which he would set up an independent kingdom in Khorasan in exchange for his recognition of Mahmud as Shah of Iran. Sistani entered Khorasan and managed to regain most of Khorasan from

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Requesting urgent support from the Ottoman Empire Ashraf sought to counter the Iranian army's thrust towards Isfahan. The Ottomans keen to hold Ashraf in power instead of seeing a resurgent Iran on their eastern frontier were all too eager to help with both guns and artillerymen. At the battle of

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The Qajar contingent however remained with the Loyalist army despite Fathali's beheading and ironically it was a betrayal on the other side of the conflict that brought the siege to an end where Pir Mohammad allowed Nader to infiltrate the city walls forcing Sistani to take refuge in the citadel,

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The Afsharid Conquest of the Persian Gulf was an imperial venture by the Iranian Empire, ruled by Nader Shah, to establish Iran as the hegemon of the Persian gulf and its surroundings. The numerous campaigns that were undertaken were initially very successful and achieved a great many objectives

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Nader's first Ottoman Campaign was his first against perhaps his most formidable of adversaries, namely the Ottomans, where he proved triumphant in conquest. The great successes of his expedition, however, were rendered null when Shah Tahmasp II decided to take personal command of the theatre in

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Ashraf retreated west where he set up a well thought out ambush in the Khwar pass where he hoped the Iranians, flushed with their recent triumph, would be surprised and dealt a heavy blow. Nader upon discovering the ambush encircled and then completely destroyed it with whatever remnants fleeing

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just a few short kilometres from Herat itself, whence they fanned out and to take hold of the towers and strongholds in Herat's environs. During one of these nights Nader's small entourage of a mere eight musketeers were trapped in an isolated tower when Seidal Khan carried out a surprise raid.

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As the Iranian empire set about re-incorporating the lost territories to the west, Hussein sultan of Qandahar intrigued the Abdalis of Herat to raise against their masters while the main Iranian forces were arrayed against the Ottomans thousands of kilometres to the west. The governor of Herat,

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Nader gave the order for a sudden thrust by his right flank across the stream. The Iranians appeared from the billowing cloud of smoke that had concealed their advance and threw the Ottomans, who were dazzled by the unexpected appearance of the enemy seemingly out of thin air, into disarray. An

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Nader set out from Isfahan heading towards Shiraz where Ashraf was busy raking together what he could with the support of some of the local Arab tribes. At this juncture there was no realistic hope for a revival of Afghan fortunes and near Zarghan the Iranian engaged and decimated the last army

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When battle was joined for the final time in view of Herat itself the action was uncannily similar to the previous engagements between the Iranians and the Abdalis except that on this particular occasion the frontal charge of the Abdalis was firmly halted by muskets of the Iranian line infantry

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The final decisive engagement took place outside the city when Zulfaqar Khan and Seidal Khan agreed to a joint coordinated attack against the Iranians. The attack was decimated when Nader sent a flanking force round the Afghans and himself rode directly against their front with a large body of

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Hakimoghlu Khan reacted immediately by setting out to break the siege of Yerevan. Realizing Tahmasp had not taken any precaution to guard his line of communication southwards Hakimoghlu cut Tahmasp's logistical line to Tabriz forcing him to withdraw break of the siege and take the road back to

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Now Nader faced an adversary who in many respects mirrored the Iranian army's own composition in structure as well as constituent unit types. The Turks had drawn themselves up parallel to a stream flowing through the valley, on the other side of which Nader deployed his men into three separate

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The defeated Malek Mahmoud Sistani was surprisingly treated with courtesy and in a show of reconciliatory mercy allowed to spend the rest of his life as a sage (Though he was executed the following year when he became suspect in Nader's eyes). The results of the siege had gifted the capital of

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Nader had managed to restore the western frontier of Iran as well as reimposed Iranian suzerainty over most of the Caucasus. The legitimacy which his astonishing military achievements brought him allowed a bloodless coup against the Safavid monarchy in which he had the unanimous support of the

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with a residue force of 7,000 the main Iranian army marched on until they defeated an Ottoman army near Baghdad and then proceeded to encircle the city itself in preparation for a siege after a hard fought campaign of manoeuvre were Nader managed to cross the Tigris. Ahmad Pasha would prove a

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The mountains to the north in Avarestan made any pursuit of the defeated foe a daunting prospect especially considering the approach of winter, so Nader chose to turn west and besiege Ganja where he was drawn into an intense effort to capture the surprisingly formidable fortress. The Iranian

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When a rumour spread that Nader had been assassinated by a female guard at the Red Fort, some Indians attacked and killed Iranian troops during the riots that broke out on the night of 21 March. Nader, furious at the killings, retaliated by ordering his soldiers to carry out the notorious

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The Ottoman force arrayed in front of the Iranian army was of a different nature altogether from all the previous foes the Iranian army had faced up to this point. The Afghan and tribal opponents of Nader had been almost completely devoid of any infantry or artillery units (excluding

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Nader had asked Muhammad Shah to close the Mughal frontiers around Kabul so that the Afghan rebels he was fighting against, may not seek refuge in Kabul. Even though the Emperor agreed, he practically took no action. Nader seized upon this as a pretext for war. Together with his

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which required his immediate attention. Therefore, Baghdad was yet again saved from falling into Iranian hands. The campaign itself did not decide the fate of the war but set the stage for Nader's Caucasus campaign in 1735 where through a shattering defeat of the Ottomans at

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The crushing defeat at Baghavard also provided sufficient persuasion to retreat for the 50,000 Crimean Tatars who were commanded by the Turkish Sultan to march south along the coast of the Black Sea descending down into the Caucasus in order to aid Koprulu Pasha's forces.

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the Caucasus but with Baghdad being such a strategic prize in itself it is rather doubtful any civil exchange of territory was held in mind at the time at all. Despite the unexpected choice of theatre the Ottomans in the region were well prepared to receive the Iranians.

