Nassau-class battleship - Knowledge (XXG)

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thinned at the top edge to 16 cm (6.3 in) at upper deck level. Toward the bow, it was reduced to 14 cm (5.5 in) and then to 10 cm (4 in). Aft of the citadel, the belt reduced to 13 cm (5 in) to 9 cm (3.5 in) before terminating at another transverse bulkhead that was also 9 cm thick. Behind the main belt was a torpedo bulkhead 3 cm (1.2 in) thick; there was some difficulty mounting the torpedo bulkhead, due to the four wing turrets and their barbettes, which took up considerable space close to the edge of the hull. The casemate battery, located directly above the central portion of the belt, was protected by a

1162:, and the other four were in sponsons in the stern. These guns fired a 22-lb projectile at 2,133 ft/s (650 m/s), and could be trained up to 25 degrees for a maximum range of 10,500 yards (9,600 m). After 1915, two 8.8 cm guns were removed and replaced by two 8.8 cm Flak guns, and between 1916 and 1917, the remaining twelve 8.8 cm casemated guns were removed. These anti-aircraft guns fired a slightly lighter 21.2 lb shell at 2,510 ft/s (765 m/s). They could be elevated to 45 degrees and could hit targets 12,900 yards (11,800 m) away. 1280:

and 20 cm (7.9 in) sides. The main battery turrets had 28 cm thick faces, 22 cm (8.7 in) sides, and 26 cm (10.25 in) rear plates to balance the turrets. Their roofs consisted of two parts: a sloped front section that was 9 cm and a flat rear section that was 6.1 cm (2.4 in) thick. The casemated secondary battery was protected by the upper belt and had 8 cm thick gun shields; each gun was divided by a 2 cm transverse screen to prevent shell fragments that might hit one gun from entering the adjacent casemate. The ships were also fitted with

76: 812:(Imperial Diet) forced Tirpitz to reduce his request to six armored cruisers—one of which was to have been placed in reserve—and 48 torpedo boats, dropping his request for new battleships completely; the reduced proposal was voted through on 19 May 1906 as the First Amendment to the Naval Law. A week after the amendment was passed, funds for two 18,000-ton battleships and a 15,000-ton armored cruiser were allocated to the Navy. Funds were also provided to widen the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal and enlarge dock facilities to accommodate the larger ships. 1010:(17,400 km; 10,800 mi); increasing speed to 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph) reduced their range to 8,300 nmi (15,400 km; 9,600 mi), and at 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph) their radius of action fell significantly, to 4,700 nmi (8,700 km; 5,400 mi). While steaming at 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph), the ships could steam for 2,800 nmi (5,200 km; 3,200 mi). In 1915, the boilers were fitted with supplementary oil firing, along with storage for 160 t (160 long tons) of 760: 744:). The design was refined into two versions, "IA" and "IB", with the former using casemates and the latter using single turrets. Wilhelm approved "IA" in May, though the arrangement of the secondary guns proved to be contentious, and in December another variant, "7D", which moved eight of the guns to twin turrets and adopted an improved underwater protection system was submitted, which the Kaiser approved on 7 January 1904. These plans were disrupted immediately when the Germans learned of the characteristics of the British 2131: 1725: 847: 1188: 938: 624: 1023: 1066: 1268:

bunker, which would provide additional protection for the ships' interiors when the bunkers were full. Compartments on either side of the torpedo bulkhead, which were set back about 4 m (13 ft), were similarly used to store coal. In the bow and stern sections, the deck was thickened to 5.6 cm (2.2 in); it was increased further to 8.1 cm (3.2 in) over the steering compartment. The

737:(Imperial Naval Office). The officers there observed that the secondary battery should be limited to 21 cm guns, since the increased weight of the 24 cm weapons limited the number of guns. This resulted in "Project I", armed with twelve of the guns, "Project II", armed with sixteen of the guns, and "Project III", which carried eight 24 cm guns. All three variants kept a 28 cm main battery. 1537: 1179:. These were supplied with C/06D torpedoes; they had a range of 6,300 m (20,700 ft) with a speed of 26.5 knots (49.1 km/h; 30.5 mph), and they carried a 122.6 kg (270 lb) warhead. The bow tube could be trained thirty degrees to either side and the broadside tubes could be aimed thirty degrees forward and sixty degrees aft. 1293: 995:) for a top speed of 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph), though in service, all four ships exceeded these figures by a wide margin. Power output ranged from 26,244 to 28,117 metric horsepower (25,885 to 27,732 ihp), with top speeds of 20 to 20.2 knots (37.0 to 37.4 km/h; 23.0 to 23.2 mph). By comparison, 751:, which carried a secondary battery of ten 9.2 in (230 mm) guns, and estimates of the next class of battleships, which were to carry an even more powerful armament. This meant that "7D" would be insufficient to counter the next generation of British battleships, and the design staff would have to start over. 2358:

low-quality coal. As a result, German capital ships were often supplied with poor coal, in the knowledge that their larger crews were better able to perform the increased maintenance. After 1915, the practice of spraying oil onto the low-quality coal was introduced, in order to increase the burn rate.

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for "5A" and in four twin-gun turrets in "5B". The "6" design carried ten of the guns in four casemates and the remaining six in a central battery. Though the naval command felt "5B" offered the best firing arcs, they forwarded the "6" design for further consideration. Evaluation of the design led to

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The ships' main armor deck was 3.8 cm (1.5 in) thick in the central citadel, and the sides of the deck sloped downward to connect to the bottom edge of the belt. The sloped portion increased in thickness to 5.8 cm (2.3 in), and the resulting compartment created was used as a coal

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centerline turrets, designers were compelled to distribute six twin-gun turrets in an unusual hexagonal configuration. Two twin turrets were mounted fore and aft (one on each end), and two were mounted on each flank of the ship. Firing directly forward and aft, the ships could bring six guns to bear

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submitted proposals. The first, "6B-D", was a variant on the earlier "6" design, while two others, "10A" and "10B" featured the larger guns; the submissions from Kiel have not survived and their details are not known. Wilhelm interrupted this design work by suggesting that speed should be increased

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had a roof that was 8 cm (3.1 in) thick; the sides were 30 cm thick. Atop the conning tower was the smaller gunnery control tower, which had a curved face that was 40 cm (15.7 in) thick. The aft conning tower was less well protected, with a 5 cm (2 in) thick roof

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carried their centerline guns in Drh LC/1907 turrets, which had a longer trunk than the LC/1906 design. The Drh LC/1906 turrets and 28 cm SK/L45 guns were designed specifically for the new German dreadnoughts in 1907. Both mountings allowed for elevation up to 20 degrees, but the LC/1907

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In late 1917, German light forces had begun raiding British convoys to Norway, prompting the British to send heavy escorts. This provided the German fleet with the opportunity for which it had been waiting the entire war: a chance to destroy an isolated portion of the Grand Fleet. The Germans had

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The main section of belt armor was 29 cm (11.5 in) for a height of 1.2 m (4 ft), increased to 30 cm (11.8 in) abreast the engine rooms, though it tapered to 17 cm (6.7 in) on the bottom edge, which was 1.60 m (5.25 ft) below the waterline. It also

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The design staff continued to refine the new ship, and by September 1905, several variants had been proposed, including "F", which replaced the four single-gun turrets with an equal number of twin-gun turrets. The 17 cm guns were also replaced with twelve 15 cm (5.9 in) guns on the

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for service. Over the next four years, the ships took part in a routine of squadron and fleet maneuvers, gunnery practice, and training cruises. Each year typically culminated in a summer training cruise in July, frequently to Norwegian waters, followed by the annual fleet maneuvers held in late

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The ships were 146.1 m (479 ft 4 in) long, 26.9 m (88 ft 3 in) wide, and had a draught of 8.9 m (29 ft 2 in). The ships had a length to width ratio of 5.45, which was somewhat "stubby" compared to contemporary designs. To some extent, the greater than

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of 4 to 5 per minute. The guns could depress to −7 degrees and elevate to 20 degrees, for a maximum range of 13,500 m (14,800 yd). The shells weighed 51-kilogram (112 lb) and were fired at a muzzle velocity of 735 m/s (2,410 ft/s). The guns were manually

