143:
211:
379:
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enclosing the septum to visualise and assess the cartilage and bone. The surgeon then trims, reshapes or even replaces deviated parts to straighten the nasal septum. A septoplasty typically takes one to three hours and is coupled with other nasal surgeries to ameliorate the defect. The nasal septum
126:
Nasal surgery is a specialty including the removal of nasal obstruction that cannot be achieved by medication and nasal reconstruction. Currently, it comprises four approaches, namely rhinoplasty, septoplasty, sinus surgery, and turbinoplasty, targeted at different sections of the nasal cavity in the
494:
without damaging the turbinate bone. Besides preserving the mucosa, shorter operative time, lower blood loss, and improved accuracy are significant advancements brought by microdebrider. Also, research found that it is more effective at mitigating nasal blockade than radiofrequency turbinoplasty.
178:
There are two main strategies involved for surgical rhinoplasty – open rhinoplasty and closed rhinoplasty. Open rhinoplasty offers a more accessible passage for the surgeon to incise the outer nasal skin, but it may introduce external scarring on the nose. Contrarily, closed rhinoplasty utilises the
77:
surgery, and turbinoplasty, each with its respective postoperative treatments. Furthermore, nasal surgery is also conducted for cosmetic purposes. While there are potential risks and complications associated, the advancement of medical instruments and enhanced surgical skills have helped mitigate
234:
is a surgical procedure involving the correction of the nasal septum, which refers to the bone and cartilage dividing the space between the nostrils. When a nasal septum is bent or crooked, it indicates the narrowing or blockage of the airway, leading to breathing difficulties and worsened sinus
198:
and other non-surgical devices, which act as alternatives for minor nasal reconstructions. They are proven to treat minor external nasal injuries more cost-effectively in comparison to surgical rhinoplasty. With respect to the reduced intraoperative loss of tissue and blood, non-surgical
138:
is one of the most common cosmetic approaches despite its intricacy. Rhinoplasty can be categorised into surgical rhinoplasty and non-surgical rhinoplasty. Surgical rhinoplasty emphasises the application of grafting techniques while non-surgical rhinoplasty provides non-invasive options.
250:
Most septoplasties are typically done with a closed procedure that utilises a thin, flexible endoscope with a tiny camera and a light. In certain cases, septorhinoplasty, which is the combination of rhinoplasty and septoplasty, requires an open procedure with a headlight and nasal
511:
is placed along the submucosal lining of the inferior turbinate, and is then moved forward and backward repeatedly. Compared to radiofrequency turbinoplasty, the destruction of swelling tissues by ultrasound exhibits increased nasal flow and minimal postoperative complications.
94:
The first period of nasal surgery was dated back to 1500 B.C. There were no attempts to treat nasal damage, leading to complete loss of the nose. Nose amputation served as penalisation for war criminals and women deemed indecent, resulting in the demand for nasal reconstruction.
554:
After three to five days of ethmoidectomy, the physician will eliminate the middle meatus packing and debride the dried blood clots during a follow-up visit. The patient recovers from ethmoidectomy after a month, while the recovery from turbinoplasty takes six weeks.
602:
The
Rhinoplasty Outcome Evaluation (ROE) questionnaire is distributed among rhinoplasty patients to examine the results collected. ROE also encourages the application of more innovative techniques, for instance the incorporation of Piezoelectric equipment.
395:
is initially inserted into the inflamed sinus. Next, the inflation of the balloon widens the sinus while preserving the lining. Consequently, the expanded opening aids mucosal drainage. After the removal of the balloon, the irrigation catheter sprays
606:
Septoplasty is still considered to be a relatively risky procedure with a high incidence of postoperative complications compared to other types of nasal surgeries. In response to this, specialists in nasal surgery are working to establish a
117:
The third period of nasal surgery continues to this day with the subcategories of rhinoplasty, septoplasty, sinus surgery, and turbinoplasty coupled with the culmination of advanced plastic technology and the ongoing surgical development.
478:. To ameliorate intraoperative bleeding, bipolar cautery is used along with the insertion of a Merocell sponge between the turbinate and nasal septum. It is notably distinctive from coblation turbinoplasty in the absence of saline.
1604:
86:
The history of nasal surgery can be separated into three periods. The first was when nasal operations only consisted of the repair of minimal external nose injuries. The second period was characterised by the need for restoring
351:. With a more accessible view of the ethmoid bulla, the remaining fragments are eliminated along the lamina papyrcea. The use of an endoscope facilitates the dissection from the anterior to posterior ethmoid.