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But Nader's derangement in the last five years of his life meant that his military innovations turned Persia into a desert rather than modernizing the country. His insatiable demands for cash to pay his world-beating army brought about his own downfall and that of his

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whence they came to grips in hand-to-hand combat. The Iranians were able to detonate six charges killing 700 Ottoman defenders but still failed in their main object of destroying the citadels walls. The Iranians also lost some 30 to 40 men themselves.

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Nader Shah became the official Iranian monarch in 1736, and founded the Afsharid dynasty in that year overthrowing the last puppet safavid shah after the successful campaign of 1730–35. In 1738, Nader Shah conquered Kandahar, the last outpost of the

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The conflict also bears significance in terms of the effects of Nader's army perfecting its tactical system through experience gained from going up against deadly light cavalry armies, something that would prove of incalculable importance in the

2661:(Heraclius II), who took part in the expedition as a commander leading a contingent of Georgian troops, the long march had begun. He defeated his Afghan enemies fleeing into the Hindu Kush and also seized major cities in the region such as 2202:

of the Janissaries which now turned to aid their mounted comrades in a counter-attack on the Iranian horsemen routing them in turn also. Tabriz also fell to Hakimoghlu Khan with Ahmad Pasha complementing his gains by capturing Hamadan.

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The Conquest of Afghanistan by Nader Shah consisted of a series of intermittent and fluid engagements culminating in the finale of Nader's military operations against the Abdali Afghans. Nader having recently concluded a successful

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along with its 10,000 imprisoned Iranian soldiers, Nader gained Kermanshah, thus liberating large swathes of western Iran from Ottoman rule. Leaving behind a fortified position, he now moved his army to Azerbaijan, where he took

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Muhammad Shah was forced to beg for mercy. These horrific events were recorded in contemporary chronicles such as the Tarikh-e-Hindi of Rustam Ali, the Bayan-e-Waqai of Abdul Karim and the Tazkira of Anand Ram Mukhlis.

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very much reconciliatory as the Ottomans promised recognition of Ashraf as the legitimate Shah of Iran in exchange for Ashraf's acknowledgement of Ottoman rule in their new territories in the Caucasus and western Iran.

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Nader's last years are characterised by wandering his own empire in a series of barbaric campaigns in which rebellions were put down in the most brutal and cruel manner. One of his very last major battles was a

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engaged and routed a joint Ottoman and Crimean Tatar force in the south east Caucasus Nader cut their line of retreat further west dealing them another crippling blow, scattering them into the mountains north.

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against his own monarch and prince, the badly humiliated Tahmasp II, set out from Mashad on May 4, 1729 making sure the Shah also accompanied him on this journey where he could be kept under close supervision.

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artillery was still severely lacking in strong siege guns and consisted mostly of field batteries which were effective in battles but unable to make significant impact against city walls and battlements.

1823:

After the conclusion of the siege of Isfahan Mahmud sent a contingent of his Afghans to subdue Qazvin where a new Safavid pretender Tahmasp had risen and proclaimed himself Shah. He was forced to flee

1884:

round Allahyar Khan's army with their victory drums & horns sounding loudly which led him to believe that Zulfaqar Khan's men had already been defeated forcing him to beat another hasty retreat.

1799:

Revolts swept through the province during the 1720s as a direct consequence of the Afghan revolt in the eastern provinces of the empire which eventually led to an invasion led by the Hotaki leader

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falling in August 1734 freeing up the Iranian forces to march west and lay siege to Ganja. The battlements of Ganja as well as its garrison of 14,000 soldiers provided a formidable defence. After

2511:

unsatisfactory and sent an enormous army consisting of 50,000 cavalry, 30,000 janissaries and 40 cannon to be commanded by Koprulu Pasha foe the defence of Ottoman possessions in the region.

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An Iranian slave in captivity in central Asia. The Khanates beyond the Iranian Empires border carried out regular raids into the border towns and villages which they would sack and loot.

3562:, the shah dis- patched the ataliq's son Muhammad Rahim Bi, who had accompanied him to Iran, to quell them. Mohammad hakim bi was ruler of the khanate of bukhara at that time. link: 2814:

The city was sacked for several days. An enormous fine of 20 million rupees was levied on the people of Delhi. Muhammad Shah handed over the keys to the royal treasury, and lost the

2571:

Nader Shah's victory against the weak and crumbling Mughal Empire in the far East meant that he could afford to turn back and resume war against Iran's archrival, the neighbouring

2838: 2762:, Fatehpuri, Faiz Bazar, Hauz Kazi, Johri Bazar and the Lahori, Ajmeri and Kabuli gates, all of which were densely populated by both Hindus and Muslims, were soon covered with 2224: 2016:

capital. The city was greatly reduced both in terms of population and in terms of wealth. The people took vengeance on those Afghans who were found hiding throughout the city.

2781:

Finally, after many hours of desperate pleading by the Mughals for mercy, Nader Shah relented and signalled a halt to the bloodshed by sheathing his battle sword once again.

1659:

In the aftermath of the Safavid restoration Nader campaigned in the western and northern reaches of the empire to regain territory lost to the Ottomans and Russians. After a

3107:, successfully defended Mosul and Nader Shah was forced to retreat. The offensive was halted due to revolts in Iran (1743–44) over high taxes. Hostilities also spilled into 2732:, Delhi to enforce them. However, the local merchants refused to accept the lower prices and this resulted in violence during which some Iranians were assaulted and killed. 2011:

Isfahan (here depicted from the north-to-south direction), as the capital of Iran, was the ultimate objective of Nader's campaign for the liberation of Iran from Hotaki rule

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advance guard was set upon drowned under the waves of a ferocious ambush after which Nader gathered his men and marched directly against the main Ottoman army nearby.

2287:

Ahmad Pasha- having heard of Topal Osman's victory -came out with an enthusiastic garrison to chase away the 12,000 Iranians left to maintain the blockade of Baghdad.