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turn to the south-west. At 18:55, Scheer decided to conduct another 16-point turn to launch an attack on the British fleet but was quickly forced to break off and withdraw. The Germans then maneuvered to disengage from the Grand Fleet and return to port; as darkness fell, the High Seas Fleet

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Due to the wartime situation, Germany had limited access to high quality coal, but was able to acquire lower-grade coal for its ships. The higher quality coal was generally reserved for the smaller craft, whose crews were less able to clean the boilers at the increased rate demanded by the

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that were divided into three boiler rooms. The wing turrets and their magazines further divided the machinery into three separated groups, thereby increasing survivability. The boilers were ducted into a pair of funnels. The propulsion system was rated at 22,000

777:; these featured a battery of eight 28 cm guns, four in standard twin turrets and the rest in single-gun turrets. Wilhelm approved the all-big-gun version on 18 March 1905, after which further design refinement was carried out, which included increasing the 929:-class ships were maneuverable and had a small turning radius. They suffered minor speed loss in heavy seas, but up to 70 percent at hard rudder. The roll keels that had been fitted to improve handling caused a portion of the speed loss at hard rudder. 506:

for the duration of their careers. From 1910 to 1914, the ships participated in the normal peacetime routine of the German fleet, including various squadron exercises, training cruises, and fleet maneuvers every August–September. Following the outbreak of

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or force the British to disperse their forces to stop the raids. The High Seas Fleet would then be able to concentrate its own ships to destroy isolated elements, thereby reducing the numerical superiority of the British fleet. The first of these was the

957:, primarily due to the resistance of both Tirpitz and the Navy's construction department. In 1905, the latter stated that the "use of turbines in heavy warships does not recommend itself." This decision was based solely on cost: at the time, 914:

As designed, the ships did not handle particularly well, even in calm seas, and their motion was quite stiff. The ships experienced severe rolling due to the weight of the wing turrets. The heavy wing turrets caused the ships to have a large

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was incorporated, securing approval from the Kaiser on 14 April as "G7d". Construction of the first vessel was authorized on 31 May; another member was added shortly thereafter, with another two authorized for the 1907 construction program.

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The ships had a normal capacity of 950 t (930 long tons) of coal, though at full load they could carry up to 2,700 t (2,700 long tons). At a cruising speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph), the ships could steam for 9,400

693:(33 km/h; 21 mph). He requested the Construction Office submit proposals based on his ideas; by January 1904, three such designs had been prepared: "5A", "5B", and "6". The first two mounted eight 21 cm guns, in four single- 1051:-class ships required two additional guns to achieve it. The German designers considered that this arrangement provided a useful reserve of heavy guns that were shielded from enemy fire. While the arrangement was relatively common with 729:

significantly at the price of reducing the main battery to 24 cm guns, which resulted in further design studies that were completed by April. All of these were deemed unacceptable and further design work was carried out within the

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at mid-deck level. It protected the ships' vitals, including their propulsion machinery spaces and ammunition magazines. On either end of the citadel, the belt was considerably reduced in thickness and the deck was lowered to

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s side plating. The collision disabled one of her 5.9-inch guns, and left an 11.5-foot (3.5 m) gash above the waterline; this slowed the ship to 15 knots until it could be repaired. At approximately the same time,

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basis that they offered a much higher rate of fire. An improved underwater protection system was adopted as well, resulting in the design finalized as "G", which was approved on 4 October. Internal rearrangements to the

781:, rearranging the secondary battery of eight 17 cm (6.7 in) guns, and improved turrets for the main battery guns. The Kaiser again attempted to meddle in the design process after he learned of the Italian 828:

was presented as "G3", but this proved to be unworkable. "G2" was chosen for continued refinement, becoming "G7" and then "G7b", which the Kaiser approved on 3 March 1906. The initial arrangement with three

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and six armored cruisers, along with a number of miscellaneous smaller craft. As capital ship designs continued to grow in size and power, their cost spiraled upward. Opposition to budget increases in the

1123:. These guns fired 666 lb shells, with a 24 kg (52.9 lb) fore propellant charge in silk bags and a 75 kg (165.3 lb) main charge in a brass case. The guns fired the shells at a 961:

held a monopoly on steam turbines and required a 1 million mark royalty fee for every turbine engine made. German firms were not ready to begin production of turbines on a large scale until 1910.

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After returning to the North Sea, the fleet conducted another sortie in the hope of catching a British squadron in October, with further operations beginning in March 1916, now under the direction of

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on 24 January 1915, but they arrived too late to intervene. The fleet conducted several sweeps in to the North Sea to try to locate British patrols in March, April, and May but did not encounter any.

2160:, but suffered minimal damage and was soon repaired. Further operations took place in September and October, though the fleet saw little activity in 1917. While the bulk of the fleet conducted 1002:

s steam turbines provided a rated speed of 21 knots (39 km/h; 24 mph). Electrical power was provided by eight turbo-generators, producing 1,280 kW (1,720 hp) at 225 V.

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normal width was due to the four wing turrets, which necessitated a wider hull. They displaced 18,873 metric tons (18,575 long tons) with a standard load, and 20,535 t (20,211 long tons)

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had run aground in the Baltic in August 1914, and Russian forces had salvaged German code books from the wreck and passed a copy to their British allies. With the ability to decode German

1795:. The initial phase of the action, which began at 16:00 on 31 May, consisted of a running battle between the opposing battlecruiser squadrons as Hipper lured the British commander, 2367:

In Imperial German Navy gun nomenclature, "SK" (Schnelladekanone) denotes that the gun quick firing, while the L/45 denotes the length of the gun. In this case, the L/45 gun is 45

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The vertical triple expansion engines consumed large amounts of internal space that could otherwise have been used for magazines. Without sufficient magazine capacity to support

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In August, I Battle Squadron and three battlecruisers were detached from the fleet to temporarily reinforce the German fleet in the Baltic Sea. The Germans planned to clear the

1450: 788:, which were capable of 22 knots (41 km/h; 25 mph); he pressed the navy to build a similar vessel, along the same lines as the type he had suggested in 1903. Admiral 2282:

and all five battlecruisers, along with a number of light cruisers and destroyers, were interned in Scapa Flow, while their fate was determined in the negotiations over the

3479: 2015:; to avoid it, the ship had to steer sharply towards III Battle Squadron. It was necessary for the ship to steam at full speed astern in order to avoid a collision with 4062: 2206:. Approximately 6,000 tons of guns, belt armor, and coal were removed in order to lighten her enough to be refloated, which was not accomplished until 9 July. 1134:, which were mounted individually in casemates. Six of these were placed on either side of the ship at main deck level on either broadside. These guns fired 740:

During deliberations in late April, "Project I" emerged as the favored design since it would be cheaper than "II" (which would also require widening of the

4402: 2299: 1583: 3597: 1802:, south toward Scheer's fleet. Upon spotting the German fleet, Beatty turned north, leading the Germans toward the approaching Grand Fleet under Admiral 1712:

signals, they could send forces to attack the High Seas Fleet under conditions favorable to themselves, as they had done at Dogger Bank. This led to the

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Nottlemann, Dirk (2015). "From Ironclads to Dreadnoughts: The Development of the German Navy 1864–1918, Part VI-B: "The Great Leap Forward" continued".

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Nottlemann, Dirk (2015). "From Ironclads to Dreadnoughts: The Development of the German Navy 1864–1918, Part VI-A: "The Great Step Forward" continued".

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of armor that was 16 cm thick. This portion of the side armor was also capped on either end by a bulkhead that was 2 cm (0.8 in) thick.