183:
approach through the nostril and does not require an incision observable to the eye. The decision between the two depends on the extent of growth abnormalities and the patient's preference.
424:
Turbinoplasty is an intervention aiming to treat turbinate hypertrophy by reducing turbinate volume. Turbinate hypertrophy is commonly characterised by enlarged nasal turbinates arising from
163:. During the process, the nasal bones and cartilage are carefully readjusted, with the duration depending on the amount of bone and cartilage that needs to be removed or added with flaps or
435:, while extraturbinoplasty also removes a portion of the inferior turbinate bone. Intraturbinoplasty can be conducted through an improved mucosal-sparing approach with microdebrider or
547:
and moisturise the nasal cavity. Depending on the patient's conditions, doctors may administer medication ranging from nasal steroids that can alleviate mucosal inflammation to
450:
Coblation turbinoplasty incorporates radiofrequency to vapourise and disintegrate the soft erectile tissue of the turbinate, lowering the turbinate size and causing
382:
The working principle of balloon sinuplasty. A balloon catheter is inserted into the swelling sinus and inflated, which enables reopening of the sinus passage.
454:. The reduction in turbinate volume alleviates the conditions of inferior turbinate hypertrophy. Since fibrosis stiffens the attachment of the mucosa to the
571:
may also deviate without adequate support depending on the individual’s nasal structure. This will lead to asymmetry and concavity of the nasal sidewall.
311:, in which the ligament may be repositioned afterwards. The surgeon then dissects the periosteum and a portion of the anterior ethmoid. By perforating the
474:. Using an electric current, the Piezo reduces the turbinate volume and prevents direct damage. It is followed by lateralisation of the turbinate by the
110:
to reconstruct wounded noses. This laid a solid foundation for the evolution of nasal surgery. The emerging idea of nasal surgery has then spread to the
299:. The method of conducting ethmoidectomy is classified based on the location of the incision, namely external, intranasal, and transantral approaches.
155:
Surgical rhinoplasty is an intervention aimed at modifying the nasal appearance in patients. This procedure targets the upper nasal bone and the lower
2312:
1211:
2211:"A meta-analysis of pre- and postoperative corticosteroids for reducing the complications following facial reconstructive and aesthetic surgery"
536:
splints may be applied to the wound for a week to support the skin grafts and the realigned nasal septum. Doctors can also use a small piece of
287:
section of nasal cavities showing the ethmoid sinus, which is a hollow space near the nose and the eyes that allows drainage of other sinuses.
903:
319:
can be subsequently resected. With the opening of the posterior ethmoid, the surgeon proceeds with the elimination of the inflamed mucus.
639:
328:
331:) is the most predominant type of ethmoidectomy with a success rate of 79%. First, the patient is injected with local anaesthetic and
348:
375:
is created for intranasal counter drainage. The surgeon eventually dissects the inflamed anterior and posterior ethmoid cells.
142:
543:
Ethmoidectomy and turbinoplasty patients are prescribed nasal saline spray. It is applied four to five times daily to remove
312:
1108:
Gupta, R; John, J; Ranganathan, N; Stepanian, R; Gupta, M; Hart, J; Nossoni, F; Shaheen, K; Folbe, A; Chaiyasate, K (2022).
431:
Turbinoplasty is classified as intraturbinoplasty and extraturbinoplasty. Intraturbinoplasty only involves the resection of
1924:"Surgical interventions for inferior turbinate hypertrophy: a comprehensive review of current techniques and technologies"
462:. According to the review, this technique outcompetes its conventional counterpart in terms of safety and effectiveness.
1630:"Twelve-year follow-up study after endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis"
102:, regarded as the "Father of Plastic Surgery'', initiated the second period of nasal surgery. Under the ideologies of
363:
Transantral ethmoidectomy is a surgical treatment for recurrent chronic rhinosinusitis and malignant tumours of the
1628:
Calus, L; Van
Bruaene, N; Bosteels, C; Dejonckheere, S; Van Zele, T; Holtappels, G; Bachert, C; Gevaert, P (2019).
