84:
1172:, and it is a theoretical claim on the part of the individual linguist that the nasal is not the basic form of the consonant. In the case of some Niger–Congo languages, for example, nasals occur before only nasal vowels. Since nasal vowels are phonemic, it simplifies the picture somewhat to assume that nasalization in occlusives is allophonic. There is then a second step in claiming that nasal vowels nasalize oral occlusives, rather than oral vowels denasalizing nasal occlusives, that is, whether are phonemically
4974:
5499:
5479:
5450:
5408:
5372:
5343:
5314:
5278:
5236:
5200:
5171:
5142:
5106:
5084:
5048:
5019:
4990:
43:
5531:
4560:
3723:
146:
371:
in their articulation because the flow of air through the mouth is blocked. This duality, a sonorant airflow through the nose along with an obstruction in the mouth, means that nasal occlusives behave both like sonorants and like obstruents. For example, nasals tend to pattern with other sonorants
1184:
This analysis comes at the expense, in some languages, of postulating either a single nasal consonant that can only be syllabic, or a larger set of nasal vowels than oral vowels, both typologically odd situations. The way such a situation could develop is illustrated by a
320:
Nearly all nasal consonants are nasal occlusives, in which air escapes through the nose but not through the mouth, as it is blocked (occluded) by the lips or tongue. The oral cavity still acts as a resonance chamber for the sound. Rarely, non-occlusive consonants may be
1801:
Maddieson, Ian. 2008. Absence of Common
Consonants. In: Haspelmath, Martin & Dryer, Matthew S. & Gil, David & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, chapter 18. Available online at
1180:
without prenasalized stops. Postulating underlying oral or prenasalized stops rather than true nasals helps to explain the apparent instability of nasal correspondences throughout Niger–Congo compared with, for example, Indo-European.
2069:
1252:, only a few hundred years old, where nasals became voiced stops ( became , became , became , became , became , became , became , etc.) after colonial contact. For example, "Snohomish" is currently pronounced
2105:
1152:
A few languages, perhaps 2%, contain no phonemically distinctive nasals. This led
Ferguson (1963) to assume that all languages have at least one primary nasal occlusive. However, there are exceptions.
1201:, suggesting that nasals become prenasalized stops before oral vowels. Historically, however, *mb became **mm before nasal vowels, and then reduced to *m, leaving the current asymmetric distribution.
907:
language of New Guinea has a phonemic uvular nasal, /ɴ/, which contrasts with a velar nasal. It is extremely rare for a language to have /ɴ/ as a phoneme. The /ŋ, ɴ/ distinction also occurs in a few
2079:
1389:
2089:
1895:
2074:
750:. They are represented in romanisation by <m, n, hm, hn, ny, ng>. Nuosu also contrasts prenasalised stops and affricates with their voiced, unvoiced, and aspirated versions.
2059:
2036:
2026:
753:/ɱ/ is the rarest voiced nasal to be phonemic, its mostly an allophone of other nasals before labiodentals and currently there is only 1 reported language with it
2021:
5597:
4907:
2970:
2716:
1132:. However, the phonetic variation of the sound is considerable, and it is not clear how frequently it is actually trilled. Some languages contrast /r, r̃/ like
2984:
2977:
2723:
3198:
2956:
2702:
1971:
4696:
882:, can manifest as one of several different nasal consonants depending on what consonant follows it; this allophone, colloquially written in IPA as
2991:
2688:
1874:
4735:
4658:
4869:
4799:
2963:
2709:
1667:
1633:
332:, and in fact, the nasal sounds and are among the most common sounds cross-linguistically. Voiceless nasals occur in a few languages such as
4742:
4639:
5540:
5075:
4864:
4569:
3732:
3493:
3400:
1985:
1852:
Yoshida, Kenji, 2008. "Phonetic implementation of Korean 'denasalization' and its variation related to prosody". IULC Working Papers, vol. 6.
1583:
1282:
are shifting to and . This started out in nonstandard dialects and was restricted to the beginning of prosodic units (a common position for
4819:
4756:
4574:
3583:
3475:
3382:
2695:
4763:
4709:
4665:
105:
367:, which means that they do not significantly restrict the escape of air (as it can freely escape out the nose). However, nasals are also
5091:
4912:
4108:
4063:
3570:
3507:
3414:
2865:
2621:
4892:
4677:
4646:
835:
5113:
4074:
4026:
4012:
3954:
3940:
3592:
3500:
3407:
2016:
1244:(Wakashan family), are truly without any nasalization whatsoever, in consonants or vowels, except in special speech registers such as
1019:
4841:
4826:
4606:
5590:
5162:
4088:
3610:
3521:
3482:
3428:
3389:
3146:
1924:
1677:
1643:
1476:
356:, which obstruct the air with a narrow channel. Both stops and fricatives are more commonly voiceless than voiced, and are known as
203:
185:
127:
70:
4592:
1728:"Consonants and Vowels in the Western Gurage Variety Inor: Complex Connections between Phonemes, Allophones, and Free Alternations"
1348:
Ivory Coast: Dan, Guro-Yaoure, Wan-Mwan, Gban/Gagu, Tura (Mande); Senadi/Senufo (Gur); Nyabwa, Wè (Kru); Ebrié, Avikam, Abure (Kwa)
545:
5334:
4081:
3737:
3664:
3601:
3514:
3421:
2928:
2872:
2837:
2628:
2593:
56:
5847:
4702:
4684:
6254:
5621:
5399:
5178:
5133:
3646:
2914:
2670:
1980:
606:
392:
242:
224:
5820:
4612:
1339:
These languages lie in a band from western
Liberia to southeastern Nigeria, and north to southern Burkina Faso. They include:
5350:
5305:
5191:
4564:
4559:
3991:
3919:
3727:
3722:
3528:
3435:
3081:
3040:
2776:
2443:
974:, nasal vowels and nasalized consonants are indicated by placing a tilde (~) over the vowel or consonant in question: French
5815:
4620:
2179:
1286:), but has expanded to many speakers of the standard language to the beginnings of common words even within prosodic units.
1263:
of
Bougainville Island, nasals are only used when imitating foreign accents. (A second dialect has a series of nasals.) The
559:
5363:
5149:
5010:
4515:
4375:
4343:
3671:
2935:
2851:
2844:
2607:
2600:
2429:
5827:
5810:
4598:
5802:
5583:
5470:
5321:
5207:
4902:
4506:
4495:
4407:
4019:
3947:
3653:
3111:
2921:
2900:
2823:
2677:
2656:
2579:
2064:
1964:
5842:
5837:
4715:
1128:
A nasal trill has been described from some dialects of
Romanian, and is posited as an intermediate historical step in
5379:
5026:
4981:
4522:
4005:
3984:
3933:
3680:
3098:
3054:
3047:
2998:
2790:
2783:
2734:
2479:
2450:
2299:
2132:
428:
5832:
4626:
931:(Razi dialect) have an extreme distinction of /m̥ n̥ ȵ̊ ŋ̊ ɴ̥ m n ȵ ŋ ɴ/, also one of the few languages to have a .