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in July 1914, the ships took part in numerous fleet operations intended to isolate and destroy individual elements of the numerically superior British

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and a number of gunboats and destroyers in the gulf, the entrances to which were protected by a series of minefields. The first attempt during the

911:, this was augmented by 13 officers and 66 enlisted men, and as divisional flagships, with 2 officers and 23 enlisted sailors. 441:. All four ships were laid down in mid-1907, and completed by late 1910. Though commonly perceived as having been built in response to the British 36: 1549:

After the start of the war, the German fleet embarked on a campaign of raids of the British coast intended to draw out portions of the British

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to breach the minefields and enter the gulf on 8 August was as it had taken too long to clear the Russian minefields to allow the minelayer

919:, which should have made them very stable gun platforms, but their roll period proved to coincide with that of the average North Sea swell. 4105: 958: 1702:

in April. Unknown to the Germans, the British were aware of their intentions before embarking on these raids; the German light cruiser

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while the battleships provided distant support. The operation failed to locate any significant British forces. It was followed by the

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level forward, though aft it remained at mid-deck level. The need for improved underwater protection had been demonstrated during the

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was damaged so severely that her engine room was completely flooded and she was unable to move; the captain of the ship ordered

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on 31 May, when the British sought to catch the German fleet far enough away from port that it could be cut off and destroyed.

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mistaken intelligence about the timing of the convoys, however, and failed to intercept one when they sortied in April 1918;

1681:, forcing her to withdraw after scoring three hits. The remaining minesweepers cleared a path into the gulf, but reports of 3971: 3754: 3697: 1799: 1422: 971: 782: 482: 254: 1272:

deck was 2.5 to 3.0 cm (1 to 1.2 in) over the secondary battery and 2 to 3 cm above the torpedo bulkhead.

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that was 5 m (16 ft) in diameter. Steam for the engines was provided by twelve coal-fired, Schulz-Thornycroft

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During this period, Tirpitz worked to secure the passage of the next Naval Law; he had originally requested six new

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in June 1919, all four ships were allotted to the victorious Allied powers as replacements for the scuttled ships.

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Die Linienschiffe der Kaiserlichen Marine: 1906–1918; Konstruktionen zwischen Rüstungskonkurrenz und Flottengesetz

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attempted to pass astern of the Grand Fleet as the latter steamed south, before turning south themselves to reach

4152: 3945: 3811: 3644: 3583: 2264: 1847: 807: 689:, to be armed with four 28 cm (11 in) guns and eight 21 cm (8.3 in) guns. Speed was to be 18 1508:

August and early September. The one exception to this was 1912, when the summer training cruise remained in the

1082:. The wing turrets were Drh LC/1906 mounts, as were the centerline turrets on the first two ships of the class, 3875: 3148:

Naval Weapons of World War One: Guns, Torpedoes, Mines and ASW Weapons of All Nations; An Illustrated Directory

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Less than three months after Jutland, Scheer embarked on another operation in the North Sea; in the resulting

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screen encountered British warships—a squadron of six battleships and their escorts—but the German commander,

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s patrolled the eastern Baltic to block a potential British incursion to support Russia. In February 1918,

907:. The ships' standard crews numbered 40 officers and 968 enlisted men; while serving as squadron 846: 4007: 3992: 3903: 1853: 1642: 1603: 1175:. One tube was mounted in the bow, another in the stern, and two on each broadside, on either ends of the 870: 866: 759: 719: 649: 627: 442: 188: 162: 4302: 3084:

Campbell, N. J. M. & Sieche, Erwin (1986). "Germany". In Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal (eds.).

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was the only member of the class to take part in the operation. While returning from Finland in August,

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The Kaiser intervened again in February with a request for a 14,000 t (13,779 long tons) ship with

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s and the rest of the fleet got underway to relieve the battlecruisers after they were ambushed in the

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pointed out that merging the battleship and armored cruiser categories would not be possible under the

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The Battleships of the Imperial Navy: 1906–1918; Constructions between Arms Competition and Fleet Laws

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between the German-aligned Whites and Russia-aligned Reds, and the two ships were to aid the Whites.

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Maps showing the maneuvers of the British (blue) and German (red) fleets on 31 May – 1 June 1916

1624: 1225: 1209: 1135: 817: 741: 81: 2252:. The fleet saw little activity in the final months of the war and morale plummeted, leading to the 1212:. The basic armor layout divided the ships into three sections: the bow, the stern, and the central 4307: 4287: 4272: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 2368: 1884: 1768: 1709: 686: 174: 1827:. By 18:30, the Grand Fleet had arrived on the scene, and was deployed into a position that would 1187: 1127:

of 855 m/s (2,810 ft/s) and they had a maximum range of 20,500 m (67,300 ft).

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escaped completely unscathed. Not a single ship of the four was struck by a heavy-caliber shell.

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battleships, the only other navy to adopt it for their dreadnoughts were the Japanese with their

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predated the construction of the British vessel. Design work on what would eventually become the

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were later added, which helped to reduce the rolling problem. Despite the tendency to roll, the

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prompted a German withdrawal. The ships then returned to the High Seas Fleet in the North Sea.

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and thirty-one torpedo boats. A minesweeper and destroyer were sunk that day, and the next day

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of 1904–1905, during which several battleships of both sides had been badly damaged or sunk by

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Campbell, N. J. M. (1977). Preston, Antony (ed.). "German Dreadnoughts and Their Protection".

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fired her forward 11-inch guns at the destroyer, but they could not depress low enough for

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from the northeast. To extricate his fleet from this precarious position, Scheer ordered a

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magazines were placed above shell rooms, with the exception of the centerline turrets of

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to lay a minefield of her own. They made another attempt beginning on 16 August, led by

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of ten 21 cm or 24 cm (9.4 in) guns; the Construction Department and the

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Variants with six 21 cm twin-turrets were submitted, along with the first German

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Battleships and Battle Cruisers 1905–1970: Historical Development of the Capital Ship

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tried to evade, but could not maneuver away fast enough, and the two ships collided.

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with a total of 27 large-caliber shells and 24 shells from her secondary battery.

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forward of the main battery, two on either side. Another four were in the forward

2094:-class ships suffered only a handful of secondary battery hits from the opposing 3612: 3375:. Vol. 1: Deutschland, Nassau and Helgoland Classes. Oxford: Osprey Books. 2095: 1859: 1846:

spotted a group of British battlecruisers and she opened fire, scoring a hit on

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underway, showing the arrangement of the main, secondary, and tertiary batteries

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and was badly damaged. Following Germany's defeat, all four ships were ceded as

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was scrapped at Birkenhead and the remaining ships were scrapped at Dordrecht.

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As the fleets converged close to 18:00, the German battleships, including the

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in a tremendous explosion. The wreck of the ship was directly in the path of

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mounts could depress an additional two degrees, down to −8. The main battery

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Following the end of the First World War in 1918, eleven battleships of the

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Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea

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The German fleet sortied in the early hours of 31 May, intending to make a

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a conclusion that it offered no significant improvement over the preceding

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were detached from the High Seas Fleet and ordered into the Baltic Sea. A

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to be able to score a hit. Nonetheless, the blast from the guns destroyed

1171:-class ships were also armed with six 45 cm (17.7 in) submerged 1014:; this allowed oil to be sprayed on the coal to improve combustion rates. 447:, their design traces its origin to 1903; they were in fact a response to 3839: 2203: 1742:

with Hipper's battlecruisers to draw out his British counterparts of the

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resulted in "G2", while an attempt to move all of the gun turrets to the

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type. In December 1903, Wilhelm II suggested a new ship, of about 13,300

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as they raided British coastal towns. These operations culminated in the

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in an unusual hexagonal arrangement. Unlike many other dreadnoughts, the

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and eight on the broadside; this was the same theoretical capability as

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believed he was confronting the entire Grand Fleet and disengaged. The

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owing to increased tensions with Britain and France as a result of the

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mounted side-by-side. The ships carried a number of boats, including a

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was never repaired, and instead saw the remainder of her service as a

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could not make out targets and held their fire. Shortly thereafter,

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s and the rest of I Battle Squadron formed the center of the German

2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 1249:; also of major importance was the severe damage to the battleship 4267: 2389: 2387: 2129: 1535: 1449: 1291: 1206: 1186: 1064: 1021: 936: 845: 769:

design, which prompted the Germans to redesign their initial plans

758: 678: 622: 515:. These frequently consisted of sailing as distant support to the 178: 3418:

Spoils of War: The Fate of Enemy Fleets after the Two World Wars

2371:, meaning that the gun is 45 as times long as it is in diameter. 1428: 949:

The Imperial German Navy was slow to adopt the advanced Parsons

884: 725: 3579: 3461: 2256:

when it became clear that Scheer and Hipper intended to mount

2232:, transporting German troops and providing artillery support. 1216:, the latter extending from the fore to the aft main battery 2027:

then fell back into a position between the pre-dreadnoughts

1874:

engaged British light cruisers and forced them to withdraw.

