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treat head-and-neck cancers, including those of the larynx and pharynx, oral cavity, salivary glands, jaws, calvarium, sinuses, tongue and skin. The tissue that is most commonly moved during this procedure is from the arms, legs, and back, and can come from the skin, bone, fat, and/or muscle. When doing this procedure, the decision on which is moved is determined on the reconstructive needs. Transfer of the tissue to the head and neck allows surgeons to rebuild the patient's jaw, optimize tongue function, and reconstruct the throat. When the pieces of tissue are moved, they require their own blood supply for a chance of survival in their new location. After the surgery is completed, the blood vessels that feed the tissue transplant are reconnected to new blood vessels in the neck. These blood vessels are typically no more than 1 to 3 millimeters in diameter, which means that these connections need to be made with a microscope, which is why the procedure is called "microvascular surgery".
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454:) ) is a surgical subspecialty within medicine that deals with the surgical and medical management of conditions of the head and neck. Doctors who specialize in this area are called otorhinolaryngologists, otolaryngologists, head and neck surgeons, or ENT surgeons or physicians. Patients seek treatment from an otorhinolaryngologist for diseases of the
1407:
Microvascular reconstruction repair is a common operation that is done on patients who see an otorhinolaryngologist. It is a surgical procedure that involves moving a composite piece of tissue from the patient's body and to the head and/or neck. Microvascular head-and-neck reconstruction is used to
608:
In the United
Kingdom, entrance to higher surgical training is competitive and involves a rigorous national selection process. The training programme consists of 6 years of higher surgical training after which trainees frequently undertake fellowships in a sub-speciality prior to becoming a
1222:
Facial plastic and reconstructive surgery is a one-year fellowship open to otorhinolaryngologists who wish to begin learning the aesthetic and reconstructive surgical principles of the head, face, and neck pioneered by the specialty of
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.
589:, etc.) who complete both medical school and an average of five–seven years of post-graduate surgical training in ORL-H&N. In the United States, trainees complete at least five years of surgical residency training. This comprises three to six months of
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Following residency training, some otolaryngologist-head & neck surgeons complete an advanced sub-specialty fellowship, where training can be one to two years in duration. Fellowships include head and neck surgical oncology, facial plastic surgery,
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The typical total length of education, training and post-secondary school is 12–14 years. Otolaryngology is among the more highly compensated surgical specialties in the United States. In 2022, the average annual income was $ 469,000.
470:, head, and neck. These commonly include functional diseases that affect the senses and activities of eating, drinking, speaking, breathing, swallowing, and hearing. In addition, ENT surgery encompasses the surgical management of
605:, pediatric otolaryngology, and laryngology. In the United States and Canada, otorhinolaryngology is one of the most competitive specialties in medicine in which to obtain a residency position following medical school.
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training and four and a half years in ORL-H&N specialist surgery. In Canada and the United States, practitioners complete a five-year residency training after medical school.
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Study of diseases of the outer ear, middle ear and mastoid, and inner ear, and surrounding structures (such as the facial nerve and lateral skull base)
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Sleep surgery encompasses any surgery that helps alleviate obstructive sleep apnea and can anatomically include any part of the upper airway.
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19:"Otolaryngology – head and neck surgery" redirects here. For the medical journal, see
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561:, "study" (cf. Greek ωτορινολαρυγγολόγος, "otorhinolaryngologist").
821:(cancer of lips, gums, tongue, hard palate, cheek, floor of mouth)
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Mosby's
Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions
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Rhinology includes nasal dysfunction and sinus diseases.
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1618:"Medscape, Otolaryngologist Compensation Report 2022"
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1890:North Thames Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service
1880:Craniofacial Society of Great Britain and Ireland
1592:"Training and development (otorhinolaryngology)"
1531:"Is There a Crisis in the Otolaryngology Match?"
