1513:, and educated noblewomen played major roles in radical movements in the latter decades of the nineteenth century. The Narodniks promulgated Chernyshevskyan ideas of chaste cohabitation—that men and women should live together with no sexual interactions—and gender equality. These concepts were extremely odd to most peasants, and they did not generally react well to them. Furthermore, Narodniks often lived in communes where non-married men and women slept and lived in the same rooms. To Orthodox Russian peasants in the 1870s, such disregard of gender norms were both offensive and off-putting. Nearly 60% of Narodnik women were from the wealthy classes, which meant that Russian peasants could not relate to most intellectuals in the movement intellectually, economically or socially. Historian
1460:; not understanding this, the Narodnik rhetoric blamed the Tsar and centralized religion for the peasants' lack of land and material resources. Another example of the cultural disconnect between the intelligentsia and the peasants in the "to the people" movement was the Narodniks propagandizing through pamphlets when virtually all poor Russians were illiterate. In essence, the Narodnik movement in 1874 failed because they approached the peasants as though the peasants were intellectuals like themselves. Radicals in the latter part of the 1870s would learn that their concept of the narod was flawed, and intellectuals would have to instead make themselves into peasants to have success in the movement and begin a revolution against the government of Alexander II.
1472:
would be more gradual. Bakunists believed that the peasants were ready to revolt with little propagandizing, whereas the
Lavrists thought that considerable effort would be needed for the uprisings to begin. A lack of ideological unity resulted in varied approaches to the movement, and because of this the Narodniks no longer presented a united front to rural Russia. Some Narodniks believed in propagandizing by staying in one area for an extended period of time and assimilating into a commune that they were trying to revolutionize ("settled" propaganda), and others practiced propagandizing by using pamphlets and literature to maximize the number of people that the message reached ("flying" propaganda).
1487:. The Narodniki, who often took up work as nurses, scribes, schoolteachers, or participated in construction and harvest, struggled in unfamiliar terrain and poverty. All Narodniks resented foreign intervention into Russia, wanted Russian communes to control their own economic policies. Narodniks believed that the Tsar had impoverished the peasants, but Narodniks should have understood how highly the peasants regarded the Tsar. By failing to present a disciplined message and avoid directly attacking the Tsar, the Narodniki was often simply ignored. It was not until the formation of Narodnaya Volya in 1879 that young revolutionaries saw the need for organization and a disciplined message.
1377:, justified "as a means of exerting pressure on the government for reform, as the spark that would ignite a vast peasant uprising, and as the inevitable response to the regime's use of violence against the revolutionaries". The attempt to get the peasantry to overthrow the Tsar proved unsuccessful, due to the peasantry's idolisation of the latter as someone "on their side". Narodism therefore developed the practice of terrorism: the peasantry, they believed, had to be shown that the Tsar was not
1495:
actuality, the peasants saw a poorly dressed person as a person with no authority or credibility. Accordingly, intellectuals dressing as they imagined the peasant dressed had an adverse effect; it actually made peasants suspicious of the intellectuals. Furthermore, Narodnik propaganda failed to address the more mundane, ordinary concerns of the peasantry. The everyday troubles of a rural
Russian—a lack of material goods, poor healthcare, etc.—left little time for discussions of
1534:(The People's Will) and Chornyperedel (Black Repartition). These groups sought to begin a revolution through violence, and when members of Narodnaya Volya killed Tsar Alexander in 1881, the larger Narodnik movement lost virtually all support in the communes and rural parts of Russia. Government oppression further radicalized the Narodniks, and the peasants could not support enhanced radicalization of the already radical intelligentsia.
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1381:, and could be killed. This theory, called "direct struggle", intended "uninterrupted demonstration of the possibility of struggling against the government, in this manner lifting the revolutionary spirit of the people and its faith in the success of the cause, and organising those capable of fighting". On March 1, 1881, they succeeded in
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and land laws, and their propaganda was viewed as a threat by Tsar
Alexander II. He ordered the arrest and trial of known Narodniks and Narodnik sympathizers in the peasantry; peasants were forced to expose the Narodniks to the authorities to escape persecution themselves. Beginning in 1877, a long and slow
1518:
look favorably on the
Narodniks advocating their overthrow, and peasants would only abide Narodniks so long as no criminal connections could be drawn to them. The Narodniks believed that the peasants were the class in Russia most prone to revolution, yet the peasants were not ready for revolutionary action.