585:

were sent to Finland to support White Finnish forces in the

527:

on 31 May – 1 June 1916, where the ships helped to sink the

665:

class began in 1903, with work scheduled to begin in 1906.

648:

class is commonly cited as a response to the revolutionary

3110:

The Kaiser's Battlefleet: German Capital Ships 1871–1918

2298:-class battleships were left in Germany. Following the 1815:

s, engaged British light cruisers and destroyers, with

3443:] (in German). Bonn: Bernard & Graefe Verlag. 3173:] (in German). Bonn: Bernard & Graefe Verlag. 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 1524:

for war when it became apparent that conflict between

2727: 2725: 2723: 2638: 2636: 2248:

was removed from active service for use as a gunnery

2602: 2600: 2598: 1922:, and took with her a 20-foot (6 m) portion of 970:

class therefore retained three vertical, 3-cylinder

291:

At 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph): 8,300

4123: 4096: 4078: 4055: 3982: 3954: 3830: 3772: 3715: 3667: 3611: 3090:. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 134–189. 2492: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 1956:be scuttled to prevent her capture by the British. 471:

of twelve 28 cm (11 in) guns in six twin-

281:

Maximum: 20.2 knots (37.4 km/h; 23.2 mph)

3435:Koop, Gerhard & Schmolke, Klaus-Peter (1999). 3231:"Luxury" Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 1888–1918 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2428: 2426: 1130:The ships' secondary armament consisted of twelve 1032:class, showing the arrangement of the main battery 3087:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921 3028: 2666: 2627: 2577: 2565: 2393: 1821:contributing to the destruction of the destroyer 1558:on 2–3 November 1914, which was conducted by the 2260:on the Grand Fleet in the last days of the war. 1224:, connected at either end by transverse armored 3129:U.S. Battleships: An Illustrated Design History 2196:joined them there in early April. On 11 April, 1586:on 15–16 December. During the night, the fleet 1520:in 1914 and were hastily recalled to begin the 1256:in 1901 after having struck an uncharted rock. 1220:. The citadel consisted of the main section of 879:, which only had sixteen. All four ships had a 2164:in the Gulf of Riga in October 1917, the four 1889:, and in the confusion, attempted to ram her. 3591: 3473: 1676: 1623:to facilitate the capture of the city by the 8: 2331: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2293: 2287: 2243: 2237: 2223: 2217: 2207: 2197: 2191: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2148: 2134: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2099: 2089: 2083: 2070: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2022: 2010: 1988: 1978: 1960: 1951: 1945: 1933: 1923: 1917: 1900: 1894: 1878: 1869: 1863: 1841: 1816: 1810: 1788:served as the flagship of II Division under 1783: 1751: 1670: 1664: 1654: 1648: 1607: 1591: 1563: 1540: 1498: 1492: 1482: 1476: 1458:class ships (bottom right) with the rest of 1420: 1335: 1296: 1200: 1166: 1118: 1112: 1101: 1095: 1089: 1083: 1069: 1046: 1027: 965: 924: 874: 850: 805: 730: 717: 660: 643: 633: 590: 580: 574: 555: 549: 493: 476: 462: 402: 387: 61: 42: 27:Battleship class of the German Imperial Navy 3071:(4). London: Conway Maritime Press: 12–20. 1883:came in contact with the British destroyer 1584:raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool, and Whitby 1154:, also in casemates. Four of these were in 3598: 3584: 3576: 3480: 3466: 3458: 1304: 669:argued that the navy ought to build large 4371:List of ships of the Imperial German Navy 2702: 2690: 2678: 2508: 2039:. Following the return to German waters, 1771:and ahead of the old pre-dreadnoughts of 4362:Building for the Netherlands when seized 3606:German naval ship classes of World War I 3269:The Encyclopedia of the World's Warships 2005:; the combined weight of fire destroyed 1971:encountered the British armored cruiser 1723: 409:(Imperial Navy) in the early 1900s. The 3394:. London: Cassell Military Paperbacks. 3252:. New York: Harper Collins Publishing. 2383: 2350: 2153:was torpedoed by the British submarine 887:. Steering was controlled by a pair of 655:, the decision to adopt an all-big-gun 3437:Von der Nassau – zur König-Klasse 3250:Jane's Battleships of the 20th Century 1938:accidentally rammed the light cruiser 1516:. The ships were in Norway during the 1475:After entering service in early 1910, 1152:8.8 cm (3.5 in) SK L/45 guns 334:8.8 cm (3.5 in) SK L/45 guns 31: 3356:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 3354:Admiral Hipper: The Inconvenient Hero 2326:was sold directly to the breakers at 2308:was ceded to Japan, Britain received 2075:, took up defensive positions in the 1301:underway, probably before World War I 1284:, but these were removed after 1916. 1132:15 cm (5.9 in) SK L/45 guns 328:15 cm (5.9 in) SK L/45 guns 7: 3416:Dodson, Aidan; Cant, Serena (2020). 3267:Lyon, Hugh; Moore, John E. (1987) . 3214:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 3150:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 3131:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 2920: 2896: 2743: 2731: 2654: 2642: 1080:28 cm (11 in) SK L/45 guns 498:-class ships served as II Division, 201:146.1 m (479 ft 4 in) 3016: 2956: 2944: 2932: 2908: 2884: 2872: 2848: 2824: 2788: 2589: 2463: 1944:and holed her below the waterline. 1840:. At around 21:20, lookouts aboard 833:was altered to just two, and a new 4403:World War I battleships of Germany 4356:Building for Argentina when seized 2992: 2968: 2860: 2812: 2764: 2714: 2606: 2532: 2496: 2444: 2432: 2417: 2405: 1675:engaged in an artillery duel with 1631:had stationed the pre-dreadnought 1228:, and supported by a curved armor 540:The ships also saw service in the 217:8.76 m (28 ft 9 in) 209:26.9 m (88 ft 3 in) 191:: 21,000 t (21,000 long tons) 25: 3420:. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. 3112:. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. 3004: 2980: 2836: 2800: 2776: 2544: 1528:and Serbia would not be avoided. 1205:-class ships were protected with 1150:, the ships also carried sixteen 883:for eighty-eight percent of the 365:Battery: 16 cm (6.3 in) 322:28 cm (11 in) L/45 guns 2520: 1983:opened fire first, and pummeled 1700:attack on Yarmouth and Lowestoft 1698:. These operations included the 1146:For close-range defense against 941:Plan and profile drawing of the 855:with some of her boats alongside 74: 35: 3392:Jutland: The German Perspective 3352:Philbin, Tobias R. III (1982). 978:, with each driving a 3-bladed 295:(15,400 km; 9,600 mi) 3565:List of battleships of Germany 3441:From the Nassau to König Class 3295:. New York: Ballantine Books. 3212:A Naval History of World War I 1877:At around midnight on 1 June, 972:triple-expansion steam engines 895:, three admiral's barges, two 483:triple-expansion steam engines 338:6 × 45 cm (17.7 in) 255:triple-expansion steam engines 1: 4056:Small / Coastal torpedo boats 3373:German Battleships: 1914–1918 2300:scuttling of the German fleet 3271:. New York: Crescent Books. 953:engines used in the British 492:After entering service, the 3669:Pre-dreadnought battleships 3233:. Amherst: Humanity Books. 