1944:, managed to seize Tahmasp II as his vassal. As for Afghan rule, the Ghilzai Afghans were ejected from the Iranian Plateau permanently and in the following years were 1668:

was the subjugation of Afghanistan in its entirety. The result of the annexation of Afghanistan by Nader's empire was that he now had a direct path to the invasion of

2957: 294: 2728:

The Iranian occupation led to price rises in the city. The city administrator attempted to fix prices at a lower level and Iranian troops were sent to the market at

1927: 1460: 1286: 257: 1932:

The Safavid restoration to the throne of Iran took place in the latter part of 1729 by a series of battles fought between Nader, Tahmasp's commander-in-chief and

2249:

To achieve a modicum of surprise Nader decided upon a march through the mountains as opposed to a direct advance against the fortified border town of Zohab near

1546: 1687:'s eyes gouged out in a fit of delusional paranoia and declared many of his loyal subjects traitors and rebels, forcing them to erupt in rebellion against him. 2720: 2539: 3659: 1185: 2306:

the face of this manoeuvre found that not even the presence of the old fox in the person of Topal Pasha could rally them and fled leaving all their guns.

3152: 2818:, to Nader Shah, which thereafter served as a symbol of Iranian imperial might. Amongst a treasure trove of other fabulous jewels, Nader also gained the 2057:

Nader's absence, forcing a furious Nader to return and rectify the situation after forcing Tahmasp's abdication in favour of his infant son Abbas III.

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forcing a response from the Ottoman 'Saraskar' Koprulu Pasha. Istanbul had found the preliminary negotiations by Ahmad Pasha, governor of Ottoman

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The Campaign of Tahmasp was a failed attempt to launch an offensive into Ottoman held Caucasus which ended in a disastrous defeat with all of

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lessen – in fact a Ghilzai force of at least a few thousand strong commanded by Mohammad Seidal Khan was sent from Qandahar to support him.

3679: 3083:. Therefore, he raised an army of 200,000, which consisted largely of rebellious Central Asian tribesmen, and he planned to march towards 1628:), were a series of conflicts fought in the early to mid-eighteenth century throughout Central Eurasia primarily by the Iranian conqueror 2390:

cavalry. The defeat caused Seidal Khan's departure which in turn led to the remaining defenders of Herat asking for terms of submission.

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stubborn defender of the city and held out until the approach of a relief effort in the form of an army of 80,000 under Topal Pasha.

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initiated the Ottoman-Iranian War (1743–1746), in which Muhammad Shah closely cooperated with the Ottomans until his death in 1748.

1765: 119: 72: 3052: 2886: 2830:; they are now part of the British and Iranian Crown Jewels, respectively. Iranian troops left Delhi at the beginning of May 1739. 1446: 1404: 304: 299: 3689: 3674: 3412: 2313: 2219: 2191: 2187: 1679:

regions. Nader expanded Iranian hegemony in central Asia to such extents that they surpassed even the old Iranian empires of the

1496: 1426: 3520:

Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556–1748

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employed an Ottoman force in a futile attempt to undermine the Iranian influence and dislodge Nader's Georgian allies, Princes

3000: 2923:

who gained a few notable victories in this theatre while Nader was still invading India to the south. Reza Qoli's invasions of

2789:

It has been estimated that during the course of six hours in one day, 22 March 1739, something like 20,000 to 30,000

2766:. Muslims, like Hindus and Sikhs, resorted to killing their women, children and themselves rather than submit to the Iranians. 2165: 2040: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1233: 1178: 326: 267: 79: 2417: 975: 2744: 2206:

although this seemed to weigh little on his mind as he soon returned to Isfahan to resume a magnificently opulent lifestyle.

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rebellion once more. Allahyar Khan was pressured despite his reluctance to join the revolt. Allahyar Khan was also exiled.

2007: 1778: 1349: 1344: 1037: 440: 315: 3254: 86: 3008: 2937: 2696:

together. The keys to the capital of Delhi were surrendered to Nader. He entered the city on 20 March 1739 and occupied

2355:

Allahyar Khan was obliged to flee Herat and was given refuge by Nader's brother Ibrahim Khan. The Abdalis soon invaded

3143:

was pleased and dispatched an ambassador but before he could arrive, Nader Shah was assassinated by his own officers.

1888:

but impossible, thereby providing a cover under which the Abdali forces managed to withdraw towards Herat unmolested.

1803:. In a pitched battle Mahmud inflicted a humiliating defeat on the Imperial forces sent from Isfehan in the battle of 1728: 2649:

high. Nader Shah, attracted by the country's wealth, sought plunder like so many other foreign invaders before him.

2429:

and the Caucasus which ended in an Iranian victory allowing Nader to recast Iranian hegemony over almost the entire

68: 3602: 3349: 1171: 555: 2992:' city gates; Tabriz was the centre of political and military might of the Iranian empire in the southern Caucasus 1747: 1732: 1571: 46: 1262: 3566: 2985: 2692:

on 13 February 1739, Nader led his army to victory over the Mughals, Muhammad Shah surrendered and both entered

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The Mughal empire had been weakened by ruinous wars of succession in the three decades following the death of

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A History of the Georgian People: From the Beginning Down to the Russian Conquest in the Nineteenth Century

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abdication and resume the war against the Turks by launching an invasion of Ottoman Iraq and Mesopotamia.

2116: 1987: 1915: 1684: 1551: 1521: 1303: 1274: 1267: 964: 703: 1918:

by Nader's veteran troops going up against the very best of the cavalry the oriental world had to offer.

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to the extreme weakness of the Mughal Empire and the possibility of expanding to fill the power vacuum.

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Ashraf commanded, with historical sources disagreeing on his exact fate in the aftermath of the battle.

