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instance, instead of discussing nahualism, we can talk about the belief that certain individuals, often in influential social roles, possess specific spiritual abilities. These abilities allow them to transform into animals or even natural phenomena like lightning, wind, clouds, or fireballs, enabling them to perform remarkable feats while in these "disguises."
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Kaplan concludes that, in Oaxaca, the belief in naguals as evil, shape shifting witches is common in both indigenous and
Mestizo populations. According to Kaplan, the belief in animal spirit companions is exclusively indigenous. This is certain for some groups and communities, but for others, such as
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of the day. It is probable that the tonal represents the daytime aspect and the nagual the nighttime aspect of the tonalli, 'the things of the day'. Practitioners of powerful magic were normally born on days related to animals with a strong or harmful aspect. They would have specific tonals such as
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In some indigenous communities the nagual is integrated into the religious hierarchy. The community knows who is a nagual, tolerating, fearing and respecting them. Nagualli are hired to remove curses cast by other nagualli. In other communities the accusation of nagualism may result in violent
217:
However, modern scholars have struggled to grasp the ever-evolving and contentious meanings associated with
Mesoamerican Nahua terms like nahualli and tonalli. This includes their derivatives, such as nahualismo and tonalismo. Hence, it's recommended to use clearer, descriptive language. For
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The nagual trait is acquired at birth, along with other characteristics associated with a person's birth day. Each day is associated with an animal that has strong and weak aspects. A person born on "Dog Day" would have both strong and weak 'dog' aspects. In
Nahuatl the word
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197:
Naguals use their powers for good or evil according to their personality. The general concept of nagualism is
Mesoamerican in origin. Nagualism is linked with pre-Columbian shamanistic practices through Pre-classic
298:, which chronicled historical interpretations of the word and those who practiced nagualism in Mexico in 1894. He identified various beliefs associated with nagualism in modern Mexican communities such as the
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the Mixes, Chinantecos, Triquis, or
Tacuates, those who can control their nahual or alterego are protectors of the people, natural resources and culture of the community, highly revered, but also feared.
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The
Nahuals described in the Borgia Codex, metamorphic creatures capable of changing their physical form into any other animal form or even into human forms at will.
823:
Stratmeyer, Dennis; Stratmeyer, Jean (1977). "The
Jacaltec Nawal and the Soul Bearer in Concepcion Huista". In Helen L. Neuenschander; Dean E. Arnold (eds.).
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In
English, the word is often translated as "transforming witch," but translations without negative connotations include "transforming
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368:(origin of this folklore is of unknown date, but eighteenth century at the latest), contain shapeshifters. The werewolf (
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depictions that are interpreted as human beings transforming themselves into animals. The system is linked with the
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210:, used for divination rituals. Birth dates often determine if a person can become a nagual. Mesoamerican belief in
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214:, wherein every person has an animal counterpart to which their life force is linked, is drawn upon by nagualism.
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folklore is not limited to Europe, nor to the Middle Ages; for example, some of Earth's oldest literature, the
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was the protector of nagualism, because his tonal was the jaguar and he governed the distribution of wealth.
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629:"Celebrando la Vida del Abuelo Domingo Choc Che y Exigiendo Justicia por su Asesinato | Cultural Survival"
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337:. Among the Jacaltek, naguals reinforce indigenism by punishing those who collaborate with non-indigenous
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330:
804:
Bloodsucking
Witchcraft: An Epistemological Study of Anthropomorphic Supernaturalism in Rural Tlaxcala
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Subsequently, many studies have described nagualism in different
Mesoamerican cultures such as the
348:, arguing that it was wholly imported from Europe, where he compared it to the medieval belief in
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The nagual is considered different; where the tonal is the day spirit itself, the nagual is the
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Herbs That Madden, Herbs That Cure: A History of Hallucinogenic Plant Use in Colonial Mexico
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724:. New Orleans: Middle American Research Institute Publications, Tulane University: 37–104.
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The Western study of nagualism was initiated by archaeologist, linguist, and ethnologist
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is tied to the belief one can access power and spiritual insight by connecting with the
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stela possibly depicting a nagual transforming into a jaguar. His name is inscribed in
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733:. New Orleans: Middle American Research Institute Publications, Tulane University.
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263:("wizard"); one who is able to shapeshift into an animal at night (normally into a
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162:, an indigenous religious practitioner, identified by the Spanish as a 'magician'.
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283:), drink blood from human victims, steal property, cause disease, and the like.
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Kaplan, Lucille (October–December 1956). "Tonal and Nagual in Coastal Oaxaca".
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is used to refer both to a day and to the animal associated with that day.
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Shamanism and the Ancient Mind: A Cognitive Approach to Archaeology
827:. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics, Museum of Anthropology.
