335:
446:
432:
321:
474:
516:
307:
488:
401:
460:
502:
415:
384:
352:
367:
534:
surrounding a latticed shell. These three skeleton types can be mixed and matched to create seven skeleton categories in nassellarians. Even the simplest classifications of nassellarian morphology is complicated because of the wide variety of morphologies in the nassellarian order even when compared with their sister group, the spumellarians. The innate nature of the nassellarian geometry lends itself to diversity, which may be one of the factors leading to the rapid diversification of the nassellarians in comparison to the spumellarians during the
31:
222:. These organisms are unicellular eukaryotic heterotrophic plankton typically with a siliceous cone-shaped skeleton. The most common group of radiolarians are the polycystine radiolarians, which are divided into two subgroups: the spumellarians and the nassellarians. Both spumellarians and nassellarians are common
295:
are connected by a web of rhizopodia throughout the extracapsulum. Fusules connect the intracapsulum (central capsule) to the extracapsulum. Axopodia and additional fusules extend out of the basal opening and through the pores in the skeleton. These will act as feeding apparatuses for the nassellarian.
585:
that extend out of the basal aperture and is surrounded by shorter terminal projections which form a terminal cone around the axial projection. The feeding in segmented
Nassellarians is done in three phases: 1) extension, 2) capture, and 3) retraction. The geometry of nasselarians is quite beneficial
533:
at a central point. The three spicules are arranged in a single plane so that they are 120 degrees apart from each other. This is typically referred to as a “tripod” structure. The second skeleton type common in nassellarians is the aforementioned conical, porous skeleton. The third type is of a ring
541:
Many nassellarians are segmented, meaning there are circular skeletal divisions that exist equatorially along the skeletal cone. These divisions are called strictures. The strictures divide the organism into segments, typically giving it a more bulbous shape. Some nassellarians also exhibit spines
294:
end is usually in the shape of a hollow circle, giving the skeleton a conical look. Surrounding the central capsule, but still inside of the skeleton, is the extracapsulum. This material is primarily alveoli, gas-filled bubble-like structures that regulate the buoyancy of the organism. The alveoli
230:
and are important in stratigraphical dating, as the oldest radiolarians are
Precambrian in age. The nassellarians appear in the fossil record much later than their other polycystine relatives, the spumellarians. spumellarians can be seen as far back as the Precambrian, whereas nassellarians do not
589:
A second variety of nassellarians feed without using an axial projection at all. These organisms instead form a wide terminal cone, which they cast out behind them from the basal aperture like a fishing net. The three phases of feeding used by segmented nassellarians are also evident in these
641:
compared to non symbiont-bearing calcareous organisms. If fossil evidence can be gathered for isotopic ratio analysis, the time window for appearance of algal symbionts with nassellarians and/or spumellarians should be able to be restricted in geologic time.
628:
species, but the evolution and timing of this symbiosis is currently unknown, as the symbiotic algae do not leave behind hard skeletons to fossilize. It may be possible to answer this question using isotopic analysis, as algal symbionts preferentially uptake
242:
Nassellarians have been and continue to be some of the most remarkable and aesthetically interesting protists both alive and in the fossil record. They occupy an important role ecologically and have done so since the
565:
for the dinoflagellate, while the dinoflagellate provides the nassellarian with a mucous membrane useful for hunting and protection against harmful invaders. There is evidence from small subunit ribosomal
586:
for this feeding mechanism, as food passes through the basal aperture, which is much larger than the pores in the rest of the skeleton, which is how most spumellarians must transport food.
334:
2135:
445:
431:
320:
515:
2040:
609:
period, during which nassellarian fauna experienced a sharp increase in diversity. Nassellarian and spumellarian diversities have been relatively similar since the
306:
473:
2053:
487:
400:
459:
570:
analysis of these dinoflagellate symbionts that dinoflagellate symbiosis with radiolarians evolved independently of other dinoflagellate symbioses (e.g.
266:
of the
Nassellarian order as described by Anderson and Boltovsky et al. is of an egg-shaped central capsule (the part of the cell containing one or more
2014:
501:
414:
383:
351:
366:
864:
574:). Small subunit ribosomal DNA analysis also shows evidence that no coevolution of the dinoflagellates and radiolarians has occurred.
735:
590:
nassellarians. These “fishing net” nassellarians are much easier to see feeding in the wild and present quite a spectacular sight.
