7782:, often denoting some process that is directly perceived by the senses (such as a kind of sound or visual experience), which enter into a special range of language-specific grammatical patterns. Nawat is one of many languages possessing such items and the associated patterns, which in this case are 'expressive' verb formations. The root form of a typical Nawat ideophone is a CVCV sequence, e.g.,
8830:
Compounds containing more than one 'heavy' lexeme are rather rarer, and when new ones are proposed it is perhaps most often in response to the pressure of
Spanish, i.e., in attempts to find a 'native' equivalent to a Spanish word in order to avoid a loanword. In the following table, '%' preceding a
8032:
Most of the narrow set of widely used incorporating elements belong to a single semantic set, that of body parts. While in some compounds the literal meanings of such elements subsists, in many others they only retain a broadly metaphorical sense, while in some it is quite difficult to perceive any
1996:
containing an adjective. As long as some element or other in the noun phrase marks the phrase as plural, it seems not to matter which one, or even how many elements are (redundantly) pluralized, though there some speakers seem to indicate a preference for (1) marking plurality in the first possible
9363:
variation is incompletely documented at present. While recognising the existence of important gaps in our knowledge (which may or may not ever be filled, as the last native speakers pass on), we do know of two well-defined dialect areas, at least as far as the department of
Sonsonate is concerned,
8607:
Where traditional compounds are concerned, much of what has beensaid about incorporation is equally applicable. In fact, the same lexical combining forms that predominate in incorporation verbs often reappear in other compounds. Since these tend to be monosyllables with a low level of semantic
7130:
There exist mechanisms of native origin for the creation of derived and compound words. No doubt these were more actively used in the language's past, since some such mechanisms are only attested in fossilized form. In more recent periods of the language, use of such procedures appears to have
9951:
Among the works published since the early twentieth century until the present in which the Pipil language is described or transcribed at any length, rarely do two authors fully coincide in the spelling conventions they use. The spelling system used in this article is that employed in recently
9433:
then falling on the vowel following the semivowel giving rise to word-final stress, e.g., /maltia/ 'bathes' → (rather than ), and /kuat/ 'snake' → (instead of , ). This feature has been attested for
Nahuizalco and for the department of Ahuachapan, but a complete isogloss remains to be
8028:
The grammaticalization of these elements manifests itself in form, meaning and function. The Pipil forms of some of these incorporating stems are somewhat specialized phonologically; moreover, some of the forms used for incorporation no longer have corresponding full-word counterparts.
1525:
Other nouns can occur either with or without a possessor. Some of these have two different forms, one (the absolute form) for use without a possessive prefix and the other (the possessed form) for use with a possessive prefix. These 'states' may be indicated by different
5054:
nor object noun phrases need be present in the sentence, but whether explicit or implicit, the corresponding subject and object indices must. (This statement rests on the convention of considering the index for a third-person subject to take the form of 'zero'.)
5459:(the number of arguments it takes) and thereby effectively 'converting' it to a different transitivity type. A considerable number of lexical pairs exist consisting of two related verbs, one intransitive and the other transitive:
8604:. Compounding mechanisms may still exist in the spontaneous language use of some speakers (to the extent that they still have spontaneous language use) but there is limited evidence for their natural, productive application.
9380:. Present knowledge also includes some points of differentiation between Santo Domingo and Cuisnahuat. Thus for practical purposes we are chiefly able to speak of three known varieties: Izalco, Cuisnahuat and Santo Domingo.
5634:
Apart from such purely lexical alternations, there are two prefixes with specific grammatical functions which, attached to transitive verbs, reduce their surface valency (when they are used, there is no object prefix):
3637:
are not time-specific, but may refer to events before, at or later than the time of speaking as determined by the context. They express an ongoing or habitual, completed and potential action or state, respectively.
7983:. This is a grammatical and lexical phenomenon found in different guises in many languages. The Nahuatl system is quite well known to linguists because it is often cited as an example in linguistic literature.
9141:). In such cases as these, speakers may be unaware of a word's historical origin and simply view it as 'typical Nawat', even preferring it to a neologism created with an intention of greater 'authenticity'.
7110:
The central component (by far the largest): native or inherited vocabulary, nearly all shared (with minor variations) with
Mexican Nahuatl, though the lexeme pool is patently smaller than that of Classical
4894:
Non-verbal predicates do not have most of the morphological categories of verbs (such as tense), but some of them do take the subject indices. As usual there is no prefix for third-person subjects, hence
9133:'lady'). There are also cases where the source form or meaning has become less common or disappeared from contemporary Spanish usage (at least in the standard varieties) but lives on in Nawat, e.g.,
7786:. These roots are not words and only acquire full meaning when they enter into one or another of the derivational patterns for Nawat ideophones. Some at least are probably onomatopoeic in origin.
6749:'That's right' (literally 'So'). But it is equally common to respond using the appropriately inflected form of the main verb of the question, e.g.. (offering a cookie, for example)
10416:
Lemus, Jorge
Ernesto (). "A sketch grammar of the Nahuat spoken in Santo Domingo de Guzmán." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Evangélica de El Salvador. (unpublished typescript)
187:
in Nawat, that is, words could have different meanings depending on whether each vowel in them was long or short. This distinction may be extinct for present-day speakers.
11727:
8009:
In Pipil, examples of this kind of structure also occur. However, their use is far less widespread than in
Classical Nahuatl, and the process is barely (if at all)
7117:
Loans from
Spanish, the proportion of which fluctuates depending on the speaker and register, and includes loans of varying antiquity and degree of integration
1522:'the my-sister', or whatever possessive form fits the context best. These include most nouns expressing either a part of the body or a member of one's family.
7789:
The four most common morphological patterns for such Nawat verb formations are the following (R represents the ideophone root, rR a reduplicated root without
1098:
terms. Nawat reduplication takes the form of repetition of a word's first syllable (actually only the (C)V part thereof). So for example, a reduplication of
10451:
7089:(the last two being distinguished phonologically in various ways in the dialects). Headless relative clauses are introduced by interrogative pronouns.
11737:
2546:
conveying 'position above' with a first person singular possessor. Some relationals are shown in third-person-singular forms in the following table:
9094:
we have in mind items of foreign origin that have become habitual elements of Nawat usage and may also have undergone adaptation as a result.
10323:
86:
11570:
6631:
nuances to a predicate, i.e., they add certain temporal (or related) notions, expressing that a situation has already been reached (with
9956:. The following table allows this to be compared to with other spelling systems, ordered approximately in reverse chronological order.
7077:
Relative clauses, which always follow (rather than precede) their head, may be simply juxtaposed clauses, or introduced by the article
8017:
compounds. Furthermore, most of those used involve one of a specific, limited range of incorporating elements that show considerable
11722:
10366:
10358:
11654:
9109:'but'. Some loans, particularly older ones, may adopt forms or meanings that differentiate them from their Spanish source, e.g.,
11732:
11383:
11182:
10480:
10444:
45:
27:
2538:
are quasi-nouns expressing some relationship (sometimes spatial, but not always) to their possessive complement. For example,
89:
of the language that summarizes the language's most salient features of general typological interest in more technical terms.
11616:
10505:
9953:
6450:, which means 'was' or 'before, in the past', may occur following a verb form to establish past or habitual reference, e.g.,
3766:
acts like a noun or adjective: it does not take object prefixes and is pluralized by reduplication rather than suffixation.
10495:
10475:
9419:
10490:
4005:. Class III differs from Class I only in that there is no past suffix at all, only the bare stem. Class IV verbs end in
10812:
10666:
7980:
6239:, again with both verbs indexed for the same subject and the second in the present (i.e., unmarked) tense. Called the
2528:
from relationals. In some cases the preposition merely represents an abbreviation of the relational by omitting the
11677:
11320:
10510:
10437:
10406:
Lemus, Jorge
Ernesto (1997b). "Alfabeto pipil: una propuesta." In: Estudios lingĂĽĂsticos. San Salvador: Concultura.
9373:
1674:
219:
11229:
11552:
11358:
11192:
10671:
7999:
5479:
6784:
Wh-questions are formed with a wh-word, which usually immediately precedes the predicate (verbal or non-verbal.
11204:
8022:
7140:
6240:
6180:
5856:
4626:
1955:
1951:
1924:
1651:
1388:
1380:
1091:
806:
1391:
may be used pronominally, i.e., without a noun head, or preceding the noun they determine or quantify, e.g.,
720:
can have any of the shapes permitted by the formula (C)V(C), and words may have any number of such syllables.
11393:
10729:
10724:
10656:
10527:
10515:
10500:
9584:
6810:
4621:'towards the speaker' follows subject indices but precedes object indices (in transitive verbs) except for
11473:
11340:
10955:
10832:
10706:
8601:
8003:
6869:
6462:
6236:
6179:
But if the first object is the same as the second subject, there may be no subordinator with the present (
2525:
1696:
1666:
following the possessed noun. When that happens, the possessed normally has the third-person index, e.g.,
1072:
1063:
1031:
654:
331:
251:
41:
37:
23:
11416:
9310:), verbs can only be borrowed into Nawat from other languages in an invariable form based on the Spanish
5941:
1209:
11688:
11539:
11187:
11169:
10983:
9640:
6010:
5945:
5456:
872:
has a limited distribution: it never follows another consonant and normally cannot begin a word either.
464:
6730:
are not differentiated grammatically from the corresponding statements. They may be affirmative, e.g.,
9411:'red') is sometimes devoiced; no clear dialect distribution can be formulated for this trait, however.
6628:
6172:'How did you get the drunkard to go away?' (lit. 'How did you make that (he) goes away the drunkard?')
5482:
is very frequent in the lexicon, but is not productive, and does not constitute a hard-and-fast rule.
11519:
11052:
10978:
10897:
10606:
10591:
9430:
6465:
3705:
2968:
verbs take, in addition, an object prefix after the subject prefix. The third-singular object prefix
2535:
2345:
1685:
929:
646:
11672:
11667:
11274:
11116:
10988:
10564:
6317:
265:
58:
9364:
which may tentatively be called Upland and
Lowland. The Upland dialect area includes the towns of
6443:
But there are also constructions, or variant expressions, that depart from this pattern somewhat.
5940:
verbs, i.e., transitive verbs with two 'objects'. Generally one of these has the semantic role of
11463:
11406:
11249:
11154:
10920:
10847:
10807:
10792:
10774:
10736:
10586:
10536:
10464:
9456:) tend to be avoided by some speakers in Santo Domingo, but this appears to be a new development.
8018:
6865:
6313:
4841:
Non-verbal phrases may be employed as predicates, with no verbal element at all in the sentence.
4612:
3460:
1939:
1659:
1655:
204:
11330:
8036:
A selection of Pipil 'incorporation prefixes' with illustrations of some of their uses follows:
6468:
immediately precede either a verb or a non-verbal predicate. Basically there are three of them:
10411:
Memoria: IV Congreso LingĂĽĂstico/I Simposio "Pueblos IndĂgenas de El
Salvador y sus fronteras".
11662:
11626:
11578:
11353:
11325:
11307:
11287:
11144:
11027:
10973:
10862:
10852:
10797:
10696:
10644:
10596:
10581:
10544:
10362:
10354:
8608:
specificity, we may call them 'light elements' and the compounds they form 'light compounds'.
7995:
7976:
7784:-chala-, -china-, -kelu-, -kina-, -kumu-, -kwala-, -tapa-, -tikwi-, -tzaya-, -tzili-, -tzutzu-
6787:
6309:
5949:
5785:
5051:
5035:
Most Nawat verbs belong clearly to one of two major formal types: intransitive or transitive.
3630:
2651:
406:
224:
10429:
9748:
Somewhat different periphrastic tense constructions are found in Upland and Lowland dialects.
9314:. Such forms cannot be conjugated directly. Instead, they must be preceded by the Nawat verb
6682:
In negative sentences, the phrasal suffixes are added to the negative particle, for example:
6308:
The serial construction also serves as the structure for a number of compound expressions of
11639:
11486:
11424:
11368:
11363:
11315:
11219:
11214:
11139:
11062:
11042:
11017:
11009:
10950:
10925:
10915:
10910:
10827:
10784:
10761:
10751:
10741:
10683:
10621:
6809:(which is also the preposition and relational 'with') serves as an all-purpose coordinating
6554:
5948:, and this is encoded as a grammatical object in Nawat. The other complement, normally in a
5043:
3464:
2655:
2337:
2026:
11634:
11588:
11511:
11501:
11491:
11481:
11373:
11348:
11282:
11259:
11254:
11124:
11090:
11085:
11075:
11070:
11032:
11022:
10995:
10945:
10930:
10905:
10880:
10870:
10842:
10837:
10822:
10769:
10746:
10711:
10691:
10634:
10611:
10601:
10571:
10559:
5733:
5047:
4185:
Class I includes a sub-class of mutating stems that end in the present and subjunctive in
3701:
3456:
2965:
1797:, used with certain nouns denoting family relations and similarly intimate 'possessions'.
214:
10419:
RamĂrez Vázquez, Genaro (undated typescript). "Pequeña guĂa para introducciĂłn al náhuat."
9066:
When speakers fail to find an adequate word or expression in Nawat they may (1) employ a
8569:'When he saw that they had run away, he climbed down the tree and picked up the money.' (
6643:, is also used simply to place emphasis on the predicate so marked. Compare for example:
9583:
There are many differences between the assignment of individual verbs to one or another
11717:
11696:
11644:
11593:
11529:
11524:
11458:
11453:
11297:
11209:
11199:
11177:
11134:
11129:
11105:
11100:
11095:
11080:
11047:
10935:
10875:
10817:
10802:
10701:
10629:
10576:
10549:
10318:
9087:
9067:
8014:
7123:
proposed by some speakers or writers based on extending the native vocabulary component
6583:
They also combine with pronouns and adverbs to yield other negative expressions, e.g.,
2662:
1094:
process employed in several parts of the grammatical system, which is characterized in
70:
11711:
11608:
11598:
11583:
11496:
11434:
11401:
11292:
11242:
11237:
11159:
10885:
10716:
10661:
10639:
10554:
9429:
described above for unstressed syllables also takes place in stressed syllables, the
7991:
5871:
1723:
1087:
678:
11378:
11264:
11037:
10940:
10651:
7779:
5953:
5937:
5643:
5039:
1095:
681:
184:
8021:, and are therefore perhaps best viewed, in the Pipil context at least, simply as
6765:'Did you see that man over there? – I did not'. Other idiomatic responses include
6162:'I have come here so that we may talk.' (literally 'I have come here for we talk')
6102:
There are several ways for a verb to be subordinated to another (preceding) verb.
3981:
in the present and subjunctive, but that vowel is lost in the past (which ends in
3475:
combines with each tense suffix to give us plural tense endings, also shown here.
801:
do not occur at the end of a syllable (or word), and there are no words ending in
6021:, thereby becoming two-argument verbs without a grammatical object. For example,
5058:
Some of the most common intransitive and transitive Nawat verbs are given below:
11429:
11149:
6115:
5859:
that does not correspond to any index in the verb. These include the following:
3634:
2659:
2341:
2333:
2022:
1993:
1678:
1663:
110:
82:
66:
6813:. There seem not to be any specialised native words for 'but' and 'or' (unless
6228:'I came here in order to talk to you.' (lit. 'I came here for I talk with you')
2033:, which have each a single form that can perform any function in the sentence.