219:
507:
turbinoplasty is highly similar to that of coblation and radiofrequency turbinoplasty. First, an ultrasonic nasal
371:, allowing the surgeon to view the bulging of the ethmoid bulla in the maxillary sinus. Then, an aperture on the
308:
167:. Surgeons can retrieve smaller tissue grafts from the interior of the nose, while larger ones may be taken from
1505:
Fassas, SN; Peterson, AM; Farrokhian, N; Zonner, JG; Cummings, EL; Arambula, Z; Chiu, AG; Goyal Fox, M (2022).
579:
420:
The lateral section of the nasal cavity showing the superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae (turbinates).
344:
32:
520:
Patients who have undergone rhinoplasty and septoplasty are placed on bed rest with the head raised. To lower
1976:
587:
146:
The modification of the lower nasal cartilage of the left nostril during a surgical rhinoplasty procedure.
564:
428:. This procedure has a success rate of 82% and can be carried out in a clinic as a same-day procedure.
2676:
563:
Rhinoplasty and septoplasty may precipitate certain issues such as the collapse and perforation of the
958:
2517:"A systematic review and meta-analysis of rhinoplasty using the rhinoplasty outcome evaluation scale"
2384:
568:
356:
336:
2260:"Efficacy of nasal septal splints for preventing complications after septoplasty: a meta-analysis"
528:
at regular intervals for several days. This can therefore reduce the likelihood of postoperative
91:
noses in several countries. The third period marks the current era of nasal surgery development.
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268:
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Nocini, R; Chirumbolo, S; Pirayesh, A; Rahman, E; Kapoor, KM; Caliskan, G; Bertossi, D (2022).
470:
First, an incision is carried out on the inferior turbinate bone to allow the insertion of the
408:
procedure, with a duration of approximately thirty minutes and a recovery of one to two days.
175:
of the patient. Additionally, another factor under consideration is the patient’s ethnicity.
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2587:
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1955:
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822:
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612:
425:
397:
195:
62:
61:
is a medical procedure designed to treat various conditions that cause nasal blockages in the
2162:"Development of high-intensity focused ultrasound therapy for inferior turbinate hypertrophy"
404:. Given the simplicity of the process, around 87% of balloon sinuplasty was conducted as an
2642:
2632:
2579:
2538:
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2475:
2422:
2352:
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2230:
2222:
2181:
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2124:
2077:
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2013:
1945:
1935:
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Champagne, C; Ballivet de Régloix, S; Genestier, L; Crambert, A; Maurin, O; Pons, Y (2016).
1436:
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682:
471:
392:
340:
2001:
210:
1771:"Evaluation of Caldwell-Luc operation in the endoscopic era: experience from past 7 years"
486:
The use of the microdebrider maintains continuous blood drainage, creating a more precise
436:
364:
243:
192:
164:
74:
871:
2647:
2620:
2543:
2516:
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2210:
2186:
2161:
2160:
Kim, JK; Cho, SW; Kim, H; Jo, SC; Kim, HG; Won, TB; Kim, JW; Lim, JH; Rhee, CS (2022).
2082:
1950:
1923:
1769:Şahin, MM; Yılmaz, M; Karamert, R; Cebeci, S; Uzunoğlu, E; Düzlü, M; Ceylan, A (2020).
1656:
1629:
1441:
1416:
1344:
1317:
1134:
1109:
928:
855:
525:
106:
in 600 B.C., he used leaves as a template for the damaged nose, together with a cheek
2670:
2599:
2464:"Internal carotid artery injury in endoscopic endonasal surgery: a systematic review"
2442:
2291:
2146:
2002:"Inferior turbinate hypertrophy: a review of the evolution of management in children"
1855:
1802:
1755:
1714:
1574:
1538:
1296:
1243:
1190:
1088:
990:
710:
634:
582:. The loss of vision and haemorrhage can be caused by unintentional injuries of the
475:
316:
296:
284:
271:. They treat chronic sinusitis and nasal polyps by reopening the sinus passageways.