874:Microvascular free flap reconstructive surgery
1947:
1707:
1026:Aural fullness (sense of fullness in the ear)
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1213:– science and practice of voice habilitation
636:Rhinology/sinus/anterior skull base surgery
318:Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital
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627:Facial plastic and reconstructive surgery*
2236:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
1981:
1954:
1940:
1932:
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1295:Complex lacerations and soft tissue damage
2577:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
1218:Facial plastic and reconstructive surgery
273:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
267:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
1840:Hearing loss with craniofacial syndromes
1460:Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America
830:Hypopharynx cancer (lower throat cancer)
796:American Board of Medical Subspecialties
620:
1556:"National Residency Match Program 2020"
1492:
926:are bony growths in the outer ear canal
862:Endocrine surgery of the head and neck
1648:
1517:"Otolaryngology Specialty Description"
1504:- Australian & New Zealand Edition
1032:Otorrhea (fluid draining from the ear)
1023:Tinnitus (subjective noise in the ear)
1004:Idiopathic facial palsy (Bell's Palsy)
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16:Medical specialty of the head and neck
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2476:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
56:adding citations to reliable sources
22:Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
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1403:Microvascular reconstruction repair
1066:Chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps
1029:Otalgia (pain referring to the ear)
2612:Medical Scientist Training Program
1444:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
14:
1506:, Elsevier Health Sciences, 2009.
309:laser used in otorhinolaryngology
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1875:Cleft Lip and Palate Association
1563:National Residency Match Program
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931:Middle ear and mastoid diseases
827:Larynx cancer (voice box cancer)
639:Laryngology and voice disorders
624:Head and neck oncologic surgery
332:
32:
2745:
1905:Shriners Hospitals for Children
1900:Overseas Plastic Surgery Appeal
1519:. American Medical Association.
964:– benign paroxysmal positional
642:Pediatric otorhinolaryngology*
43:needs additional citations for
2602:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
2036:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
1762:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
1439:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
1262:Injectable cosmetic treatments
1135:Laryngotracheal reconstruction
1058:Inferior turbinate hypertrophy
482:of the face, scalp, and neck.
261:Doctor of Osteopathic medicine
1:
1389:Maxillomandibular advancement
1106:Pediatric otorhinolaryngology
490:The term is a combination of
2582:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
2349:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
1915:Transforming Faces Worldwide
1850:Popliteal pterygium syndrome
1636:Stanford Medicine Healthcare
1394:Hypoglossal nerve stimulator
1865:National and international
1822:Speech and language therapy
674:Velopalatine insufficiency
569:Otorhinolaryngologists are
2802:
1723:Cleft lip and cleft palate
1655:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1632:"Exostoses (Surfer's Ear)"
1160:
886:
794:(*Currently recognized by
18:
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1449:Speech–language pathology
1363:Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
718:Traumatic reconstruction
2536:Transplantation medicine
2427:Clinical neurophysiology
2344:Obstetric anesthesiology
2264:Interventional radiology
2024:Digestive system surgery
1737:Advance practice nursing
1374:Genioglossus advancement
655:Facial cosmetic surgery
2407:Intensive care medicine
2381:Mass gathering medicine
2226:Maternal–fetal medicine
1145:Obstructive sleep apnea
1121:Cricotracheal resection
996:, vestibular schwannoma
883:Otology and neurotology
764:Vascular malformations
1999:Cardiothoracic surgery
1920:Smile Angel Foundation
1855:Van der Woude syndrome
1772:Orthodontic technology
1062:Nasal septum deviation
844:of the head & neck
802:Topics by subspecialty
788:Cochlear implant/BAHA
690:Maxillofacial surgery
324:
310:
2650:Personalized medicine
2509:Reproductive medicine
2434:Occupational medicine
2388:Evolutionary medicine
1845:Pierre Robin syndrome
1424:Head and neck anatomy
1140:Myringotomy and tubes
1001:Facial nerve disease
989:Perilymphatic fistula
984:Endolymphatic hydrops
975:Vestibular neuronitis
857:Head and neck sarcoma
853:Salivary gland cancer
836:Nasopharyngeal cancer
807:Head and neck surgery
746:Craniofacial surgery
736:Sleep investigations
730:Swallowing disorders
707:Cleft lip and palate
661:Middle and inner ear
448:ear, nose, and throat
436:head and neck surgery
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304:
174:Otorhinolaryngologist
67:"Otorhinolaryngology"
2781:Surgical specialties
2670:Traditional medicine
2630:Alternative medicine
2497:Addiction psychiatry
2311:Transfusion medicine
2306:Medical microbiology
2221:Gynecologic oncology
2073:Reproductive surgery
1730:Related specialities
1482:at Wikimedia Commons
1429:Head and neck cancer
1302:Basal Cell Carcinoma
1206:Cancer of the larynx
1098:Severe or recurrent
1011:Ramsay Hunt Syndrome
727:Anterior skull base
710:Sleep apnea surgery
521:) derived from four
320:founded in 1874, in
183:Glossary of medicine
149:Head and neck cancer
52:improve this article
2786:Medical specialties
2776:Otorhinolaryngology
2692:History of medicine
2675:Veterinary medicine
2482:Preventive medicine
2334:Adolescent medicine
2176:Infectious diseases
1812:Respiratory therapy
1787:Pediatric dentistry
1480:Otorhinolaryngology
1196:Spasmodic dysphonia
1094:Empty nose syndrome
1007:Facial nerve tumors
958:Inner ear diseases
901:Outer ear diseases
868:Parathyroid surgery
724:Skull base surgery
601:and sinus surgery,
328:Otorhinolaryngology
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157:Chronic ear disease
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133:Otorhinolaryngology
2640:Molecular oncology
2597:Doctor of Medicine
2587:Master of Medicine
2504:Radiation oncology
2376:Emergency medicine
2329:Addiction medicine
2296:Clinical chemistry
2291:Clinical pathology
2083:Transplant surgery
2041:Orthopedic surgery
2019:Colorectal surgery
1367:Transoral midline
1300:Skin cancer (e.g.