9445:
9377:
9369:
9311:
8010:
6009:
Valency-reduced ditransitives, i.e., verbs of the preceding type that undergo
5725:
3763:
2989:
693:
318:
170:
166:
122:
115:
5784:
has three other possible meanings, all involving a survace valency decrease:
605:
occurs intervocalically in some words; this may be represented in writing by
11445:
9426:
9397:
9091:
7775:
7120:
5558:
1970:
790:
704:. There are also words in these categories with regular penultimate stress.
398:
368:
290:
174:
151:
139:
74:
5455:
There are a number of means, grammatical or lexical, for changing a verb's
3648:
Nemik se takat munamiktijtuk kipiatuya ne isiwaw, wan inte kimati katka ka
10399:
Lemus, Jorge Ernesto (1997a). "Formación de palabras y léxico pipil." In:
9952:
produced materials associated with the Nawat language recovery initiative
4989:
Non-verbal predicates may be followed (like verbal ones) by an invariable
976:
In other cases, /i/ or /e/ preceding another vowel is often replaced by .
9075:
7126:
Loans from Mexican Nahuatl varieties proposed by some speakers or writers
6727:
5867:
4333:
There are very few truly irregular verbs. The present and subjunctive of
3468:
1419:
shown below are attached to nouns to express who they 'belong' to, e.g.,
876:
at the end of words is pronounced weakly and often disappears altogether.
717:
650:
199:
181:
33:
9101:
Spanish loans into Nawat include some very common words indeed, such as
8002:
is allowed to be attached directly to the verb itself thereby forming a
7131:
decreased, and with them the productivity of the procedures themselves.
5870:
complement. In this case the complement may optionally be replaced by a
1847:
Otherwise the reduplicated form of the singular possessed form is used.
1506:
Some nouns are always 'possessed', so that it is bad Nawat just to say *
11547:
10460:
9390:
9360:
7103:
2030:
1992:
There is considerable variation regarding how to mark plural number in
917:
402:
346:
231:
209:
78:
10339:(Edited by Pedro Geoffroy Rivas.) San Salvador: Ministerio de Cultura.
8831:
word indicates a neologism (proposed by at least one native speaker).
5736:, and the underlying object gets re-encoded as surface subject, e.g.,
653:. Some are stressed on the last syllable: these include a few lexical
9394:
9365:
7987:
6794:'if, whether' or a wh-expression, depending on the kind of question.
4615:
2647:
1751:
1712:
1527:
1416:
674:
395:
62:
5050:
verbs are those that must have an object and object prefix. Neither
1923:
Some word that may accompany a noun in the noun phrase, such as the
1149:-reduplication, on the contrary, is used by grammatical rules that:
401:
of /k/, and , are common but their distribution is subject to both
8006:
verb. In Nahuatl this incorporated lexeme is prefixed to the verb.
5557:
A more productive lexical derivation that increases valency is the
2996:'pass') and a transitive verb with a third-person-singular object (
1121:
Another more productive variety of reduplication involves adding a
8541:'His wife would divide in two at the neck go out and have fun.' (
3654:'There was a married man who had a wife, and didn't know that she
914:
54:
6265:'I have come out for a stroll.' (lit. 'I have gone out I stroll')
6215:
may again be used, with both verbs indexed for the same subject:
5650:
indicates that the object is indefinite or unspecified. Compare:
10409:
Lemus, Jorge Ernesto (1998). "FonologĂa mĂ©trica del pipil." In:
9302:'go for a walk, take time off work' < *pasyarua < Spanish
6757:'Can you speak Nawat? – I can'. The standard negative answer is
6275:'I got up to light the fire.' (lit. 'I got up I light the fire')
1142:
10433:
6255:'I went to speak to him.' (literally 'I went I speak with him')
6195:'She won't let me in.' (literally 'She doesn't let me I enter')
5064:
Some common Nawat verbs (by transitivity and conjugation class)
4993:, which establishes a past time-frame. In a non-verbal context
4017:
in all the other tenses (including the subjunctive), and add a
1554:'my blood'. When both states of the noun are zero-marked (like
9782:
A few examples of inter-dialectal lexical differences follow:
8583:'They use the water for drinking and washing (their hands).' (
924:
sound) is often inserted between them ( if the first vowel is
10353:. Mouton grammar library (No. 1). Berlin: Mouton Publishers.
7114:
A small number of loans from surrounding indigenous languages
6243:, this pattern is very pervasive and has many uses in Nawat.
9318:'make, do' to form compound expressions, e.g., from Spanish
6837:'although, even though' can form adversative clauses, e.g.,
6741:
For replying affirmatively to yes–no questions, one may use
2795:
Verbs with a plural subject take a plural suffix: basically
1954:
that is plural in meaning need not themselves be pluralized
1673:
There is an alternative way to express this, if the noun is
1137:'smooth, naked'. Generalizing, plain reduplication (without
515:
Preceding other consonants or a pause, the pronunciation of
6872:; the following table illustrates some of the most common:
9661:
Miscellaneous differences in the forms of some words, e.g.
8526:
Examples of sentences containing incorporation compounds:
6674:'There is still food.' (implies there was food before too)
8600:
Lexical stems may combine to form other kinds of lexical
6295:'He is sitting (there) crying.' (lit. 'He sits he cries')
1973:
used attributively can precede or follow the noun, e.g.,
1886:
Sometimes the possessive prefix is reduplicated instead.
9400:
more frequently in Lowland, especially in Santo Domingo.
3704:
only differs from the subjunctive by the absence of the
2665:
the second-person subject prefix takes the special form
1950:'those cats'. On the other hand, nouns accompanied by a
8013:. Therefore existing examples rather resemble ordinary
6285:'I turned around to see.' (lit. 'I turned round I see')
3985:
in this class) and in the perfect (all perfects are in
809:
processes would place them in syllable-final position,
9587:
class, most noticeably affecting past tense formation.
6664:'There is food now.' (implies there wasn't any before)
2542:, meaning 'on or over me', consists of the relational
2348:
may precede a noun phrase. The main prepositions are:
928:). This is common when the first of the two vowels is
463:
When followed by a plosive or affricate consonant its
6829:'nor' may be used to coordinate negative statements.
3973:
The verbs classified as Class I in this table end in
569:
In word-final position preceding a vowel, it is also
9594:'go' possesses both longer and shorter forms (e.g.,
7979:
is characterized by widespread use of the device of
6849:'She also came'; its negative counterpart is simply
6235:
The two verbs may be juxtaposed with no intervening
6025:'teach (something)' (without saying whom we teach).
3420:
Transitive with third-person (zero-prefix) subject:
412:
The /n/ phoneme has various allophones, as follows:
32:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
11686:
11653:
11625:
11607:
11568:
11538:
11510:
11472:
11443:
11415:
11392:
11339:
11306:
11273:
11228:
11168:
11114:
11061:
11008:
10966:
10896:
10861:
10783:
10760:
10682:
10620:
10535:
10526:
9647:'ask' is intransitive, in Santo Domingo transitive.
6922:'The wind comes cold because clouds cover the sun.'
6912:'He says that he doesn't know anything (about it).'
4001:, retain this in all forms, and form their past in
1045:or /k/ = , often combines to yield (like Spanish
10374:El nawat de Cuscatlán: Apuntes para una gramática.
7990:potentially representing one of a verb's semantic
6938:unrealized different-subject complements, purpose
6761:'No', or again, the verb of the question negated:
920:immediately follows another within a word a (the
9609:'make, do' possesses full and short forms (e.g.,
9459:The sequence /nm/ in second person plural forms (
3459:(so called for convenience although they include
2336:in core grammatical functions are not marked for
1157:generate noun or adjective plurals from singulars
9632:'sell') are normally contracted to monosyllabic
7740:unaccusative (though sometimes re-transtivized)
5060:
4952:Subjunctive non-verbal predicates are possible.
1670:'the boy's cat' (literally: 'his-cat the boy').
817:(for the pronunciation of which see above), and
46:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
8555:'He started to cut down all the corn stalks.' (
1114:'a kind of small, silvery fish', local Spanish
9422:; again no precise distribution can be stated.
6997:'Birds are able to fly in order to seek food.'
1662:of the possessor, which may be specified by a
53:This article provides a grammar sketch of the
10445:
8400:'bleed', itself an incorporation composed of
7998:, rather than forming a separate grammatical
7069:'When I arrived, there wasn't anybody there.'
2976:when preceded by any of the subject prefixes
1997:component, and (2) avoiding redundancy, thus
8:
10344:Vocabulario castellano-pipil pĂpil-kastĂyan.
7338:alienable from inalienable (non-productive)
1793:There is a special possessed plural suffix,
6738:'Didn't you see where he was coming from?'
4701:, etc.) markers as well as intransitive (=
2992:) and subjunctive of an intransitive verb (
2988:. This is illustrated here by the present (
85:language family. There also exists a brief
10532:
10452:
10438:
10430:
9070:(for example, they could call the kitchen
3467:categories) are characterized by distinct
9425:In some areas the evolution of secondary
9414:Pre-consonantal /s/ following /i/ (as in
8170:'know, be familiar with, recognize' (cf.
7695:intransitive verbs from transitive verbs
7657:ditransitive verbs from transitive verbs
7043:'Ask her if she can give you some water.'
6142:...or in the present tense introduced by
4685:component disappears altogether, so that
4217:, respectively, in the past and perfect.
1106:'children', and a derivative of the root
9958:
9784:
9664:
9602:), but the latter vary between dialects.
9536:
9226:'Today we'll carry a hundred and twenty
8833:
8610:
8577:Yejemet kikwit ne at pal kiunit wan pal
8038:
7795:
7300:'special' inalienables (non-productive)
7145:
6874:
6072:'learn, study' (i.e., 'teach oneself').
5046:and corresponding object prefixes—while
4715:
4356:
4350:
4343:
4219:
4023:
3809:
3477:
3381:'We are looking for wood in the forest.'
3018:
3012:
3002:
2818:
2815:
2805:
2671:
2551:
2548:
2350:
2092:
2035:
1564:
1437:
1280:
1271:
1003:But this is commonly dropped following
190:
101:
11728:Indigenous languages of Central America
8871:'spectacles' (cf. Spanish 'ante-ojos')
6841:'I will go, although I don't want to'.
6204:When both verbs share the same subject:
4705:, etc.) ones. The plural object marker
3443:'The children cannot (do not) hear me.'
420:When followed by a vowel it is usually
10376:San Salvador: Ministerio de EducaciĂłn.
10337:El pipil de la regiĂłn de los Itzalcos.
7106:consists of the following components:
3671:'He started to eat the bun his mother
10342:Calvo Pacheco, Jorge Alfredo (2000).
10324:Nawat language (typological overview)
7007:'I have brought this for you to eat.'
6763:Tikitak uni takat ka ne? – Te nikitak
6106:If the verbs have different subjects:
4713:. The following examples illustrate.
4013:in the present, but lose their final
1695:('the cat of the boy'). Even with an
1514:'the sister': instead one has to say
7:
9286:'What time is it?' (literally 'What
9258:'He didn't know that his wife was a
9078:a Spanish word or expression (e.g.,
6960:'It is good that they should learn.'
6839:Niyaw niyaw, mal-te/melka te nikneki
6817:'or' is one), and the Spanish words
6534:, which is conjunctive or emphatic,
6330:(present) + V (periphrastic future)
5042:verbs are those that cannot have an
36:. For the distinction between ,
10426:San Salvador: Editorial "Nosotros".
9621:is more general in Upland dialects.
8587:'REFLEXIVE + hand + wash + PLURAL)'
7591:intransitive verbs from adjectives
7033:'If I do not work we will not eat.'
6734:'Do you know?', or negative, e.g.,
6423:+ V 'can/be able to/know how to V'
6114:the subordinate verb may be in the
4709:is split in two when combined with
3330:'My father works in the cornfield.'
2094:Other pronouns and deictic adverbs
1273:Common determiners and quantifiers
9650:General negative particle: Upland
9639:Some sporadic differences in verb
9252:Tesu kimati katka ka ne isiwaw se
9220:Ashkan tiksajsakat chikwasen pual
9074:'(the place) where we cook'), (2)
6639:). The more common phasal suffix,
4629:peculiarity that when preceded by
3389:Non-third-person-singular object:
2807:Subject person and number indices
2658:, respectively. (Note that in the
2524:All the above prepositions derive
2329:Case, prepositions and relationals
2029:, and this is just as true of the
14:
10351:The Pipil language of El Salvador
9306:+ the non-productive verb suffix
8514:'revive, come back to life' (cf.
7376:diminutive (or honorific) suffix
6753:'Would you like one? – I would',
6635:) or that it still obtains (with
11738:Endangered Uto-Aztecan languages
9628:'give' and derivatives (such as
8736:'five, twenty (lit. one-count)'
8255:'hold down (by the head?)' (cf.
7224:participle or stative adjective
7031:te nitekiti, te tiawit titakwat.
5786:reflexive, reciprocal and middle
5626:(IV) 'get (someone) drunk' (tr.)
5143:be (in a place or state), exist
4697:do double duty as transitive (=
3989:). Class II verbs, which end in
3629:The present (despite its name),
1566:Absolute and possessed suffixes
10424:Notas del náhuat de Nahuizalco.
10388:Gramática elemental del náhuat.
9960:Comparison of spelling systems
9510:'like that', Santo Domingo has
6900:general complementizer, reason
4341:'come' are given in full here:
3688:'He told her to come back (or:
2799:except in the subjunctive when
1703:('the his-mother of the boy').
1125:after the reduplication, e.g.,
793:can occur in any position, but
28:International Phonetic Alphabet
10372:Geoffroy Rivas, Pedro (1969).
8545:'REFLEXIVE + neck + separate')
8180:'turn around, turn over' (cf.
7916:intransitive repetitive verbs
7672:'take out/away from (someone)'
7452:collective suffix, plantation
7360:'belonging to somebody (else)'
6857:'I don't want to eat either'.
6304:Periphrastic TAM constructions
5526:(II) 'be sprinkled' (intr.) ~
3358:Third-person-singular object:
2646:The following table shows the
2490:'at/to/from the woman's house'
98:Basic phonemes and word stress
1:
9330:) 'I write' (literally 'I do
9298:With one possible exception (
9137:'coin, money' (older Spanish
8945:'tamale (with meat filling)'
7816:intransitive diffusion verbs
7682:'do (something) to (someone)'
7139:A selection of well-attested
7102:As regards origin, the Pipil
7085:or the interrogative pronoun
7081:, the general complementizer
7022:condition, indirect question
6855:Naja nusan te nikneki nitakwa
6599:'no one at all, and no one',
6546:'They neither ate nor drank.'
5584:(IV) 'put in, bring in' (tr.)
5510:(II) 'become full' (intr.) ~
4681:would all come together, the
3402:'Why are you looking for me?'
1715:by two different procedures:
1562:), the noun is 'invariable'.
169:range between and , but the
16:Grammar of the Nawat language
9372:, the Lowland area those of
9129:'grandmother' (from Spanish
9090:. However, when we speak of
7986:Briefly, in incorporation a
7955:transitive repetitive verbs
7737:verbs from transitive verbs
7619:transitive verbs from verbs
6982:'(in order) to', 'for...to'
6920:ne mishti kitzakwa ne tunal.
6755:Weli titaketza Nawat? – Weli
6701:(teya, teya su) nemi takwal.