1435:, the "to the people" movement was political activism primarily by the Russian intelligentsia. These individuals were generally anti-capitalist, and they believed that they could facilitate both an economic and a political revolution amongst rural Russians by "going to" and educating the peasant classes.
1450:
said that "none of us like the narod as they actually are, but only as each of us has imagined them." Russian political activists and government officials often claimed to be working to improve the lives of
Russian peasants; in reality, they were manipulating the image of the peasant to further their
1521:
Government suppression of the
Narodniki resulted in mass trials that widely publicized the views of the Narodniki, and outraged the public. Between 1873 and 1877, the Russian police arrested 1,611 propagandists, of whom 15% were women. Radicals in the movement focused on Russia's oppressive taxation
1517:
writes that "sensing their inability to act alone, the intelligent radical made the peasantry the instrument to realize their hopes." As historian Daniel Field wrote, however, "Narodniks found that the peasant desire for land was not accompanied by a wish to rebel." The
Russian government did not
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and
Lavrists, and Narodnik circles acting on independent initiative, were a further obstacle. The Bakunists believed revolution among the peasantry and populist uprisings in Russia would begin in the immediate future, the latter believed that propaganda should precede revolution, and the process
1280:
were slowly becoming the primary theories of
Russian political thought, and Mikhaylovsky, realizing this shift in thought, began to tweak his original ideas of Narodnism, such that two groups of Narodniks emerged: the so-called "Critical Narodniks" and "Doctrinaire Narodniks". Critical Narodniks
1494:
received in the communes was so poor that it destroyed their idealized image of the peasant that was so common prior to 1874. The
Narodniks saw peasants as a unified body; they thought that all peasants dressed poorly, so intellectuals dressed as poorly as was possible in order to fit in. In
1591:
for "people") movement eventually rejected revolution altogether. Nevertheless, he shared the Narodnik view that capitalism was not a necessary stage in the development of an agrarian country. This perspective, which contradicted traditional Marxism, also influenced
1529:
The more the government tried to repress the Narodniks, the more radical the Narodniks became. They grew increasingly selective in their membership, and their Zemlya i Volya (Land and Freedom) members would eventually evolve to form more terroristic organizations:
1455:
wrote that the narod was "the official Russia; the real Russia." Hampered by a biased understanding of the peasantry, the Narodniks struggled, mostly unsuccessfully, to relate to the peasantry. Rural Russians were typically highly devoted to the Tsar and to the
1464:'s "anthropological principle" held that all humans, regardless of class, have many intrinsic similarities, and intellectuals saw in the peasants a purified version of themselves that could be radicalized; time demonstrated that this was simply not the case.
1317:
that would overthrow the monarchy, and perceived the village commune as the embryo of socialism. However, they also believed that the peasantry would not achieve revolution on their own, insisting instead that history could only be made by
1281:
followed Mikhaylovsky, and assumed a very flexible stance on capitalism, whilst adhering to their basic orientation. The more well-known Doctrinaire Narodniks had a firm belief that capitalism had no future in Russia or in any
1385:. This act backfired on a political level, because the peasantry were generally horrified by the murder, and the government had many Narodnaya Volya leaders hanged, leaving the group unorganized and ineffective.
1326:
to "bestir itself from the mental lethargy into which, in contrast to the sensitive and lively years of the seventies, it had fallen and formulate a scientific theory of Russian economic development".