1916:was able to disengage from 632:, the initial basis of the 371:: 40 cm (15.7 in) 356:: 30 cm (11.8 in) 278:(35 km/h; 22 mph) 4419: 3193:German Warships: 1815–1945 3048:. Garden City: Doubleday. 3044:Breyer, Siegfried (1973). 2088:refueled and rearmed. The 1731: 1639:Battle of the Gulf of Riga 1466:before the outbreak of war 571:Battle of the Gulf of Riga 4331: 3560: 3534: 3498: 3248:Ireland, Bernard (1996). 3210:Halpern, Paul G. (1995). 3146:Friedman, Norman (2011). 3127:Friedman, Norman (1985). 2959:, pp. 225, 263, 296. 2923:, pp. 101, 254, 257. 2911:, pp. 153, 165, 172. 2330:. Between 1920 and 1924, 2186:in the newly independent 1912:s bridge. At that point, 1750:late on 30 May. The four 1412: 1385: 1358: 1327: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1078:Each ship carried twelve 869:. The ships had nineteen 485:instead of more powerful 377:: 3 cm (1.2 in) 153: 52: 34: 4398:Nassau-class battleships 3390:Tarrant, V. E. (2001) . 3229:Herwig, Holger (1998) . 2863:, pp. 150–151, 178. 2184:civil war had broken out 2145:action of 19 August 1916 1195:showing the armor layout 873:, with the exception of 569:during the inconclusive 3165:Grießmer, Axel (1999). 2887:, pp. 94–101, 110. 1999:joined in, followed by 871:watertight compartments 860:General characteristics 775:all-big-gun battleships 724:(Imperial Shipyard) in 154:General characteristics 18:Nassau class battleship 2332: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2294: 2288: 2244: 2238: 2224: 2218: 2208: 2198: 2192: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2149: 2140: 2139:underway prior to 1917 2135: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2090: 2084: 2071: 2059: 2053: 2047: 2041: 2023: 2011: 1989: 1979: 1961: 1952: 1946: 1934: 1924: 1918: 1901: 1895: 1879: 1870: 1864: 1842: 1817: 1811: 1784: 1752: 1729: 1677: 1671: 1665: 1655: 1649: 1608: 1604:Friedrich von Ingenohl 1592: 1564: 1546: 1541: 1499: 1493: 1483: 1477: 1467: 1421: 1336: 1302: 1297: 1201: 1196: 1167: 1143:elevated and trained. 1119: 1113: 1102: 1096: 1090: 1084: 1075: 1070: 1047: 1033: 1028: 1026:A plan drawing of the 966: 946: 925: 875: 856: 851: 806: 770: 731: 718: 661: 644: 639: 634: 591: 581: 575: 556: 550: 494: 481:-class ships retained 477: 463: 454:s predecessors of the 403: 388: 163:Dreadnought battleship 62: 43: 4098:Coastal defense ships 3333:Warship International 3312:Warship International 3029:Campbell & Sieche 2983:, pp. 26, 31–33. 2791:, pp. 31–33, 38. 2779:, pp. 11, 23–26. 2667:Campbell & Sieche 2628:Campbell & Sieche 2578:Campbell & Sieche 2566:Campbell & Sieche 2394:Campbell & Sieche 2133: 2082:for the night, while 1959:Shortly after 01:00, 1727: 1614:Battle of Dogger Bank 1539: 1453: 1295: 1190: 1136:armor-piercing shells 1068: 1025: 940: 849: 762: 755:All-big-gun proposals 626: 401:built for the German 4338:Single ship of class 3685:Kaiser Friedrich III 3371:Staff, Gary (2010). 2669:, pp. 140, 145. 2284:Treaty of Versailles 2254:Wilhelmshaven mutiny 2228:participated in the 2002:Friedrich der Grosse 1744:Battle Cruiser Fleet 1625:Imperial German Army 1253:Kaiser Friedrich III 1210:cemented steel armor 742:Kaiser Wilhelm Canal 610:in the early 1920s. 560:engaged the Russian 394:was a group of four 82:Imperial German Navy 3019:, pp. 280–282. 2995:, pp. 747–748. 2827:, pp. 195–198. 2815:, pp. 149–150. 2705:, pp. 336–337. 2681:, pp. 138–139. 2523:, pp. 100–101. 2258:a last-ditch attack 2063:-class battleships 1769:III Battle Squadron 1307: 714:secondary batteries 4393:Battleship classes 3956:Protected cruisers 3492:-class battleships 2803:, pp. 26, 43. 2547:, pp. 23, 35. 2230:Battle of Helsinki 2141: 1829:cross Scheer's "T" 1780:II Battle Squadron 1730: 1659:, along with four 1547: 1468: 1464:II Battle Squadron 1405:26 September 1908 1306:Construction data 1305: 1303: 1239:Russo-Japanese War 1197: 1076: 1060:-class battleships 1034: 984:water-tube boilers 974:, each in its own 947: 917:metacentric height 857: 790:Alfred von Tirpitz 786:-class battleships 771: 749:-class battleships 707:-class battleships 640: 602:to the victorious 405:Kaiserliche Marine 229:water-tube boilers 4378: 4377: 4080:Aircraft carriers 3573: 3572: 3450:978-3-7637-5994-1 3427:978-1-5267-4198-1 3401:978-0-304-35848-9 3382:978-1-84603-467-1 3363:978-90-6032-200-0 3302:978-0-345-40878-5 3287:Massie, Robert K. 3278:978-0-517-22478-6 3259:978-0-00-470997-0 3240:978-1-57392-286-9 3221:978-1-55750-352-7 3202:978-0-87021-790-6 3180:978-3-7637-5985-9 3157:978-1-84832-100-7 3138:978-0-87021-715-9 3119:978-1-84832-229-5 3097:978-0-85177-245-5 3055:978-0-385-07247-2 2767:, pp. 23–24. 2746:, pp. 13–14. 2535:, pp. 59–60. 2420:, pp. 72–73. 2057:, along with the 1793:Walter Engelhardt 1734:Battle of Jutland 1720:Battle of Jutland 1714:Battle of Jutland 1489:I Battle Squadron 1460:I Battle Squadron 1443: 1442: 1436:12 December 1908 1381:16 November 1909 1338:Kaiserliche Werft 1282:anti-torpedo nets 989:metric horsepower 794:Naval Law of 1900 720:Kaiserliche Werft 667:Kaiser Wilhelm II 587:Finnish Civil War 525:Battle of Jutland 500:I Battle Squadron 383: 382: 235:metric horsepower 101:Succeeded by 16:(Redirected from 4410: 3966:Kaiserin Augusta 3774:Armored cruisers 3600: 3593: 3586: 3577: 3482: 3475: 3468: 3459: 3454: 3431: 3405: 3386: 3367: 3348: 3327: 3306: 3282: 3263: 3244: 3225: 3206: 3184: 3161: 3142: 3123: 3101: 3080: 3059: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2631: 2625: 2610: 2604: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2467: 2461: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2372: 2365: 2359: 2355: 2335: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2297: 2291: 2247: 2241: 2227: 2221: 2211: 2202:ran aground off 2201: 2195: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2162:Operation Albion 2152: 2138: 2126:Later operations 2121: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2093: 2087: 2074: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2026: 2014: 1992: 1982: 1964: 1955: 1949: 1937: 1930: 1927: 1921: 1911: 1904: 1898: 1882: 1873: 1867: 1845: 1820: 1814: 1787: 1755: 1680: 1674: 1668: 1658: 1652: 1611: 1597: 1580:I Scouting Group 1576:Franz von Hipper 1569: 1556:raid on Yarmouth 1544: 1502: 1496: 1486: 1480: 1426: 1341: 1308: 1300: 1204: 1177:torpedo bulkhead 1170: 1122: 1116: 1105: 1099: 1093: 1087: 1073: 1053:semi-dreadnought 1050: 1031: 1001: 969: 928: 878: 854: 811: 736: 723: 671:armored cruisers 664: 647: 637: 594: 584: 578: 559: 553: 548:during the war; 521:I Scouting Group 497: 480: 466: 453: 408: 391: 375:Torpedo bulkhead 80: 78: 77: 65: 46: 39: 32: 21: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4408: 4407: 4383: 4382: 4379: 4374: 4327: 4119: 4092: 4074: 4051: 3978: 3973:Victoria Louise 3950: 3826: 3768: 3711: 3663: 3607: 3604: 3574: 3569: 3556: 3530: 3494: 3486: 3451: 3434: 3428: 3415: 3412: 3410:Further reading 3402: 3389: 3383: 3370: 3364: 3351: 3330: 3309: 3303: 3285: 3279: 3266: 3260: 3247: 3241: 3228: 3222: 3209: 3203: 3187: 3181: 3164: 3158: 3145: 3139: 3126: 3120: 3104: 3098: 3083: 3062: 3056: 3043: 3040: 3035: 3027: 3023: 3015: 3011: 3003: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2955: 2951: 