6691:Inte (te, tesu) nemi takwal.
5866:Intransitive verbs taking a
5851:Unmarked oblique complements
4383:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4029:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3811:Regular conjugation classes
3488:
3485:
3483:
3412:'I am calling the children.'
3350:'The children are sleeping.'
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2559:
2556:
2340:. To specify other roles, a
2261:
2208:
2111:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2044:
2041:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1277:
779:shik-tzuj-tzun-ta-mej-ti-kan
9444:The plural prefixes with a
9186:in this way he didn't play
8033:particular meaning at all.
7897:'play a musical instrument'
7871:transitive diffusion verbs
7698:reflexive or medio-passive
6413:'I would like to help you.'
5952:role, is made the unmarked
5619:(II) 'get drunk' (intr.) ~
5031:Intransitive and transitive
3665:Yaja pejki kikwa ne tortaj
3433:'My father has some money.'
2673:Subject and object indices
2628:'on account of, instead of'
1268:Determiners and quantifiers
11754:
9751:Izalco dialect often adds
9403:Syllable-final /l/ (as in
8470:'tidy, put in order' (cf.
6991:Ne tujtutut welit patanit
6970:'Leave the water to cool.'
6605:Inte nikmati tatka (datka)
6500:'The women have not come.'
5613:(IV) 'cause to pass' (tr.)
4997:can thus be translated as
2642:Subject and object indices
781:'sharpen the ends! (pl.)'
773:'he/she/it is eating me',
586:'How did he/she arrive?',
10471:
10413:San Salvador: Concultura.
10403:San Salvador: Concultura.
10393:King, A.R. (typescript).
9342:'we wrote' (lit. 'we did
9173:kenemej tesu mawiltia ka
9144:
9099:
8563:Kan kitak ka mutalujket,
7176:general adjective suffix
7067:niajsik, te nemituya aka.
6790:are introduced by either
6490:
6473:
6409:niknekiskia nimetzpalewia
6391:'The boy started to cry.'
6333:
6325:
6218:
6210:
6125:
6112:
6075:
6062:
6028:
6007:
5959:
5935:
5877:
5864:
5791:
5779:
5747:
5722:
5677:
5666:'He eats the beans', but
5640:
5568:
5555:
5485:
5464:
5259:
5070:
4844:
4839:
4496:
4388:
4021:in the past and perfect.
3690:that she should come back
3616:
3159:
3046:
2924:
2912:
2901:
2864:
2854:
2843:
2745:
2697:
2616:'at/to/from the house of'
2516:'a woman from my village'
1819:'my comrade or friend' →
935:
911:
536:'Where is (he/she/it)?',
155:
131:
11723:Native American grammars
10349:Campbell, Lyle. (1985).
10335:Arauz, PrĂłspero (1960).
9755:to subordinators, e.g.,
9467:) is variously altered:
8573:'tree + descend + PAST')
8460:'arrange, prepare' (cf.
8075:'immerse in water' (cf.
7041:weli metzmaka chiupi at.
6845:'also' is common, e.g.,
6779:Inte / Te / Tesu nikmati
6736:Inte tikitak kanka witz?
6703:'There is no more food.'
6241:serial verb construction
6181:serial verb construction
5855:Some Nawat verbs have a
5020:was fat / used to be fat
4731:'came out (towards me)'
2650:that serve to index the
2396:'in/to/from the village'
1985:'tender, fresh, green',
1826:'my comrades or friends'
1699:, it is possible to say
1693:ne mistun pal ne piltzin
1212:from non-iterative verbs
1049:) or /y/ respectively.
622:'later, straight away',
409:(and their exceptions).
11183:Central Atlas Tamazight
10386:King, Alan R. (2004b).
10379:King, Alan R. (2004a).
9439:Morphological variation
9374:Santo Domingo de Guzmán
9272:'Your daughter is young
8893:'peccary' (cf. Spanish
8835:Some 'heavy' compounds
8612:Some 'light' compounds
8553:muchi ne ijikshi tatuk.
8331:mouth / opening / door
8085:'wash (in water)' (cf.
7424:kwach-pala / kwech-pala
7414:old, pejorative suffix
6713:'There is no food yet.'
6540:Yejemet inte takwajket
6085:'They learn (or study)
5744:'The beans get eaten'.
5577:(II) 'enter' (intr.) ~
5494:(II) 'break' (intr.) ~
5239:be able, know (how to)
4025:Mutating Class I verbs
3599:Subjunctive/Imperative
3310:A few examples follow:
2422:'on the grinding stone'
968:'my younger brother' →
544:'you (pl.) are going';
180:Historically there was
24:phonetic transcriptions
11733:Mesoamerican languages
10422:Todd, Juan G. (1953).
10401:Estudios lingĂĽĂsticos.
10381:¡Conozcamos el náhuat!
9384:Phonological variation
9322:'write' we have Nawat
9266:Ne musiwapiltzin yaja
8905:'forest, countryside'
8879:'forest, countryside'
8559:'OBJECT + base + cut')
8095:'enter in water' (cf.
7778:are a distinct set of
7221:adjectives from verbs
6853:'not...either', e.g.,
6611:'Do not tell anyone!'
6483:and a dialect variant
6479:(with a shorter form:
6118:(always introduced by
5874:or relational phrase.
5732:avoids mentioning the
5606:(II) 'pass' (intr.) ~
4803:'he called them here'
4559:ma shiwimet / shiwikan
2388:'in, to, from (etc.)'
2066:'he/him, she/her, it'
1701:ne inan pal ne piltzin
1697:inalienable possession
1668:ne i-mistun ne piltzin
1231:'he is (somewhere)' →
985:'he already has it' →
649:on the second to last
57:or Pipil language, an
21:This article contains
10395:Léxico básico náhuat.
7350:'(somebody's) mother'
6950:'I want you to sing.'
6916:Ne ejekat witz sesek
6751:Tikneki se? – Nikneki
6745:'Yes', and sometimes
6654:'There is some food.'
6603:'never ever!', etc.:
6475:the ordinary negator
6435:'You can speak well.'
6347:I will) learn Nawat.'
6135:'I want you to stay.'
5593:(II) 'die' (intr.) ~
5542:(II) 'end' (intr.) ~
5533:(IV) 'sprinkle' (tr.)
4833:Non-verbal predicates
4821:'I called them here'
4749:'I came down (here)'
4653:are omitted, leaving
4544:ma shumet / sh(i)akan
3584:Imperfect/Pluperfect
3379:kwawit tik ne kujtan.
3371:'I have a black cat.'
3340:'Why are you crying?'
2637:Basic verb morphology
2514:se siwat pal nutechan
1938:, are invariable for
1786:For possessed forms:
761:'tree, wood, stick',
684:such as (optionally)
553:'This is the river',
465:place of articulation
10346:Izalco, El Salvador.
8849:meaning of compound
8706:'child, diminutive'
8626:meaning of compound
8567:wan kianki ne tumin.
8345:'kiss, revere' (cf.
8315:'eat together' (cf.
8197:tree / wood / stick
7724:) 'bathe (intrans.)'
7312:'juice, sauce, soup'
7198:'painful, spicy-hot'
6825:are sometimes used.
6711:(teyuk) nemi takwal.
6446:The invariable word
5716:(unspecified object)
5703:(unspecified object)
5690:(unspecified object)
3569:Perfect Conditional
3471:. The plural suffix
2017:Pronouns and adverbs
1654:indices tell us the
905:Secondary semivowels
665:'door, patio' (from
165:Realizations of the
87:typological overview
77:. It belongs to the
10813:Old Church Slavonic
9961:
9743:Syntactic variation
9340:tikchijket escribir
9244:'Tomorrow we'll go
8836:
8780:'beard, moustache'
8613:
8156:eye / face / front
6866:subordinate clauses
6693:'There is no food.'
6079:Yejemet mumachtiat
5969:'The woman gave me
5963:Ne siwat nechmakak
5067:
4222:
4026:
3812:
3806:Conjugation classes
3793:'I have three pots
3727:'She will tell you
3480:
3005:
2808:
2674:
2622:'for, belonging to'
2434:'at, by, near, to'
2353:
2095:
2038:
1567:
1446:Singular possessor
1440:
1439:Possessive indices
1274:
1255:'he tells him off'
1241:'he is laughing' →
1041:Following alveolar
853:'he closes it' but
692:'houses', and many
193:
104:
59:endangered language
11678:Lingua Franca Nova
11321:Classical Japanese
10390:El Salvador: IRIN.
10383:El Salvador: IRIN.
9959:
9821:'brother (older)'
9721:'forest, country'
9643:, e.g., in Izalco
8919:'hamlet' (Spanish
8834:
8611:
8486:heart, mind, life
8396:'menstruate' (cf.
8285:'wash hands' (cf.
8215:'climb down' (cf.
8203:'idem' (possessed
8019:grammaticalization
7885:'cause to explode'
7802:type of formation
7716:'bath (trans.)' →
7668:'take out/away' →
7644:'put in, bring in'
7464:'swarm of locusts'
6897:'that', 'because'
6868:are introduced by
6788:Indirect questions
6609:Maka shikilwi aka!
6607:'I know nothing',
6575:'Don't come back!'
6526:the less frequent
6519:'I am not Carlos.'
6454:'he didn't know'.
6379:+ V 'start V-ing'
5350:give (to someone)
5061:
4767:'he brought (it)'
4607:Directional prefix
4220:
4201:. These change to
4024:
3810:
3478:
3003:
2806:
2672:
2557:Spatial relations
2351:
2093:
2037:Personal pronouns
2036:
2011:ume tzaput chiltik
2007:ume chiltik tzaput
2003:tzajtzaput chiltik
1999:chijchiltik tzaput
1711:Nouns may be made
1565:
1438:
1427:'his/her sister',
1272:
1251:'he scolds him' →
1024:) 'go already!' →
673:'house'), certain
499:'at their house',
407:phonological rules
191:
102:
11705:
11704:
11359:Classical Chinese
11004:
11003:
10465:world's languages
10310:
10309:
9944:
9943:
9778:Lexical variation
9740:
9739:
9636:in Upland speech.
9580:
9579:
9533:'What' and 'who':
9350:Dialect variation
9324:nikchiwa escribir
9296:
9295:
9238:Musta tiu-tiawit
9086:), or (3) simply
9084:cocina' (kitchen)
9059:
9058:
8895:'tunco de monte'
8828:
8827:
8766:'mouth, opening'
8744:'mouth, opening'
8593:
8592:
8524:
8523:
8404:'blood + go out')
8259:'press, flatten')
8247:'forehead' etc.)
8079:'press, flatten')
7977:Classical Nahuatl
7969:
7968:
7768:
7767:
7556:action or result
7553:nouns from verbs
7515:nouns from verbs
7490:object of action
7487:nouns from verbs
7449:nouns from nouns
7411:nouns from nouns
7373:nouns from nouns
7335:nouns from nouns
7297:nouns from nouns
7262:cf. '-ish', '-y'
7143:affixes follows:
7075:
7074:
6964:Shikajkawa ne at
6719:
6718:
6680:
6679:
6627:, lend different
6581:
6580:
6452:inte kimati katka
6441:
6440:
6339:niyaw nimumachtia
6301:
6300:
6222:Niwalaj ka nikan
6201:
6200:
6156:Niwalajtuk nikan
6095:
6094:
6046:Ne siwat tamakak
5983:'He teaches them
5848:
5847:
5740:'It gets eaten',
5632:
5631:
5600:(IV) 'kill' (tr.)
5501:(I) 'break' (tr.)
5448:
5447:
5366:know, understand
5151:be seen, be born
5028:
5027:
4971:Naja niknekiskia
4825:
4824:
4793:'he called them'
4785:'I brought (it)'
4604:
4603:
4331:
4330:
4183:
4182:
3971:
3970:
3803:
3802:
3787:Nikpia yey kumit
3623:
3622:
3449:
3448:
3369:se tiltik mistun.
3308:
3307:
2963:
2962:
2793:
2792:
2634:
2633:
2600:'near, alongside'
2552:Some relationals
2522:
2521:
2326:
2325:
2249:'how? what like?'
2091:
2090:
1981:'a tender leaf' (
1921:
1920:
1784:
1783:
1648:
1647:
1504:
1503:
1449:Plural possessor
1377:
1376:
1281:Some quantifiers
1278:Some determiners
1260:
1259:
1235:'he walks about'
1141:) is governed by
1080:
1079:
952:'eat it already!'
902:
901:
643:
642:
491:'How are you?' ,
392:
391:
192:Basic consonants
162:
161:
81:group within the
11745:
11374:Mandarin Chinese
11205:Levantine Arabic
10533:
10454:
10447:
10440:
10431:
9971:Geoffroy Rivas/
9962:
9947:Spelling systems
9885:'party, fiesta'
9785:
9665:
9537:
9418:'cat') is often
9097:
9096:
8857:'first, before'
8837:
8614:
8529:
8528:
8386:'cut down' (cf.
8378:'buttock' etc.)
8239:'back of head',
8130:'remember' (cf.
8122:'stomach' etc.)
8039:
7891:'cause to split'
7796:
7384:'stone, rock' →
7280:'bare, naked' →
7146:
6995:kitemuat takwal.
6910:te kimati tatka.
6875:
6847:Yaja nusan walaj
6781:'I don't know'.
6759:Inte / Te / Tesu
6685:
6684:
6646:
6645:
6509:'I do not know.'
6471:
6470:
6431:tiweli titaketza
6401:+ V 'want to V'
6369:'We are eating.'
6365:tinemit titakwat
6343:'I am going to (
6323:
6322:
6208:
6207:
6189:Inte nechajkawa
6110:
6109:
6052:'The woman gave
6013:-reduction with
5991:Nechishtilijket
5977:Yaja kinmachtia
5862:
5861:
5825:'see each other'
5638:
5637:
5549:(IV) 'end' (tr.)
5517:(I) 'fill' (tr.)
5462:
5461:
5324:hear, listen to
5161:be happy, laugh
5068:
4837:
4836:
4811:'I called them'
4722:'went/came out'
4716:
4699:ni- + ki- + wal-
4344:
4223:
4221:Irregular verbs
4027:
3813:
3773:Nikpia se kumit
3625:
3624:
3486:Singular ending
3481:
3313:
3312:
3006:
2972:is shortened to
2809:
2675:
2560:Other relations
2549:
2468:'with the woman'
2362:'to, at (etc.)'
2354:
2298:'somewhere else'
2148:'there' (remote)
2096:
2039:
1839:'my possessions'
1789:
1788:
1718:
1717:
1568:
1518:'one her-nose',
1441:
1435:'your village'.
1399:'this village',
1275:
1152:
1151:
1074:
1065:
1033:
1030:'wait! (pl.)' →
909:
908:
712:
711:
415:
414:
333:
253:
194:
105:
43:
39:
11753:
11752:
11748:
11747:
11746:
11744:
11743:
11742:
11708:
11707:
11706:
11701:
11682:
11649:
11621:
11603:
11571:Native American
11564:
11534:
11506:
11468:
11439:
11411:
11388:
11335:
11302:
11269:
11224:
11164:
11110:
11057:
11000:
10962:
10892:
10857:
10779:
10756:
10678:
10657:Scottish Gaelic
10616:
10522:
10467:
10458:
10332:
10315:
9949:
9780:
9771:'in order for'.