264:
2495:
2033:
1159:"Non-surgical rhinoplasty using hyaluronic acid dermal fillers: a systematic review"
834:
778:
378:
578:. Additionally, sinus surgery may potentially result in visual impairment and the
487:
391:
Balloon sinuplasty is an optimal treatment for chronic rhinosinusitis. A flexible
372:
368:
307:
The surgeon carries out an incision on the skin between the medial canthus and the
292:
215:
111:
73:. It encompasses several types of techniques, including rhinoplasty, septoplasty,
1730:"Indications of the Caldwell-Luc procedure in the era of endoscopic sinus surgery"
2275:
1227:
919:
38:
2226:
2058:"Microdebrider-assisted inferior turbinoplasty versus other surgical techniques"
1824:"Balloon catheter dilation in pediatric chronic rhinosinusitis: a meta-analysis"
1697:
1680:
1482:
1465:
1432:
649:
629:
624:
608:
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432:
231:
135:
66:
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1522:
1384:
1280:
1072:
1027:
818:
752:
591:
548:
504:
455:
332:
160:
159:. First, an incision is carried out at the nasal floor under local or general
88:
2073:
2017:
1839:
1157:
Kumar, V; Jain, A; Atre, S; Shome, D; Kapoor, R; Doshi, K; Vadera, S (2021).
694:
686:
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2177:
1368:
1264:
1158:
1056:
1011:
802:
736:
670:
508:
491:
236:
191:
Non-surgical rhinoplasty (liquid rhinoplasty) is a method that incorporates
180:
172:
156:
107:
70:
48:
2656:
2591:
2552:
2533:
2487:
2463:
2434:
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2112:
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2025:
1959:
1940:
1888:
1847:
1823:
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1706:
1687:. YO-IFOS educational video special issue, part 4: Rhinology and plastics.
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1125:
1080:
1035:
982:
937:
879:
826:
770:
702:
1746:
1729:
1417:"Septoplasty alone is not suitable for most structural nasal obstructions"
540:(drip pad) to absorb any possible drainage on top of the aforementioned.
2637:
2619:
Althobaiti, KH; Fida, AR; Almahmoudi, A; AlGhamdi, D; Alharbi, M (2022).
575:
544:
533:
451:
200:
168:
103:
99:
1318:"Nasal septal deviations: a systematic review of classification systems"
1212:"The nonsurgical rhinoplasty: a retrospective review of 5000 treatments"
2479:
1174:
459:
442:
Turbinoplasty is performed with different equipment shown as follows:
1507:"Sinus surgery and balloon sinuplasty: what do patients want to know?"
761:
1466:"Endoscopic vs. conventional septoplasty: a review of the literature"
529:
204:
2462:
Chin, OY; Ghosh, R; Fang, CH; Baredes, S; Liu, JK; Eloy, JA (2016).
1609:
1977:"Turbinate reduction surgery: what it is, procedure & recovery"
416:
279:
2389:
American
Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS)
537:
521:
415:
377:
278:
209:
141:
1928:
International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
1573:
Goanță, CM; Cîrpaciu, D; Sorică, A; Tușaliu, M; Budu, VA (2017).
1263:
Rohrich, R; Alleyne, B; Novak, M; Bellamy, J; Chamata, E (2022).
1110:"Outcomes of closed versus open rhinoplasty: a systematic review"
503:
Emerging as a novel technique in sinus surgery, the principle of
2113:"Piezo-assisted turbinoplasty: a novel rapid and safe technique"
594:, which is resulted from the fracture of the cribriform plate.
574:
Common complications of sinus surgery and turbinoplasty include
1685:
1470:
965:. Modern Rhinoplasty and the Management of Its Complications.
401:
1681:"Endoscopic complete ethmoidectomy: how I do it (with video)"
908:
Current
Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery
1728:
Bajan, A; Sarafoleanu, C; Melinte, VG; Decuseara, R (2020).
1421:
World
Journal of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery
590:
in the ethmoid sinus respectively. CSF leakage may lead to
291:
Ethmoidectomy treats ethmoid sinusitis through removing the
2313:"Post-operative instructions following turbinate reduction"
2056:
Kanesan, N; Norhayati, MN; Hamid, SSA; Abdullah, B (2022).
2621:"Common causes of failed septoplasty: a systematic review"
957:
Halepas, S; Lee, KC; Castiglione, C; Ferneini, EM (2021).
803:"Nasal Obstruction Considerations in Cosmetic Rhinoplasty"
532:. After the surgery, internal bandages, nasal packs, and
524:
build-up, physicians may prescribe appropriate dosage of
1605:"External ethmoidectomy and frontal sinusotomy/trephine"
1012:"Surgical treatment of nasal obstruction in rhinoplasty"
735:
Kao, R; Rabbani, CC; Ting, JY; Shipchandler, TZ (2019).
222:(MRI), which can be corrected by septoplasty.