2102:
898:
893:
542:
from the apical end or along the lateral sides of the cone. Spines along the basal aperture of the organism are called feet.
977:
967:
950:
127:
2130:
2058:
529:
There exist three basic types of nassellarian skeletons. The first is formed from the connection of three elongate
982:
1954:
857:
659:
2089:
945:
1884:
1803:
145:
2107:
2068:
2001:
1786:
1609:
282:, and other bodies important for cellular function) located within a porous conical skeleton made of
263:
235:. Nassellarians are believed to have been increasing in species diversity since the beginning of the
175:
170:
1889:
1798:
1792:
1599:
1370:
1245:
1087:
593:
Nassellarians feed on other plankton such as small algae, bacteria, diatoms, and small zooplankton.
185:
155:
150:
1873:
1338:
1139:
160:
1832:
1742:
1695:
1604:
1255:
1250:
1031:
962:
940:
928:
903:
165:
38:
1092:
1134:
1036:
251:, and discovering more will require the continued interdisciplinary effort of many scientists.
2076:
1642:
1358:
1353:
1313:
1209:
972:
935:
923:
913:
850:
828:
782:
774:
753:"Molecular phylogeny of symbiotic dinoflagellates from planktonic foraminifera and radiolaria"
731:
227:
206:. The organisms of this order are characterized by a skeleton cross link with a cone or ring.
2094:
1992:
2081:
2045:
1920:
1737:
1516:
1273:
887:
818:
764:
723:
614:
287:
136:
30:
1924:
1461:
769:
752:
291:
283:
271:
1879:
1690:
1594:
1323:
1199:
1059:
1015:
918:
562:
551:
61:
2124:
1780:
1752:
1568:
1365:
1265:
1079:
1064:
606:
275:
232:
1903:
1821:
1760:
1732:
1713:
1702:
1684:
1675:
1665:
1501:
1466:
1453:
1443:
1348:
1333:
1328:
1318:
1300:
1186:
1176:
1111:
1054:
1046:
634:
625:
571:
267:
109:
727:
2027:
1986:
1775:
1770:
1637:
1619:
1511:
1471:
1069:
582:
578:
390:
373:
341:
244:
219:
203:
180:
1977:
1912:
1838:
1722:
1627:
1586:
1576:
1558:
1506:
1481:
1476:
1308:
1278:
1232:
1214:
1204:
823:
806:
618:
215:
97:
832:
778:
617:
events and a rise in both spumellarian and nassellarian diversity during the
1765:
1727:
1430:
1240:
1157:
807:"Living radiolarian feeding mechanisms: new light on past marine ecosystems"
638:
630:
602:
554:
49:
842:
786:
530:
1971:
1932:
1928:
1826:
1438:
1413:
1149:
1004:
957:
873:
610:
558:
535:
279:
260:
236:
199:
73:
2019:
1916:
1542:
248:
85:
2032:
1936:
1948:
718:
Boltovskoy, Demetrio; Anderson, O. Roger; Correa, Nancy M. (2017).
624:
Symbioses between algae and radiolarians is observed frequently in
223:
605:
radiolarian fossil history is dominated by
Spumellaria until the
2006:
1952:
846:
581:
out of the basal opening. The axial projection is a very long
567:
577:
Nassellarian feeding is mainly done through extension of
286:. The central capsule is typically located toward the
1961:
1863:
1812:
1751:
1712:
1674:
1663:
1618:
1585:
1567:
1556:
1539:
1494:
1452:
1429:
1422:
1411:
1299:
1264:
1231:
1185:
1174:
1148:
1127:
1120:
1109:
1078:
1045:
1024:
1014:
1001:
633:, so symbiont-bearing calcareous organisms such as
247:. There is still much we do not know about these
557:within their tests. The nassellarian provides
858:
8:
2136:Taxa named by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg
1949:
1671:
1660:
1564:
1553:
1549:
1536:
1426:
1419:
1408:
1296:
1261:
1228:
1192:
1182:
1171:
1124:
1117:
1106:
1021:
1011:
998:
865:
851:
843:
29:
20:
822:
768:
751:Gast, R. J.; Caron, D. A. (1996-11-01).
702:. Springer Science & Business Media.
651:
427:
302:
770:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025684
693:
7:
2069:bdf336a1-0e13-4dea-aa1f-511670d12072
800:
798:
796:
722:. Springer, Cham. pp. 731–763.
713:
711:
709:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
14:
805:Matsuoka, Atsushi (2007-09-01).