9745:
9441:
9386:
9359:Pipil internal
9357:
9352:
9328:nikcha escribir
9326:(contracted to
9113:'dog' (Spanish
9064:
9047:'hen, chicken'
8975:'middle, half'
8889:kujtan-kuyam-et
8843:second element
8788:'bottom, base'
8620:second element
8598:
8596:Other compounds
8359:'cover, close')
8301:one / together
7974:
7824:'break (intr.)'
7773:
7474:'cassava patch'
7137:
7100:
7095:
7001:Nalwikatuk ini
6932:(subjunc-tive)
6863:
6800:
6777:'Why not!' and
6724:
6617:
6460:
6357:+ V 'be V-ing'
6306:
6100:
6032:Yaja tamachtia
5853:
5835:'marry (tr.) →
5801:'wash' (tr.) →
5766:'cook' (tr.) →
5709:'wash' (tr.) →
5696:'cook' (tr.) →
5453:
5451:Valency changes
5384:call, speak to
5298:tell (someone)
5033:
4835:
4830:
4757:'he took (it)'
4609:
3808:
3721:Yawi metzilwia
3454:
3016:(intransitive)
2644:
2639:
2510:'for my mother'
2370:'to the church'
2331:
2178:'like that, so'
2126:'that' (remote)
2019:
1968:
1956:morphologically
1750:using a plural
1709:
1413:
1403:'many houses',
1270:
1265:
1225:'he converses'
1085:
1071:'he forgets' →
1028:shi-k-chia-kan!
907:
710:
645:Most words are
507:'door, patio'
483:'once, again',
100:
95:
51:
50:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
11751:
11749:
11741:
11740:
11735:
11730:
11725:
11720:
11710:
11709:
11703:
11702:
11700:
11699:
11693:
11691:
11684:
11683:
11681:
11680:
11675:
11670:
11665:
11659:
11657:
11651:
11650:
11648:
11647:
11642:
11637:
11631:
11629:
11623:
11622:
11620:
11619:
11613:
11611:
11605:
11604:
11602:
11601:
11596:
11591:
11586:
11581:
11575:
11573:
11566:
11565:
11563:
11562:
11557:
11556:
11555:
11544:
11542:
11536:
11535:
11533:
11532:
11527:
11522:
11516:
11514:
11508:
11507:
11505:
11504:
11499:
11494:
11489:
11484:
11478:
11476:
11470:
11469:
11467:
11466:
11461:
11456:
11450:
11448:
11441:
11440:
11438:
11437:
11432:
11427:
11421:
11419:
11413:
11412:
11410:
11409:
11404:
11398:
11396:
11390:
11389:
11387:
11386:
11381:
11376:
11371:
11366:
11361:
11356:
11351:
11345:
11343:
11337:
11336:
11334:
11333:
11328:
11323:
11318:
11312:
11310:
11304:
11303:
11301:
11300:
11295:
11290:
11285:
11279:
11277:
11271:
11270:
11268:
11267:
11262:
11257:
11252:
11247:
11246:
11245:
11234:
11232:
11226:
11225:
11223:
11222:
11217:
11212:
11207:
11202:
11197:
11196:
11195:
11185:
11180:
11174:
11172:
11166:
11165:
11163:
11162:
11157:
11152:
11147:
11142:
11137:
11132:
11127:
11121:
11119:
11112:
11111:
11109:
11108:
11103:
11098:
11093:
11088:
11083:
11078:
11073:
11067:
11065:
11059:
11058:
11056:
11055:
11050:
11045:
11040:
11035:
11030:
11025:
11020:
11014:
11012:
11006:
11005:
11002:
11001:
10999:
10998:
10993:
10992:
10991:
10986:
10976:
10970:
10968:
10964:
10963:
10961:
10960:
10959:
10958:
10948:
10943:
10938:
10933:
10928:
10923:
10918:
10913:
10908:
10902:
10900:
10894:
10893:
10891:
10890:
10889:
10888:
10878:
10873:
10867:
10865:
10859:
10858:
10856:
10855:
10850:
10845:
10840:
10835:
10833:Serbo-Croatian
10830:
10825:
10820:
10815:
10810:
10805:
10800:
10795:
10789:
10787:
10781:
10780:
10778:
10777:
10772:
10766:
10764:
10758:
10757:
10755:
10754:
10749:
10744:
10739:
10734:
10733:
10732:
10727:
10719:
10714:
10709:
10707:Istro-Romanian
10704:
10699:
10694:
10688:
10686:
10680:
10679:
10677:
10676:
10675:
10674:
10669:
10659:
10654:
10649:
10648:
10647:
10637:
10632:
10626:
10624:
10618:
10617:
10615:
10614:
10609:
10604:
10599:
10594:
10589:
10584:
10579:
10574:
10569:
10568:
10567:
10557:
10552:
10547:
10541:
10539:
10530:
10524:
10523:
10521:
10520:
10519:
10518:
10513:
10508:
10503:
10498:
10493:
10483:
10478:
10472:
10469:
10468:
10459:
10457:
10456:
10449:
10442:
10434:
10428:
10427:
10420:
10417:
10414:
10407:
10404:
10397:
10391:
10384:
10377:
10370:
10347:
10340:
10331:
10328:
10327:
10326:
10321:
10319:Nawat language
10314:
10311:
10308:
10307:
10306:u, hu, gu, gĂĽ
10304:
10301:
10298:
10295:
10291:
10290:
10287:
10284:
10281:
10278:
10274:
10273:
10270:
10267:
10264:
10261:
10257:
10256:
10253:
10250:
10247:
10244:
10240:
10239:
10236:
10233:
10230:
10227:
10223:
10222:
10219:
10216:
10213:
10210:
10206:
10205:
10202:
10199:
10196:
10193:
10189:
10188:
10185:
10182:
10179:
10176:
10172:
10171:
10168:
10165:
10162:
10159:
10155:
10154:
10151:
10148:
10145:
10142:
10138:
10137:
10134:
10131:
10128:
10125:
10121:
10120:
10117:
10114:
10111:
10108:
10104:
10103:
10100:
10097:
10094:
10091:
10087:
10086:
10083:
10080:
10077:
10074:
10070:
10069:
10066:
10063:
10060:
10057:
10053:
10052:
10049:
10046:
10043:
10040:
10036:
10035:
10032:
10029:
10026:
10023:
10019:
10018:
10015:
10012:
10009:
10006:
10002:
10001:
9998:
9995:
9992:
9989:
9985:
9984:
9983:Spanish-based
9981:
9980:Schultze Jena
9978:
9975:
9969:
9948:
9945:
9942:
9941:
9936:
9931:
9926:
9925:'send, order'
9922:
9921:
9916:
9911:
9906:
9902:
9901:
9896:
9891:
9886:
9882:
9881:
9876:
9871:
9866:
9862:
9861:
9856:
9851:
9846:
9842:
9841:
9832:
9827:
9822:
9818:
9817:
9812:
9807:
9802:
9798:
9797:
9796:Santo Domingo
9794:
9791:
9790:Izalco/Upland
9788:
9779:
9776:
9775:
9774:
9772:
9749:
9744:
9741:
9738:
9737:
9732:
9727:
9722:
9718:
9717:
9712:
9707:
9702:
9698:
9697:
9692:
9687:
9682:
9678:
9677:
9676:Santo Domingo
9674:
9671:
9670:Izalco/Upland
9668:
9663:
9662:
9659:
9648:
9637:
9622:
9603:
9588:
9578:
9577:
9574:
9571:
9568:
9564:
9563:
9560:
9557:
9554:
9550:
9549:
9548:Santo Domingo
9546:
9543:
9542:Izalco/Upland
9540:
9535:
9534:
9531:
9498:'now, today',
9488:
9457:
9440:
9437:
9436:
9435:
9423:
9412:
9401:
9385:
9382:
9356:
9353:
9351:
9348:
9294:
9293:
9292:
9291:
9277:
9263:
9249:
9235:
9217:
9204:contar cuentos
9200:amigoj igustoj
9195:
9167:
9143:
9068:circumlocution
9063:
9060:
9057:
9056:
9053:
9048:
9042:
9035:
9034:
9031:
9026:
9020:
9013:
9012:
9009:
9004:
8998:
8991:
8990:
8987:
8982:
8976:
8969:
8968:
8965:
8960:
8954:
8947:
8946:
8943:
8938:
8932:
8925:
8924:
8917:
8912:
8906:
8899:
8898:
8891:
8886:
8880:
8873:
8872:
8869:
8864:
8858:
8851:
8850:
8847:
8844:
8841:
8840:first element
8826:
8825:
8822:
8817:
8811:
8804:
8803:
8800:
8795:
8789:
8782:
8781:
8778:
8773:
8767:
8760:
8759:
8758:'patio, door'
8756:
8751:
8745:
8738:
8737:
8734:
8729:
8723:
8716:
8715:
8712:
8707:
8701:
8694:
8693:
8690:
8685:
8679:
8672:
8671:
8668:
8663:
8657:
8650:
8649:
8646:
8641:
8635:
8628:
8627:
8624:
8621:
8618:
8617:first element
8597:
8594:
8591:
8590:
8589:
8588:
8574:
8560:
8557:ki-tzin-kutuna
8546:
8543:mu-kech-kupina
8539:kisa pashalua.
8522:
8521:
8520:
8519:
8509:
8497:
8487:
8484:
8478:
8477:
8476:
8475:
8465:
8453:
8447:
8444:
8438:
8437:
8436:
8435:
8423:
8417:
8414:
8408:
8407:
8406:
8405:
8391:
8379:
8372:
8371:bottom / base
8369:
8363:
8362:
8361:
8360:
8350:
8338:
8332:
8329:
8323:
8322:
8321:
8320:
8308:
8302:
8299:
8293:
8292:
8291:
8290:
8278:
8272:
8269:
8263:
8262:
8261:
8260:
8248:
8233:
8230:
8223:
8222:
8221:
8220:
8208:
8198:
8195:
8188:
8187:
8186:
8185:
8175:
8163:
8157:
8154:
8148:
8147:
8146:
8145:
8140:'forget' (cf.
8135:
8123:
8112:
8109:
8103:
8102:
8101:
8100:
8090:
8080:
8068:
8062:
8059:
8053:
8052:
8049:
8046:
8043:
7973:
7970:
7967:
7966:
7965:
7964:
7956:
7953:
7946:
7945:
7944:
7943:
7937:
7931:
7925:
7917:
7914:
7907:
7906:
7905:
7904:
7898:
7892:
7886:
7880:
7872:
7869:
7858:
7857:
7856:
7855:
7849:
7843:
7837:
7831:
7825:
7817:
7814:
7807:
7806:
7803:
7800:
7772:
7769:
7766:
7765:
7764:
7763:
7753:
7741:
7738:
7735:
7728:
7727:
7726:
7725:
7711:
7699:
7696:
7693:
7686:
7685:
7684:
7683:
7673:
7661:
7658:
7655:
7648:
7647:
7646:
7645:
7635:
7623:
7620:
7617:
7610:
7609:
7608:
7607:
7595:
7592:
7589:
7582:
7581:
7580:
7579:
7569:
7557:
7554:
7551:
7544:
7543:
7542:
7541:
7531:
7519:
7516:
7513:
7506:
7505:
7504:
7503:
7502:'food, animal'
7491:
7488:
7485:
7478:
7477:
7476:
7475:
7465:
7453:
7450:
7447:
7440:
7439:
7438:
7437:
7427:
7415:
7412:
7409:
7402:
7401:
7400:
7399:
7389:
7388:'little stone'
7377:
7374:
7371:
7364:
7363:
7362:
7361:
7351:
7339:
7336:
7333:
7326:
7325:
7324:
7323:
7313:
7301:
7298:
7295:
7288:
7287:
7286:
7285:
7275:
7263:
7260:
7257:
7250:
7249:
7248:
7247:
7237:
7225:
7222:
7219:
7212:
7211:
7210:
7209:
7199:
7189:
7177:
7174:
7171:
7160:
7159:
7156:
7153:
7150:
7136:
7133:
7128:
7127:
7124:
7118:
7115:
7112:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7073:
7072:
7071:
7070:
7059:
7056:
7053:
7047:
7046:
7045:
7044:
7037:Shiktajtanili
7034:
7023:
7020:
7017:
7011:
7010:
7009:
7008:
6998:
6986:
6983:
6980:
6974:
6973:
6972:
6971:
6961:
6951:
6939:
6936:
6933:
6926:
6925:
6924:
6923:
6913:
6901:
6898:
6895:
6889:
6888:
6885:
6882:
6879:
6878:subor-dinator
6862:
6859:
6799:
6796:
6723:
6720:
6717:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6704:
6694:
6678:
6677:
6676:
6675:
6665:
6655:
6619:Two suffixes,
6616:
6613:
6585:(in)te (t)atka
6579:
6578:
6577:
6576:
6565:
6550:
6549:
6548:
6547:
6535:
6523:
6522:
6521:
6520:
6510:
6501:
6489:
6459:
6456:
6439:
6438:
6437:
6436:
6424:
6417:
6416:
6415:
6414:
6402:
6395:
6394:
6393:
6392:
6380:
6373:
6372:
6371:
6370:
6358:
6351:
6350:
6349:
6348:
6332:
6305:
6302:
6299:
6298:
6297:
6296:
6286:
6276:
6266:
6256:
6244:
6232:
6231:
6230:
6229:
6217:
6206:
6205:
6199:
6198:
6197:
6196:
6184:
6176:
6175:
6174:
6173:
6166:Ken tikchiwki
6163:
6158:pal titaketzat
6151:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6136:
6124:
6108:
6107:
6099:
6098:Verb sequences
6096:
6093:
6092:
6091:
6090:
6074:
6060:
6059:
6058:
6057:
6043:
6027:
6005:
6004:
6003:
6002:
5988:
5974:
5958:
5946:affected party
5933:
5932:
5920:
5919:
5893:
5892:
5876:
5852:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5844:
5843:
5826:
5818:'see' (tr.) →
5809:
5808:'wash oneself'
5790:
5777:
5776:
5775:
5774:
5761:
5753:'eat' (tr.) →
5746:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5704:
5691:
5683:'eat' (tr.) →
5676:
5658:'He eats it',
5630:
5629:
5628:
5627:
5614:
5601:
5585:
5567:
5553:
5552:
5551:
5550:
5534:
5518:
5502:
5484:
5452:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5442:
5437:
5434:
5429:
5426:
5420:
5419:
5416:
5411:
5408:
5403:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5390:
5385:
5382:
5377:
5374:
5368:
5367:
5364:
5359:
5356:
5351:
5348:
5342:
5341:
5338:
5333:
5330:
5325:
5322:
5320:-kaki (II, IV)
5316:
5315:
5312:
5307:
5304:
5299:
5296:
5290:
5289:
5286:
5281:
5278:
5273:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5253:
5248:
5245:
5240:
5237:
5231:
5230:
5227:
5222:
5219:
5214:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5201:
5196:
5193:
5188:
5185:
5179:
5178:
5175:
5170:
5167:
5162:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5149:
5144:
5141:
5136:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5123:
5118:
5115:
5110:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5097:
5092:
5089:
5084:
5081:
5075:
5074:
5032:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5014:ni-tumak katka
5007:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4968:
4954:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4931:
4917:
4901:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4873:
4859:
4843:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4812:
4805:
4804:
4794:
4787:
4786:
4776:
4775:'I took (it)'
4769:
4768:
4758:
4751:
4750:
4740:
4739:'I went down'
4733:
4732:
4723:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4390:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4355:
4349:
4347:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4181:
4180:
4172:
4164:
4156:
4146:
4145:
4137:
4129:
4121:
4111:
4110:
4102:
4094:
4086:
4076:
4075:
4067:
4059:
4051:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4031:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3955:
3947:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3925:
3917:
3912:
3903:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3885:
3877:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3858:
3850:
3842:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3784:
3779:'I have a pot
3768:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3732:
3713:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3676:
3659:
3656:used to go out
3640:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3513:-ki, -k, -, -j
3510:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3489:Plural ending
3487:
3484:
3479:Tense endings
3453:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3434:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3403:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3372:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3341:
3331:
3319:
3317:Intransitive:
3306:
3305:
3293:
3282:
3274:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3249:
3238:
3226:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3198:
3187:
3175:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3147:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3115:
3107:
3098:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3076:
3068:
3059:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3009:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2923:
2918:
2911:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2526:diachronically
2520:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2511:
2503:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2483:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2461:
2460:'with (etc.)'