2572:
2258:
Kim, SJ; Chang, DS; Choi, MS; Lee, HY; Pyo, JS (2021).
963:
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America
247:
is hence repositioned along the midline of one’s nose.
199:
rhinoplasty is capable of preventing the occurrence of
1316:
Teixeira, J; Certal, V; Chang, ET; Camacho, M (2016).
490:. It also facilitates the specific elimination of the
1822:
Patel, VA; O'Brien, DC; Ramadan, J; Carr, MM (2020).
611:
classification database that can define each type of
2000:
Komshian, SR; Cohen, MB; Brook, C; Levi, JR (2019).
367:. The operation begins with a puncture through the
127:order of their external to internal positions.
31:
23:
18:
1679:Piemontesi, J; Thamboo, A; Abdalkhani, A (2021).
439:, thus alleviating postoperative complications.
1579:The Official Journal of the Balkan Medical Union
242:During septoplasty, the surgeon first lifts the
1883:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1373:Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America
2341:"Revision functional endoscopic sinus surgery"
1575:"Ethmoidectomy - procedures and complications"
1415:Liu, JF; Yan, ZF; Zhang, ZJ; Wang, NY (2021).
2209:Aldhabaan, SA; Hudise, JY; Obeid, AA (2022).
2166:Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology
1603:Fagan, J; Sutherland, N; Holbrook, E (2021).
8:
2566:Keyhan, SO; Poorian, B; Fallahi, HR (2021).
1369:"Septoplasty: basic and advanced techniques"
2006:American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy
1828:American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy
458:, it remedies the shortcomings of possible
263:The techniques of sinus surgery vary from
2646:
2636:
2568:"Piezoelectric technology in rhinoplasty"
2542:
2532:
2320:Otolaryngology Specialists of North Texas
2234:
2185:
2128:
2111:Robotti, E; Khazaal, A; Leone, F (2020).
2081:
1949:
1939:
1775:Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
1745:
1696:
1655:
1645:
1481:
1440:
1343:
1333:
1133:
927:
760:
551:that can negate the risk of recurrence.
335:to decongest the nasal cavity. Next, the
2345:Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America
2215:Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
807:Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America
741:Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America
661:
339:is cautiously medialised to render the
2311:Rohn, G; Gamble, B; Kubala, M (2019).
69:, inferior turbinate hypertrophy, and
15:
2051:
2049:
1971:
1969:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1410:
1408:
904:"The history of nasal reconstruction"
796:
794:
7:
2385:"Clinical indicators: ethmoidectomy"
1511:Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
897:
895:
872:10.1001/archotol.1959.00730030681002
737:"In-office functional nasal surgery"
730:
728:
726:
580:leakage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
1875:Lofgren, DH; Shermetaro, C (2022),
640:Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
400:on the inflamed sinus to expel the
329:Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
44:
2264:American Journal of Otolaryngology
2062:Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica
1634:Clinical and Translational Allergy
1216:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
14:
860:A.M.A. Archives of Otolaryngology
671:"Nasal polyps and rhinosinusitis"
2339:Levine, CG; Casiano, RR (2017).
959:"Grafting in modern rhinoplasty"
2521:Annals of Maxillofacial Surgery
1163:Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology
218:deviated nasal septum shown on
114:and other parts of the world.
2411:"Complications in rhinoplasty"
1922:Abdullah, B; Singh, S (2021).
1210:Harb, A; Brewster, CT (2020).
1010:Ghosh, A; Friedman, O (2016).
675:Allergy and Asthma Proceedings
567:. The tip projection of nasal
343:intact. The dissection of the
1:
1734:Romanian Journal of Rhinology
1322:Plastic Surgery International
669:Kwah, JH; Peters, AT (2019).
2409:Eytan, DF; Wang, TD (2022).
2276:10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102389
1228:10.1097/PRS.0000000000006554
920:10.1097/MOO.0000000000000730
466:Radiofrequency turbinoplasty
2227:10.1016/j.bjorl.2020.05.015
1698:10.1016/j.anorl.2021.05.018
1483:10.1016/j.anorl.2015.11.004
1433:10.1016/j.wjorl.2020.05.007
1367:Most, SP; Rudy, SF (2017).
1114:Archives of Plastic Surgery
1057:"Non-Caucasian rhinoplasty"
801:Sidle, D; Hicks, K (2018).
482:Microdebrider turbinoplasty
355:Transantral ethmoidectomy (
255:to fix the nasal septum.