2943: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2907: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2883: 2879: 2871: 2867: 2859: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2811: 2807: 2799: 2795: 2787: 2783: 2775: 2771: 2763: 2750: 2742: 2738: 2730: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2689: 2685: 2677: 2673: 2665: 2661: 2653: 2649: 2641: 2634: 2626: 2613: 2605: 2596: 2588: 2584: 2576: 2572: 2564: 2551: 2543: 2539: 2531: 2527: 2519: 2515: 2507: 2503: 2495: 2470: 2462: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2431: 2424: 2416: 2412: 2404: 2400: 2392: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2375: 2366: 2362: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2128: 2116:each once, and 2104:was hit twice, 1928: 1909: 1852:and straddling 1736: 1722: 1696:Reinhard Scheer 1602:—Vice Admiral) 1574:—Rear Admiral) 1545:at sea, c. 1911 1534: 1526:Austria-Hungary 1473: 1471:Pre-war service 1448: 1446:Service history 1375:12 August 1907 1354:1 October 1909 1290: 1185: 1125:muzzle velocity 1020: 999: 980:screw propeller 935: 862: 844: 757: 733:Reichsmarineamt 621: 619:Initial designs 616: 562:pre-dreadnought 529:armored cruiser 504:High Seas Fleet 451: 222:Installed power 75: 73: 48: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4416: 4414: 4406: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4385: 4384: 4376: 4375: 4364: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4332: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4129: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4117: 4110: 4102: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4090: 4084: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4072: 4067: 4059: 4057: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4022: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3989: 3987: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3976: 3969: 3960: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3949: 3948: 3943: 3936: 3929: 3922: 3915: 3908: 3901: 3894: 3887: 3880: 3873: 3866: 3859: 3852: 3845: 3836: 3834: 3832:Light cruisers 3828: 3827: 3825: 3824: 3816: 3809: 3802: 3799:Prinz Adalbert 3795: 3792:Prinz Heinrich 3787: 3784:Fürst Bismarck 3778: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3766: 3759: 3752: 3745: 3737: 3730: 3721: 3719: 3717:Battlecruisers 3713: 3712: 3710: 3709: 3702: 3695: 3688: 3681: 3673: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3661: 3656: 3649: 3642: 3635: 3628: 3620: 3618: 3609: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3602: 3595: 3588: 3580: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3567: 3561: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3554: 3545: 3535: 3532: 3531: 3529: 3528: 3521: 3514: 3507: 3499: 3496: 3495: 3487: 3485: 3484: 3477: 3470: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3449: 3432: 3426: 3411: 3408: 3407: 3406: 3400: 3387: 3381: 3368: 3362: 3349: 3339:(4): 304–321. 3328: 3318:(2): 137–174. 3307: 3301: 3283: 3277: 3264: 3258: 3245: 3239: 3226: 3220: 3207: 3201: 3185: 3179: 3162: 3156: 3143: 3137: 3124: 3118: 3102: 3096: 3081: 3060: 3054: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3033: 3031:, p. 139. 3021: 3009: 2997: 2985: 2973: 2961: 2949: 2947:, p. 250. 2937: 2935:, p. 220. 2925: 2913: 2901: 2889: 2877: 2875:, p. 286. 2865: 2853: 2841: 2829: 2817: 2805: 2793: 2781: 2769: 2748: 2736: 2719: 2707: 2695: 2693:, p. 143. 2683: 2671: 2659: 2657:, p. 177. 2647: 2632: 2630:, p. 140. 2611: 2609:, p. 263. 2594: 2582: 2570: 2568:, p. 145. 2549: 2537: 2525: 2513: 2501: 2468: 2449: 2437: 2422: 2410: 2398: 2396:, p. 134. 2382: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2360: 2349: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2127: 2124: 1849:Princess Royal 1758:line of battle 1732:Main article: 1721: 1718: 1661:light cruisers 1627:. The Russian 1560:battlecruisers 1533: 1530: 1472: 1469: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1418: 1410: 1409: 1408:30 April 1910 1406: 1403: 1400: 1391: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1364: 1356: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1333: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1289: 1286: 1191:Cross-section 1184: 1181: 1160:superstructure 1019: 1016: 1008:nautical miles 934: 931: 861: 858: 843: 842:Specifications 840: 756: 753: 620: 617: 615: 612: 546:Russian Empire 517:battlecruisers 487:steam turbines 381: 380: 379: 378: 372: 366: 363: 357: 349: 345: 344: 343: 342: 336: 330: 324: 316: 312: 311: 310: 309: 306: 301: 297: 296: 289: 285: 284: 283: 282: 279: 270: 266: 265: 264: 263: 257: 249: 245: 244: 243: 242: 231: 223: 219: 218: 215: 211: 210: 207: 203: 202: 199: 195: 194: 193: 192: 186: 177:: 18,873 170: 166: 165: 160: 156: 155: 151: 150: 147: 143: 142: 139: 135: 134: 131: 127: 126: 123: 119: 118: 115: 111: 110: 102: 98: 97: 89: 85: 84: 71: 67: 66: 59: 55: 54: 53:Class overview 50: 49: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4415: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4381: 4373: 4372: 4368: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4330: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4111: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4095: 4089: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4077: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4054: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3985:torpedo boats 3981: 3975: 3974: 3970: 3968: 3967: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3941: 3937: 3935: 3934: 3930: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3921: 3920: 3916: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3907: 3906: 3902: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3893: 3892: 3888: 3886: 3885: 3881: 3879: 3878: 3874: 3872: 3871: 3867: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3844: 3843: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3817: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3808: 3807: 3803: 3801: 3800: 3796: 3794: 3793: 3788: 3786: 3785: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3744: 3743: 3738: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3729: 3728: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3687: 3686: 3682: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3648: 3647: 3643: 3641: 3640: 3636: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3627: 3626: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3610: 3601: 3596: 3594: 3589: 3587: 3582: 3581: 3578: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3559: 3553: 3551: 3547:Followed by: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3538:Preceded by: 3537: 3536: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3497: 3493: 3491: 3483: 3478: 3476: 3471: 3469: 3464: 3463: 3460: 3452: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3413: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3384: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3365: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3304: 3298: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3242: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3189:Gröner, Erich 3186: 3182: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3159: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3106:Dodson, Aidan 3103: 3099: 3093: 3089: 3088: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3025: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3010: 3007:, p. 27. 