2458:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2448:'to the woman'
2443:
2442:'by the river'
2435:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2415:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2397:
2389:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2371:
2363:
2360:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2250:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2210:
2209:Interrogative
2206:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2169:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2113:
2112:Demonstrative
2109:
2108:
2107:Other adverbs
2105:
2104:Place adverbs
2102:
2099:
2089:
2088:
2068:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2025:is marked for
2018:
2015:
1979:se iswat selek
1975:se selek iswat
1967:
1964:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1903:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1865:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1827:
1814:
1806:'my sister' →
1799:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1764:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1728:
1708:
1705:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1589:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1550:'the blood' →
1542:'the maize' →
1534:'the child' →
1502:
1501:
1495:
1494:'his/her/its'
1489:
1485:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1412:
1409:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1245:'he is happy'
1215:
1214:
1213:
1203:
1202:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1066:
1051:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1025:
1013:
999:
998:
997:
996:
986:
978:
972:
971:
970:
969:
963:
953:
942:
934:
906:
903:
900:
899:
879:
878:
877:
864:
863:
828:
827:
826:
805:either. Where
784:
783:
765:'my clothes',
723:
722:
721:
709:
706:
641:
640:
638:'river bank'
612:
611:
610:
597:
596:
576:
575:
574:
564:
563:
526:
525:
524:
519:is most often
510:
509:
473:
472:
471:
458:
457:
427:
426:
425:
405:variation and
390:
389:
387:
382:
380:
375:
373:
371:
365:
364:
362:
360:
358:
356:
351:
349:
343:
342:
340:
338:
336:
334:
326:
321:
315:
314:
309:
307:
305:
300:
295:
293:
287:
286:
284:
282:
280:
275:
270:
268:
262:
261:
259:
254:
246:
244:
239:
234:
228:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
189:
188:
178:
160:
159:
154:
148:
147:
142:
136:
135:
130:
125:
119:
118:
113:
108:
99:
96:
94:
91:
71:Nicarao people
61:spoken by the
44:⟩, see
20:
19:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11750:
11739:
11736:
11734:
11731:
11729:
11726:
11724:
11721:
11719:
11716:
11715:
11713:
11698:
11695:
11694:
11692:
11690:
11685:
11679:
11676:
11674:
11671:
11669:
11666:
11664:
11661:
11660:
11658:
11656:
11652:
11646:
11643:
11641:
11638:
11636:
11633:
11632:
11630:
11628:
11624:
11618:
11615:
11614:
11612:
11610:
11606:
11600:
11597:
11595:
11592:
11590:
11587:
11585:
11582:
11580:
11577:
11576:
11574:
11572:
11567:
11561:
11558:
11554:
11551:
11550:
11549:
11546:
11545:
11543:
11541:
11537:
11531:
11528:
11526:
11523:
11521:
11518:
11517:
11515:
11513:
11509:
11503:
11500:
11498:
11495:
11493:
11490:
11488:
11485:
11483:
11480:
11479:
11477:
11475:
11471:
11465:
11462:
11460:
11457:
11455:
11452:
11451:
11449:
11447:
11442:
11436:
11433:
11431:
11428:
11426:
11423:
11422:
11420:
11418:
11414:
11408:
11405:
11403:
11400:
11399:
11397:
11395:
11394:Austroasiatic
11391:
11385:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11375:
11372:
11370:
11367:
11365:
11362:
11360:
11357:
11355:
11352:
11350:
11347:
11346:
11344:
11342:
11338:
11332:
11329:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11319:
11317:
11314:
11313:
11311:
11309:
11305:
11299:
11296:
11294:
11291:
11289:
11286:
11284:
11281:
11280:
11278:
11276:
11272:
11266:
11263:
11261:
11258:
11256:
11253:
11251:
11248:
11244:
11241:
11240:
11239:
11236:
11235:
11233:
11231:
11227:
11221:
11218:
11216:
11213:
11211:
11208:
11206:
11203:
11201:
11198:
11194:
11191:
11190:
11189:
11186:
11184:
11181:
11179:
11176:
11175:
11173:
11171:
11167:
11161:
11158:
11156:
11153:
11151:
11148:
11146:
11143:
11141:
11138:
11136:
11133:
11131:
11128:
11126:
11123:
11122:
11120:
11118:
11113:
11107:
11104:
11102:
11099:
11097:
11094:
11092:
11089:
11087:
11084:
11082:
11079:
11077:
11074:
11072:
11069:
11068:
11066:
11064:
11060:
11054:
11051:
11049:
11046:
11044:
11041:
11039:
11036:
11034:
11031:
11029:
11026:
11024:
11021:
11019:
11016:
11015:
11013:
11011:
11007:
10997:
10994:
10990:
10987:
10985:
10982:
10981:
10980:
10977:
10975:
10972:
10971:
10969:
10965:
10957:
10954:
10953:
10952:
10949:
10947:
10944:
10942:
10939:
10937:
10934:
10932:
10929:
10927:
10924:
10922:
10919:
10917:
10914:
10912:
10909:
10907:
10904:
10903:
10901:
10899:
10895:
10887:
10884:
10883:
10882:
10879:
10877:
10874:
10872:
10869:
10868:
10866:
10864:
10860:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10836:
10834:
10831:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10816:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10801:
10799:
10796:
10794:
10791:
10790:
10788:
10786:
10782:
10776:
10773:
10771:
10768:
10767:
10765:
10763:
10759:
10753:
10750:
10748:
10745:
10743:
10740:
10738:
10735:
10731:
10728:
10726:
10723:
10722:
10720:
10718:
10715:
10713:
10710:
10708:
10705:
10703:
10700:
10698:
10695:
10693:
10690:
10689:
10687:
10685:
10681:
10673:
10670:
10668:
10665:
10664:
10663:
10660:
10658:
10655:
10653:
10650:
10646:
10643:
10642:
10641:
10638:
10636:
10633:
10631:
10628:
10627:
10625:
10623:
10619:
10613:
10610:
10608:
10605:
10603:
10600:
10598:
10595:
10593:
10590:
10588:
10585:
10583:
10580:
10578:
10575:
10573:
10570:
10566:
10563:
10562:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10553:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10543:
10542:
10540:
10538:
10534:
10531:
10529:
10528:Indo-European
10525:
10517:
10514:
10512:
10509:
10507:
10504:
10502:
10499:
10497:
10494:
10492:
10489:
10488:
10487:
10484:
10482:
10481:Orthographies
10479:
10477:
10474:
10473:
10470:
10466:
10462:
10455:
10450:
10448:
10443:
10441:
10436:
10435:
10432:
10425:
10421:
10418:
10415:
10412:
10408:
10405:
10402:
10398:
10396:
10392:
10389:
10385:
10382:
10378:
10375:
10371:
10368:
10367:3-11-010344-3
10364:
10360:
10359:0-89925-040-8
10356:
10352:
10348:
10345:
10341:
10338:
10334:
10333:
10329:
10325:
10322:
10320:
10317:
10316:
10312:
10305:
10302:
10299:
10296:
10293:
10292:
10288:
10285:
10282:
10279:
10276:
10275:
10271:
10268:
10265:
10262:
10259:
10258:
10254:
10251:
10248:
10245:
10242:
10241:
10237:
10234:
10231:
10228:
10225:
10224:
10220:
10217:
10214:
10211:
10208:
10207:
10203:
10200:
10197:
10194:
10191:
10190:
10186:
10183:
10180:
10177:
10174:
10173:
10169:
10166:
10163:
10160:
10157:
10156:
10152:
10149:
10146:
10143:
10140:
10139:
10135:
10132:
10129:
10126:
10123:
10122:
10118:
10115:
10112:
10109:
10106:
10105:
10101:
10098:
10095:
10092:
10089:
10088:
10084:
10081:
10078:
10075:
10072:
10071:
10067:
10064:
10061:
10058:
10055:
10054:
10050:
10047:
10044:
10041:
10038:
10037:
10033:
10030:
10027:
10024:
10021:
10020:
10016:
10013:
10010:
10007:
10004:
10003:
9999:
9996:
9993:
9990:
9987:
9986:
9982:
9979:
9976:
9974:
9970:
9968:
9967:this article
9964:
9963:
9957:
9955:
9946:
9940:
9937:
9935:
9932:
9930:
9927:
9924:
9923:
9920:
9917:
9915:
9912:
9910:
9907:
9904:
9903:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9884:
9883:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9864:
9863:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9844:
9843:
9840:
9836:
9833:
9831:
9828:
9826:
9823:
9820:
9819:
9816:
9813:
9811:
9808:
9806:
9803:
9800:
9799:
9795:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9786:
9783:
9777:
9773:
9770:
9766:
9762:
9758:
9754:
9750:
9747:
9746:
9742:
9736:
9733:
9731:
9728:
9726:
9723:
9720:
9719:
9716:
9713:
9711:
9708:
9706:
9703:
9700:
9699:
9696:
9693:
9691:
9688:
9686:
9683:
9680:
9679:
9675:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9666:
9660:
9657:
9653:
9649:
9646:
9642:
9638:
9635:
9631:
9627:
9623:
9620:
9616:
9612:
9608:
9604:
9601:
9597:
9593:
9589:
9586:
9582:
9581:
9575:
9572:
9569:
9566:
9565:
9561:
9558:
9555:
9552:
9551:
9547:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9538:
9532:
9529:
9525:
9521:
9517:
9513:
9509:
9505:
9501:
9497:
9493:
9489:
9486:
9482:
9478:
9474:
9470:
9466:
9462:
9458:
9455:
9451:
9447:
9443:
9442:
9438:
9432:
9428:
9424:
9421:
9417:
9413:
9410:
9406:
9402:
9399:
9396:
9392:
9388:
9387:
9383:
9381:
9379:
9375:
9371:
9367:
9362:
9354:
9349:
9347:
9345:
9341:
9337:
9333:
9329:
9325:
9321:
9317:
9313:
9309:
9305:
9301:
9290:are we (at)?'
9289:
9285:
9283:
9278:
9275:
9271:
9269:
9264:
9261:
9257:
9255:
9250:
9247:
9243:
9241:
9236:
9233:
9229:
9225:
9223:
9222:kushtal arroz
9218:
9215:
9211:
9207:
9205:
9201:
9196:
9193:
9189:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9176:
9172:
9168:
9165:
9161:
9157:
9155:
9152:su timuchiwa
9151:
9146:
9145:
9142:
9140:
9136:
9132:
9128:
9124:
9121:'table' (Sp.
9120:
9116:
9112:
9108:
9104:
9098:
9095:
9093:
9089:
9085:
9081:
9077:
9073:
9072:kan titamanat
9069:
9061:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9046:
9043:
9040:
9037:
9036:
9032:
9030:
9027:
9024:
9021:
9018:
9015:
9014:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9002:
8999:
8996:
8993:
8992:
8988:
8986:
8983:
8980:
8977:
8974:
8971:
8970:
8967:'female cat'
8966:
8964:
8961:
8958:
8955:
8952:
8949:
8948:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8936:
8933:
8930:
8927:
8926:
8922:
8918:
8916:
8915:kujtan-techan
8913:
8910:
8907:
8904:
8901:
8900:
8896:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8884:
8881:
8878:
8875:
8874:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8862:
8859:
8856:
8853:
8852:
8848:
8845:
8842:
8839:
8838:
8832:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8815:
8812:
8809:
8806:
8805:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8793:
8790:
8787:
8784:
8783:
8779:
8777:
8774:
8771:
8768:
8765:
8762:
8761:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8749:
8746:
8743:
8740:
8739:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8727:
8724:
8721:
8718:
8717:
8713:
8711:
8708:
8705:
8702:
8699:
8696:
8695:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8683:
8680:
8677:
8674:
8673:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8661:
8658:
8655:
8652:
8651:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8639:
8636:
8633:
8630:
8629:
8625:
8622:
8619:
8616:
8615:
8609:
8605:
8603:
8595:
8586:
8582:
8580:
8575:
8572:
8568:
8566:
8561:
8558:
8554:
8552:
8547:
8544:
8540:
8538:
8533:
8532:
8531:
8530:
8527:
8517:
8513:
8510:
8507:
8504:'think' (cf.
8503:
8500:
8499:
8498:
8495:
8491:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8479:
8473:
8469:
8466:
8463:
8459:
8456:
8455:
8454:
8451:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8439:
8433:
8430:'wound' (cf.
8429:
8426:
8425:
8424:
8421:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8409:
8403:
8399:
8395:
8392:
8389:
8385:
8382:
8381:
8380:
8377:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8364:
8358:
8355:'close' (cf.
8354:
8351:
8348:
8344:
8341:
8340:
8339:
8336:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8324:
8318:
8314:
8311:
8310:
8309:
8306:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8294:
8288:
8284:
8281:
8280:
8279:
8276:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8264:
8258:
8254:
8251:
8250:
8249:
8246:
8242:
8238:
8234:
8231:
8228:
8225:
8224:
8218:
8214:
8211:
8210:
8209:
8206:
8202:
8199:
8196:
8193:
8190:
8189:
8183:
8179:
8176:
8173:
8169:
8166:
8165:
8164:
8161:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8149:
8143:
8139:
8136:
8133:
8129:
8126:
8125:
8124:
8121:
8117:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8104:
8098:
8094:
8091:
8088:
8084:
8081:
8078:
8074:
8071:
8070:
8069:
8066:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8054:
8050:
8047:
8044:
8041:
8040:
8037:
8034:
8030:
8026:
8024:
8020:
8016:
8012:
8007:
8005:
8001:
7997:
7993:
7989:
7984:
7982:
7981:incorporation
7978:
7972:Incorporation
7971:
7963:'stir, shake'
7962:
7959:
7958:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7948:
7947:
7941:
7938:
7935:
7932:
7929:
7926:
7923:
7920:
7919:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7909:
7908:
7902:
7899:
7896:
7893:
7890:
7887:
7884:
7881:
7879:'break (tr.)'