2693:
2584:10.1016/j.coms.2020.09.002
2415:Clinics in Plastic Surgery
1787:10.1016/j.joms.2020.04.024
1269:Clinics in Plastic Surgery
1061:Clinics in Plastic Surgery
1016:Clinics in Plastic Surgery
975:10.1016/j.coms.2020.09.003
856:"A history of rhinoplasty"
347:allows the removal of the
327:Intranasal ethmoidectomy (
220:Magnetic Resonance Imaging
98:In view of the situation,
2427:10.1016/j.cps.2021.07.009
2357:10.1016/j.otc.2016.08.012
1647:10.1186/s13601-019-0269-4
1523:10.1177/01945998221076803
1385:10.1016/j.fsc.2016.12.002
1281:10.1016/j.cps.2021.08.005
1265:"Nonsurgical rhinoplasty"
1073:10.1016/j.cps.2021.07.008
1028:10.1016/j.cps.2015.09.007
819:10.1016/j.otc.2018.05.011
753:10.1016/j.otc.2019.02.010
309:medial palpebral ligament
45:
2074:10.14639/0392-100X-N1896
2018:10.1177/1945892418815351
1840:10.1177/1945892420917313
687:10.2500/aap.2019.40.4252
516:Post-operative treatment
499:Ultrasound turbinoplasty
323:Intranasal ethmoidectomy
187:Non-surgical rhinoplasty
2178:10.21053/ceo.2020.02383
588:internal carotid artery
446:Coblation turbinoplasty
239:due to poor drainage.
63:upper respiratory tract
2534:10.4103/ams.ams_244_21
2130:10.1055/s-0039-3401803
2117:Facial Plastic Surgery
1941:10.3390/ijerph18073441
1126:10.1055/s-0042-1756315
565:nasal septal cartilage
559:Risk and complications
421:
383:
303:External ethmoidectomy
295:mucosal lining on the
288:
223:
147:
122:Types of nasal surgery
71:chronic rhinosinusitis
27:ˈnā-zəl ˈsərj-rē
1747:10.2478/rjr-2020-0017
854:Morrison, LE (1959).
419:
381:
373:inferior nasal meatus
357:Caldwell-Luc approach
282:
213:
171:, implants, or other
145:
2638:10.7759/cureus.33073
1877:"Balloon Sinuplasty"
1335:10.1155/2016/7089123
151:Surgical rhinoplasty
598:Current development
315:, the floor of the
2480:10.1002/lary.25748
1175:10.1111/jocd.14173
902:Shaye, DA (2021).
645:Balloon sinuplasty
422:
387:Balloon sinuplasty
384:
289:
269:balloon sinuplasty
224:
148:
492:submucosal tissue
426:allergic rhinitis
313:lamina papycracea
56:
55:
2684:
2661:
2660:
2650:
2640:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2546:
2536:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2468:The Laryngoscope
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2317:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2238:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2189:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2132:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2085:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1981:Cleveland Clinic
1973:
1964:
1963:
1953:
1943:
1919:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1781:(9): 1478–1483.
1766:
1760:
1759:
1749:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1700:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1659:
1649:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1570:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1485:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1444:
1412:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1347:
1337:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1169:(8): 2414–2424.
1154:
1148:
1147:
1137:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1055:Cobo, R (2022).
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
997:
954:
948:
947:
945:
944:
931:
899:
890:
889:
887:
886:
851:
845:
844:
842:
841:
798:
789:
788:
786:
785:
764:
732:
721:
720:
718:
717:
666:
393:balloon catheter
349:uncinate process
341:cribriform plate
337:middle turbinate
49:edit on Wikidata
41:
16:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2604:
2602:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2500:
2498:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2447:
2445:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2394:
2392:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2369:
2367:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2324:
2322:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2296:
2294:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2096:
2094:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2038:
2036:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1985:
1983:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1921:
1920:
1901:
1893:
1891:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1860:
1858:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1807:
1805:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1613:
1611:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1588:
1586:
1572:
1571:
1552:
1543:
1541:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1397:
1395:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1301:
1299:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1248:
1246:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1195:
1193:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1093:
1091:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1040:
1038:
1009:
1008:
1004:
995:
993:
956:
955:
951:
942:
940:
901:
900:
893:
884:
882:
853:
852:
848:
839:
837:
813:(5): 987–1002.