163:
156:
98:
92:
6107:
5535:
5530:
5441:
5039:
4536:
4458:
3340:
3233:
3120:
3026:
2942:
2858:
2762:
2614:
2461:
2436:
2415:
4944:
1161:
6259:
5754:
5699:
5490:
5227:
4997:
4897:
4529:
4449:
4438:
4040:
3998:
3968:
3926:
3304:
3012:
2907:
2830:
2748:
2663:
2586:
2493:
2344:
2315:
938:
821:
488:
437:
1259:
The only other places in the world where this is known to occur are in
Melanesia. In the central dialect of the
109:
5865:
5684:
5617:
5457:
5269:
5055:
4587:
4465:
4033:
3961:
3689:
3286:
3260:
3209:
3129:
3061:
3005:
2741:
2521:
2486:
2326:
2306:
2285:
1315:
1129:
472:
421:
412:
1706:
1248:
or the archaic speech of mythological figures (and perhaps not even that in the case of
Quileute). This is an
949:). This may be the only language in existence that contrasts nasals at seven distinct points of articulation.
30:
This article is about nasal stop consonants. For other types of consonants produced with nasal resonance, see
6068:
6063:
5974:
5506:
5419:
5243:
4479:
3875:
3347:
3180:
3171:
3154:
3033:
2949:
2769:
2507:
2468:
2422:
2358:
1957:
1723:
602:
504:
6085:
5895:
5694:
5669:
5613:
5285:
4472:
4236:
4174:
3866:
3855:
3800:
3766:
3326:
3311:
3191:
3019:
2755:
2500:
2386:
2351:
2242:
2227:
2211:
1279:
1275:
1217:
1209:
1177:
1173:
1048:
1027:
883:
845:
813:
777:
769:
747:
733:
725:
721:
717:
588:
580:
536:
481:
281:
238:
234:
220:
1806:
5674:
5651:
5629:
4298:
4225:
4205:
4163:
4143:
3882:
3779:
3293:
3267:
3242:
3216:
2528:
2372:
2333:
2292:
2222:
2183:
2031:
1883:
1264:
1053:
1031:
520:
465:
405:
6112:
6075:
5787:
4748:
4287:
4267:
4245:
4183:
3896:
3835:
3162:
2514:
2365:
2267:
1086:
904:
833:
806:
705:
497:
62:
6183:
6053:
6030:
5779:
5732:
5704:
5545:
4812:
4429:
4316:
4307:
4216:
4154:
3903:
3889:
3807:
3333:
2393:
2247:
2204:
1122:
1061:
912:
829:
795:
668:
613:
529:
451:
353:
345:
1550:
1468:
1208:, and are allophones. Tlingit is usually described as having an unusual, perhaps unique lack of
757:
which distinguishes /m, ɱ, n, ɲ, ŋ/ and also a set of prenasalized consonants like /ᶬp̪fʰ, ᶬb̪v/.
6048:
5881:
5689:
5646:
4835:
4278:
3844:
3793:
3772:
2535:
2379:
2237:
2217:
2175:
1784:
1589:
1538:
Proceedings of the 51st
International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (2018)
1516:
1409:
1320:
1042:
Ladefoged and
Maddieson (1996) distinguish purely nasal consonants, the nasal occlusives such as
995:
887:
810:
685:
639:
592:
513:
341:
1165:
6170:
6127:
6004:
5969:
5792:
5759:
5727:
5661:
5256:
4791:
4199:
4050:
3814:
3745:
3359:
2272:
2252:
2194:
2084:
1920:
1776:
1673:
1639:
1579:
1472:
1233:
1213:
1186:
1100:
1078:
928:
868:
852:. Outside this environment the nasality is spread over the vowel or become a nasal diphthong (
329:
6195:
6188:
6043:
5999:
5994:
5857:
5769:
5746:
5722:
5679:
5638:
5066:
4137:
3828:
3786:
2262:
2232:
2199:
2189:
1887:
1768:
1739:
1571:
1508:
1464:
1401:
1260:
1205:
1094:
1003:
999:
934:
916:
849:
765:
758:
709:
701:
697:
664:
635:
628:
617:
584:
333:
293:
955:
also has an extreme contrast of /m, mʷ, mʲ, mʷʲ, n̪, n̪͡m, n̠, n̠͡m, n̠ʲ, ŋ, ŋʷ, ŋʲ, ŋ͡m/.
6160:
6058:
6038:
5979:
5764:
5390:
5124:
4128:
3821:
3254:
2257:
2127:
1949:
1810:
1659:
1625:
1493:
1271:
1190:
1133:
946:
942:
924:
908:
825:
781:
754:
689:
657:
650:
624:
308:. Nasal occlusives are nearly universal in human languages. There are also other kinds of
1270:
The unconditioned loss of nasals, as in Puget Sound, is unusual. However, currently in
6132:
5296:
1939:
1823:
1295:
1241:
1141:
1015:
1007:
897:
893:
743:
693:
646:
349:
337:
289:
267:
167:
896:
has a set of voiceless nasals, /m̥, n̥, ŋ̊/, which occur predominantly as a result of
288:, allowing air to escape freely through the nose. The vast majority of consonants are
6248:
6218:
6178:
6155:
6122:
6095:
4955:
4489:
4331:
3749:
1788:
1663:
1629:
1593:
1520:
1456:
1452:
1413:
1249:
1137:
1109:
1023:
952:
920:
27:
Consonant pronounced by letting air escape through the nose but not through the mouth
6228:
6147:
6137:
6117:
4805:
2544:
1827:
1310:
1118:
937:
is highly unusual in that it has a seven-way distinction between /m, n̪, n, ɳ, ṉ/ (
791:
675:
322:
271:
31:
1759:
Berry, J. (1955). "Some Notes on the
Phonology of the Nzema and Ahanta Dialects".
6233:
6223:
6213:
6100:
5957:
5553:
4967:
4950:
4728:
4261:
3069:
2142:
2120:
1613:
1305:
1300:
1237:
1229:
1168:
of the Amazon, nasal and non-nasal or prenasalized consonants usually alternate
1105:
1011:
967:
963:
285:
162:
The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of
6016:
5432:
4960:
2279:
2137:
1772:
1512:
1405:
1780:
1060:, which have simultaneous oral and nasal airflow. In some languages, such as
6205:
6011:
5962:
5922:
5917:
5904:
5218:
4724:
3978:
3911:
2801:
2557:
2165:
1283:
1245:
1169:
1065:
1046:
in which the airflow is purely nasal, from partial nasal consonants such as
729:
713:
368:
357:
278:
275:
251:
1099:
prenasalized consonants, pre-stopped nasals and post-stopped nasals, as in
375:
Acoustically, nasals have bands of energy at around 200 and 2,000 Hz.
372:
such as and , but in many languages, they may develop from or into stops.
1575:
5939:
5927:
5524:
4859:
4781:
4775:
4553:
3716:
2554:
1256:, but was transcribed with nasals in the first English-language records.