3006: 3001: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2974: 2971:, p. 24. 2970: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2905: 2902: 2899:, p. 34. 2898: 2893: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2878: 2874: 2869: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2854: 2851:, p. 36. 2850: 2845: 2842: 2839:, p. 43. 2838: 2833: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2737: 2734:, p. 14. 2733: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2717:, p. 75. 2716: 2711: 2708: 2704: 2703:Friedman 2011 2699: 2696: 2692: 2691:Friedman 2011 2687: 2684: 2680: 2679:Friedman 2011 2675: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2648: 2645:, p. 13. 2644: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2592:, p. 56. 2591: 2586: 2583: 2580:, p. 21. 2579: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2514: 2511:, p. 63. 2510: 2509:Friedman 1985 2505: 2502: 2499:, p. 23. 2498: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2466:, p. 30. 2465: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2447:, p. 74. 2446: 2441: 2438: 2435:, p. 73. 2434: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2411: 2408:, p. 72. 2407: 2402: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2378: 2370: 2364: 2361: 2354: 2351: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2279: 2274: 2273: 2268: 2267: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2250:training ship 2246: 2240: 2233: 2231: 2226: 2220: 2215: 2214:barracks ship 2210: 2205: 2200: 2194: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2158: 2151: 2146: 2137: 2132: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2114: 2108: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2086: 2081: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2067: 2061: 2055: 2049: 2043: 2038: 2037: 2032: 2031: 2025: 2020: 2019: 2013: 2008: 2004: 2003: 1998: 1997: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1975: 1970: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1954: 1948: 1943: 1942: 1936: 1926: 1920: 1915: 1908: 1903: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1872: 1866: 1861: 1858:, though her 1857: 1856: 1851: 1850: 1844: 1839: 1838:Wilhelmshaven 1834: 1830: 1826: 1825: 1819: 1813: 1807: 1805: 1804:John Jellicoe 1801: 1798: 1794: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1740:demonstration 1735: 1726: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1706: 1701: 1697: 1694: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1679: 1673: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1651: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1595: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1567: 1566:Konteradmiral 1561: 1557: 1552: 1543: 1538: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1514:Agadir Crisis 1511: 1506: 1503:as they were 1501: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1479: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1445: 1438: 1435: 1433:11 June 1907 1432: 1430: 1425: 1424: 1423:Germaniawerft 1419: 1417: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1389: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1362: 1357: 1353: 1351:7 March 1908 1350: 1348:22 July 1907 1347: 1345: 1344:Wilhelmshaven 1340: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1331: 1326: 1323:Commissioned 1309: 1299: 1294: 1287: 1285: 1283: 1278: 1277:conning tower 1273: 1271: 1265: 1263: 1257: 1255: 1254: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1208: 1203: 1194: 1189: 1182: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1173:torpedo tubes 1169: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1148:torpedo boats 1144: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1128: 1126: 1121: 1115: 1110: 1104: 1098: 1092: 1086: 1081: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1061: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1030: 1024: 1017: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1003: 998: 994: 991:(22,000 990: 985: 981: 977: 973: 968: 962: 960: 956: 952: 944: 939: 932: 930: 927: 922: 918: 912: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 881:double bottom 877: 872: 868: 859: 853: 848: 841: 839: 836: 832: 827: 823: 819: 813: 810: 809: 802: 797: 795: 791: 787: 785: 780: 776: 768: 767: 761: 754: 752: 750: 748: 743: 738: 735: 734: 727: 722: 721: 715: 710: 708: 706: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 663: 658: 654: 653: 646: 636: 631: 630: 625: 618: 613: 611: 609: 605: 604:Allied powers 601: 597: 593: 588: 583: 577: 572: 568: 567: 563: 558: 552: 547: 543: 538: 536: 535: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 505: 501: 496: 490: 488: 484: 479: 474: 470: 465: 460: 458: 450: 446: 445: 440: 439: 434: 433: 428: 427: 422: 418: 417: 412: 407: 406: 400: 397: 393: 390: 376: 373: 370: 369:Conning Tower 367: 364: 361: 358: 355: 352: 351: 350: 347: 346: 341: 340:torpedo tubes 337: 335: 331: 329: 325: 323: 319: 318: 317: 314: 313: 307: 304: 303: 302: 299: 298: 294: 290: 287: 286: 280: 277: 273: 272: 271: 268: 267: 262: 258: 256: 252: 251: 250: 247: 246: 240: 237:(22,000 236: 232: 230: 226: 225: 224: 221: 220: 216: 213: 212: 208: 205: 204: 200: 197: 196: 190: 187: 184: 180: 176: 173: 172: 171: 168: 167: 164: 161: 158: 157: 152: 148: 145: 144: 140: 137: 136: 132: 129: 128: 124: 122:In commission 121: 120: 116: 113: 112: 109: 107: 103: 100: 99: 96: 94: 90: 87: 86: 83: 72: 69: 68: 64: 60: 57: 56: 51: 45: 38: 33: 30: 19: 4380: 4366: 4365: 4113: 4106: 4063: 4025: 4018: 3972: 3965: 3946:FK proposals 3939: 3932: 3925: 3918: 3911: 3904: 3897: 3890: 3883: 3876: 3869: 3862: 3855: 3848: 3841: 3820: 3812: 3805: 3798: 3791: 3783: 3763:Ersatz Yorck 3762: 3755: 3748: 3741: 3733: 3727:Von der Tann 3726: 3705: 3699:Braunschweig 3698: 3691: 3684: 3677: 3652: 3645: 3638: 3631: 3624: 3623: 3549: 3540: 3524: 3517: 3510: 3503: 3489: 3488: 3440: 3436: 3417: 3391: 3372: 3353: 3336: 3332: 3315: 3311: 3291: 3268: 3249: 3230: 3211: 3192: 3170: 3166: 3147: 3128: 3109: 3086: 3068: 3064: 3045: 3024: 3012: 3000: 2988: 2976: 2964: 2952: 2940: 2928: 2916: 2904: 2892: 2880: 2868: 2856: 2844: 2832: 2820: 2808: 2796: 2784: 2772: 2739: 2710: 2698: 2686: 2674: 2662: 2650: 2585: 2573: 2540: 2528: 2516: 2504: 2440: 2413: 2401: 2363: 2353: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2262: 2234: 2156: 2142: 2065: 2035: 2029: 2017: 2007:Black Prince 2006: 2001: 1996:Ostfriesland 1995: 1985:Black Prince 1984: 1974:Black Prince 1973: 1967: 1958: 1940: 1913: 1906: 1890: 1885: 1876: 1854: 1848: 1823: 1808: 1800:David Beatty 1797:Vice Admiral 1789: 1772: 1765:Paul Behncke 1761: 1760:, astern of 1737: 1704: 1692: 1690: 1643: 1633: 1629:Baltic Fleet 1621:Gulf of Riga 1618: 1599: 1571: 1548: 1522:mobilization 1505:commissioned 1474: 1455: 1439:31 May 1910 1414: 1402:1 June 1907 1387: 1378:1 July 1908 1360: 1329: 1288:Construction 1275:The forward 1274: 1266: 1258: 1252: 1198: 1164: 1145: 1129: 1077: 1057: 1042: 1035: 1004: 996: 963: 954: 948: 942: 913: 863: 822:boiler rooms 814: 798: 784:Regina Elena 783: 772: 765: 763:The British 746: 739: 711: 