7878:
7875:
7874:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7864:
7860:
7859:
7853:
7850:
7847:
7844:
7841:
7838:
7835:
7832:
7829:
7826:
7823:
7820:
7819:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7809:
7808:
7804:
7801:
7798:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7787:
7785:
7781:
7780:lexical items
7777:
7770:
7761:
7757:
7754:
7751:
7748:'wait for' →
7747:
7744:
7743:
7742:
7739:
7736:
7733:
7730:
7729:
7723:
7719:
7715:
7712:
7709:
7705:
7702:
7701:
7700:
7697:
7694:
7691:
7688:
7687:
7681:
7677:
7674:
7671:
7667:
7664:
7663:
7662:
7659:
7656:
7653:
7650:
7649:
7643:
7639:
7636:
7633:
7629:
7626:
7625:
7624:
7621:
7618:
7615:
7612:
7611:
7605:
7601:
7598:
7597:
7596:
7593:
7590:
7587:
7584:
7583:
7577:
7573:
7570:
7567:
7563:
7560:
7559:
7558:
7555:
7552:
7549:
7546:
7545:
7539:
7535:
7532:
7529:
7528:ta-machtia-ni
7525:
7522:
7521:
7520:
7517:
7514:
7511:
7508:
7507:
7501:
7497:
7494:
7493:
7492:
7489:
7486:
7483:
7480:
7479:
7473:
7469:
7466:
7463:
7459:
7456:
7455:
7454:
7451:
7448:
7445:
7442:
7441:
7435:
7431:
7428:
7425:
7421:
7418:
7417:
7416:
7413:
7410:
7407:
7404:
7403:
7397:
7393:
7390:
7387:
7383:
7380:
7379:
7378:
7375:
7372:
7369:
7366:
7365:
7359:
7356:'property' →
7355:
7352:
7349:
7345:
7342:
7341:
7340:
7337:
7334:
7331:
7328:
7327:
7321:
7317:
7314:
7311:
7307:
7304:
7303:
7302:
7299:
7296:
7293:
7290:
7289:
7283:
7279:
7276:
7273:
7269:
7266:
7265:
7264:
7261:
7258:
7255:
7252:
7251:
7245:
7241:
7238:
7235:
7231:
7228:
7227:
7226:
7223:
7220:
7217:
7214:
7213:
7207:
7203:
7200:
7197:
7193:
7190:
7187:
7183:
7180:
7179:
7178:
7175:
7172:
7169:
7165:
7162:
7161:
7157:
7154:
7151:
7148:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7134:
7132:
7125:
7122:
7119:
7116:
7113:
7109:
7108:
7107:
7105:
7097:
7092:
7090:
7088:
7084:
7080:
7068:
7066:
7062:
7061:
7060:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7048:
7042:
7040:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7026:
7025:
7024:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7012:
7006:
7004:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6989:
6988:
6987:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6975:
6969:
6967:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6942:
6941:
6940:
6937:
6935:'that', 'to'
6934:
6931:
6928:
6927:
6921:
6919:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6904:
6903:
6902:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6890:
6886:
6883:
6880:
6877:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6870:subordinators
6867:
6861:Subordination
6860:
6858:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6804:
6797:
6795:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6776:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6752:
6748:
6744:
6739:
6737:
6733:
6732:Taja tikmati?
6729:
6721:
6712:
6710:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6695:
6692:
6689:
6688:
6687:
6686:
6683:
6673:
6671:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6656:
6653:
6650:
6649:
6648:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6614:
6612:
6610:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6574:
6572:
6568:
6567:
6566:
6563:
6559:
6556:
6552:
6551:
6545:
6543:
6538:
6537:
6536:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6524:
6518:
6516:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6492:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6457:
6455:
6453:
6449:
6444:
6434:
6432:
6427:
6426:
6425:
6422:
6419:
6418:
6412:
6410:
6405:
6404:
6403:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6390:
6388:
6383:
6382:
6381:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6368:
6366:
6361:
6360:
6359:
6356:
6353:
6352:
6346:
6342:
6340:
6335:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6303:
6294:
6292:
6289:Yaja mutalia
6287:
6284:
6282:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6247:
6246:
6245:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6233:
6227:
6225:
6224:pal nitaketza
6220:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6209:
6203:
6202:
6194:
6192:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6182:
6178:
6177:
6171:
6169:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6154:
6153:
6152:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6140:
6134:
6132:
6127:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6117:
6111:
6105:
6104:
6103:
6097:
6088:
6084:
6082:
6077:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6067:
6061:
6055:
6051:
6049:
6044:
6041:
6037:
6035:
6030:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6006:
6000:
5996:
5994:
5989:
5986:
5982:
5980:
5975:
5972:
5968:
5966:
5961:
5960:
5957:
5956:complement.
5955:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5927:
5926:tik Awachapan
5917:
5916:in Ahuachapán
5913:
5911:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5890:
5886:
5884:
5879:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5872:prepositional
5869:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5850:
5842:'get married'
5841:
5839:
5834:
5830:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5817:
5813:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5800:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5783:
5778:
5772:
5770:
5765:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5721:
5715:
5713:
5708:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5695:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5665:
5663:
5657:
5655:
5649:
5645:
5639:
5636:
5625:
5624:
5618:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5605:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5576:
5575:
5570:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5560:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5541:
5540:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5525:
5524:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5509:
5508:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5493:
5492:
5487:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5450:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5398:-palewia (IV)
5396:
5395:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5073:
5072:Intransitive:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5036:
5030:
5021:
5017:
5015:
5010:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4987:
4986:
4980:
4976:
4974:
4969:
4966:
4965:'Let it be so
4963:
4961:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4943:
4939:
4937:
4932:
4929:
4925:
4923:
4918:
4915:
4911:
4909:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4885:
4881:
4879:
4874:
4871:
4867:
4865:
4860:
4857:
4853:
4851:
4846:
4845:
4842:
4838:
4832:
4827:
4820:
4818:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4800:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4782:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4764:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4746:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4627:morphological
4625:. It has the
4624:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4606:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4499:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4363:
4359:
4353:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4224:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4042:
4028:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3814:
3805:
3796:
3792:
3790:
3785:
3782:
3778:
3776:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3760:
3759:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3724:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3697:
3691:
3687:
3685:
3684:ma walmukwepa
3680:
3677:
3674:
3670:
3668:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3651:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3626:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3482:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3451:
3442:
3440:
3435:
3432:
3431:chiupi tumin.
3430:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3349:
3347:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3025:
3022:(transitive)
3021:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3004:Sample verbs
3001:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2822:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2687:
2676:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2641:
2636:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2588:'in front of'
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2555:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2489:
2488:chan ne siwat
2486:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2447:
2446:tech ne siwat
2444:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2394:tik ne techan
2392:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2352:Prepositions
2349:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2098:
2097:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1948:uni mijmistun
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1914:
1912:
1908:'his foot' →
1907:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1877:
1875:
1870:'my cloth' →
1869:
1866:
1864:'my children'
1863:
1861:
1856:'my child' →
1855:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1777:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1747:
1741:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1724:reduplication
1720:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1569:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1510:'a nose' or *
1509:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1408:
1407:'two women'.
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1276:
1267:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1221:'he talks' →
1220:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1166:'tortilla' →
1165:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1131:pe-j-petz-naj
1128:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:morphological
1089:
1088:Reduplication
1083:Reduplication
1082:
1070:
1067:
1062:) 'I went' →
1061:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1001:
1000:
994:
990:
987:
984:
981:
980:
979:
977:
974:
973:
967:
964:
961:
957:
954:
951:
947:
943:
940:
937:
936:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
916:
910:
904:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
875:
871:
868:
867:
866:
865:
862:
860:
858:
852:
850:
844:
843:
837:
835:
829:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
807:morphological
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
787:
786:
785:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
763:nu-kwaj-kwach
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
719:
716:
715:
714:
713:
707:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
689:
683:
682:monosyllables
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
662:
656:
652:
648:
639:
637:
635:
630:'sees them',
629:
627:
621:
619:
613:
608:
604:
601:
600:
599:
598:
595:
593:
591:
585:
583:
577:
572:
568:
567:
566:
565:
562:
561:'Sit down!'
560:
558:
552:
551:
545:
543:
541:
535:
533:
527:
522:
518:
514:
513:
512:
511:
508:
506:
504:
498:
496:
490:
488:
482:
480:
474:
469:
466:
462:
461:
460:
459:
456:
455:'my mother'
454:
452:
448:
443:
441:
435:
433:
428:
423:
419:
418:
417:
416:
413:
410:
408:
404:
400:
397:
388:
386:
383:
381:
379:
376:
374:
372:
370:
367:
366:
363:
361:
359:
357:
355:
352:
350:
348:
345:
344:
341:
339:
337:
335:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
313:
310:
308:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
292:
289:
288:
285:
283:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
267:
264:
263:
260:
258:
255:
250:
247:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
229:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
195:
186:
183:
179:
176:
172:
168:
164:
163:
158:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
141:
138:
137:
134:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
106:
103:Basic vowels
97:
92:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
47:
35:
31:
29:
25:
11559:
11520:Massachusett
11474:Austronesian
11341:Sino-Tibetan
10607:West Frisian
10506:Prepositions
10485:
10423:
10410:
10400:
10394:
10387:
10380:
10373:
10350:
10343:
10336:
9972:
9966:
9950:
9938:
9933:
9928:
9918:
9913:
9908:
9898:
9893:
9888:
9878:
9873:
9868:
9858:
9853:
9848:
9838:
9834:
9829:
9824:
9814:
9809:
9804:
9781:
9768:
9764:
9760:
9756:
9752:
9734:
9729:
9724:
9714:
9709:
9704:
9694:
9689:
9684:
9655:
9651:
9644:
9633:
9629:
9625:
9618:
9614:
9610:
9606:
9599:
9595:
9591:
9527:
9523:
9519:
9515:
9511:
9507:
9503:
9499:
9495:
9491:
9484:
9480:
9476:
9472:
9468:
9464:
9460:
9453:
9449:
9415:
9408:
9404:
9358:
9343:
9339:
9335:
9331:
9327:
9323:
9319:
9315:
9307:
9303:
9299:
9297:
9287:
9281:
9279:
9273:
9267:
9265:
9259:
9253:
9251:
9245:
9239:
9237:
9231:
9227:
9221:
9219:
9214:tell stories
9213:
9210:friend likes
9209:
9203:
9202:na nikchiwa
9199:
9197:
9191:
9187:
9183:
9178:
9174:
9170:
9169:
9163:
9159:
9153:
9149:
9148:Tiut tiawit
9147:
9138:
9134:
9130:
9126:
9122:
9118:
9114:
9110:
9106:
9102:
9100:
9083:
9079:
9071:
9065:
9051:ukich-tijlan
9050:
9044:
9038:
9033:'main road'
9029:ujti-patawak
9028:
9022:
9019:'road, way'
9016:
9007:tepus-patani
9006:
9000:
8994:
8984:
8978:
8972:
8962:
8956:
8950:
8940:
8934:
8928:
8920:
8914:
8908:
8902:
8894:
8888:
8882:
8876:
8866:
8860:
8854:
8829:
8819:
8813:
8807:
8797:
8791:
8785:
8775:
8769:
8763:
8753:
8747:
8741:
8731:
8725:
8719:
8709:
8703:
8697:
8687:
8681:
8675:
8665:
8659:
8656:'eye, face'
8653:
8643:
8637:
8631:
8606:
8599:
8585:mu-ma-paka-t
8584:
8578:
8576:
8570:
8564:
8562:
8556:
8551:kitzinkutuna
8550:
8548:
8542:
8537:mukechkupina
8536:
8534:
8525:
8515:
8512:mu-yul-kwepa
8511:
8505:
8501:
8493:
8489:
8481:
8471:
8467:
8461:
8457:
8449:
8446:good / well
8441:
8431:
8427:
8419:
8411:
8401:
8397:
8394:tzinh-eskisa
8393:
8387:
8384:-tzin-kutuna
8383:
8375:
8366:
8356:
8352:
8346:
8342:
8334:
8326:
8316:
8312:
8304:
8296:
8286:
8282:
8274:
8266:
8256:
8252:
8244:
8240:
8236:
8226:
8216:
8212:
8204:
8200:
8191:
8181:
8177:
8171:
8167:
8159:
8151:
8141:
8137:
8131:
8127:
8119:
8115:
8111:chest, mind
8106:
8096:
8092:
8086:
8082:
8076:
8072:
8064:
8056:
8035:
8031:
8027:
8023:derivational
8008:
7985:
7975:
7961:-ke-kelu-tza
7960:
7950:
7940:kwa-kwala-ka
7939:
7933:
7928:chi-china-ka
7927:
7922:cha-chala-ka
7921:
7911:
7900:
7894:
7888:
7882:
7876:
7866:
7862:
7851:
7845:
7839:
7833:
7827:
7821:
7811:
7790:
7788:
7783:
7774:
7759:
7755:
7749:
7745:
7731:
7721:
7717:
7713:
7707:
7703:
7689:
7679:
7675:
7669:
7665:
7660:applicative
7651:
7641:
7637:
7631:
7627:
7613:
7603:
7599:
7585:
7575:
7571:
7565:
7561:
7547:
7537:
7533:
7527:
7523:
7509:
7499:
7495:
7481:
7471:
7470:'cassava' →
7467:
7462:chapulin-tal
7461:
7457:
7443:
7433:
7429:
7423:
7419:
7405:
7395:
7391:
7385:
7381:
7367:
7357:
7353:
7347:
7343:
7329:
7319:
7315:
7309:
7305:
7291:
7281:
7277:
7272:chi-chil-naj
7271:
7267:
7253:
7243:
7239:
7236:'dry (adj.)'
7233:
7230:wak-i (verb)
7229:
7215:
7205:
7201:
7195:
7191:
7185:
7181:
7167:
7163:
7141:derivational
7138:
7129:
7101:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7076:
7064:
7063:
7058:time clause
7050:
7038:
7036:
7028:
7027:
7014:
7002:
7000:
6992:
6990:
6977:
6965:
6963:
6958:mumachtikan.
6955:
6953:
6945:
6943:
6929:
6917:
6915:
6907:
6905:
6892:
6881:translation
6864:
6854:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6830:
6826:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6806:
6802:
6801:
6798:Coordination
6791:
6786:
6783:
6778:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6743:E / Ej / Eje
6742:
6740:
6735:
6731:
6725:
6708:
6706:
6698:
6696:
6690:
6681:
6669:
6667:
6659:
6657:
6652:Nemi takwal.
6651:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6624:
6620:
6618:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6593:(in)te keman
6592:
6588:
6584:
6582:
6573:shalmukwepa!
6570:
6569:
6561:
6557:
6541:
6539:
6531:
6527:
6514:
6512:
6504:
6503:
6495:
6494:Ne siwatket
6493:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6474:
6461:
6451:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6430:
6428:
6420:
6408:
6406:
6398:
6386:
6384:
6376:
6364:
6362:
6354:
6344:
6338:
6336:
6327:
6326:
6307:
6290:
6288:
6280:
6278:
6270:
6268:
6260:
6258:
6250:
6248:
6237:subordinator
6223:
6221:
6212:
6211:
6190:
6188:
6170:ne tawanani?