994:
A few languages have phonemic voiceless nasal occlusives. Among them are
971:
958:
The term 'nasal occlusive' (or 'nasal stop') is generally abbreviated to
857:
841:
798:, the palatal nasal has been lost, replaced by a cluster , as in English
364:
230:
1891:
1565:
1534:
Historical relationship among three non-Tibetic languages in Chamdo, TAR
5912:
4632:
3849:
2409:
2115:
832:
often nasalize before and always after nasal vowels, resulting in and
776:, and as allophones. It may also be claimed that Catalan has phonemic
773:
1744:
1727:
1160:
When a language is claimed to lack nasals altogether, as with several
17:
1942:(1989) 'Niger–Congo overview', in Bendor-Samuel & Hartell (eds.)
1533:
1056:, which are nasal for only part of their duration, as well as from
5952:
4935:
2110:
962:. However, there are also nasalized fricatives, nasalized flaps,
871:
828:, this feature is also possible as an allophone). Semivowels in
5579:
5575:
4933:
2163:
1998:
1953:
1865:
Ferguson (1963) 'Assumptions about nasals', in Greenberg (ed.)
4591:
1841:
Nasalfest: Papers from a Symposium on Nasals and Nasalization,
1803:
139:
77:
36:
1908:
Le Kukuya Langue Teke du Congo: phonologie, classes nominales
1463:(First ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 478–479.
1026:
of New Caledonia has an unusually large number of them, with
1567:
A Grammar of Yélî Dnye: The Papuan Language of Rossel Island
1839:
Larry Hyman, 1975. "Nasal states and nasal processes." In
1064:, a nasal consonant may have occlusive and non-occlusive
761:
used to have it phonemically before merging it with /m/.
1932:
Saout, J. le (1973) 'Languages sans consonnes nasales',
1140:. A nasal lateral has been reported for some languages,
1761:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
1708:
A Grammar of Toro Tegu (Dogon), Tabi mountain dialect
3754:
Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
601:
The voiced retroflex nasal is is a common sound in
229:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
6204:
6169:
6146:
6084:
6029:
5938:
5903:
5894:
5874:
5856:
5801:
5778:
5745:
5715:
5660:
5637:
5628:
5389:
5217:
5065:
4885:
2210:
2182:
2098:
2052:
2009:
1068:. In general, therefore, a nasal consonant may be:
598:Examples of languages containing nasal occlusives:
1451:Schmid, Stephan (2016). "Segmental phonology". In
790:, although the only minimal pairs involve foreign
1501:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
1394:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
591:⟩, as it is rarely distinguished from the
1388:Namboodiripad, Savithry; Garellek, Marc (2017).
243:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
1216:; the older generation could be argued to have
970:, as in French, Portuguese, and Polish. In the
612:The voiced palatal nasal is a common sound in
1193:. Wukari allows oral vowels in syllables like
5591:
4908:Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop
1965:
1614:https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/160609178.pdf
785:
8:
1876:A phonological reconstruction of Proto-Hlai
1722:Abza, Tsehay (2016). Binyam Sisay Mendisu;
583:⟩ is commonly used to represent the
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
5900:
5712:
5634:
5598:
5584:
5576:
4930:
4882:
2160:
2006:
1995:
1972:
1958:
1950:
1342:Liberia: Kpelle (Mande); Grebo, Klao (Kru)
900:of their voiced counterparts (/m, n, ŋ/).
352:, which block off the air completely, and
2027:Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)
1743:
1469:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677108.001.0001
1461:The Oxford guide to the Romance languages
746:also contrasts six categories of nasals,
204:Learn how and when to remove this message
186:Learn how and when to remove this message
128:Learn how and when to remove this message
1532:Suzuki, Hiroyuki and Tashi Nyima. 2018.
1438:
1220:but at the expense of having no nasals.
377:
91:This article includes a list of general
3768:
2209:
1692:
1426:
1380:
1332:
890:, per the language's moraic structure.
794:. Also, among many younger speakers of
2193:
1136:(contrasts /w, r, j, w̃, r̃, j̃/) and
4428:
4127:
3843:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2203:
2198:
2188:
1357:Nigeria: Mbaise Igbo, Ikwere (Igboid)
7:
3801:
1564:Levinson, Stephen C. (23 May 2022).
233:. For the distinction between ,
4913:Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
3780:
3744:Symbols to the right in a cell are
1669:The Sounds of the World's Languages
1635:The Sounds of the World's Languages
1072:a nasal occlusive, such as English
848:is only slightly pronounced before
732:has a six-fold distinction between
587:nasal as well, rather than ⟨
3836:
2017:International Phonetic Association
1672:. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 102.
739:; some speakers also have a /ŋʲ/.
363:In terms of acoustics, nasals are
97:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
5505:
5489:
5469:
5456:
5440:
5418:
5398:
5378:
5362:
5349:
5333:
5320:
5304:
5284:
5268:
5255:
5242:
5226:
5206:
5190:
5177:
5161:
5148:
5132:
5112:
5090:
5074:
5054:
5038:
5025:
5009:
4996:
4980:
4840:
4825:
4818:
4798:
4774:
4762:
4755:
4741:
4734:
4708:
4695:
4683:
4676:
4664:
4657:
4645:
4638:
4619:
4605:
4535:
4528:
4521:
4514:
4505:
4494:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4457:
4448:
4437:
4406:
4374:
4342:
4315:
4306:
4297:
4286:
4277:
4266:
4244:
4235:
4224:
4215:
4204:
4182:
4173:
4162:
4153:
4142:
4107:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4062:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3865:
3854:
3808:
3688:
3679:
3670:
3663:
3652:
3645:
3609:
3600:
3591:
3582:
3569:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3492:
3481:
3474:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3388:
3381:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3310:
3303:
3292:
3285:
3266:
3259:
3241:
3232:
3215:
3208:
3197:
3190:
3179:
3170:
3161:
3145:
3128:
3119:
3110:
3097:
3080:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2543:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2467:
2460:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2332:
2325:
2314:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2268:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
1934:Annales de l Université d'Abidjan
1228:Several of languages surrounding
820:, is typically pronounced as , a
52:This article has multiple issues.
5529:
5497:
5477:
5448:
5406:
5370:
5341:
5312:
5276:
5234:
5198:
5169:
5140:
5104:
5082:
5046:
5017:
4988:
4972:
4558:
3794:
3773:
3721:
2070:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols
1917:Nasal Vowel Evolution in Romance
1901:from the original on 2021-07-14.
1390:"Malayalam (Namboodiri Dialect)"
1365:A Linguistic Geography of Africa
737:⟨മ, ന, ഩ, ണ, ഞ, ങ⟩
144:
82:
41:
5622:International Phonetic Alphabet
3815:
1981:International Phonetic Alphabet
1363:(Heine & Nurse, eds, 2008,
607:Australian Aboriginal languages
552:voiceless labial–alveolar nasal
225:International Phonetic Alphabet
60:or discuss these issues on the
4893:Nasal labial–velar approximant
3829:
3787:
2090:IPA chart for English dialects
1038:Other kinds of nasal consonant
296:are , and , in words such as
1:
3822:
1351:Ghana: Abron, Akan, Ewe (Kwa)
864:in all Portuguese dialects).