1185:Vocal cord nodules
878:Skull base surgery
742:Endoscopic surgery
715:Endocrine surgery
422:and also known as
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257:Doctor of Medicine
250:Education required
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2592:Master of Surgery
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2541:Tropical medicine
2487:Prison healthcare
2402:Hospital medicine
2366:Disaster medicine
2356:Aviation medicine
2171:Hospital medicine
2078:Surgical oncology
2063:Pediatric surgery
2057:
2004:Endocrine surgery
1929:
1928:
1832:Related syndromes
1572:on 28 August 2021
1478:Media related to
1396:implant (Inspire)
1117:Caustic ingestion
1054:Nasal obstruction
980:Ménière's disease
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651:Surgical oncology
468:base of the skull
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1074:– acute, chronic
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2393:Family medicine
2371:Diving medicine
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2241:Urogynecology
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633:Neurotology*
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603:neuro-otology
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523:Ancient Greek
520:
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496:
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485:
483:
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477:
476:benign tumors
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69: –
68:
64:
63:Find sources:
57:
53:
47:
46:
41:This article
39:
35:
30:
29:
24:
23:
2660:Rural health
2645:Nanomedicine
2196:Rheumatology
2127: /
2050:
2046:Hand surgery
2031:Neurosurgery
1776:
1767:Orthodontics
1678:. Retrieved
1674:
1665:
1639:. Retrieved
1635:
1626:
1612:
1600:. Retrieved
1595:
1586:
1574:. Retrieved
1567:the original
1562:
1550:
1538:. Retrieved
1534:
1525:
1511:
1500:
1495:
1458:
1406:
1318:Nasal cavity
1312:
1268:to the face
1221:
1201:Tracheostomy
1171:/hoarseness
1048:
1020:Hearing loss
941:inflammation
935:Otitis media
924:Surfer's ear
917:inflammation
896:
793:
685:
611:
609:consultant.
607:
595:
568:
558:
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537:
529:
516:
510:
504:
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489:
451:
447:
443:
439:
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423:
419:
327:
326:
305:A 40-watt CO
138:Significant
129:
114:
105:
95:
88:
81:
74:
62:
50:Please help
45:verification
42:
21:
2730:Wikiproject
2519:Venereology
2464:Neonatology
2361:Dermatology
2216:Gynaecology
2208:gynaecology
2191:Pulmonology
2009:Eye surgery
1971:Specialties
1910:Smile Train
1817:Social work
1434:Head mirror
1369:glossectomy
1344:Oral cavity
1327:Septoplasty
1322:nasopharynx
1258:Genioplasty
1232:septoplasty
1228:Rhinoplasty
1163:Laryngology
1157:Laryngology
1147:– pediatric
952:Mastoiditis
944:Perforated
893:Neurotology
842:Skin cancer
819:Oral cancer
440:ORL–H&N
244:Description
2765:Categories
2492:Psychiatry
2478:(PM&R)
2471:Phlebology
2459:Pediatrics
2286:Anatomical
2251:Diagnostic
2231:Obstetrics
2181:Nephrology
2166:Hematology
2161:Geriatrics
2154:Hepatology
2139:Cardiology
2129:Immunology
1885:Interplast
1807:Psychology
1802:Psychiatry
1782:Pediatrics
1680:6 December
1487:References
1357:pediatrics
1348:oropharynx
1336:pediatrics
1272:Nasal bone
1175:Laryngitis
939:middle ear
756:Apnea and
571:physicians
547:, "nose",
540:), "ear",
285:employment
269:(M.B.B.S.)