1306:
and of distributing land fairly among the peasantry. The Narodniks generally believed that it was possible to forgo the capitalist phase of Russia's development and proceed directly to
1240:
campaigns were the central impetus of the Narodnik movement. The Narodniks were in many ways the intellectual and political forebears and, in notable cases, direct participants of the
1490:
This lack of unity is responsible for the third reason that the "going to the people movement" failed; the peasants did not receive the intellectuals well. The reception that the
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all pursued similar ideas and tactics to the Narodniks. The philosophy and actions of the Narodniks therefore helped prepare the way for the
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The Narodnik movement was a populist initiative to engage the rural classes of Russia in a political debate that would overthrow the
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is an example of a modern-day grouping claiming the heritage of the Narodniks and the democratic socialist parties inspired by them.
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in the Narodnik movement was also hard for the peasantry to accept. Pre-Marxist revolutionaries believed in an unusually strong
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own political objectives. Narodniks saw the peasant commune as a Russia that had not been tainted by western influence;
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Angel of Vengeance: The Girl Who Shot the Governor of St. Petersburg and Sparked the Age of Assassination
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Von Laue, Theodore H. (1954). "The Fate of Capitalism in Russia: The Narodnik Version".
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in the 1860s and 1870s, some of whom became involved in revolutionary agitation against
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Pedler, Anne (June 1927). "Going to the People. The Russian Narodniki in 1874-5".
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Narodniki Women: Russian Women Who Sacrificed Themselves for the Dream of Freedom
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von Laue, Theodore H. "The Fate of Capitalism in Russia: The Narodnik Version".
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McNeal, Robert H. (Winter 1971–1972). "Women in the Russian Radical Movement".
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Venturi, Franco (1960). "Chaikovskists and Movement "To Go To The People."".
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Peasant Icons: Representations of Rural People in Late 19th Century Russia
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However, these events did not mark the end of the movement, and the later
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Peasants and Propagandists in the Russian Movement to the People in 1874
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Pearl, Deborah (2003). "The People's Will". In Millar, James R. (ed.).
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Pedler, Anne. "Going to the People: The Russian Narodniki in 1874–5".
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Narodnichestvo as a philosophy was influenced by the works of
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2237:"Remembering Nikolai Tchaikovsky: lessons from the Narodniks"
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Pipes, Richard (1964). "Narodnichestvo: A Semantic Inquiry".
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Information on sex in the Narodnik movement was drawn from
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Statistics on the trials of Narodniks were borrowed from
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Wortman, Richard (1967). "The City and the Countryside".
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Narodniki established semi-underground circles (кружки,
2132:(16). Modern Humanities Research Association: 130–141.
1924:(in Russian). Moscow: Soviet historical encyclopedia.
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1427:'s government in the nineteenth century. Unlike the
2313:Woods, Alan. "Bolshevism: the Road to Revolution".
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2088:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 62–70.
1545:had a direct influence on politics and culture in
2170:. New York: Wiley-Interscience. pp. 335–350.
1264:(1828–1889), whose convictions were refined by
2168:Russia since 1801: the making of a new society
1992:(in Russian). Tomson Gale. pp. 1162–1163.
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1369:("People's Will"), in June 1879. It favoured
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2303:6.16 (1927): 130–141. Web. 19 October 2011.
2151:Siljak, Ana (2010). "The "Girl Assassin"".
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2353:1861 establishments in the Russian Empire
2310:13.1 (1954): 11–28. Web. 19 October 2011.
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2308:American Slavic and East European Review
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1952:American Slavic and East European Review
1922:Sovetskaia istoricheskaia entsiklopediya
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1313:The Narodniks saw the peasantry as the
1272:(1842–1904). In the late 19th century,
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1229:, though it is often misunderstood as
27:1860s–1870s Russian political movement
2018:"Glossary of Terms and Organisations"
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1792: 'people, folk', similar to the
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2388:Philosophical schools and traditions
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1903:Revolyutsionnyye narodniki Belarusi
1438:The concept of the narod, like the
1198:were members of a movement of the
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2317:(1999): 33–50. Sat. 24 June 2017.
1262:Nikolay Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky
2243:. 6 January 2012. Archived from
2241:Students for a Stateless Society
2155:. New York: Griffin. p. 48.
1935:Lyaschenko, L. M. (1989-01-01).