4903:Voiceless bidental fricative
2032:Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)
1906:Paulian, Christiane (1975),
768:, Spanish, and Italian have
566:voiceless labial–velar nasal
546:voiced labial–alveolar nasal
444:voiceless linguolabial nasal
2133:Phonetic symbols in Unicode
1919:, Oxford University Press,
1873:Norquest, Peter K. (2007).
1804:http://wals.info/feature/18
1267:of West Irian are similar.
780:, at least on the basis of
429:voiceless labiodental nasal
6276:
1540:. Kyoto: Kyoto University.
874:ん, typically romanized as
844:nasal occlusives in other
29:
5990:
5611:
5431:
5295:
5123:
4966:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4942:
4929:
4898:Nasal palatal approximant
4588:Co-articulated consonants
4488:
4433:
4396:
4364:
4329:
4260:
4198:
4136:
4097:
4049:
3977:
3910:
3848:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3769:
3625:
3547:
3454:
3358:
3253:
3153:
3068:
2895:
2799:
2651:
2553:
2408:
2278:
2172:
2159:
2005:
1994:
1944:The Niger–Congo Languages
1813:. Accessed on 2008-09-15.
1773:10.1017/S0041977X00106421
1513:10.1017/S0025100317000275
1406:10.1017/S0025100315000407
1345:Burkina Faso: Bwamu (Gur)
1204:In older speakers of the
1030:, along with a number of
822:nasal palatal approximant
560:voiced labial–velar nasal
489:voiceless retroflex nasal
438:voiced linguolabial nasal
383:
380:
1915:Sampson, Rodney (1999),
1732:Oslo Studies in Language
1316:List of phonetics topics
1176:without full nasals, or
1148:Languages without nasals
927:(Tangre Chaya dialect),
473:voiceless alveolar nasal
422:voiced labiodental nasal
413:voiceless bilabial nasal
292:. Examples of nasals in
3764:Non-pulmonic consonants
2896:Non-sibilant fricative
2652:Non-sibilant affricate
2022:History of the alphabet
1724:Janne Bondi Johannessen
1705:Heath, Jeffrey (2014).
1492:Coloma, Germán (2018),
1240:(Salishan family), and
1224:Lack of phonetic nasals
1156:Lack of phonemic nasals
1049:prenasalized consonants
674:, and (before a vowel)
603:Languages of South Asia
505:voiceless palatal nasal
221:phonetic transcriptions
112:more precise citations.
6255:Manner of articulation
5614:Articulatory phonetics
2080:Sinological extensions
1867:Universals of Language
1054:pre-stopped consonants
1032:voiceless approximants
1020:Central Alaskan Yup'ik
860:, only in Brazil, and
846:West Iberian languages
786:
537:voiceless uvular nasal
482:voiced retroflex nasal
458:voiceless dental nasal
218:This article contains
5788:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
1884:University of Arizona
1638:. Oxford: Blackwell.
1576:10.1515/9783110733853
1354:Benin: Gen, Fon (Kwa)
1265:Lakes Plain languages
1162:Niger–Congo languages
521:voiceless velar nasal
466:voiced alveolar nasal
406:voiced bilabial nasal
6113:Labio-palatalization
3548:Lateral approximant
1910:, Peeters Publishers
1360:CAR: Yakoma (Ubangi)
1236:(Chimakuan family),
1212:despite having five
1197:and nasal vowels in
1123:nasalized fricatives
1121:consonants, such as
1058:nasalized consonants
824:, a nasal glide (in
807:Brazilian Portuguese
706:varieties of Chinese
498:voiced palatal nasal
266:in contrast with an
5803:Double articulation
2176:Pulmonic consonants
1936:, H, 6, 1, 179–205.
1494:"Argentine Spanish"
1144:contrasts /l, l̃/.
1087:Portuguese dialects
796:Rioplatense Spanish
579:The symbol ⟨
530:voiced uvular nasal
452:voiced dental nasal
312:in some languages.
272:nasalized consonant
4098:Lateral fricative
3748:, to the left are
3455:Lateral fricative
2243:Postalveolar
2228:Linguolabial
2075:Naming conventions
2038:Journal of the IPA
1809:2009-06-01 at the
1321:Syllabic consonant
1214:lateral obstruents
1079:nasal approximants
923:(Kyilwa dialect),
886:, is known as the
818:⟨nh⟩
811:Angolan Portuguese
686:Germanic languages
679:⟨νι⟩
672:⟨nh⟩
643:⟨ny⟩
632:⟨gn⟩
614:European languages
514:voiced velar nasal
6242:
6241:
6128:Pharyngealization
6025:
6024:
5890:
5889:
5848:Uvular–epiglottal
5741:
5740:
5573:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5564:
5563:
5516:
5515:
4925:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4878:
4877:
4703:Uvular–epiglottal
4583:
4582:
4545:
4544:
3760:
3759:
3708:
3707:
3626:Lateral tap/flap
2223:Labiodental
2155:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2085:World Orthography
1869:, pp. 50–60.
1745:10.5617/osla.4416
1695:, pp. 312–3.