613:, with drops in diversity after
514:
500:
486:
472:
458:
444:
430:
413:
399:
382:
365:
350:
333:
319:
305:
16:Order of single-celled organisms
757:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1:
660:"Radiolaria.org > Miocene"
811:Swiss Journal of Geosciences
728:10.1007/978-3-319-28149-0_19
214:Nassellaria is an order of
2152:
231:begin to appear until the
1898:
1659:
1552:
1535:
1407:
1295:
1227:
1195:
1170:
1105:
997:
881:
824:10.1007/s00015-007-1228-y
550:Many nassellarians house
290:end of the skeleton. The
142:
135:
39:Scientific classification
37:
28:
23:
720:Handbook of the Protists
698:Anderson, O. R. (1983).
452:Lychnocanium ventricosum
438:Lithochytris pyramidalis
327:Anthocyrtis grossularia
202:belonging to the class
2090:Paleobiology Database
313:Anthocyrtium hispidum
1911:organization type:
637:become enriched in
522:Theocotylissa ficus
466:Podocyrtis princeps
2131:Radiolarian orders
1545:
1541:
508:Podocyrtis papalis
494:Podocyrtis papalis
2118:
2117:
2077:Open Tree of Life
1955:Taxon identifiers
1946:
1945:
1929:heliozoan amoebae
1921:amoeboflagellates
1885:Labyrinthomyxidae
1859:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1804:Globigerinitoidea
1655:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1490:
1489:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1314:Phaeogymnocellida
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1223:
1222:
1210:Paracercomonadida
1166:
1165:
1101:
1100:
407:Eusyringium sipho
193:
192:
2143:
2111:
2110:
2098:
2097:
2085:
2084:
2072:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2049:
2048:
2036:
2035:
2023:
2022:
2010:
2009:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1950:
1738:Silicoloculinida
1672:
1668:
1661:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1537:
1517:Plasmodiophorida
1427:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1297:
1274:Thaumatomonadida
1262:
1229:
1193:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1125:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1022:
1012:
1008:
999:
910:
890:
867:
860:
853:
844:
837:
836:
826:
802:
791:
790:
772:
763:(9): 1192–1197.
748:
742:
741:
715:
704:
703:
695:
668:
667:
656:
518:
504:
490:
480:Podocyrtis mitra
476:
462:
448:
434:
417:
403:
386:
369:
354:
337:
323:
309:
218:under the class
146:Archiphormididae
33:
21:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2106:
2101:
2093:
2088:
2080:
2075:
2067:
2065:
2057:
2052:
2044:
2039:
2031:
2026:
2018:
2013:
2005:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1957:
1947:
1942:
1925:testate amoebae
1894:
1843:
1808:
1787:Globotruncanida
1747:
1708:
1664:
1647:
1614:
1610:Symphyacanthida
1581:
1557:
1540:
1523:
1486:
1462:Claustrosporida
1448:
1412:
1375:
1283:
1260:
1219:
1175:
1162:
1144:
1110:
1097:
1074:
1041:
1002:
993:
992:
908:
886:
877:
871:
841:
840:
804:
803:
794:
750:
749:
745:
738:
717:
716:
707:
697:
696:
671:
658:
657:
653:
648:
615:mass extinction
599:
548:
525:
519:
510:
505:
496:
491:
482:
477:
468:
463:
454:
449:
440:
435:
424:
418:
409:
404:
395:
387:
378:
370:
361:
355:
346:
338:
329:
324:
315:
310:
257:
212:
198:is an order of
176:Pterocorythidae
171:Plagiacanthidae
131:
125:
124:
112:
100:
88:
76:
64:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2149:
2147:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2123:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2099:
2086:
2073:
2063:
2050:
2037:
2024:
2011:
1998:
1983:
1967:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1933:sporozoan-like
1909:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1890:Rhizoplasmidae
1887:
1882:
1880:Gymnosphaerida
1877:
1869:
1867:
1865:Incertae sedis
1861:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1814:Incertae sedis
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1799:Guembelitriida
1795:
1793:Heterohelicida
1789:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1718:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1699:
1693:
1691:Xenophyophorea
1688:
1681:
1679:
1669:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1624:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1600:Chaunocanthida
1597:
1595:Arthracanthida
1591:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1573:
1571:
1562:
1547:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1504:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1424:
1417:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1371:Ventricleftida
1368:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1324:Phaeosphaerida
1321:
1316:
1305:
1303:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1246:Spongomonadida
1243:
1237:
1235:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1200:Glissomonadida
1196:
1190:
1180:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1154:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1131:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1088:Chlorarachnida
1084:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1060:Desmothoracida
1057:
1051:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1026:
1019:
1016:Reticulofilosa
1009:
995:
994:
991:
990:
989:
988:
987:
986:
983:Mesomycetozoea
980:
975:
965:
955:
954:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
932:
931:
919:Diaphoretickes
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
883:
882:
879:
878:
876:classification
872:
870:
869:
862:
855:
847:
839:
838:
817:(2): 273–279.