800:
799:
792:
783:
781:
734:
733:
724:
715:
713:
668:
667:
663:
658:
621:
600:
569:alar cartilages
561:
526:corticosteroids
518:
501:
484:
468:
452:tissue fibrosis
448:
414:
389:
365:maxillary sinus
361:
325:
317:ethmoidal bulla
305:
277:
261:
244:mucous membrane
229:
193:hyaluronic acid
189:
153:
133:
124:
84:
52:
37:
12:
11:
5:
2690:
2688:
2680:
2679:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2662:
2631:(12): e33073.
2611:
2558:
2507:
2474:(3): 582–590.
2454:
2421:(1): 179–189.
2401:
2376:
2351:(1): 143–164.
2331:
2303:
2250:
2201:
2172:(2): 160–167.
2152:
2123:(3): 235–241.
2103:
2068:(5): 415–426.
2045:
2012:(2): 212–219.
1992:
1965:
1899:
1867:
1834:(5): 694–702.
1814:
1761:
1720:
1671:
1620:
1595:
1550:
1517:(4): 777–784.
1497:
1456:
1427:(4): 322–327.
1404:
1379:(2): 161–169.
1359:
1308:
1275:(1): 191–195.
1255:
1222:(3): 661–667.
1202:
1149:
1120:(5): 569–579.
1100:
1067:(1): 149–160.
1047:
1002:
949:
914:(4): 259–264.
891:
866:(6): 667–673.
846:
790:
747:(3): 485–495.
722:
681:(6): 380–384.
660:
659:
657:
654:
653:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
620:
617:
599:
596:
560:
557:
517:
514:
500:
497:
483:
480:
467:
464:
447:
444:
437:radiofrequency
413:
410:
388:
385:
360:
353:
324:
321:
304:
301:
276:
273:
260:
257:
228:
225:
196:dermal fillers
188:
185:
152:
149:
132:
129:
123:
120:
83:
80:
65:, for example
54:
53:
46:
43:
42:
35:
29:
28:
25:
21:
20:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2689:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2612:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2508:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2455:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2402:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2332:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2304:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2270:(3): 102389.
2269:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2104:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1993:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1868:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1815:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1740:(39): 78–84.
1739:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1621:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1596:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1309:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1256:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1203:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1101:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1048:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1006:
1003:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
953:
950:
939:
935:
930:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
898:
896:
892:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
850:
847:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
797:
795:
791:
780:
776:
772:
768:
763:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
731:
729:
727:
723:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
665:
662:
655:
651:
650:Turbinoplasty
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
635:Ethmoidectomy
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
622:
618:
616:
614:
610:
609:peer-reviewed
604:
597:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
572:
570:
566:
558:
556:
552:
550:
546:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
515:
513:
510:
506:
498:
496:
493:
489:
481:
479:
477:
476:Mayo scissors
473:
465:
463:
461:
457:
453:
445:
443:
440:
438:
434:
429:
427:
418:
412:Turbinoplasty
411:
409:
407:
403:
399:
394:
386:
380:
376:
374:
370:
366:
358:
354:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
322:
320:
318:
314:
310:
302:
300:
298:
297:ethmoid sinus
294:
286:
281:
275:Ethmoidectomy
274:
272:
270:
266:
265:ethmoidectomy
259:Sinus surgery
258:
256:
254:
248:
245:
240:
238:
233:
226:
221:
217:
212:
208:
206:
202:
197:
194:
186:
184:
182:
176:
174:
170:
166:
165:tissue grafts
162:
158:
150:
144:
140:
137:
130:
128:
121:
119:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
96:
92:
90:
81:
79:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
59:Nasal surgery
50:
40:
36:
34:
30:
26:
24:Pronunciation
22:
19:Nasal Surgery
17:
2677:Nose surgery
2628:
2624:
2614:
2603:. Retrieved
2578:(1): 23–30.
2575:
2571:
2561:
2527:(1): 60–68.
2524:
2520:
2510:
2499:. Retrieved
2471:
2467:
2457:
2446:. Retrieved
2418:
2414:
2404:
2393:. Retrieved
2391:. 2021-04-23
2388:
2379:
2368:. Retrieved
2348:
2344:
2334:
2323:. Retrieved
2319:
2306:
2295:. Retrieved
2267:
2263:
2253:
2221:(1): 63–82.