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svat soucek, a history of inner asia page 195: in 1740 Nader Shah, the new ruler of Iran, crossed the

3433: 1640:. In the ensuing collapse and fragmentation of the empire after the capture of the Iranian capital of 3518: 2858:

in Iran for a period of three years following his return. Nader Shah's victory against the crumbling

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and, accepting the submission of Muhammad Hakim Bi which was then formalized by the acquiescence of

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On March 9, 1730, the Iranian army exited Shiraz and in a leisurely manner celebrated the new year (

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Bandar-e-Bushehr, historically one of Persia's most important port cities around the Persian gulf

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continuous civil war engulfed the nation for over half a century before the establishment of the

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After Nader put down the revolt in Afghanistan, he was able to continue his invasion of the

2281: 2170: 1936:. Despite nominally bringing Tahmasp to the seat of power, true authority still rested with 1808: 1680: 1665: 1619: 1605: 1416: 1240: 1226: 1108: 1062: 1004: 979: 949: 795: 498: 476: 343:

The Persian Empire expands to its greatest extent since antiquity and subsequently collapses

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Murche-Khort the Afghans were yet again decisively defeated forcing Ashraf to flee south.

1807:, after which he marched on the capital itself where he captured Isfehan after a terrible 1664:

Iranian ruling elite. Nader Shah's first campaign as the monarch of the newly established

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himself, proceeded to attack Khiva. When rebellions broke out in 1743 upon the death of

2919:. The initial engagements were fought in the late 1730s by Nader Shah's son and viceroy 3172: 3167: 3157: 3047: 3035: 3019: 2863: 2843: 2709: 2645: 2619: 2605:

A map of the Kheibar campaign, illustrating Nader's incredible 80 kilometre flank-march

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On the morning of 22 March, the Shah rode out in full armour and took a seat at the

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A military diagram demonstrating the key manoeuvres in the campaign of Afghanistan

1853: 251:

Resurgence & Eventual Collapse of Persian Hegemony throughout Central Eurasia

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task of subduing the Dagestan people an extremely challenging one. Despite this

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and would eventually capture the Mughal capital in the aftermath of the battle.

2194:

were Tahmasp found himself scoring a victory over an Ottoman army near Yerevan.

2106: 2045: 1717: 1057: 551: 518: 234: 206: 190: 35: 3134:

to suppress a revolt. He returned afterwards and routed an Ottoman army at the

3071:

was the last major field battle Nader fought in his spectacular military career

3030:

in 1624, but the Ottomans had recaptured Mosul in 1625 and Bagdad in 1638. The

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mountains into Northern India, which, at that time, was under the rule of the

2623: 2545: 1937: 1645: 1629: 901: 589: 309: 222: 159: 3449:

Columbia University Press, 1957 (digitalised March 2009, originally from the

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Nader shah watching the dead bodies of his soldiers murdered by Delhi people

2658: 2654: 2634: 2601: 920: 538: 194: 3099:

and besieged Mosul on 14 September 1743. The siege lasted for 40 days. The

3091:

was preparing for a holy war against Iran, he turned eastward. He captured

2895: 2810:

Diamond taken by Nader Shah, along with many other gems, as a trophy of war

2613:

Nader Shah at the Sack of Delhi – Battle scene with Nader Shah on horseback

2421:

An artist's illustration of an Armenian-Iranian border town in the Caucasus

543: 3446:

Russia and the Armenians of Transcaucasia, 1797–1889: a documentary record

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The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from tribal warrior to conquering tyrant

3317:

The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from tribal warrior to conquering tyrant

3225:

The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from tribal warrior to conquering tyrant

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in March 1739. His army had easily defeated the Mughals at the battle at

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The Sword of Persia:Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant

2862:

in the East meant that he could afford to turn to the West and face the

3023: 2912: 2827: 2685:

before the end of year as the Mughals mustered their army against him.

2641: 2508: 2500: 2476: 2472: 2434: 2190:, Georgia and Daghestan from the Turks. An army of 18,000 was led into 2147: 2131: 2119:), comprised almost exclusively of excellent mounted warriors instead. 2095: 2091: 1948:

by Nader whence they were once again absorbed into the Iranian empire.

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had fallen under Ottoman control since 1722 with the collapse of the

2360: 2268: 2152: 2087: 1824: 1787: 226: 2475:

state. The first target of the campaign was the reconquering of the

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Nader's decisive victory at Baghavard destroyed any hope of the

547: 2637:. The Muslim nobles had asserted their independence whilst the 1167: 2747:

of Roshan-ud-dowla near the Kotwali Chabutra in the middle of

2309:

Nader however could not pursue his impressive conquest due to

1711: 29: 3075:

Nader Shah dreamed of an empire which would stretch from the

2854:

The plunder seized from Delhi was so rich that Nader stopped

2708:

and other Delhi mosques. The next day, the Shah held a great

2560:

with a fifty-five thousand strong army, eventually attacking

1632:. His campaigns originated from the overthrow of the Iranian 3126:

In early 1744 Nader Shah resumed his offensive and besieged

2094:

to give battle in the hope of ending the Iranian advance on

3007:, a small Shi'ite sect was to be accepted as a fifth legal 3038:

had resulted in peace for 85 years. After the fall of the

2704:. Coins were struck, and prayers said, in his name in the 2381:

The Iranian army arrived during April 1731 in the town of

2347:

was very much taken by Qandahar's assurances and support.

1648:, accepted Nader (who was no more than a petty warlord in 27:

Military campaigns of Iranian general and king Nader Shah

2903:

During the mid-eighteenth century the Iranian empire of

2826:("Mountain of Light" and "Sea of Light," respectively) 2339:, who was confirmed in his position by Nader after his 1675:

Nader's return to the empire signaled new wars in the

3055:, in order to refund his wars against the Ottomans.. 3585:, (trans: Nilüfer Epçeli) Yeditepe Yayınları, 2009, 3235: 3233: 2740:(qatl = killing, aam = publicly, in open) of Delhi. 300:

Invasion of & partial annexation of Mughal India

60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3470:. London: Packard Humanities Institute. p. 33 2110:a military diagram of the battle of Malayer valley 1644:by the Afghans, a claimant to the Safavid throne, 268:Expulsion of the Ottomans & Russians from Iran 2958:Afsharid Conquests in the Persian Gulf & Oman 2907:embarked upon the conquest and annexation of the 3026:. The Iranians had captured Baghdad in 1623 and 2130:The battle of Malayer Valley opened the road to 2771: 1928:Restoration of Tahmasp II to the Safavid throne 134: 3644:History of Iran's wars: from the Medes to now 3330:History of Iran's wars: from the Medes to now 3241:History of Iran's wars: from the Medes to now 2622:, he, then, began to launch raids across the 1179: 320:Outbreak of Numerous Rebellions in the Empire 8: 1786:'s impression of a gunpowder depot near old 3034:in 1639 between the Ottoman Empire and the 1746:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 312:'s Psychological & Mental Deterioration 2540:Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire 1624: 1610: 1186: 1172: 1164: 131: 2891:Capture of Samarkand by Nader Shah Afshar 2673:(November 18), before advancing onto the 1766:Learn how and when to remove this message 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 3397: 3395: 3393: 3153:Military of the Afsharid dynasty of Iran 3087:, but after he learned that the Ottoman 2984: 2894: 2608: 2600: 2575:, but also the further campaigns in the 2450: 2416: 2343:remained loyal but his chief lieutenant 2223: 2105: 2044: 2006: 1587: 3507:This section: Axworthy pp.1–16, 175–210 3198: 887: 872: 2166:Nader's gains during the previous year 1905:Strategic & Tactical Ramifications 2321:, Istanbul was brought to its knees. 7: 3340: 3338: 2873:Nader's Indian campaign alerted the 1744:adding citations to reliable sources 1596:at its greatest extent, in 1741–1745 400:Numerous clients & vassal states 58:adding citations to reliable sources 2359:itself and marched on its capital, 1828:of Fathali Khan of the Qajar clan. 1819:Tahmasp II and the siege of Mashhad 1623: 1609: 258:Expulsion of the Hotaki from Persia 3660:Warfare of the early modern period 3628:Moghtader, Gholam-Hussein (2008). 3564:http://librarun.org/book/63545/195 3363:Axworthy, Michael (28 July 2006). 3253:Michael Axworthy (December 2007). 2552:Iran (1736–47) and founder of the 2174:and thereby lessen his influence. 25: 2178:The Campaign and Siege of Yerevan 1654:Tahmasp II returned to the throne 3685:Wars involving Georgia (country) 3609:, p. 193. Taylor & Francis, 2433:region, reconquering it for the 2182:At this time in Constantinople, 1942:the debacle in northern Khorasan 1716: 1497:Rebellion of Sheikh Ahmad Madani 1150: 1139: 1128: 1117: 1100: 1090: 1080: 1070: 1050: 1041: 1032: 1021: 1013: 997: 988: 969: 958: 939: 926: 913: 906: 894: 879: 859: 850: 841: 832: 819: 810: 801: 790: 784: 775: 769: 760: 753: 745: 738: 730: 723: 715: 708: 698: 691: 681: 674: 666: 659: 651: 644: 636: 629: 619: 612: 602: 595: 583: 576: 542: 533: 523: 513: 503: 492: 481: 470: 459: 449: 439: 428: 417: 406: 384: 367: 263:Re-establishment of the Safavids 152: 34: 3630:The Great Batlles of Nader Shah 3583:Geschiste des Osmanichen vol IV 3411:. March 7, 2012. Archived from 3022:. He demanded the surrender of 3001:Treaty of Constantinople (1736) 2041:Western Persia campaign of 1730 1849:Conquest of Western Afghanistan 1656:as a restored Safavid monarch. 45:needs additional citations for 3517:Naimur Rahman Farooqi (1989). 2887:Nader's Central Asian Campaign 2681:. Nader advanced to the river 327:Collapse of the Persian Empire 316:Military Setbacks in Daghestan 1: 3332:, p. 371. Etela'at Publishing 2981:Ottoman–Persian War (1743–46) 2769:In the words of the Tazkira: 2220:Nader's Mesopotamian Campaign 1661:bitter war lasting five years 3670:Wars involving Afsharid Iran 2952:Invasion of the Persian Gulf 2842:Nader Shah sitting upon the 2794:numbers cremated or buried. 2102:The Battle of Malayer Valley 1836:surrendering shortly after. 1572:Garmsirat Revolts of 1746-47 295:Conquest of the Persian Gulf 3680:Wars involving Safavid Iran 3603:Allen, William Edward David 3523:. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli 885:Mohammad Seidal Khan ( 323:Assassination of Nader Shah 3706: 3635:Axworthy, Michael (2009). 3223:Axworthy, Michael (2009). 2978: 2955: 2935: 2884: 2590: 2537: 2518: 2479:Khanate, with its capital 2444: 2410: 2370: 2294: 2279: 2260: 2217: 2038: 2023: 2020:End of Afghan rule in Iran 2000: 1985: 1970: 1955: 1925: 1795:Rebellion & Separation 1577:Zafaranlu Uprising of 1747 1567:Muscat Uprising of 1746-47 1491:Rebellions & Civil War 1146:Haji Dawood Myushkyurskogo 1014: 998: 989: 970: 959: 940: 927: 914: 556:Sadozai Sultanate of Herat 418: 3274:10.1080/00210860701667720 2938:Nader's Dagestan campaign 2846:after his victory at the 2700:'s imperial suite in the 2241:The Strike into Kurdistan 2082:Nader marches on Nahavand 1205: 569: 351: 290:End of the Hotaki Dynasty 165: 151: 139: 69:"Campaigns of Nader Shah" 3255:"The Army of Nader Shah" 3188:Treaty of Constantinople 3003:, by demanding that the 2999:attempted to ratify the 2881:Conquest of Central Asia 2413:Caucasus Campaign (1735) 2407:Conquest of the Caucasus 2394:Allahyar Khan's Betrayal 2393: 2232:Near East before the war 2159: 2035:Campaign of Western Iran 1958:Battle of Damghan (1729) 1702:Agha-Mohammad Khan Qajar 1003:Mehmet Yegen Pasha 305:Conquest of Central Asia 273:Conquest of the Caucasus 3690:Campaigns of Nader Shah 3675:History of the Caucasus 3496: 3369:. Bloomsbury Academic. 