1585:978-3-11-073385-3
1187:Jukunoid language
878:and occasionally
850:dental consonants
661:⟨ń⟩
654:⟨ň⟩
621:⟨ñ⟩
572:
571:
214:
213:
206:
196:
195:
188:
138:
137:
130:
75:
16:(Redirected from
6267:
6260:Nasal consonants
6196:Voice onset time
5901:
5821:Labial–retroflex
5713:
5635:
5600:
5593:
5586:
5577:
5557:
5533:
5510:
5509:
5501:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5481:
5480:
5474:
5473:
5461:
5460:
5452:
5451:
5445:
5444:
5423:
5422:
5410:
5409:
5403:
5402:
5383:
5382:
5374:
5373:
5367:
5366:
5354:
5353:
5345:
5344:
5338:
5337:
5325:
5324:
5316:
5315:
5309:
5308:
5289:
5288:
5280:
5279:
5273:
5272:
5260:
5259:
5247:
5246:
5238:
5237:
5231:
5230:
5211:
5210:
5202:
5201:
5195:
5194:
5182:
5181:
5173:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5153:
5152:
5144:
5143:
5137:
5136:
5117:
5116:
5108:
5107:
5095:
5094:
5086:
5085:
5079:
5078:
5059:
5058:
5050:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5030:
5029:
5021:
5020:
5014:
5013:
5001:
5000:
4992:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4976:
4975:
4945:
4931:
4883:
4844:
4829:
4822:
4802:
4778:
4766:
4759:
4745:
4738:
4712:
4699:
4687:
4680:
4671:Labial–retroflex
4668:
4661:
4649:
4642:
4623:
4613:Labial–retroflex
4609:
4595:
4562:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4518:
4509:
4498:
4482:
4475:
4468:
4461:
4452:
4441:
4412:
4380:
4348:
4319:
4312:
4303:
4292:
4283:
4272:
4250:
4241:
4230:
4221:
4210:
4188:
4179:
4168:
4159:
4148:
4134:bottom: uvular)
4111:
4091:
4084:
4077:
4066:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3869:
3858:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3767:
3755:
3725:
3692:
3683:
3674:
3667:
3656:
3649:
3613:
3604:
3595:
3586:
3573:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3485:
3478:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3392:
3385:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3314:
3307:
3296:
3289:
3270:
3263:
3245:
3236:
3219:
3212:
3201:
3194:
3183:
3174:
3165:
3149:
3132:
3123:
3114:
3101:
3084:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2547:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2471:
2464:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2336:
2329:
2318:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2180:
2161:
2007:
1996:
1989:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1951:
1929:
1911:
1902:
1900:
1881:
1853:
1850:
1844:
1837:
1831:
1820:
1814:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1660:Ladefoged, Peter
1656:
1650:
1649:
1626:Ladefoged, Peter
1622:
1616:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1541:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1498:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1385:
1368:
1337:
1281:
1277:
1261:Rotokas language
1219:
1211:
1206:Tlingit language
1179:
1175:
1029:
1028:/m̥m̥ʷn̪̊ɳ̊ɲ̊ŋ̊/
990:Voiceless nasals
917:Chamdo languages
885:
840:. What would be
839:
819:
815:
789:
779:
771:
749:
738:
735:
727:
723:
719:
680:
673:
662:
655:
644:
633:
622:
590:
582:
578:
378:
348:. (Compare oral
328:Most nasals are
310:nasal consonants
258:, also called a
240:
236:
209:
202:
191:
184:
180:
177:
171:
148:
147:
140:
133:
126:
122:
119:
113:
108:this article by
99:inline citations
86:
85:
78:
67:
45:
44:
37:
21:
6275:
6274:
6270:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6265:
6264:
6245:
6244:
6243:
6238:
6200:
6165:
6142:
6087:
6080:
6021:
5986:
5934:
5886:
5870:
5852:
5816:Labial–alveolar
5797:
5774:
5755:Alveolo-palatal
5737:
5711:
5700:Palato-alveolar
5656:
5624:
5618:Co-articulation
5607:
5604:
5574:
5565:
5555:
5554:unrounded
5550:
5512:
5511:
5504:
5502:
5498:
5495:
5488:
5483:
5482:
5478:
5475:
5468:
5463:
5462:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5446:
5439:
5425:
5424:
5417:
5412:
5411:
5407:
5404:
5397:
5385:
5384:
5377:
5375:
5371:
5368:
5361:
5356:
5355:
5348:
5346:
5342:
5339:
5332:
5327:
5326:
5319:
5317:
5313:
5310:
5303:
5291:
5290:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5274:
5267:
5262:
5261:
5254:
5249:
5248:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5232:
5225:
5213:
5212:
5205:
5203:
5199:
5196:
5189:
5184:
5183:
5176:
5174:
5170:
5167:
5160:
5155:
5154:
5147:
5145:
5141:
5138:
5131:
5119:
5118:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5097:
5096:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5073:
5061:
5060:
5053:
5051:
5047:
5044:
5037:
5032:
5031:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5015:
5008:
5003:
5002:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4986:
4979:
4973:
4938:
4917:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4847:Labial–alveolar
4845:
4838:
4833:
4830:
4823:
4815:
4810:
4809:
4803:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4779:
4771:
4770:
4767:
4760:
4752:
4751:
4746:
4739:
4731:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4705:
4700:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4681:
4673:
4672:
4669:
4662:
4654:
4653:
4652:Labial–alveolar
4650:
4643:
4635:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4602:
4601:
4599:Labial–alveolar
4596:
4584:
4579:
4409:
4377:
4365:Voiced lateral
4345:
4320:
4309:
4300:
4289:
4280:
4269:
4247:
4238:
4227:
4218:
4207:
4185:
4176:
4165:
4156:
4145:
4133:
4131:
3753:
3742:
2248:Retroflex
2168:
2147:
2106:ASCII encodings
2094:
2048:
2001:
1990:
1983:
1978:
1940:Williamson, Kay
1927:
1914:
1905:
1898:
1879:
1872:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1838:
1834:
1821:
1817:
1811:Wayback Machine
1800:
1796:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1596:
1586:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1531:
1527:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1292:
1274:, word-initial
1226:
1166:Pirahã language
1158:
1150:
1134:Toro-tegu Dogon
1040:
992:
939:palato-alveolar
909:Inuit languages
817:
782:Central Catalan
748:/m,n,m̥,n̥,ɲ,ŋ/
736:
678:
671:
660:
653:
642:
631:
620:
575:
318:
290:oral consonants
284:with a lowered
260:nasal occlusive
248:
247:
246:
210:
199:
198:
197:
192:
181:
175:
172:
161:
155:has an unclear
149:
145:
134:
123:
117:
114:
104:Please help to
103:
87:
83:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6273:
6271:
6263:
6262:
6257:
6247:
6246:
6240:
6239:
6237:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6210:
6208:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6198:
6193:
6192:
6191:
6186:
6175:
6173:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6158:
6152:
6150:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6135:
6133:Glottalization
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6108:Palatalization
6105:
6104:
6103:
6092:
6090:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6078:
6073:
6072:
6071:
6066:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6035:
6033:
6027:
6026:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6008:
6007:
6002:
5991:
5988:
5987:
5985:
5984:
5983:
5982:
5977:
5967:
5966:
5965:
5955:
5950:
5944:
5942:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5932:
5931:
5930:
5920:
5915:
5909:
5907:
5898:
5892:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5885:
5884:
5878:
5876:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5868:
5866:Velopharyngeal
5862:
5860:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5828:Labial–palatal
5825:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5811:Labial–coronal
5807:
5805:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5795:
5790:
5784:
5782:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5751:
5749:
5743:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5719:
5717:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5702:
5692:
5687:
5685:Denti-alveolar
5682:
5677:
5672:
5666:
5664:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5654:
5649:
5643:
5641:
5632:
5626:
5625:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5602:
5595:
5588:
5580:
5571:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5562:
5561:
5549:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5527:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5503:
5496:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5476:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5454:
5447:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5405:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5387:
5386:
5376:
5369:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5347:
5340:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5318:
5311:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5282:
5275:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5240:
5233:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5215:
5214:
5204:
5197:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5175:
5168:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5146:
5139:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5121:
5120:
5110:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5088:
5081:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5063:
5062:
5052:
5045:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5023:
5016:
5007:
5006:
5004:
4994:
4987:
4978:
4977:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4927:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4889:
4887:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4846:
4839:
4834:
4831:
4824:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4804:
4797:
4796:
4790:
4780:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4761:
4754:
4753:
4749:Labial–palatal
4747:
4740:
4733:
4732:
4723:
4722:
4714:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4682:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4663:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4636:
4631:
4625:
4618:
4617:
4611:
4604:
4603:
4597:
4585:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4556:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4510:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4453:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4435:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4397:Nasal lateral
4394:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4313:
4304:
4295:
4293:
4284:
4275:
4273:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4242:
4233:
4231:
4222:
4213:
4211:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4180:
4171:
4169:
4160:
4151:
4149:
4140:
4135:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3872:
3870:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3852:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3719:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3686:
3684:
3677:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3607:
3605:
3598:
3596:
3589:
3587:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3239:
3237:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3177:
3175:
3168:
3166:
3159:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3126:
3124:
3117:
3115:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2541:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2312:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2218:Bilabial
2215:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2056:
2054:
2053:Special topics
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1992:
1991:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1937:
1930:
1925:
1912:
1903:
1882:(PhD thesis).