2218:
2214:
2204:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2095:. Retrieved
2065:
2061:
2037:. Retrieved
2009:
2005:
1995:
1984:. Retrieved
1980:
1931:
1927:
1892:, retrieved
1880:
1870:
1859:. Retrieved
1831:
1827:
1817:
1806:. Retrieved
1778:
1774:
1764:
1737:
1733:
1723:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1612:. Retrieved
1608:
1598:
1587:. Retrieved
1582:
1578:
1542:. Retrieved
1514:
1510:
1500:
1476:(1): 43–46.
1473:
1469:
1459:
1424:
1420:
1396:. Retrieved
1376:
1372:
1362:
1328:: e7089123.
1325:
1321:
1311:
1300:. Retrieved
1272:
1268:
1258:
1247:. Retrieved
1219:
1215:
1205:
1194:. Retrieved
1166:
1162:
1152:
1117:
1113:
1103:
1092:. Retrieved
1064:
1060:
1050:
1039:. Retrieved
1022:(1): 29–40.
1019:
1015:
1005:
994:. Retrieved
969:(1): 61–69.
966:
962:
952:
941:. Retrieved
911:
907:
883:. Retrieved
863:
859:
849:
838:. Retrieved
810:
806:
782:. Retrieved
744:
740:
714:. Retrieved
678:
674:
664:
605:
601:
573:
562:
553:
542:
519:
502:
488:visual field
485:
469:
449:
441:
430:
423:
390:
369:canine fossa
362:
345:infundibulum
326:
306:
290:
262:
249:
241:
230:
216:congenitally
190:
177:
154:
134:
125:
116:
112:Roman Empire
97:
93:
85:
67:nasal polyps
58:
57:
1934:(7): 3441.
1691:: 109–110.
630:Septoplasty
625:Rhinoplasty
615:involved.
584:optic nerve
576:haemorrhage
549:antibiotics
545:blood clots
433:soft tissue
232:Septoplasty
227:Septoplasty
161:anaesthesia
136:Rhinoplasty
131:Rhinoplasty
2605:2023-03-26
2501:2023-03-26
2448:2023-04-12
2395:2023-04-12
2370:2023-04-01
2325:2023-03-26
2297:2023-03-26
2097:2023-03-26
2039:2023-04-12
1986:2023-04-12
1894:2023-04-13
1881:StatPearls
1861:2023-03-26
1808:2023-04-02
1614:2023-03-27
1589:2023-03-25
1544:2023-04-12
1398:2023-03-26
1302:2023-03-26
1249:2023-03-26
1196:2023-03-26
1094:2023-03-26
1041:2023-03-26
996:2023-03-26
943:2023-03-26
885:2023-03-26
840:2023-04-12
784:2023-04-12
762:1805/21643
716:2023-04-12
656:References
592:meningitis
530:ecchymosis
505:ultrasound
456:periosteum
406:outpatient
333:adrenaline
237:infections
181:endoscopic
173:long bones
78:them.
2600:226269203
2443:239157093
2292:214177748
2147:209524489
1856:215407033
1803:218984076
1756:220772002
1715:235472611
1640:(1): 30.
1539:246677240
1297:241922118
1244:211523016
1191:233398537
1089:241052685
991:226270982
711:207902240
695:1539-6304
157:cartilage
108:skin flap
89:amputated
2671:Category
2657:36721531
2592:33153888
2553:36199467
2496:25813325
2488:26525334
2435:34782135
2365:27888911
2284:33482562
2245:32605829
2196:33781059
2139:31891960
2092:36541379
2034:58767772
2026:30554518
1960:33810309
1889:31536277
1848:32264691
1795:32464104
1707:34140267
1666:31249662
1531:35133898
1492:26679230
1451:34632347
1393:28340647
1354:26933510
1289:34782136
1236:32097303
1183:33900020
1144:36159386
1081:34782133
1036:26616692
983:33153889
938:34074876
880:13649029
835:51676362
827:30017096
779:85497766
771:30905568
703:31690375
619:See also
586:and the
534:silicone
293:inflamed
253:speculum
203:or even
201:ischemia
104:Ayurveda
100:Sushruta
2648:9883659
2544:9527829
2236:9422590
2187:9149228
2083:9793141
1951:8038107
1657:6570859
1442:8486691
1345:4737055
1135:9507448
929:8270507
613:anomaly
460:sequela
285:coronal
82:History
39:D059747
2655:
2645:
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