3350:Encyclopædia Britannica 3105:Hajji Hossein Al Jalili 2754:Areas of Delhi such as 2515:The Battle of Yeghevārd 2297:Battle of Kirkuk (1733) 2263:Siege of Baghdad (1733) 1602:campaigns of Nader Shah 1562:Sistan Uprising of 1746 1432:Battle of Chenab (1739) 1197:Campaigns of Nader Shah 1019:Abdollah Pasha Jebhechi 3665:18th-century conflicts 3642:Ghafouri, Ali (2008). 3451:University of Michigan 3239:Ghafouri, Ali (2008). 3072: 2993: 2967: 2900: 2851: 2811: 2775: 2725: 2614: 2606: 2464: 2422: 2373:Herat Campaign of 1731 2330:Zulfaqar Khan's Revolt 2329: 2233: 2134: 2111: 2061:The Ottoman occupation 2053: 2012: 1988:Battle of Murche-Khort 1982:Battle of Murche-Khort 1858: 1840:Aftermath of the Siege 1791: 1597: 1547:Fars Rebellion of 1744 1537:Khoy Revolt of 1743-46 1440:Central Asian Campaign 976:Köprülü Abdullah Pasha 570:Commanders and leaders 18:Nader's Campaigns 3646:, Etela'at Publishing 3443:David Marshall Lang. 3403:"When the dead speak" 3328:Ghafouri, Ali(2008). 3243:. Etela'at Publishing 3069:Battle of Kars (1745) 3066: 2988: 2965: 2932:Conquest of Daghestan 2898: 2866:. The Ottoman Sultan 2841: 2805: 2723: 2612: 2604: 2593:Battle of Khyber pass 2499:Nader also blockaded 2454: 2447:Siege of Ganja (1734) 2420: 2227: 2214:Mesopotamian Campaign 2129: 2109: 2048: 2010: 2003:Liberation of Isfahan 1997:Liberation of Isfahan 1952:Battle of Mihmandoost 1873:battle of Mihmandoost 1856: 1790:(eighteenth century). 1781: 1591: 1557:Kerman Revolt of 1746 1512:Kartli Revolt of 1736 1502:Bakhtiyari Rebellions 1461:Persian Gulf Campaign 1357:Mesopotamian Campaign 1328:West Persian Campaign 283:Establishment of the 3207:"FLAGS i. Of Persia" 3018:declared war on the 2485:Tahmasp Khan Jalayer 2291:The Battle of Kirkuk 2276:The Battle of Samara 1973:Battle of Khwar Pass 1967:Ambush at Khwar pass 1940:who had, ever since 1896:Subjugation of Herat 1740:improve this section 1708:Conquest of Khorasan 1552:Qajar revolt of 1744 1522:Balkh Revolt of 1741 1209:Fall of the Safavids 1107:Muzaffar Khan 1095:Nisar Muhammad Khan 816:Zulfaqar Khan Abdali 807:Allahyar Khan Abdali 625:Mohammad Khan Baloch 142:Ottoman–Persian Wars 54:improve this article 3211:Enyclopedia Iranica 2521:Battle of Yeghevārd 2351:The siege of Mashad 2257:Crossing the Tigris 2156:Iranian heartland. 2051:Kermanshah Province 1922:Safavid Restoration 1611:لشکرکشی‌های نادرشاه 1532:Revolt of Sam Mirza 1287:Safavid restoration 1275:2nd Afghan Campaign 1258:1st Afghan Campaign 1085:Sa’ad ud-Din Khan, 1075:Qamar-ud-Din Khan, 965:Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha 510:Sultanate of Muscat 219:Indian Subcontinent 146:Mughal–Persian Wars 3569:2015-06-10 at the 3130:, but returned to 3073: 3051:Moghul Empire and 2994: 2975:Second Ottoman War 2968: 2901: 2875:East India Company 2852: 2812: 2726: 2615: 2607: 2465: 2463:army on the field. 2423: 2341:the war of in 1729 2311:a growing uprising 2234: 2160:Tahmasp's Campaign 2142:Nader pivots north 2135: 2112: 2054: 2013: 1859: 1792: 1598: 1468:Second Ottoman War 1345:Tahmasp's Campaign 1222:Battle of Gulnabad 1157:Muhammad Khan Avar 466:Khanate of Bukhara 3591:978-975-6480-19-9 3313:Axworthy, Michael 2806:A replica of the 2534:Conquest of India 2459:joining the main 2441:Strategic Context 2146:After liberating 2026:Battle of Zarghan 1978:towards Isfahan. 1879:The Road to Herat 1776: 1775: 1768: 1585: 1584: 1517:Derajat Rebellion 1507:Rebellion of 1733 1454:Battle of Andalal 1447:Dagestan Campaign 1379:Caucasus Campaign 1321:First Ottoman War 1234:Khorasan Campaign 1162: 1161: 1055:Khan Dauran VII, 946:Topal Osman Pasha 687:Ahmad Shah Abdali 360:Empires of Persia 347: 346: 331:Persian Civil War 277:Overthrow of the 215:Arabian Peninsula 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 3697: 3617: 3600: 3594: 3579: 3573: 3548: 3542: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3514: 3508: 3505: 3499: 3497:Marshman, P. 200 3494: 3488: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3475: 3468:Edward G. Browne 3460: 3454: 3441: 3435: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3399: 3388: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3342: 3333: 3326: 3320: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3290: 3284:. Archived from 3259: 3250: 3244: 3237: 3228: 3221: 3215: 3214: 3203: 3113:Givi Amilakhvari 2848:Battle of Karnal 2712:in the capital. 2690:Battle of Karnal 2669:on June 19, and 2597:Battle of Karnal 2554:Afsharid dynasty 2314:in southern Iran 2282:Battle of Samara 2171:Michael Axworthy 1771: 1764: 1760: 1757: 1751: 1720: 1712: 1693:battle near Kars 1666:Afsharid dynasty 1627: 1626: 1613: 1612: 1427:Sindh Expedition 1417:Battle of Karnal 1362:Siege of Baghdad 1252:Afghan Campaigns 1227:Siege of Isfahan 1217: 1200: 1198: 1188: 1181: 1174: 1165: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1124:Abu ol-Fayz Khan 1122: 1121: 1120: 1113: 1104: 1094: 1084: 1074: 1067: 1054: 1045: 1036: 1025: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1009: 1002: 1001: 1000: 993: 992: 991: 984: 974: 973: 972: 963: 962: 961: 954: 944: 943: 942: 931: 930: 929: 918: 917: 916: 910: 899: 898: 897: 889: 884: 883: 882: 874: 864: 863: 862: 855: 854: 853: 846: 845: 844: 837: 836: 835: 824: 823: 822: 815: 814: 813: 806: 805: 804: 796:Givi Amilakhvari 794: 788: 779: 773: 766:Nassrollah Mirza 764: 758: 757: 749: 743: 742: 734: 728: 727: 719: 713: 712: 711: 702: 696: 695: 685: 679: 678: 670: 664: 663: 655: 649: 648: 640: 634: 633: 623: 617: 616: 606: 600: 599: 587: 581: 580: 546: 537: 528: 527: 517: 508: 507: 506: 497: 496: 495: 486: 485: 484: 477:Khanate of Khiva 475: 474: 473: 