1870:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1845:
1832:
1824:Kay Williamson
1815:
1794:
1767:(1): 160–165.
1751:
1714:
1697:
1693:Sampson (1999)
1685:
1678:
1664:Maddieson, Ian
1651:
1644:
1630:Maddieson, Ian
1617:
1606:
1584:
1570:. De Gruyter.
1556:
1542:
1525:
1507:(2): 243–250,
1484:
1477:
1457:Maiden, Martin
1453:Ledgeway, Adam
1443:
1439:Norquest (2007
1431:
1419:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1296:Oral consonant
1291:
1288:
1225:
1222:
1170:allophonically
1157:
1154:
1149:
1146:
1142:Nzema language
1126:
1125:
1115:
1103:
1097:
1076:
1039:
1036:
1008:Jalapa Mazatec
991:
988:
898:nasal mutation
872:syllabary kana
856:, outside the
784:forms such as
744:Nuosu language
734:/m,n̪,n,ɳ,ɲ,ŋ/
570:
569:
567:
564:
562:
556:
555:
553:
550:
548:
542:
541:
539:
534:
532:
526:
525:
523:
518:
516:
510:
509:
507:
502:
500:
494:
493:
491:
486:
484:
478:
477:
475:
470:
468:
462:
461:
459:
456:
454:
448:
447:
445:
442:
440:
434:
433:
431:
426:
424:
418:
417:
415:
410:
408:
402:
401:
398:
395:
390:
386:
385:
382:
317:
314:
241:⟩, see
217:
216:
215:
212:
211:
194:
193:
157:citation style
152:
150:
143:
136:
135:
90:
88:
81:
76:
50:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6272:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6252:
6250:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6211:
6209:
6207:
6203:
6197:
6194:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6181:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6172:
6168:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6151:
6149:
6145:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6123:Uvularization
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6102:
6099:
6098:
6097:
6096:Labialization
6094:
6093:
6091:
6089:
6083:
6077:
6074:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6061:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6028:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5997:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5989:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5968:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5941:
5937:
5929:
5926:
5925:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5906:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5893:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5873:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5859:
5855:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5843:Coronal–velar
5841:
5839:
5838:Labial–uvular
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5804:
5800:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5777:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5744:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5714:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5659:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5640:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5610:
5601:
5596:
5594:
5589:
5587:
5582:
5581:
5578:
5560:
5559:
5558: rounded
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5532:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5508:
5492:
5485:
5472:
5465:
5459:
5443:
5436:
5434:
5430:
5427:
5421:
5414:
5401:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5381:
5365:
5358:
5352:
5336:
5329:
5323:
5307:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5287:
5271:
5264:
5258:
5251:
5245:
5229:
5222:
5220:
5216:
5209:
5193:
5186:
5180:
5164:
5157:
5151:
5135:
5128:
5126:
5122:
5115:
5101:
5099:
5093:
5077:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5057:
5041:
5034:
5028:
5012:
5005:
4999:
4983:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4937:
4932:
4928:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4843:
4837:
4828:
4821:
4814:
4807:
4801:
4793:
4786:
4784:
4777:
4765:
4758:
4750:
4744:
4737:
4730:
4726:
4717:
4716:Labial–uvular
4711:
4704:
4698:
4686:
4679:
4667:
4660:
4648:
4641:
4634:
4628:
4622:
4614:
4608:
4600:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4561:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4477:
4474:
4470:
4467:
4463:
4460:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4436:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4305:
4302:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4285:
4282:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4249:
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3405:
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3328:
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3320:
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3313:
3309:
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3300:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
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3282:
3280:
3278:
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3269:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
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3028:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2954:
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2944:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2065:Case variants
2063:
2061:
2060:Cursive forms
2058:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1982:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1926:0-19-823848-7
1922:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1798:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1752:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1686:
1681:
1679:0-631-19815-6
1675:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1647:
1645:0-631-19815-6
1641:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1607:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1478:9780199677108
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1427:Paulian (1975
1423:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1381:
1374:
1366:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1250:areal feature
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1221:
1215:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1153:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
989:
987:
985:
981:
978:, Portuguese
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
956:
954:
950:
948:
945:), and /ŋ̠/ (
944:
940:
936:
932:
930:
929:Drag-yab sMar
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
901:
899:
895:
891:
889:
881:
877:
873:
870:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
837:
831:
827:
823:
812:
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
788:
783:
775:
767:
762:
760:
756:
751:
745:
740:
731:
715:
711:
707:
704:, as well as
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
682:
677:
670:
666:
659:
652:
648:
641:
637:
630:
626:
619:
615:
610:
608:
604:
599:
596:
594:
586:
577:
568:
565:
563:
561:
558:
557:
554:
551:
549:
547:
544:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
531:
528:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
515:
512:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
499:
496:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
483:
480:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
467:
464:
463:
460:
457:
455:
453:
450:
449:
446:
443:
441:
439:
436:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
423:
420:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
407:
404:
403:
399:
396:
394:
391:
388:
387:
379:
376:
373:
370:
366:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
315:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
280:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
244:
232:
228:
226:
222:
208:
205:
190:
187:
179:
169:
165:
159:
158:
153:This article
151:
142:
141:
132:
129:
121:
111:
107:
101:
100:
94:
89:
80:
79:
74:
72:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
6148:Tongue shape
6138:Nasalization
6118:Velarization
6088:articulation
5947:
5858:Pathological
5833:Labial–velar
5716:Active place
5695:Postalveolar
5670:Linguolabial
5606:Articulation
5551:
4832:Labial–velar
4782:
4769:Labial–velar
4690:Labial–velar
4627:Labial–velar
4586:
4132:(top: velar;
3763:
3743:
2174:
2041:
2037:
1943:
1933:
1916:
1907:
1892:10150/194203
1875:
1866:
1860:Bibliography
1848:
1840:
1835:
1822:As noted by
1818:
1797:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1738:(1): 31–54.
1735:
1731:
1717:
1707:
1700:
1688:
1668:
1654:
1634:
1620:
1609:
1597:. Retrieved
1566:
1559:
1545:
1537:
1528:
1504:
1500:
1487:
1460:
1446:
1434:
1422:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1364:
1335:
1311:Nasalization
1269:
1258:
1253:
1227:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1183:
1159:
1151:
1127:
1112:
1106:nasal clicks
1090:
1082:
1073:
1057:
1047:
1043:
1041:
993:
983:
979:
975:
968:nasal vowels
964:nasal glides
959:
957:
951:
933:
902:
892:
888:moraic nasal
879:
875:
866:
861:
853:
804:
799:
792:proper nouns
763:
752:
741:
688:, including
683:
676:Modern Greek
611:
600:
597:
576:
573:
397:Description
389:Description
374:
362:
327:
319:
309:
305:
301:
297:
263:
259:
255:
249:
237:and ⟨
219:
200:
182:
173:
154:
124:
115:
96:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
32:Nasalization
5958:Approximant
5675:Interdental
5652:Labiodental
4794:approximant
4729:approximant
3070:Approximant
2143:IPA Braille
2121:Kirshenbaum
1843:pp. 249–264
1400:: 109–118.