704: 687:displacement 675:capital ship 673:as a single 657:main battery 651: 641: 628: 565: 544:against the 539: 534:Black Prince 533: 491: 469:main battery 467:s adopted a 456: 448: 443: 437: 431: 425: 415: 386: 384: 362:: 28 cm 169:Displacement 105: 92: 29: 4350:Conversions 3813:Scharnhorst 3749:Derfflinger 3706:Deutschland 3692:Wittelsbach 3678:Brandenburg 3616:battleships 3613:Dreadnought 3541:Deutschland 2096:Grand Fleet 1855:Indomitable 1776:Franz Mauve 1644:Deutschland 1594:Vizeadmiral 1551:Grand Fleet 1532:World War I 1518:July Crisis 1243:naval mines 1043:Dreadnought 1038:superfiring 997:Dreadnought 976:engine room 955:Dreadnought 921:Bilge keels 893:picket boat 867:fully laden 801:battleships 766:Lord Nelson 747:Lord Nelson 705:Deutschland 695:gun turrets 679:metric tons 652:Dreadnought 642:Though the 629:Deutschland 596:ran aground 513:Grand Fleet 509:World War I 473:gun turrets 457:Lord Nelson 449:Dreadnought 444:Dreadnought 399:battleships 396:dreadnought 305:40 officers 274:Design: 19 93:Deutschland 88:Preceded by 4387:Categories 3926:Königsberg 3863:Königsberg 3038:References 1748:Scapa Flow 1686:submarines 1510:Baltic Sea 1317:Laid down 1270:forecastle 1222:belt armor 1109:propellant 1045:, but the 933:Propulsion 903:, and two 600:war prizes 542:Baltic Sea 413:comprised 300:Complement 261:propellers 259:3 × screw 248:Propulsion 4344:Cancelled 4107:Siegfried 3964:SMS 3919:Wiesbaden 3898:Karlsruhe 3891:Magdeburg 3840:SMS 3819:SMS 3790:SMS 3782:SMS 3756:Mackensen 3740:SMS 3725:SMS 3632:Helgoland 3550:Helgoland 3518:Rheinland 3511:Westfalen 3345:0043-0374 3324:0043-0374 3077:0142-6222 2379:Citations 2340:Footnotes 2333:Westfalen 2328:Dordrecht 2323:Rheinland 2311:Westfalen 2295:Helgoland 2245:Westfalen 2219:Westfalen 2216:in Kiel. 2209:Rheinland 2199:Rheinland 2179:Rheinland 2173:Westfalen 2155:HMS 2150:Westfalen 2136:Westfalen 2113:Rheinland 2107:Westfalen 2085:Rheinland 2080:roadstead 2072:Thüringen 2066:Helgoland 2060:Helgoland 2054:Westfalen 1980:Thüringen 1968:Thüringen 1871:Westfalen 1705:Magdeburg 1588:destroyer 1500:Rheinland 1484:Westfalen 1454:The four 1394:AG Vulcan 1388:Rheinland 1361:Westfalen 1320:Launched 1251:SMS 1247:torpedoes 1235:waterline 1226:bulkheads 1193:amidships 1120:Westfalen 1103:Rheinland 1091:Westfalen 1071:Westfalen 909:flagships 826:broadside 818:magazines 808:Reichstag 699:casemates 697:and four 683:long tons 650:HMS 608:broken up 592:Rheinland 589:, though 582:Westfalen 576:Rheinland 573:in 1915. 532:HMS 438:Westfalen 426:Rheinland 421:lead ship 189:Full load 183:long tons 130:Completed 125:1909–1919 117:1907–1910 106:Helgoland 70:Operators 44:Rheinland 4367:See also 3905:Graudenz 3877:Nautilus 3742:Seydlitz 3289:(2003). 3191:(1990). 3108:(2016). 2921:Campbell 2897:Campbell 2744:Campbell 2732:Campbell 2655:Grießmer 2643:Campbell 2036:Hannover 2018:Kaiserin 1914:Spitfire 1907:Spitfire 1891:Spitfire 1886:Spitfire 1833:16-point 1710:wireless 1367:AG Weser 1314:Builder 1218:barbette 1156:sponsons 1018:Armament 1012:fuel oil 905:dinghies 897:launches 681:(13,100 315:Armament 181:(18,575 146:Scrapped 4125:U-boats 3933:Brummer 3884:Kolberg 3870:Dresden 3849:Gazelle 3821:Blücher 3659:L 20e α 3065:Warship 3017:Tarrant 2957:Tarrant 2945:Tarrant 2933:Tarrant 2909:Tarrant 2885:Tarrant 2873:Tarrant 2849:Halpern 2825:Halpern 2789:Tarrant 2590:Philbin 2464:Ireland 2369:caliber 2280:classes 2188:Finland 1860:sisters 1487:joined 1398:Stettin 1214:citadel 1058:Kawachi 959:Parsons 951:turbine 901:cutters 889:rudders 831:funnels 502:of the 360:Turrets 308:968 men 233:22,000 138:Retired 47:in 1910 4298:UC III 4283:UB III 3983:Large 3912:Pillau 3856:Bremen 3734:Moltke 3653:Bayern 3639:Kaiser 3625:Nassau 3504:Nassau 3490:Nassau 3447: 3424: 3398: 3379: 3360: 3343: 3322: 3299: 3275: 3256: 3237: 3218: 3199: 3177: 3154: 3135: 3116: 3094: 3075: 3052: 2993:Massie 2969:Gröner 2861:Herwig 2813:Herwig 2765:Gröner 2715:Dodson 2607:Breyer 2533:Herwig 2497:Gröner 2445:Dodson 2433:Dodson 2418:Dodson 2406:Dodson 2320:, and 2305:Nassau 2289:Nassau 2286:. The 2278:Bayern 2275:, and 2272:Kaiser 2239:Nassau 2167:Nassau 2101:Nassau 2091:Nassau 2051:, and 2042:Nassau 2030:Hessen 2024:Nassau 2012:Nassau 1990:Nassau 1962:Nassau 1953:Elbing 1947:Elbing 1941:Elbing 1925:Nassau 1919:Nassau 1902:Nassau 1896:Nassau 1880:Nassau 1865:Nassau 1824:Nestor 1812:Nassau 1753:Nassau 1683:Allied 1666:Nassau 1650:Nassau 1609:Nassau 1478:Nassau 1456:Nassau 1371:Bremen 1330:Nassau 1298:Nassau 1262:strake 1202:Nassau 1168:Nassau 1114:Nassau 1085:Nassau 1048:Nassau 1029:Nassau 967:Nassau 943:Nassau 926:Nassau 899:, two 876:Nassau 852:Nassau 662:Nassau 645:Nassau 638:design 635:Nassau 614:Design 551:Nassau 495:Nassau 478:Nassau 464:Nassau 461:. The 435:, and 419:, the 416:Nassau 389:Nassau 198:Length 175:Normal 79: 63:Nassau 4313:UE II 4293:UC II 4278:UB II 4263:U 151 4258:U 142 4253:U 139 4248:U 135 4243:U 131 4238:U 127 4233:U 115 4037:1916M 3646:König 3552:class 3543:class 3525:Posen 3439:[ 3169:[ 3005:Staff 2981:Staff 2837:Staff 2801:Staff 2777:Staff 2545:Staff 2345:Notes 2317:Posen 2266:König 2225:Posen 2204:Åland 2193:Posen 2119:Posen 2048:Posen 1935:Posen 1929:' 1910:' 1843:Posen 1818:Posen 1785:Posen 1678:Slava 1672:Posen 1656:Posen 1634:Slava 1542:Posen 1494:Posen 1415:Posen 1311:Ship 1207:Krupp 1183:Armor 1138:at a 1097:Posen 1000:' 945:class 691:knots 566:Slava 557:Posen 459:class 452:' 432:Posen 411:class 392:class 348:Armor 332:16 × 326:12 × 320:12 × 288:Range 276:knots 269:Speed 227:12 × 214:Draft 114:Built 108:class 95:class 4308:UE I 4303:UD 1 4288:UC I 4273:UB I 4228:U 93 4223:U 87 4218:U 81 4213:U 66 4208:U 63 4203:U 57 4198:U 51 4193:U 43 4188:U 31 4183:U 27 4178:U 23 4173:U 19 4168:U 17 4163:U 16 4158:U 13 4114:Odin 4047:1918 4042:1917 4032:1916 4026:V105 4019:G101 4013:1914 4008:1913 4003:1911 3998:1906 3993:1898 3940:Cöln 3842:Hela 3806:Roon 3445:ISBN 3422:ISBN 3396:ISBN 3377:ISBN 3358:ISBN 3341:ISSN 3320:ISSN 3297:ISBN 3273:ISBN 3254:ISBN 3235:ISBN 3216:ISBN 3197:ISBN 3175:ISBN 3152:ISBN 3133:ISBN 3114:ISBN 3092:ISBN 3073:ISSN 3050:ISBN 2521:Lyon 2314:and 2292:and 2222:and 2176:and 2110:and 2077:Jade 2069:and 2033:and 1993:and 1965:and 1868:and 1790:KAdm 1773:KAdm 1762:KAdm 1693:VAdm 1669:and 1653:and 1600:VAdm 1572:KAdm 1497:and 1481:and 1462:and 1429:Kiel 1245:and 1230:deck 1199:The 1165:The 1140:rate 1117:and 1100:and 1088:and 964:The 885:keel 820:and 779:beam 726:Kiel 606:and 579:and 554:and 385:The 354:Belt 253:3 × 206:Beam 159:Type 58:Name 41:SMS 4153:U 9 4148:U 5 4143:U 3 4138:U 2 4133:U 1 4088:"I" 3337:LII 3316:LII 2157:E23 1778:'s 1767:'s 1578:'s 1562:of 993:ihp 835:bow 519:of 293:nmi 239:ihp 4389:: 4369:: 4323:UG 4318:UF 4268:UA 4064:S7 3335:. 3314:. 3067:. 2751:^ 2722:^ 2635:^ 2614:^ 2597:^ 2552:^ 2471:^ 2452:^ 2425:^ 2386:^ 2269:, 2147:, 2098:; 2045:, 2021:. 1977:. 1806:. 1782:. 1427:, 1396:, 1369:, 1342:, 1094:. 1062:. 709:. 685:) 537:. 489:. 429:, 423:, 4359:N 4353:A 4347:V 4341:X 4335:S 4070:A 3599:e 3592:t 3585:v 3481:e 3474:t 3467:v 3453:. 3430:. 3404:. 3385:. 3366:. 3347:. 3326:. 3305:. 3281:. 3262:. 3243:. 3224:. 3205:. 3183:. 3160:. 3141:. 3122:. 3100:. 3079:. 3069:I 3058:. 1598:( 1570:( 241:) 185:) 179:t 149:4 141:4 133:4 20:)

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Index