464: 463: 462: 453: 444: 443: 433: 432: 422: 421: 420: 411: 410: 409: 388: 372: 371: 285:Afsharid dynasty 167: 166: 156: 132: 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3695: 3694: 3650: 3649: 3632:, Donyaye Ketab 3625: 3620: 3601: 3597: 3581:Nicolae Jorga: 3580: 3576: 3571:Wayback Machine 3549: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3526: 3524: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3482: 3473: 3471: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3442: 3438: 3432: 3428: 3418: 3416: 3408:Hindustan Times 3401: 3400: 3391: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3344: 3343: 3336: 3327: 3323: 3311: 3307: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3262:Iranian Studies 3257: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3238: 3231: 3222: 3218: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3183:Treaty of Ganja 3163:Afsharid Empire 3149: 3111:, where Prince 3061: 3040:Safavid dynasty 3032:Treaty of Zuhab 2983: 2977: 2960: 2954: 2940: 2934: 2921:Reza Qoli Mirza 2893: 2885:Main articles: 2883: 2836: 2800: 2787: 2718: 2599: 2591:Main articles: 2589: 2542: 2536: 2523: 2517: 2449: 2443: 2415: 2409: 2396: 2375: 2369: 2353: 2332: 2327: 2299: 2293: 2284: 2278: 2265: 2259: 2243: 2222: 2216: 2180: 2162: 2144: 2104: 2084: 2063: 2043: 2037: 2028: 2022: 2005: 1999: 1990: 1984: 1975: 1969: 1960: 1954: 1930: 1924: 1907: 1898: 1881: 1851: 1842: 1821: 1797: 1772: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1737: 1721: 1710: 1634:Safavid dynasty 1594:Afsharid Empire 1586: 1581: 1437: 1405:Indian Campaign 1391:Siege of Iravan 1211: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1151: 1149: 1148: 1140: 1138: 1137: 1129: 1127: 1126: 1118: 1116: 1115: 1109: 1106: 1099: 1089: 1079: 1069: 1063: 1058:1st Mir Bakhshi 1049: 1040: 1031: 1020: 1012: 1011: 1005: 996: 995: 987: 986: 980: 968: 967: 957: 956: 950: 938: 937: 925: 924: 912: 911: 895: 893: 892: 880: 878: 877: 860: 858: 857: 851: 849: 848: 842: 840: 839: 838:Mohammad Seidal 833: 831: 830: 820: 818: 817: 811: 809: 808: 802: 800: 783: 768: 752: 751: 737: 736: 722: 721: 709: 707: 706: 690: 689: 673: 672: 658: 657: 656:Fath Ali Kayani 643: 642: 628: 627: 611: 610: 608:Tahmasp Jalayer 594: 593: 575: 564:Elisu Sultanate 562: 558: 554: 550: 541: 532: 522: 521: 519:Imamate of Oman 512: 504: 502: 501: 493: 491: 490: 482: 480: 479: 471: 469: 468: 460: 458: 457: 448: 446:Crimean Khanate 438: 437: 427: 426: 416: 415: 407: 405: 396: 392: 382: 380: 378:(prior to 1736) 376: 366: 339: 253: 241: 187:Iranian Plateau 157: 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3703: 3701: 3693: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3652: 3651: 3648: 3647: 3640: 3639:, I. B. Tauris 3633: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3618: 3595: 3574: 3560:Muhammad Hakim 3543: 3541:Axworthy p.xvi 3534: 3509: 3500: 3489: 3480: 3455: 3436: 3426: 3389: 3375: 3355: 3334: 3321: 3319:. I. B. Tauris 3305: 3245: 3229: 3227:. I. B. Tauris 3216: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3191: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3173:Russian Empire 3170: 3168:Ottoman Empire 3165: 3160: 3158:Safavid Empire 3155: 3148: 3145: 3136:battle of Kars 3085:Constantinople 3060: 3057: 3048:Ottoman Empire 3036:Safavid Empire 3020:Ottoman Empire 2979:Main article: 2976: 2973: 2956:Main article: 2953: 2950: 2936:Main article: 2933: 2930: 2882: 2879: 2844:Peacock Throne 2835: 2832: 2816:Peacock Throne 2799: 2796: 2786: 2783: 2745:Sunehri Masjid 2717: 2714: 2677:and capturing 2646:Maratha Empire 2620:Hotaki dynasty 2588: 2585: 2577:North Caucasus 2573:Ottoman Empire 2556:, invaded the 2535: 2532: 2519:Main article: 2516: 2513: 2457:Crimean Tatars 2445:Main article: 2442: 2439: 2427:Ottoman Empire 2411:Main article: 2408: 2405: 2395: 2392: 2371:Main article: 2368: 2367:Siege of Herat 2365: 2352: 2349: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2295:Main article: 2292: 2289: 2280:Main article: 2277: 2274: 2261:Main article: 2258: 2255: 2242: 2239: 2218:Main article: 2215: 2212: 2192:Chokhur-e Sa'd 2188:Chokhur-e Sa'd 2179: 2176: 2161: 2158: 2143: 2140: 2103: 2100: 2083: 2080: 2062: 2059: 2049:Western Iran, 2039:Main article: 2036: 2033: 2024:Main article: 2021: 2018: 2001:Main article: 1998: 1995: 1986:Main article: 1983: 1980: 1971:Main article: 1968: 1965: 1956:Main article: 1953: 1950: 1926:Main article: 1923: 1920: 1906: 1903: 1897: 1894: 1880: 1877: 1850: 1847: 1841: 1838: 1820: 1817: 1796: 1793: 1784:Eugène Flandin 1774: 1773: 1724: 1722: 1715: 1709: 1706: 1638:Hotaki Afghans 1583: 1582: 1580: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1488: 1487: 1485:Battle of Kars 1482: 1477: 1475:Siege of Mosul 1457: 1456: 1435: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1398: 1388: 1387: 1386: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1335: 1317: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1283: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1265: 1249: 1248: 1243: 1230: 1229: 1224: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1193: 1191: 1190: 1183: 1176: 1168: 1160: 1159: 1047:Burhan-ul-Mulk 867:Hussain Hotaki 856:Zebardust Khan 847:Nasrullah Khan 798: 750:Adineh Mostafi 572: 571: 567: 566: 530:Russian Empire 435:Safavid Empire 424:Ottoman Empire 413:Hotaki dynasty 403: 402: 401: 354: 353: 349: 348: 345: 344: 341: 335: 334: 333: 332: 329: 324: 321: 318: 313: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 281: 275: 270: 265: 260: 247: 243: 242: 181: 179: 175: 174: 171: 163: 162: 149: 148: 137: 136: 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3702: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3645: 