1306:Nasal vowel
1301:Nasal click
1238:Lushootseed
1230:Puget Sound
1012:Kildin Sami
943:front velar
925:Larong sMar
905:Mapos Buang
616:, such as:
176:August 2018
110:introducing
6249:Categories
6086:Secondary
6076:Percussive
6044:Ingressive
6017:Continuant
5541:full chart
5067:Near-close
4865:full chart
4787:(variable)
4570:full chart
4053:affricate
3733:full chart
3362:affricate
2166:Consonants
2138:IPA number
2000:IPA topics
1599:16 January
1551:"Yanuyuwa"
1375:References
1232:, such as
1113:nq, nx, nc
1066:allophones
1062:Portuguese
1052:and nasal
947:back velar
830:Portuguese
816:, written
669:Portuguese
384:Voiceless
369:obstruents
358:obstruents
354:fricatives
316:Definition
264:nasal stop
168:footnoting
93:references
57:improve it
6206:Phonation
6184:Aspirated
6179:Voiceless
6054:Implosive
6039:Egressive
6031:Airstream
6012:Occlusive
5963:Semivowel
5923:Fricative
5918:Affricate
5905:Obstruent
5780:Laryngeal
5733:Subapical
5705:Retroflex
5391:Near-open
5125:Close-mid
4813:Implosive
4806:Velarized
4725:Fricative
4490:Voiceless
4430:Implosive
3979:Fricative
3912:Affricate
3750:voiceless
2802:fricative
2800:Sibilant
2558:affricate
2205:Laryngeal
2099:Encodings
1789:162551544
1781:1474-0699
1594:249083265
1521:232345835
1414:152106506
1284:fortition
1254:sdohobish
1246:baby talk
1174:/mbã,mba/
1130:rhotacism
1119:nasalized
996:Icelandic
982:, Polish
953:Yélî Dnye
941:), /ŋ̟/ (
764:Catalan,
730:Malayalam
714:Cantonese
640:Hungarian
365:sonorants
342:Icelandic
323:nasalized
279:consonant
276:occlusive
268:oral stop
252:phonetics
63:talk page
6101:Rounding
6069:Ejective
6064:Pulmonic
6049:Ejective
5975:Tap/flap
5940:Sonorant
5928:Sibilant
5882:Bidental
5690:Alveolar
5647:Bilabial
5552:Legend:
5546:template
5525:IPA help
5297:Open-mid
4870:template
4860:IPA help
4836:Ejective
4808:alveolar
4575:template
4554:IPA help
3845:Ejective
3738:template
3717:IPA help
3155:Tap/flap
2555:Sibilant
2238:Alveolar
1896:Archived
1807:Archived
1726:(eds.).
1666:(1996).
1632:(1996).
1459:(eds.).
1290:See also
1234:Quileute
1108:such as
1101:Arrernte
1085:in some
1081:, as in
1074:m, n, ng
869:Japanese
854:mambembe
774:phonemes
710:Mandarin
708:such as
593:alveolar
282:produced
274:, is an
235:/ /
231:Help:IPA
164:citation
118:May 2019
6219:Breathy
6005:Lateral
5970:Vibrant
5913:Plosive
5793:Glottal
5760:Palatal
5728:Laminal
5662:Coronal
5556:•
4956:Central
4792:Lateral
4633:Plosive
4434:Voiced
4332:lateral
4330:Tenuis
4321:
4051:Lateral
3360:Lateral
2410:Plosive
2273:Glottal
2253:Palatal
2195:Coronal
2116:X-SAMPA
1946:, 3–45.
1828:1989:24
1367:, p.46)
1195:ba, mba
1178:/mã,ma/
1164:or the
1004:Burmese
1000:Faroese
935:Yanyuwa
913:Iñupiaq
770:/m,n,ɲ/
766:Occitan
759:Yuanmen
716:, have
702:Swedish
698:English
665:Occitan
636:Catalan
629:Italian
618:Spanish
595:nasal.
381:Voiced
346:Guaraní
334:Burmese
294:English
223:in the
106:improve
6229:Creaky
6189:Tenuis
6156:Sulcal
6000:Rhotic
5995:Liquid
5896:Manner
5770:Uvular
5747:Dorsal
5723:Apical
5680:Dental
5639:Labial
5534:
4936:Vowels
4785:-sound
4563:
4200:Voiced
4138:Tenuis
3746:voiced
3726:
2717:t̠ɹ̠̊˔
2263:Uvular
2233:Dental
2212:Manner
2200:Dorsal
2190:Labial
1923:
1787:
1779:
1676:
1642:
1592:
1582:
1519:
1475:
1412:
1272:Korean
1199:bã, mã
1191:Wukari
1117:other
1095:Polish
1083:nh, ão
1044:m n ng
1018:, and
966:, and
862:mantém
826:Polish
800:canyon
755:Kukuya
690:German
658:Polish
651:Slovak
625:French
585:dental
330:voiced
239:
95:, but
18:Nasals
6234:Stiff
6224:Slack
6214:Modal
6171:Voice
6161:Domed
6059:Click
5980:Trill
5953:Vowel
5948:Nasal
5875:Other
5765:Velar
5630:Place
5536:audio
4968:Close
4951:Front
4886:Other
4820:ɠ̊͜ɓ̥
4565:audio
4262:Nasal
4129:Click
3728:audio
3255:Trill
2724:d̠ɹ̠˔
2280:Nasal
2258:Velar
2184:Place
2111:SAMPA
1986:chart
1899:(PDF)
1880:(PDF)
1785:S2CID
1590:S2CID
1517:S2CID
1497:(PDF)
1441::107)
1410:S2CID
1327:Notes
1242:Makah
1016:Welsh
960:nasal
919:like
911:like
894:Welsh
858:final
838:]
834:[
694:Dutch
684:Many
647:Czech
350:stops
338:Welsh
306:mouth
302:bring
286:velum
256:nasal
227:(IPA)
5433:Open
4961:Back
4842:t͡pʼ
4089:q𝼄ʼ
4082:k𝼄ʼ
4075:c𝼆ʼ
3941:t̠ʃʼ
3927:t̪θʼ
3920:p̪fʼ
3850:Stop
3305:ɽ̊r̥
2971:ɹ̠̊˔
2703:tɹ̝̊
2128:TIPA
2042:JIPA
1921:ISBN
1777:ISSN
1674:ISBN
1640:ISBN
1601:2023
1580:ISBN
1473:ISBN
1429::41)
1278:and
1138:Inor
1110:Zulu
1091:ą, ę
1089:and
1024:Iaai
976:sang
921:Lamo
903:The
867:The
842:coda
809:and
787:sang
742:The
724:and
712:and
700:and
667:and
649:and
638:and
627:and
605:and
400:IPA
344:and
304:and
298:nose
254:, a
166:and
5219:Mid
4827:ɠ͡ɓ
4710:q͡p
4697:q͡ʡ
4685:ɡ͡b
4678:k͡p
4666:ɖ͡b
4659:ʈ͡p
4647:d͡b
4640:t͡p
4621:ŋ͡m
4607:ɳ͡m
4593:n͡m
4301:ɴ𝼊
4299:ŋ𝼊
4239:ɢ𝼊
4237:ɡ𝼊
4177:q𝼊
4175:k𝼊
4064:tɬʼ
3969:qχʼ
3962:kxʼ
3955:tɕʼ
3948:tʂʼ
3934:tsʼ
3665:𝼈̥
3436:ɡʟ̝
3429:k𝼄
3422:ɟʎ̝
3415:c𝼆
3408:d𝼅
2985:ɻ̊˔
2978:ɹ̠˔
2710:dɹ̝
2696:d̪ð
2689:t̪θ
2678:b̪v
2671:p̪f
2601:d̠ʒ
2594:t̠ʃ
2010:IPA
1888:hdl
1769:doi
1740:doi
1572:doi
1509:doi
1465:doi
1402:doi
1280:/n/
1276:/m/
1218:/l/
1210:/l/
1093:in
984:wąż
980:bom
972:IPA
884:/N/
814:/ɲ/
805:In
778:/ŋ/
772:as
726:/ŋ/
722:/n/
718:/m/
574:1.