6167:
6165:
6157:
6155:
6147:
6143:
6130:
6128:
6119:
6113:
6101:
6086:
6080:
6078:
6069:
6065:
6063:
6053:
6047:
6045:
6039:
6038:'He teaches
6033:
6031:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6008:
5998:
5993:ne nupiltzin
5992:
5990:
5984:
5978:
5976:
5970:
5964:
5962:
5938:Ditransitive
5936:
5925:
5923:
5921:
5915:
5909:
5907:
5899:ka Sentzunat
5898:
5896:
5894:
5889:to Sonsonate
5888:
5887:'I am going
5882:
5880:
5865:
5854:
5837:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5820:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5803:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5781:
5780:
5773:'get cooked'
5768:
5767:
5763:
5755:
5754:
5750:
5742:Mu-kwa ne et
5741:
5737:
5729:
5723:
5711:
5710:
5706:
5698:
5697:
5693:
5685:
5684:
5680:
5669:
5667:
5661:
5659:
5653:
5651:
5647:
5644:unaccusative
5641:
5633:
5622:
5620:
5616:
5609:
5607:
5603:
5596:
5594:
5589:
5587:
5580:
5578:
5573:
5571:
5562:
5556:
5545:
5543:
5538:
5536:
5529:
5527:
5522:
5520:
5513:
5511:
5506:
5504:
5497:
5495:
5490:
5488:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5465:
5454:
5444:take, carry
5439:
5431:
5423:
5413:
5405:
5397:
5387:
5379:
5371:
5361:
5353:
5345:
5335:
5327:
5319:
5309:
5302:-ishtia (IV)
5301:
5293:
5283:
5275:
5267:
5260:
5250:
5242:
5234:
5224:
5216:
5208:
5198:
5191:takwika (II)
5190:
5182:
5172:
5164:
5156:
5146:
5138:
5130:
5120:
5112:
5109:go/come out
5104:
5095:kalaki (III)
5094:
5086:
5078:
5071:
5063:
5062:
5057:
5040:intransitive
5037:
5034:
5019:
5013:
5011:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4988:
4979:it were mine
4978:
4972:
4970:
4964:
4959:
4958:
4951:
4941:
4936:ti-tuj-tumak
4935:
4933:
4927:
4921:
4919:
4913:
4907:
4905:
4896:
4893:
4883:
4877:
4875:
4869:
4863:
4861:
4855:
4849:
4847:
4840:
4816:
4814:
4808:
4798:
4796:
4790:
4780:
4778:
4772:
4762:
4760:
4754:
4744:
4742:
4736:
4726:
4725:
4719:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4671:ni-/ti-/shi-
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4622:
4618:
4610:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4528:
4524:ma tiwikikan
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4381:Subjunctive
4372:Subjunctive
4357:
4351:
4338:
4334:
4332:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4309:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4286:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4263:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4240:
4235:Subjunctive
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4184:
4176:
4174:
4168:
4166:
4160:
4158:
4151:
4149:
4141:
4139:
4133:
4131:
4125:
4123:
4116:
4114:
4106:
4104:
4098:
4096:
4090:
4088:
4081:
4079:
4071:
4069:
4063:
4061:
4055:
4053:
4046:
4044:
4039:Subjunctive
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3972:
3965:
3959:
3957:
3951:
3949:
3942:
3940:
3929:
3927:
3921:
3919:
3914:
3907:
3905:
3895:
3889:
3887:
3881:
3879:
3873:
3862:
3860:
3854:
3852:
3846:
3844:
3837:
3835:
3827:Subjunctive
3794:
3788:
3786:
3780:
3774:
3772:
3761:
3751:
3747:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3728:
3723:ma shimutali
3722:
3720:
3718:Subjunctive:
3717:
3708:
3699:
3689:
3683:
3681:
3679:Subjunctive:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3655:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3628:
3617:
3607:
3602:
3592:
3587:
3577:
3572:
3562:
3557:
3554:Conditional
3547:
3542:
3532:
3527:
3517:
3512:
3502:
3497:
3472:
3455:
3441:ne kujkunet.
3438:
3436:
3428:
3426:
3419:
3410:ne kujkunet.
3407:
3405:
3397:
3395:
3388:
3376:
3374:
3366:
3364:
3357:
3345:
3344:Ne kujkunet
3343:
3335:
3333:
3325:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3301:
3297:
3295:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3278:
3276:
3270:
3268:
3257:
3253:
3251:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3234:
3230:
3228:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3206:
3202:
3200:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3183:
3179:
3177:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3151:
3149:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3119:
3117:
3110:
3109:
3102:
3100:
3093:
3092:
3080:
3078:
3071:
3070:
3063:
3061:
3054:
3053:
3042:Subjunctive
3036:Subjunctive
3019:
3013:
2997:
2993:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2957:
2952:
2942:
2937:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2895:
2890:
2880:
2875:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2819:Subjunctive
2800:
2796:
2794:
2787:
2782:
2772:
2768:an(h)-, shi-
2767:
2757:
2752:
2739:
2734:
2724:
2719:
2709:
2704:
2691:
2685:
2666:
2645:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2570:'in, inside'
2567:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2513:
2507:
2497:
2487:
2480:
2475:
2466:wan ne siwat
2465:
2455:
2445:
2440:tech ne apan
2439:
2429:
2420:pak ne metat
2419:
2409:
2399:
2393:
2383:
2373:
2367:
2357:
2334:Noun phrases
2332:
2317:
2310:'everywhere'
2307:
2301:
2295:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2252:
2246:
2236:
2229:'which one?'
2226:
2220:
2214:
2199:
2193:
2190:'now, today'
2187:
2181:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2086:'they/them'
2083:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2020:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:noun phrases
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1962:'two cats'.
1959:
1947:
1946:'that cat',
1943:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1878:'my clothes'
1873:
1871:
1867:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1813:'my sisters'
1809:
1807:
1803:
1794:
1792:
1785:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1726:(see above)
1721:
1710:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1677:, using the
1672:
1667:
1649:
1637:
1625:
1620:
1603:
1591:
1586:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1546:'my maize';
1543:
1539:
1536:ne nu-kune-w
1535:
1531:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1505:
1497:
1491:
1480:
1474:
1463:
1457:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1383:(except for
1378:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1334:
1331:'few, a few'
1328:
1322:
1319:'some, each'
1316:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1170:'tortillas'
1167:
1163:
1162:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:'children',
1126:
1122:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1110:'smooth' is
1107:
1103:
1099:
1096:phonological
1086:
1068:
1059:
1055:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1027:
1021:
1017:
1008:
1004:
1002:
992:
988:
982:
975:
965:
962:) 'other' →
959:
955:
949:
945:
938:
925:
921:
912:
895:shushukna(j)
894:
893:'I ate it',
890:
886:
882:
881:
873:
869:
856:
854:
848:
846:
845:'my gourd',
841:
839:
838:'gourd' but
833:
831:
830:
822:
818:
814:
810:
802:
798:
794:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
725:
708:Phonotactics
701:
697:
687:
685:
679:reduplicated
670:
669:'mouth' and
666:
660:
658:
644:
633:
631:
625:
623:
617:
615:
614:
606:
602:
594:'and this'
589:
587:
581:
579:
578:
570:
556:
554:
549:
547:
546:
539:
537:
531:
529:
528:
520:
516:
502:
500:
494:
492:
486:
484:
478:
476:
475:
467:
450:
446:
445:
439:
437:
431:
430:
429:
421:
411:
393:
384:
377:
353:
328:
323:
311:
302:
297:
277:
272:
256:
248:
241:
236:
185:vowel length
177:predominate.
156:
144:
132:
127:
52:
40:and ⟨
22:
11689:constructed
11673:Interlingue
11668:Interlingua
11540:Uto-Aztecan
11230:Niger–Congo
11170:Afroasiatic
10496:Determiners
10476:Phonologies
9793:Cuisnahuat
9673:Cuisnahuat
9585:conjugation
9545:Cuisnahuat
9506:'then' and
9490:For Izalco
9420:palatalized
9248:the south.'
9242:ne tatzinu.
9179:entristecer
9177:, muchijki
9088:code-switch
8985:tajku-tunal
8963:siwa-mistun
8937:'tortilla'
8820:-tzun-tukay
8666:-ish-kal-yu
8518:'(re)turn')
8502:yul-taketza
8464:'make, do')
8353:-ten-tzakwa
8343:-ten-namiki
8045:meaning(s)
8015:lexicalized
8000:constituent
7836:'get angry'
7752:'look, see'
7594:inchoative
7576:takwika-lis
7566:ta-kaki-lis
7540:'dead body'
7460:'locust' →
7394:'mother' →
7346:'mother' →
7318:'father' →
7259:adjectives
7204:'pepper' →
7173:adjectives
6948:shitakwika.
6851:nusan te...
6811:conjunction
6771:Teika inte!
6587:'nothing',
6555:prohibitive
6498:walajtiwit.
6387:pejki chuka
6385:Ne piltzin
6279:Nimukwepki
6269:Nimuketzki
6116:subjunctive
5997:'They took
5897:Naja niyaw
5881:Naja niyaw
5760:'get eaten'
5674:'he eats'.
5480:alternation
5424:-temua (IV)
5414:-talia (IV)
5376:want, love
5336:-kwa (irr.)
5294:-ilwia (IV)
5284:-ilpia (IV)
5272:wait (for)
5261:Transitive:
5251:yawi (irr.)
5243:witz (irr.)
5183:taketza (I)
4926:'You (sg.)
4809:nikinnutzki
4613:directional
3789:(tej)tentuk
3735:Imperative:
3729:to sit down
3635:subjunctive
3614:Participle
3398:tinechtemua
3328:tik ne mil.
2816:Indicative
2660:subjunctive
2536:Relationals
2342:preposition
2262:Indefinite
2168:'like this'
2124:uni, yajuni
2118:ini, yajini
2023:noun phrase
1925:determiners
1895:'my eye' →
1679:preposition
1664:noun phrase
1552:ne nu-es-yu
1538:'my child;
1488:3rd person
1471:2nd person
1454:1st person
1431:'our cat',
1423:'my nose',
1395:'the man',
1389:quantifiers
1381:determiners
1263:Noun phrase
1223:taj-taketza
1102:'child' is
995:) 'once' →
946:shikwa + -a
821:changes to
813:changes to
789:Most Nawat
694:diminutives
555:Shimutalika
468:assimilates
83:Uto-Aztecan
67:El Salvador
65:of western
11712:Categories
11446:East Asian
11407:Vietnamese
11193:Historical
11155:Mingrelian
10921:Hindustani
10898:Indo-Aryan
10848:Slovincian
10808:Macedonian
10793:Belarusian
10775:Lithuanian
10737:Portuguese
10667:colloquial
10491:Adjectives
10330:References
9837:(< Sp.
9801:'be born'
9654:, Lowland
9600:niu, nu...
9427:semivowels
9398:allophones
9378:Cuisnahuat
9370:Nahuizalco
9344:escribir'
9336:tikchiwket
9332:escribir'
9312:infinitive
9192:became sad
9166:a little.'
9158:'We'll go
9105:'more' or
9080:ne cosinaj
9055:'rooster'
8941:naka-tamal
8911:'village'
8824:'surname'
8535:Ne isiwaw
8468:-yek-talia
8428:-tzun-teki
8420:-tzuntekun
8313:sen-ta-kwa
8275:-mey, -may
8253:-ku-pachua
8241:kwashipetz
8219:'descend')
8178:-ish-kwepa
8128:-el-namiki
8048:full word
8025:prefixes.
8011:productive
7936:'complain'
7934:ki-kina-ka
7776:Ideophones
7771:Ideophones
7762:'be scary'
7758:'scare' →
7680:-chiw-ilia
7670:-ishti-lia
7642:-kalak-tia
7640:'enter' →
7622:causative
7606:'get cold'
7526:'teach' →
7524:ta-machtia
7432:'woman' →
7422:'cloth' →
7368:-tzin/chin
7308:'water' →
7135:Derivation
7121:Neologisms
6601:maka keman
6591:'no one',
6589:(in)te aka
6517:ni-Carlos.
6261:nipashalua
6131:ma shinaka
6070:mu-machtia
6023:ta-machtia
5924:Yaja nemi
5908:Yaja nemi
5857:complement
5812:Reciprocal
5726:unergative
5664:-kwa ne et
5470:(intr.) ~
5388:-paka (II)
5380:-nutza (I)
5372:-neki (II)
5346:-maka (II)
5276:-chiwa (I)
5225:chuka (II)
5209:tekiti (I)
5079:chuka (II)
5048:transitive
4897:Ini Carlos
4703:ni- + wal-
4594:ma wikikan
4564:anwalajket
4529:tiwalajket
3797:of beans.'
3783:of beans.'
3764:participle
3702:imperative
3658:at night.'
3408:nikinnutza
3375:(Tejemet)
2990:indicative
2966:Transitive
2773:metzin(h)-
2576:'on, over'
2502:'of, for'
2402:'in Nawat'
2376:'at night'
2346:relational
2318:inte keman
2302:inte kanaj
2286:inte tatka
2282:'anything'
1971:Adjectives
1966:Adjectives
1960:ume mistun
1952:quantifier
1944:uni mistun
1915:'his feet'
1707:The plural
1686:relational
1652:possessive
1576:Possessed
1520:ne nueltiw
1411:Possession
1397:ini techan
1253:ki-aj-ajwa
1210:iteratives
1196:'river' →
1186:'house' →
1178:mij-mistun
1145:criteria.
1133:plural of
1127:ku-j-kunet
1112:pe-petz-ka
791:consonants
777:'closed',
741:'my eye',
548:Ini ne apa
399:allophones
369:Semivowels
291:Fricatives
266:Affricates
220:Labiovelar
175:allophones
167:back vowel
11663:Esperanto
11655:auxiliary
11553:Classical
11464:Mongolian
11354:Cantonese
11288:Malayalam
11275:Dravidian
11145:Kabardian
11053:Meänkieli
11028:Hungarian
10853:Ukrainian
10798:Bulgarian
10697:Dalmatian
10597:Ripuarian
10592:Old Norse
10587:Norwegian
10582:Icelandic
10545:Afrikaans
10102:k, c, qu
9977:Campbell
9905:'remain'
9810:waltakati
9763:'where',
9681:'arrive'
9641:valencies
9624:The verb
9605:The verb
9590:The verb
9502:'later',
9481:awmejemet
9477:anhejemet
9461:anmejemet
9448:element (
9407:'house',
9092:loanwords
9062:Loanwords
8953:'female'
8921:'cantĂłn'
8867:achtu-ish
8846:compound
8802:'corner'
8776:-ten-tzun
8732:sen-pua-l
8714:'finger'
8623:compound
8602:compounds
8579:mumapakat
8571:ku-temu-k
8492:'heart',
8458:-ek-chiwa
8376:tzinkamak
8245:-kwatapal
8168:-ish-mati
8142:-(aj)kawa
8118:'chest',
8073:-a-pachua
8051:examples
7992:arguments
7924:'chatter'
7895:tzutzu-na
7848:'thunder'
7842:'explode'
7805:examples
7602:'cold' →
7574:'sing' →
7568:'hearing'
7564:'hear' →
7530:'teacher'
7472:kamuj-tal
7434:siwa-pala
7274:'reddish'
7194:'hurt' →
7184:'salt' →
7158:examples
7152:function
6906:Yaja ina
6775:Taika te!
6728:questions
6722:Questions
6595:'never',
6466:particles
6259:Nikistuk
6251:nitaketza
6001:from me.'