1682:
1658:Party of Revolutionary Communism
1570:, which he published along with
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1990:Encyclopedia of Russian History
1920:[Going to the People].
1835:[xɐʐˈdʲenʲɪje‿v‿nɐˈrot]
1604:, as well as the philosophy of
45:needs additional citations for
2398:Politics of the Russian Empire
2104:The Crisis of Russian Populism
1648:Left Socialist-Revolutionaries
1413:Popular Resistance Association
1:
2393:Political movements in Russia
2261:The Russian Empire, 1801–1917
1628:Socialist Revolutionary Party
1246:Socialist-Revolutionary Party
390:Criticism of multiculturalism
1916:Itenberg, B.S. (1973–1982).
1653:Party of Narodnik Communists
1633:Group of Narodnik Socialists
1551:Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea
2047:Frierson, Cathy A. (1993).
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1209:. Their ideology, known as
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2363:20th century in philosophy
2358:19th century in philosophy
2166:Thaden, Edward C. (1971).
2108:Cambridge University Press
1782:[nɐˈrodnʲɪtɕɪstvə]
1549:, through the writings of
1383:assassinating Alexander II
1358:Unofficial narodnik anthem
893:Ukrainian national revival
2423:Russian words and phrases
2199:Journal of Social History
1937:Revolyutsionnye narodniki
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1390:Socialist-Revolutionaries
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1320:outstanding personalities
888:Anti-Administration party
2330:The Heritage We Renounce
2283:Encyclopaedia Britannica
1602:National Peasants' Party
1553:and the advocacy of the
1334:Arrest of a Propagandist
1002:Election of Donald Trump
2207:Oxford University Press
2053:Oxford University Press
1747:[nɐˈrodʲnʲɪkʲɪ]
1600:and its successor, the
1458:Russian Orthodox Church
2069:Field, Daniel (1992).
1939:. Prosveshenie Moskva.
1901:Sambuk, S. M. (1972).
1797:
1341:
1244:—in particular of the
1088:Democratic backsliding
290:Jeffersonian democracy
2259:Watson, Hugh (1967).
1462:Nikolay Chernyshevsky
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1007:Yellow vests protests
2378:Left-wing ideologies
2373:History of socialism
2315:WellRed Publications
1918:"Khozhdenie v narod"
1638:Nakanune (newspaper)
1270:Nikolay Mikhaylovsky
1078:Classical radicalism
437:Grassroots democracy
405:Economic nationalism
363:Anti-intellectualism
280:Jacksonian democracy
54:improve this article
2418:Socialism in Russia
2301:The Slavonic Review
2267:. pp. 205–225.
2247:on 18 October 2014.
2215:10.1353/jsh/5.2.143
2181:Maxwell, Margaret.
2126:The Slavonic Review
2086:Roots of Revolution
1433:Revolutions of 1848
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1238:Going to the People
1158:Politics portal
972:Revolutions of 1989
700:Le Pen (Jean-Marie)
680:Kirchner (Cristina)
482:Popular sovereignty
467:Natural aristocracy
2413:Russian Revolution
2408:Russian philosophy
2403:Populism in Russia
2383:Left-wing populism
2110:. pp. 87–111.
2073:. London: Garland.
1572:Garabet Ibrăileanu
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1618:Nihilist movement
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1429:French Revolution
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908:Farmers' Alliance
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43:This article
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2051:. New York:
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2027:. Retrieved
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1958:(1): 11–28.
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432:General will
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135:Part of the
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2209:: 143–163.