393:IPA
360:.)
270:or
262:or
250:In
6251::
5620:–
5616:–
5286:o̞
5270:ɤ̞
5244:ø̞
5228:e̞
4783:Sj
4736:ɥ̊
4537:ʛ̥
4530:ɠ̊
4523:ʄ̊
4516:ᶑ̊
4507:ɗ̥
4496:ɓ̥
4410:ɴǁ
4408:ŋǁ
4378:ɢǁ
4376:ɡǁ
4346:qǁ
4344:kǁ
4310:ɴǂ
4308:ŋǂ
4290:ɴǃ
4288:ŋǃ
4281:ɴǀ
4279:ŋǀ
4270:ɴʘ
4268:ŋʘ
4248:ɢǂ
4246:ɡǂ
4228:ɢǃ
4226:ɡǃ
4219:ɢǀ
4217:ɡǀ
4208:ɢʘ
4206:ɡʘ
4186:qǂ
4184:kǂ
4166:qǃ
4164:kǃ
4157:qǀ
4155:kǀ
4146:qʘ
4144:kʘ
4109:ɬʼ
4041:χʼ
4034:xʼ
4027:ɕʼ
4020:ʂʼ
4013:ʃʼ
4006:sʼ
3999:θʼ
3992:fʼ
3985:ɸʼ
3904:ʡʼ
3897:qʼ
3890:kʼ
3883:cʼ
3876:ʈʼ
3867:tʼ
3856:pʼ
3837:EG
3809:RF
3802:PA
3781:LD
3774:BL
3752:.
3690:ʟ̆
3681:ʎ̆
3672:𝼈
3647:ɺ̥
3611:ʟ̠
3529:ʟ̝
3522:𝼄
3515:ʎ̝
3508:𝼆
3501:𝼅
3401:tꞎ
3390:dɮ
3383:tɬ
3327:ʀ̥
3312:ɽr
3287:r̥
3261:ʙ̥
3243:ʡ̆
3234:ɢ̆
3210:ɽ̊
3192:ɾ̥
3181:ɾ̼
3163:ⱱ̟
3147:ʔ̞
2992:ɻ˔
2964:ð̠
2957:θ̠
2936:ð̼
2929:θ̼
2791:ʔh
2784:ʡʢ
2777:ʡʜ
2770:ɢʁ
2763:qχ
2756:ɡɣ
2749:kx
2742:ɟʝ
2735:cç
2664:bβ
2657:pɸ
2629:dʑ
2622:tɕ
2615:dʐ
2608:tʂ
2587:dz
2580:ts
2451:d̼
2444:t̼
2437:b̪
2430:p̪
2387:ɴ̥
2373:ŋ̊
2359:ɲ̊
2345:ɳ̊
2327:n̥
2316:n̼
2300:ɱ̊
2286:m̥
2214:↓
2186:→
1894:.
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1783:.
1775:.
1765:17
1763:.
1734:.
1730:.
1662:;
1628:;
1588:.
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1471:.
1455:;
1408:.
1398:47
1396:.
1392:.
1189:,
1034:.
1022:.
1014:,
1010:,
1006:,
1002:,
998:,
986:.
915:.
836:w̃
802:.
728:.
720:,
696:,
692:,
681:.
663:,
656:,
645:,
634:,
623:,
609:.
589:n̪
340:,
336:,
325:.
300:,
66:.
5599:e
5592:t
5585:v
5507:ɒ
5491:ɑ
5471:ä
5458:ɶ
5442:a
5420:ɐ
5400:æ
5380:ɔ
5364:ʌ
5351:ɞ
5335:ɜ
5322:œ
5306:ɛ
5257:ə
5208:o
5192:ɤ
5179:ɵ
5163:ɘ
5150:ø
5134:e
5114:ʊ
5092:ʏ
5076:ɪ
5056:u
5040:ɯ
5027:ʉ
5011:ɨ
4998:y
4982:i
4800:ɫ
4776:ɧ
4764:w
4757:ʍ
4743:ɥ
4727:/
4480:ʛ
4473:ɠ
4466:ʄ
4459:ᶑ
4450:ɗ
4439:ɓ
4317:ʞ
3830:U
3823:V
3816:P
3795:A
3788:D
3654:ɺ
3602:ʟ
3593:ʎ
3584:ɭ
3571:l
3494:ꞎ
3483:ɮ
3476:ɬ
3348:ʢ
3341:ʜ
3334:ʀ
3294:r
3268:ʙ
3217:ɽ
3199:ɾ
3172:ⱱ
3130:ɰ
3121:j
3112:ɻ
3099:ɹ
3082:ʋ
3062:ɦ
3055:h
3048:ʕ
3041:ħ
3034:ʁ
3027:χ
3020:ɣ
3013:x
3006:ʝ
2999:ç
2950:ð
2943:θ
2922:v
2915:f
2908:β
2901:ɸ
2873:ʑ
2866:ɕ
2859:ʐ
2852:ʂ
2845:ʒ
2838:ʃ
2831:z
2824:s
2545:ʔ
2536:ʡ
2529:ɢ
2522:q
2515:ɡ
2508:k
2501:ɟ
2494:c
2487:ɖ
2480:ʈ
2469:d
2462:t
2423:b
2416:p
2394:ɴ
2380:ŋ
2366:ɲ
2352:ɳ
2334:n
2307:ɱ
2293:m
2044:)
2040:(
1988:)
1984:(
1973:e
1966:t
1959:v
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1771::
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1742::
1736:8
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1553:.
1511::
1481:.
1467::
1416:.
1404::
880:m
876:n
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245:.
207:)
201:(
189:)
183:(
178:)
174:(
170:.
160:.
131:)
125:(
120:)
116:(
102:.
73:)
69:(
34:.
20:)
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