3641: 3638: 3634: 3631: 3627: 3626: 3622: 3616: 3615:0-7100-6959-6 3612: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3568: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3556:Abulfayz Khan 3553: 3547: 3544: 3538: 3535: 3522: 3521: 3513: 3510: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3493: 3490: 3484: 3481: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3447: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3430: 3427: 3415:on 2012-04-13 3414: 3410: 3409: 3404: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3378: 3376:9781850437062 3372: 3368: 3367: 3359: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3325: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3306: 3302: 3291:on 2016-03-03 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3256: 3249: 3246: 3242: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3220: 3217: 3212: 3208: 3202: 3199: 3193: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3178:Mughal Empire 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3070: 3065: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3053:invaded India 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2974: 2972: 2964: 2959: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2939: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2860:Mughal Empire 2857: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2825: 2824:Darya-ye Noor 2821: 2817: 2809: 2804: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2774: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2756:Chandni Chowk 2752: 2750: 2749:Chandni Chowk 2746: 2741: 2739: 2733: 2731: 2722: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2650: 2647: 2643: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2629: 2628:Mughal Empire 2625: 2621: 2611: 2603: 2598: 2594: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2558:Mughal Empire 2555: 2551: 2547: 2541: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2419: 2414: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2391: 2387: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2345:Zulfaqar Khan 2342: 2338: 2337:Allahyar Khan 2325:Afghan Revolt 2324: 2322: 2320: 2315: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2290: 2288: 2283: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2264: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2251:Qasr-e Shirin 2247: 2240: 2238: 2231: 2228:A map of the 2226: 2221: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2184:Patrona Halil 2177: 2175: 2172: 2167: 2157: 2154: 2149: 2141: 2139: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2118: 2108: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2071: 2067: 2060: 2058: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2034: 2032: 2027: 2019: 2017: 2009: 2004: 1996: 1994: 1989: 1981: 1979: 1974: 1966: 1964: 1959: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1934:Ashraf Hotaki 1929: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1904: 1902: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1868: 1865: 1855: 1848: 1846: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1826: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1801:Mahmud Hotaki 1794: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1770: 1767: 1759: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1735: 1734: 1730: 1725:This section 1723: 1719: 1714: 1713: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1698:Qajar dynasty 1694: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1677:central Asian 1673: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1625:جنگ‌های نادری 1621: 1617: 1616:Naderian Wars 1607: 1603: 1595: 1592:A map of the 1590: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1542:Kartli Revolt 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1493: 1492: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1480:Siege of Kars 1478: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1471: 1470: 1469: 1464: 1463: 1462: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1443: 1442: 1441: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1422:Sack of Delhi 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1289: 1288: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1253: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1210: 1204: 1199: 1189: 1184: 1182: 1177: 1175: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1158: 1147: 1136: 1125: 1114: 1112: 1105:Khwaja Ashura 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1066: 1060: 1059: 1053: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1038:Nizam-ul-Mulk 1035: 1030: 1029: 1028:Muhammad Shah 1024: 1010: 1008: 985: 983: 977: 966: 955: 953: 947: 936: 935: 923: 922: 909: 904: 903: 890: 875: 869: 868: 829: 828: 827:Ashraf Hotaki 799: 797: 793: 787: 782: 778: 772: 767: 763: 756: 748: 741: 733: 726: 720:Haji Beg Khan 718: 705: 701: 694: 688: 684: 677: 669: 662: 654: 647: 641:Lotf Ali Khan 639: 632: 626: 622: 615: 609: 605: 598: 592: 591: 586: 579: 574: 573: 568: 565: 561: 560:Shaki Khanate 557: 553: 549: 545: 540: 536: 531: 526: 520: 516: 511: 500: 489: 478: 467: 456: 455:Mughal Empire 452: 447: 442: 436: 431: 425: 414: 404: 399: 398: 397: 395: 391: 390:Afsharid Iran 387: 381: 379: 375: 370: 364: 362: 361: 356: 355: 350: 342: 337: 336: 330: 328: 325: 322: 319: 317: 314: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 282: 280: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 255: 254: 252: 248: 245: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 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