2029:21 February
1785:; from
1720:nə-ROHD-nik
1555:Bessarabian
1098:Nationalism
1040:New Zealand
929:Sămănătorul
913:Chłopomania
870:Zhirinovsky
695:La Follette
519:Politicians
502:Wedge issue
384:Continuismo
348:Agrarianism
300:Kirchnerism
221:Bonapartism
69:"Narodniks"
2342:Categories
2279:"Narodnik"
2263:. Oxford:
2106:. London:
1845:References
1580:Poporanist
1419:Challenges
1338:Ilya Repin
1336:(1892) by
1278:capitalism
1073:Chauvinism
947:Vargas Era
923:Gilded Age
815:Shinawatra
785:Papandreou
535:Berlusconi
320:Poporanism
260:Fortuynism
243:Erdoğanism
210:Ideologies
188:Right-wing
110:April 2014
80:newspapers
2348:Narodniks
1888:147530830
1820:romanized
1767:romanized
1738:narodniki
1732:romanized
1726:народники
1538:Influence
1497:socialism
1469:Bakunists
1398:Trudoviks
1375:terrorism
1308:socialism
1274:socialism
1215:Narodnism
1196:Narodniks
1135:Socialism
1115:New Right
1083:Communism
1063:Alt-right
1019:By region
977:Pink tide
903:Narodniks
755:Netanyahu
725:Mélenchon
675:Kaczyński
635:de Gaulle
560:Boulanger
555:Bonaparte
550:Bolsonaro
472:Pluralism
310:Nasserism
270:Hansonism
238:Dutertism
226:Caesarism
168:Left-wing
1612:See also
1589:Romanian
1507:Feminism
1231:populism
1211:Narodism
1125:Putinism
1110:New Left
1093:Georgism
825:Subianto
655:Iglesias
585:Castillo
570:Buchanan
462:Nativism
457:Mob rule
452:Localism
395:Demagogy
373:Backlash
342:Concepts
330:Trumpism
325:Qasimism
315:Peronism
295:Kemalism
275:Hindutva
265:Gaullism
232:Chavismo
163:Judicial
152:Variants
144:Populism
18:Narodism
2223:3786408
2138:4202141
1972:2492162
1880:2492683
1790:(narod)
1547:Romania
1481:Dnieper
1444:Germany
1431:or the
1291:kruzhki
1252:History
1207:tsarism
898:Hromada
882:History
855:Wilders
840:Wallace
810:Sanders
805:Salvini
800:Quadros
760:Obrador
745:Morales
670:Johnson
660:Jackson
630:Gaddafi
625:Fortuyn
615:Erdoğan
610:Duterte
545:Billing
540:Bernier
525:Atatürk
415:Elitism
285:Janismo
248:Fascism
198:Valence
94:scholar
2332:, 1897
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1970:
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1878:
1794:German
1583:(from
1557:-born
1501:egoism
1396:, and
1030:Europe
1025:Canada
997:Brexit
965:Europe
850:Weaver
845:Warren
835:Vargas
795:Peters
775:Ortega
750:Nasser
730:Meloni
720:Maduro
650:Humala
645:Hébert
620:Farage
600:Correa
595:Corbyn
590:Chávez
580:Caesar
575:Butler
530:Bannon
305:Lulism
193:Techno
178:Market
96:
89:
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67:
2219:JSTOR
2205:(2).
2134:JSTOR
1968:JSTOR
1884:S2CID
1876:JSTOR
1788:народ
1669:Notes
1585:popor
1483:, or
1477:Volga
1373:-led
865:Zeman
830:Trump
820:Stere
790:Perón
780:Palin
770:Orbán
735:Milei
665:Janša
565:Bryan
183:Penal
158:Black
101:JSTOR
87:books
2031:2013
1831:IPA:
1799:Volk
1778:IPA:
1743:IPA:
1440:volk
1425:Tsar
1411:The
1406:1917
1404:and
1298:and
1276:and
1236:The
1194:The
860:Yoon
740:Modi
715:Lula
710:Long
690:Khan
605:Dean
73:news
2211:doi
1960:doi
1868:doi
1596:'s
1499:or
1485:Don
1442:in
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1103:Neo
640:Han
253:Neo
56:by
2344::
2281:.
2239:.
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2116:^
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2020:.
1980:^
1966:.
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1954:.
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1862:.
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1962::
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1870::
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1714:/
1711:k
1708:ɪ
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1696:r
1693:ˈ
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1183:e
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1169:v
123:)
117:(
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108:(
98:·
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50:.
20:)
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