5971:the money
5942:recipient
5910:Awachapan
5883:Sentzunat
5840:-namiktia
5833:-namiktia
5795:Reflexive
5559:causative
5440:-wika (I)
5432:-uni (II)
5428:look for
5362:-mati (I)
5354:-mana (I)
5310:-ita (II)
5306:take out
5280:make, do
5268:-chia (I)
5235:weli (II)
5217:temu (II)
5199:tami (II)
5165:panu (II)
5157:paki (II)
5147:nesi (II)
5139:nemi (II)
5131:naka (II)
5121:miki (II)
5113:kuchi (I)
4914:am Carlos
4908:ni-Carlos
4878:tuj-tumak
4856:is Carlos
4791:kinnutzki
4509:ma tiawit
4416:ma niwiki
4389:Singular
4337:'go' and
4257:ma yaw(i)
3966:ma mutalu
3928:ma tajtan
3743:shimutali
3739:Shikalaki
3673:had given
3667:kimakatuk
3652:ka tayua.
3439:nechkakit
3377:tiktemuat
3047:Singular
3000:'have'):
2844:Singular
2803:is used:
2740:ki- / -k-
2720:ti-, shi-
2698:Singular
2692:prefixes
2686:prefixes
2508:pal nunan
2400:tik Nawat
2368:ka tiupan
2304:'nowhere'
2288:'nothing'
2270:'anybody'
2227:katiawel?
2101:Pronouns
2078:anmejemet
2042:Singular
1989:'leaf').
1902:'my eyes'
1854:nu-kune-w
1832:'mine' →
1804:nu-elti-w
1675:alienable
1581:Singular
1573:Absolute
1544:ne nu-sin
1540:ne sin-ti
1532:ne kune-t
1433:mu-techan
1429:tu-mistun
1405:ume siwat
1200:'rivers'
1190:'houses'
1168:taj-tamal
1060:ni-yaj-ki
1022:shi-yaw-a
993:se + ujti
983:ki-pia-ya
941:'many' →
913:When one
885:'I, me',
861:'closed'
745:'river',
737:'there',
733:'water',
729:'house',
718:Syllables
655:compounds
436:'I, me',
75:Nicaragua
11627:artistic
11617:American
11579:Cherokee
11487:Hawaiian
11425:Has Hlai
11369:Kokborok
11364:Dzongkha
11326:Okinawan
11316:Japanese
11220:Ugaritic
11215:Tigrinya
11140:Georgian
11117:European
11043:Livonian
11018:Estonian
10974:Albanian
10951:Sanskrit
10926:Maithili
10916:Gujarati
10911:Bhojpuri
10828:Silesian
10752:Venetian
10742:Romanian
10721:Lombard
10672:literary
10537:Germanic
10511:Pronouns
10486:Grammars
10461:Grammars
10361:(U.S.),
10313:See also
10252:n, Ĺ„, m
10187:s, z, c
9929:-titania
9865:'laugh'
9849:wejkapan
9767:'what',
9759:'when',
9611:nikchiwa
9494:'here',
9469:amejemet
9389:The /k/
9355:Dialects
9346:), etc.
9320:escribir
9300:pashalua
9284:tinemit?
9164:cheer up
9011:'plane'
8883:kuyam-et
8798:tzin-kal
8794:'house'
8750:'house'
8728:'count'
8710:ma-pipil
8688:ma-kwi-l
8662:'house'
8640:'snake'
8634:'water'
8508:'speak')
8496:'alive'
8317:(ta)-kwa
8283:-ma-paka
8243:'bald',
8144:'leave')
8138:-el-kawa
8120:-elishku
8099:'enter')
8093:a-kalaki
8004:compound
7996:adjuncts
7903:'excite'
7901:kumu-nia
7889:tzaya-na
7852:tzili-ni
7846:tikwi-ni
7834:kwala-ni
7799:pattern
7760:ta-mutia
7722:mu-altia
7708:mu-talia
7706:'put' →
7632:-mik-tia
7630:'die' →
7536:'die' →
7500:ta-kwa-l
7498:'eat' →
7458:chapulin
7420:kwach-ti
7396:nan-tzin
7322:'master'
7284:'smooth'
7282:petz-naj
7278:petz-tik
7270:'red' →
7268:chil-tik
7242:'die' →
7232:'dry' →
7206:chil-tik
7155:meaning
7111:Nahuatl)
6985:purpose
6944:Nikneki
6887:example
6769:'Also',
6597:nian aka
6553:and the
6507:nikmati.
6463:Negative
6458:Negation
6363:Tejemet
6318:modality
6271:niktatia
6191:nikalaki
6129:Nikneki
6068:we have
5965:ne tumin
5914:'She is
5868:locative
5406:-pia (I)
5328:-kua (I)
5221:go down
5173:pewa (I)
5105:kisa (I)
5087:ina (II)
4977:'I wish
4973:ma nupal
4960:Ma ijkia
4934:Tejemet
4922:ti-tumak
4876:Yejemet
4868:'Carlos
4819:innutzki
4801:innutzki
4773:nikwikak
4599:walajket
4579:ma yawit
4554:anwitzet
4549:anyajket
4519:tiwitzet
4451:ma shiwi
4378:Present
4369:Present
4321:-kwijtuk
4298:-kwajtuk
4275:walajtuk
4232:Perfect
4226:Present
4050:'begin'
4036:Perfect
4030:Present
3841:'sleep'
3824:Perfect
3818:Present
3752:sit down
3748:'Come in
3706:particle
3662:Perfect:
3645:Present:
3578:-tuskiat
3524:Perfect
3494:Present
3469:suffixes
3039:Present
3033:Present
2684:Subject
2648:prefixes
2594:'behind'
2532:prefix.
2374:ka tayua
2276:'nobody'
2274:inte aka
2239:'where?'
2188:ash(k)an
2074:'we/us'
2031:pronouns
1958:, e.g.,
1942:, e.g.,
1868:nu-kwach
1821:nu-kunpa
1817:nu-kunpa
1808:nu-elti-
1771:'man' →
1735:'cat' →
1722:through
1548:ne es-ti
1530:, e.g.,
1528:suffixes
1512:ne eltiw
1500:'their'
1417:prefixes
1401:miak kal
1393:ne takat
1329:ch(i)upi
1243:paj-paki
1233:nej-nemi
1208:produce
1176:'cat' →
1135:petz-naj
1104:ku-kunet
1069:kielkawa
966:nu-ika-w
960:se + -uk
950:shikwaya
930:stressed
897:'green'
889:'path',
775:tzak-tuk
771:nech-kwa
769:'moon',
757:'path',
675:prefixed
657:such as
651:syllable
647:stressed
444:'this',
422:alveolar
232:Plosives
205:Alveolar
200:Bilabial
182:phonemic
38:/ /
34:Help:IPA
11635:Klingon
11589:Miskito
11548:Nahuatl
11502:Tagalog
11492:Ilocano
11482:Cebuano
11417:Kra–Dai
11384:Tibetan
11349:Burmese
11331:HachijĹŤ
11308:Japonic
11283:Kannada
11260:Swahili
11091:Turkmen
11086:Turkish
11033:Ingrian
11023:Finnish
10996:Hittite
10984:Ancient
10946:Punjabi
10931:Marathi
10906:Bengali
10881:Persian
10871:Kurdish
10863:Iranian
10843:Slovene
10823:Russian
10770:Latvian
10747:Spanish
10730:Western
10725:Eastern
10712:Italian
10692:Catalan
10635:Cornish
10612:Yiddish
10602:Swedish
10572:Faroese
10560:English
10463:of the
10153:tz, ts
10136:ku, cu
9939:-tuktia
9934:-tuktia
9845:'high'
9839:hermano
9825:-echkaw
9757:kwak ne
9701:'tell'
9645:tajtani
9630:-namaka
9617:), but
9613:versus
9598:versus
9553:'what'
9526:() and
9520:nemanha
9508:ijkiuni
9504:kwakuni
9485:mejemet
9454:kin(h)-
9409:chiltik
9391:phoneme
9361:dialect
9246:towards
9188:outside
9162:if you
9160:and see
9154:alegrar
9041:'male'
9025:'wide'
9023:patawak
8997:'iron'
8989:'noon'
8931:'meat'
8816:'name'
8810:'head'
8772:'hair'
8754:ten-kal
8700:'hand'
8692:'five'
8684:'take'
8678:'hand'
8670:'face'
8644:a-kua-t
8565:kutemuk
8506:taketza
8452:'idem'
8422:'head'
8402:es-kisa
8388:-kutuna
8357:-tzakwa
8349:'meet')
8347:-namiki
8337:'idem'
8289:'wash')
8277:'idem'
8257:-pachua
8237:-kwatan
8213:ku-temu
8184:'turn')
8174:'know')
8134:'meet')
8132:-namiki
8097:-kalaki
8089:'wash')
8083:-a-paka
8077:-pachua
8067:'idem'
8042:prefix
7883:tapa-na
7877:kelu-na
7840:tapa-ni
7830:'swarm'
7828:kumu-ni
7822:kelu-ni
7750:ta-chia
7734:prefix
7718:m-altia
7692:prefix
7678:'do' →
7666:-ishtia
7654:suffix
7652:-(i)lia
7616:suffix
7604:sese-ya
7588:suffix
7572:takwika
7562:ta-kaki
7550:suffix
7538:miki-ni
7512:suffix
7484:suffix
7446:suffix
7436:'whore'
7408:suffix
7386:te-chin
7370:suffix
7332:prefix
7320:-tekuyu
7294:suffix
7256:suffix
7244:mik-tuk
7234:wak-tuk
7218:suffix
7188:'white'
7170:suffix
7104:lexicon
7098:General
7093:Lexicon
7055:'when'
6968:seseya.
6726:Yes-no
6672:takwal.
6662:takwal.
6544:atiket.
6320:, e.g.
6249:Niajki
6168:ka yawi
6011:valency
5954:oblique
5950:patient
5922:(also:
5895:(also:
5728:prefix
5646:prefix
5621:-tawan-
5617:tawan-i
5608:-panul-
5579:-kalak-
5561:suffix
5528:-shini-
5496:-kelun-
5457:valency
5052:subject
4942:are fat
4928:are fat
4884:are fat
4862:Carlos
4755:kiwikak
4737:nitemuk
4669:. When
4539:anyawit
4514:tiajket
4497:Plural
4486:ma wiki
4471:ma yawi
4456:tiwalaj
4421:niwalaj
4401:ma niaw
4360:'come'
4326:ma -kwi
4312:'take'
4303:ma -kwa
4280:ma wiki
4266:'come'
4155:'have'
4105:ma -ina
4085:'hide'
3896:ma panu
3876:'pass'
3861:ma kuch
3791:wan et.
3777:wan et.
3682:Kilwij
3631:perfect
3573:-tuskia
3539:Future
3427:Nuteku
3406:(Naja)
3365:(Naja)
3336:tichuka
3324:Nuteku
3277:ma panu
3160:Plural
3137:ma panu
3030:Person
3027:Number
2902:Plural
2839:Suffix
2836:Prefix
2833:Suffix
2830:Prefix
2827:Person
2824:Number
2788:kin(h)-
2746:Plural
2690:Object
2681:Person
2678:Number
2652:subject
2582:'under'
2544:(i)jpak
2540:nu-jpak
2481:'chez'
2320:'never'
2255:'when?'
2223:'what?'
2221:tey/tay
2202:'later'
2200:nemanha
2194:kwakuni
2172:ijkiuni
2154:'there'
2130:yaja ne
2084:yejemet
2072:tejemet
2054:'I/me'
2045:Plural
1913:-i-kshi
1900:-nu-ish
1862:-kune-w
1834:nu-pal-
1740:-mistun
1684:or the
1615:Plural
1516:se iyak
1483:'your'
1477:'your'
1425:i-eltiw
1359:'three'
1317:se(j)se
1249:ki-ajwa
1219:taketza
1198:aj-apan
1188:kaj-kal
1180:'cats'
1143:lexical
1116:pepesca
1018:shiawa!
991:(from *
958:(from *
918:phoneme
840:nu-teku
767:metz-ti
759:kwa-wit
753:'was',
749:'cat',
747:mis-tun
489:tinemi?
403:dialect
347:Liquids
225:Glottal
210:Palatal
26:in the
11697:Lojban
11687:Other
11645:Quenya
11594:Navajo
11569:Other
11530:Ojibwe
11525:Munsee
11459:Korean
11454:Evenki
11444:Other
11298:Telugu
11250:Herero
11210:Somali
11200:Kabyle
11188:Hebrew
11178:Arabic
11135:Basque
11130:Adyghe
11125:Abkhaz
11115:Other
11096:Uyghur
11076:Kyrgyz
11071:Kazakh
11063:Turkic
11048:Udmurt
11010:Uralic
10936:Nepali
10876:Pashto
10838:Slovak
10818:Polish
10785:Slavic
10762:Baltic
10702:French
10684:Italic
10630:Breton
10622:Celtic
10577:German
10550:Danish
10365:
10357:
10289:y (i)
10286:y (i)
10255:n (m)
10249:n (m)
10246:n (m)
10119:g, gu
9973:Lemus
9965:IRIN/
9909:mukawa
9874:wetzka
9869:wetzka
9859:kojtik
9854:kujtik
9835:-manuj
9805:takati
9769:pal ne
9765:tay ne
9761:kan ne
9735:kojtan
9730:kujtan
9725:kujtan
9715:-ilwia
9710:-ilwia
9656:te(su)
9615:nikcha
9607:-chiwa
9567:'who'
9528:kiunij
9450:in(h)-
9434:drawn.
9431:stress
9416:mistun
9395:voiced
9366:Izalco
9316:-chiwa
9304:pasear
9270:selek.
9254:brujaj
9212:me to
9175:afuera
9156:chupi.
9131:señora
9076:borrow
9045:tijlan
9003:'fly'
9001:patani
8995:tepus-
8981:'day'
8959:'cat'
8957:mistun
8909:techan
8903:kujtan
8885:'pig'
8877:kujtan
8863:'eye'
8814:-tukay
8770:-tzun-
8722:'one'
8648:'eel'
8549:Pejki
8516:-kwepa
8494:yultuk
8474:'put')
8472:-talia
8462:-chiwa
8442:(y)ek-
8434:'cut')
8398:eskisa
8390:'cut')
8319:'eat')
8307:'one'
8201:kwawit
8182:-kwepa
8162:'eye'
8116:-elpan
8061:water
7988:lexeme
7942:'boil'
7930:'burn'
7854:'ring'
7756:-mutia
7720:(for *
7714:-altia
7704:-talia
7676:-chiwa
7638:kalaki
7634:'kill'
7600:sese-k
7578:'song'
7518:agent
7496:ta-kwa
7430:siwa-t
7398:'lady'
7358:te-pal
7348:te-nan
7254:-na(j)
7246:'dead'
7196:kuku-k
7192:-kukua
7186:ista-k
7182:ista-t
7149:affix
7005:tikwa.
6827:N(i)an
6629:phasal
6341:Nawat.
6314:aspect
6281:nikita
6226:muwan.
5999:my son
5829:Middle
5738:Mu-kwa
5572:kalak-
5544:-tami-
5489:kelun-
5478:(tr.)
5436:drink
5177:begin
5117:sleep
5099:enter
5044:object
5038:Here,
4882:'They
4870:is fat
4854:'This
4850:Carlos
4828:Syntax
4616:prefix
4589:witzet
4584:yajket
4504:tiawit
4446:tiwitz
4441:tiajki
4436:ma shu
4411:niwitz
4406:niajki
4289:'eat'
4252:yajtuk
4241:yaw(i)
4175:ma -pi
4169:sh-tuk
4140:ma -ku
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