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Correa, Gustavo (1955). "El espiritu del mal en Guatemala".
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Nagual in the Garden: Fantastic Animals in Mexican Ceramics
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Nagualism: A Study in Native American Folk-lore and History
372:) is neither the only nor the earliest form of folklorical
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The practice of Nagualism was often accompanied by use of
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Nagualism: A Study in Native-American Folklore and History
376:(shapeshifting from human to animal, or vice versa).
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Wired For God?: The Biology of Spiritual Experience
344:In 1955, Gustavo Correa suggested nagualism is not
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758:(PhD). Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia
703:. Philadelphia: MacCalla & Company, Printers.
193:on his abdomen and translates to "Five Alligator".
923:The Nagual Concept and the Collective Unconscious
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8:
800:Nutini, Hugo G.; Roberts, John M. (1993).
825:Cognitive Studies of Southern Mesoamerica
287:attacks on the accused by the community.
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
125:) is a human being who has the power to
40:This article includes a list of general
749:Frost, Melissa June (August 10, 2017).
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808:. Tucson: Arizona University Press.
89:Mesoamerican shapeshifting sorcerer
863:. Texas A&M University Press.
46:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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731:El Espíritu del Mal en Guatemala
576:Stratmeyer & Stratmeyer 1977
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208:Mesoamerican calendrical system
383:The nagual was popularized in
153:derives from the Nahuatl word
1:
897:Hoag Mulryan, Lenore (1996).
259:is sometimes synonymous with
971:Aztec mythology and religion
773:Journal of American Folklore
996:Maya mythology and religion
861:Rock Art of the Lower Pecos
697:Brinton, Daniel G. (1894).
1027:
931:Pearson, James L. (2002).
926:. Sonoma State University.
882:. Hodder & Stoughton.
102:Mesoamerican folk religion
1006:Shamanism of the Americas
966:Aztec legendary creatures
859:Boyd, Carolyn E. (2003).
729:Correa, Gustavo (1960) .
559:Nutini & Roberts 1993
991:Maya legendary creatures
878:Foster, Charles (2011).
633:www.culturalsurvival.org
610:(in Spanish). 2018-11-20
604:"Nahualismo y tonalismo"
255:In modern rural Mexico,
986:Latin American folklore
718:Nativism and Syncretism
292:Daniel Garrison Brinton
61:more precise citations.
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920:Mancilla, C. (1981).
184:
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608:Arqueología Mexicana
437:Latin America portal
413:psylocibin mushrooms
133:animal counterpart.
981:Guatemalan folklore
961:American witchcraft
935:. Rowman Altamira.
159:[naˈwaːlːi]
122:[naˈwaːlːi]
364:, and East Asia's
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976:Belizean folklore
912:978-0-930741-49-5
362:Epic of Gilgamesh
108:(pronounced ) or
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690:Works cited
669:Correa 1960
665:Correa 1955
591:Kaplan 1956
497:Skin-walker
477:(1982 film)
417:teonanácatl
370:lycanthropy
352:. However,
129:into their
59:introducing
955:Categories
681:Frost 2017
639:2024-04-20
614:2024-04-20
539:References
527:Werejaguar
487:Huay Chivo
475:Cat People
358:Bronze Age
350:werewolves
127:shapeshift
42:references
762:March 10,
709:465085853
544:Citations
522:Werehyena
415:known as
409:ololiuqui
385:shamanism
366:Huli Jing
167:trickster
149:The word
145:Etymology
135:Nagualism
745:Reprint.
532:Werewolf
482:Familiar
423:See also
395:Practice
331:Q'eqchi'
323:Jakaltek
321:and the
310:and the
248:the god
212:tonalism
155:nāhualli
118:nāhualli
843:4337155
517:Werecat
339:Ladinos
327:K'iche'
308:Zapotec
225:tonalli
187:Chatino
177:Beliefs
114:Nahuatl
55:improve
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411:, and
405:peyote
333:, and
319:Zoques
312:Mixtec
306:, the
302:, the
281:turkey
257:nagual
238:jaguar
204:Toltec
169:" or "
151:nagual
110:nahual
106:nagual
44:, but
18:Nahual
789:JSTOR
756:(PDF)
512:Wayob
502:Totem
304:Nahua
261:brujo
244:. In
200:Olmec
139:tonal
131:tonal
116:word
937:ISBN
907:ISBN
884:ISBN
865:ISBN
839:OCLC
829:ISBN
810:ISBN
764:2022
735:ISBN
705:OCLC
300:Mixe
277:wolf
242:puma
236:the
202:and
104:, a
781:doi
279:or
273:bat
269:owl
265:dog
240:or
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