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and political reform. Chinese police managed to isolate the non-Chinese students from the marchers and moved them by force to a military guest house in
Yizheng outside Nanjing. The protests were declared illegal, and riot police were brought in from surrounding provinces to pacify the demonstrators,
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After the police had dispersed the
Chinese students, many Africans fled to the railway station in order to gain safety at various African embassies in Beijing. The authorities prevented the Africans from boarding the trains so as to question those involved in the brawl. Soon their numbers increased
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By this time, Chinese students from Hohai
University had joined up with students from other Nanjing universities to make up a 3000-strong demonstration that called on government officials to prosecute the African students and reform the system which gave foreigners more rights than the Chinese. On
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The
Nanjing protests were groundbreaking dissidence for China and went from solely expressing concern about alleged improprieties by African men to increasingly calling for democracy or human rights. They were paralleled by burgeoning demonstrations in other cities during the period between the
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300 Chinese students, spurred by false rumors that a
Chinese man had been killed by the Africans, broke into and set about destroying the Africans' dormitories, shouting slogans. Part of the destruction involved setting fire to the Africans' dormitory and locking them in. The President of the
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party. A quarrel between one of the
Africans and a Chinese security guard, who had suspected that the women the African students tried to bring into the campus were prostitutes and refused their entry, led to a brawl between the African and Chinese students on the campus which lasted till the
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and were required to follow new regulations, including a night-time curfew, having to report to university authorities before leaving the campus, and having no more than one
Chinese girlfriend whose visits would be limited to the lounge area. Guests were still required to be registered.
113:, with some elements of the original protests that started in Nanjing still evident in 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, such as banners proclaiming "Stop Taking Advantage of Chinese Women" even though the vast majority of African students had left the country by that point.
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The
African students and their sympathizers were removed from Yizheng to another military guesthouse closer to Nanjing on New Year's Eve, and were returned to their universities the following day.
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to 140, as other
African and non-African foreign students, fearing violence or simply by sympathy, arrived at the first-class waiting room at the station asking to be allowed to go to Beijing.
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the evening of
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Collective Identity, Symbolic Mobilization, and Student Protest in Nanjing, China, 1988-1989
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The Stain on China's Pro-Democracy Movement: A Final Word About Tiananmen By Phillip Martin
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240:"New restrictions were imposed Thursday on African students' social... - UPI Archives"
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154:"The 1988–89 Nanjing Anti-African Protests: Racial Nationalism or National Racism?"
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The 1988-89 Nanjing Anti-African Protests: Racial Nationalism or National Racism?
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On December 24, 1988, two male African students were entering their campus at
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China as a Third World State: Foreign Policy and Official National Identity
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In January, three of the African students were deported for starting the
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246:. No. African students in Nanjing. Universal Press International
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Controversy over study buddies for international students in China
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Anti-African demonstrations spread to other cities, including
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university had to order the fire department to take action.
35:, which lasted from December 1988 to the following January.
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in Nanjing with two Chinese women. The occasion was a
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Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan
451:, Dikötter, Frank, Stanford University Press, 1992
435:, Van Ness, Peter, Cornell University Press, 1993
548:Racially motivated violence against black people
456:Racial Identities in China: Context and Meaning
210:"13 Injured as Chinese, African Students Clash"
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16:1988–1989 student protests in Nanjing, China
568:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
111:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
23:were mass demonstrations and riots against
309:. Hong Kong University Press. p. 86.
375:Nationalism and Anti-Africanism in China
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409:
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372:Peck, Andrew (2012). Ai, Ruixi (ed.).
52:morning, leaving 13 students injured.
448:The Discourse of Race in Modern China
267:"Africans in Beijing Boycott Classes"
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238:Del Vecchio, Mark (5 January 1989).
473:Anti-Black Racism in Post-Mao China
265:Kristof, Nicholas D. (1989-01-05).
528:Anti-immigration politics in China
152:Sullivan, Michael J. (June 1994).
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558:Riots and civil disorder in China
84:. The other students returned to
351:. Bookmarks. pp. 104–105.
69:which took several more days.
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578:December 1988 events in China
21:Nanjing anti-African protests
583:January 1989 events in China
484:, Sullivan, Michael J, 1994
378:. Lulu.com. pp. 29–38.
216:. 1988-12-27. Archived from
464:An African Student in China
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563:Student protests in China
523:Anti-black racism in Asia
172:10.1017/S0305741000035839
104:Tiananmen Square protests
303:Dikötter, Frank (1997).
533:Anti-national sentiment
459:, Dikötter, Frank, 1994
573:Africa–China relations
476:, Sautman, Barry, 1994
347:Hore, Charlie (1991).
329:Huff Post, 07/13/2009
349:The Road to Tiananmen
128:Africans in Guangzhou
220:on November 13, 2022
543:Race riots in China
159:The China Quarterly
538:History of Nanjing
271:The New York Times
468:, Pall Mall, 1963
466:, Hevi, Emmanuel
443:, Crane, George T
385:978-1-105-76890-3
285:on March 26, 2023
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518:1989 riots
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402:cite book
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180:0305-7410
76:Aftermath
117:See also
94:Shanghai
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335:Archive
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