259:(M.D.) or
196:Occupation
171:Specialist
161:Hoarseness
108:April 2010
78:newspapers
2680:Physician
2564:education
2422:Neurology
2417:Narcology
2281:Pathology
2259:Radiology
2134:Angiology
2098:Andrology
1792:Physician
1752:Dietetics
1747:Dentistry
1742:Audiology
1419:Audiology
1253:Otoplasty
1169:Dysphonia
1100:epistaxis
1079:allergies
1072:Sinusitis
1045:Rhinology
1038:Imbalance
1017:Symptoms
915:ear canal
911:outer ear
752:Dizziness
665:Sinusitis
599:rhinology
492:Neo-Latin
486:Etymology
290:Hospitals
283:Fields of
222:Specialty
206:Physician
153:Sinusitis
145:Dizziness
2710:Category
2186:Oncology
2117:medicine
2115:Internal
1963:Medicine
1757:Genetics
1651:cite web
1602:16 April
1540:16 April
1535:ENTtoday
1412:See also
1292:fracture
1288:Frontal
1280:fracture
1278:Mandible
1274:fracture
1243:Browlift
1237:Facelift
1211:Vocology
1084:Rhinitis
721:Balance
693:Hearing
630:Otology
565:Training
512:laryngo-
234:Medicine
179:Glossary
140:diseases
2750:Outline
2720:Commons
2665:Therapy
2562:Medical
2125:Allergy
2093:Urology
1986:Surgery
1922:(China)
1641:21 July
1576:2 April
1454:Surgeon
1035:Vertigo
966:vertigo
946:eardrum
889:Otology
758:snoring
733:Airway
700:Allergy
536:: ὠτός
525:words:
472:cancers
403:oh-toh-
294:Clinics
275:(MBChB)
238:Surgery
209:Surgeon
92:scholar
2740:Portal
2607:MD–PhD
1380:Other
1266:Trauma
1189:polyps
556:-λογία
552:larynx
549:λάρυγξ
506:rhino-
464:throat
446:), or
434:
430:
415:-ə-jee
322:London
263:(D.O.)
94:
87:
80:
73:
65:
2322:Other
1570:(PDF)
1559:(PDF)
1290:sinus
587:MBChB
559:logia
518:-logy
407:-noh-
201:Names
99:JSTOR
85:books
1682:2018
1657:link
1643:2024
1604:2020
1578:2020
1542:2020
1230:and
1187:and
962:BPPV
891:and
780:BAHA
658:Ear
583:MBBS
545:rhis
538:otos
534:gen.
500:oto-
474:and
460:nose
444:OHNS
411:-in-
409:LARR
71:news
2056:ENT
1974:and
913:or
542:ῥίς
530:ous
527:οὖς
456:ear
452:ENT
442:or
420:ORL
413:GOL
54:by
2767::
2395:/
1673:.
1653:}}
1649:{{
1634:.
1594:.
1561:.
1533:.
1346:/
1320:/
937:–
907:–
798:)
585:,
581:,
579:DO
577:,
575:MD
515:+
509:+
503:+
466:,
462:,
458:,
426:,
405:RY
391:dʒ
367:ær
358:oʊ
352:aɪ
343:oʊ
337:oʊ
292:,
236:,
163:,
159:,
155:,
151:,
147:,
1955:e
1948:t
1941:v
1715:e
1708:t
1701:v
1684:.
1659:)
1645:.
1620:.
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1580:.
1544:.
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982:/
973:/
778:/
573:(
532:(
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438:(
432:–
397:/
394:i
388:ə
385:l
382:ɒ
379:ɡ
376:ˈ
373:n
370:ɪ
364:l
361:ˌ
355:n
349:r
346:ˌ
340:t
334:/
330:(
307:2
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115:(
110:)
106:(
96:·
89:·
82:·
75:·
48:.
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