792:
743:
736:
705:
669:
664:radiolaria.org
650:
649:
647:
644:
598:
597:Fossil History
595:
563:carbon dioxide
552:dinoflagellate
547:
544:
527:
526:
520:
513:
511:
506:
499:
497:
492:
485:
483:
478:
471:
469:
464:
457:
455:
450:
443:
441:
436:
429:
426:
425:
419:
412:
410:
405:
398:
396:
388:
381:
379:
371:
364:
362:
356:
349:
347:
339:
332:
330:
325:
318:
316:
311:
304:
301:
300:
256:
253:
211:
208:
191:
190:
189:
188:
186:Trissocyclidae
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
156:Cannobotryidae
153:
151:Artostrobiidae
148:
140:
139:
133:
132:
126:
120:
118:
114:
113:
108:
106:
102:
101:
96:
94:
90:
89:
84:
82:
78:
77:
72:
70:
66:
65:
60:
58:
54:
53:
48:
46:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2148:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1781:Globigerinida
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1753:Globothalamea
1750:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1569:Sticholonchea
1566:
1563:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1534:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1366:Tectofilosida
1364:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1339:Phaeoconchida
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1266:Silicofilosea
1263:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1215:Cercomonadida
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1140:Metromonadida
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1080:Chlorarachnea
1077:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1065:Leucodictyida
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1000:
996:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
970:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
959:
956:
952:
949:
947:
946:Stramenopiles
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
930:
927:
926:
925:
922:
921:
920:
917:
915:
912:
909:(major groups
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
889:
885:
884:
880:
875:
868:
863:
861:
856:
854:
849:
848:
845:
834:
830:
825:
820:
816:
812:
808:
801:
799:
797:
793:
788:
784:
780:
776:
771:
766:
762:
758:
754:
747:
744:
739:
737:9783319281476
733:
729:
725:
721:
714:
712:
710:
706:
701:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
676:
674:
670:
665:
661:
655:
652:
645:
643:
640:
636:
632:
627:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
607:Carboniferous
604:
596:
594:
591:
587:
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
564:
560:
556:
553:
545:
543:
539:
537:
532:
523:
517:
512:
509:
503:
498:
495:
489:
484:
481:
475:
470:
467:
461:
456:
453:
447:
442:
439:
433:
428:
422:
416:
411:
408:
402:
397:
393:
392:
385:
380:
376:
375:
368:
363:
359:
353:
348:
344:
343:
336:
331:
328:
322:
317:
314:
308:
303:
298:
297:
296:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
262:
254:
252:
250:
246:
240:
238:
234:
233:Carboniferous
229:
225:
221:
217:
209:
207:
205:
201:
197:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
161:Carpocaniidae
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
143:
141:
138:
134:
129:
123:
119:
116:
115:
111:
107:
104:
103:
99:
95:
92:
91:
87:
83:
80:
79:
75:
71:
68:
67:
63:
59:
56:
55:
51:
47:
44:
43:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1962:
1904:paraphyletic
1874:Lapot gusevi
1872:
1864:
1833:Heterogromia
1831:
1822:Involutinida
1813:
1761:Textulariida
1743:Ammodiscidae
1733:Spirillinida
1714:Tubothalamea
1703:Reticulomyxa
1701:
1696:Astrorhizida
1685:Allogromiida
1676:Monothalamea
1666:Foraminifera
1632:
1620:Polycystinea
1605:Holocanthida
1502:Vampyrellida
1467:Haplosporida
1454:Ascetosporea
1444:Reticulosida
1349:Cryomonadida
1334:Phaeogromida
1329:Phaeocalpida
1319:Phaeocystida
1301:Thecofilosea
1256:Variglissida
1251:Marimonadida
1187:Sarcomonadea
1177:Ventrifilosa
1128:Metromonadea
1112:Monadofilosa
1055:Cryptofilida
1047:Granofilosea
1032:Aquavolonida
968:Opisthokonta
814:
810:
760:
756:
746:
719:
699:
663:
654:
635:Foraminifera
623:
600:
592:
588:
583:pseudopodium
576:
572:foraminifera
549:
540:
528:
521:
507:
493:
479:
465:
451:
437:
421:Lychnocanoma
420:
406:
389:
372:
357:
340:
326:
312:
276:mitochondria
272:Golgi bodies
258:
241:
228:microfossils
213:
210:Introduction
195:
194:
121:
110:Polycystinea
69:(unranked):
57:(unranked):
24:Nassellaria
18:
2028:iNaturalist
1993:Nassellaria
1987:Wikispecies
1963:Nassellaria
1937:fungus-like
1913:flagellates
1776:Carterinida
1771:Robertinida
1638:Spumellaria
1633:Nassellaria
1512:Phagomyxida
1495:Proteomyxia
1472:Mikrocytida
1070:Limnofilida
1025:Skiomonadea
579:pseudopodia
391:Eucyrtidium
358:Calocycloma
342:Artostrobus
245:Precambrian
220:Polycystina
196:Nassellaria
181:Theoperidae
166:Collozoidae
122:Nassellaria
93:Subphylum:
2125:Categories
1839:Komokiacea
1723:Fusulinida
1628:Collodaria
1587:Acantharea
1577:Taxopodida
1559:Radiolaria
1507:Phytomyxea
1482:Paramyxida
1477:Paradinida
1309:Phaeodarea
1279:Euglyphida
1233:Imbricatea
1205:Katabiidae
1093:Minorisida
700:Radiolaria
646:References
619:Quaternary
374:Calocyclas
264:morphology
255:Morphology
216:Radiolaria
204:Radiolaria
98:Radiolaria
1766:Rotaliida
1728:Miliolida
1431:Gromiidea
1423:Marimyxia
1345:Eothecia
1241:Krakenida
1158:Helkesida
1135:Metopiida
1037:Tremulida
963:Amoebozoa
941:Alveolata
929:Cryptista
904:Eukaryota
833:1661-8726
779:0737-4038
639:carbon-13
631:carbon-12
603:Paleozoic
555:symbionts
299:skeletons
280:lysosomes
226:-forming
128:Ehrenberg
50:Eukaryota
1978:Q3870511
1972:Wikidata
1908:†extinct
1827:Lagenida
1643:Orodaria
1439:Gromiida
1414:Endomyxa
1359:Matazida
1354:Ebriacea
1150:Helkesea
1121:Eoglissa
1005:Cercozoa
958:Amorphea
936:Rhizaria
924:Hacrobia
914:Excavata
899:Bacteria
874:Rhizaria
611:Mesozoic
559:ammonium
536:Cenozoic
531:spicules
261:holotype
249:protists
237:Cenozoic
200:Rhizaria
137:Families
81:Phylum:
74:Rhizaria
45:Domain:
2020:5955735
2007:2911291
1917:amoebae
1543:Retaria
973:Animals
894:Archaea
787:8896371
546:Ecology
117:Order:
105:Class:
86:Retaria
2108:235741
2082:137460
2066:NZOR:
2059:278980
2033:152402
1007:
1003:
951:Plants
888:Domain
831:
785:
777:
734:
626:extant
601:Early
288:apical
284:silica
268:nuclei
130:, 1875
2103:WoRMS
2046:10146
2041:IRMNG
978:Fungi
292:basal
224:chert
2054:NCBI
2015:GBIF
829:ISSN
783:PMID
775:ISSN
732:ISBN
561:and
259:The
2095:402
2002:EoL
819:doi
815:100
765:doi
724:doi
568:DNA
524:sp.
423:sp.
394:sp.
377:sp.
360:sp.
345:sp.
62:SAR
2127::
2105::
2092::
2079::
2056::
2043::
2030::
2017::
2004::
1989::
1974::
1935:;
1931:;
1927:;
1923:;
1919:;
1915:;
827:.
813:.
809:.
795:^
781:.
773:.
761:13
759:.
755:.
730:.
708:^
672:^
662:.
621:.
538:.
278:,
274:,
270:,
239:.
1939:.
1902:*
1797:â€
1791:â€
1785:â€
1721:â€
1698:*
1687:*
1678:*
1189:*
1018:*
985:)
866:e
859:t
852:v
835:.
821::
789:.
767::
740:.
726::
666:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
