80:(Deutsch-Amerikanischer Zentral-Bund von Pennsylvanien), founded in 1899, provided the impetus for the formation of a national organization. On June 19, 1900, the Pennsylvania group, under the leadership of its president, Charles J. Hexamer, hosted a meeting in Philadelphia of representatives from German-American organizations in Maryland, Minnesota, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. This core group, chaired by Hexamer, subsequently organized a larger meeting in Philadelphia the following year, on October 6, during the celebration of what was known as
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it sought to bolster support for the offering of German-language instruction in public schools; it opposed restriction on immigration (a position that formed a tenet in its constitution); and it opposed the prohibition movement. The issue of prohibition rose to the status of a top priority at the NGAA convention in
Baltimore, in 1903. Although there was no connection at that time between the organization and
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traditions, music and character, and sought to "provide for the adequate representation of the German-American element in the public life of the United States." In 1923, it "aimed to prevent another war between this country and
Germany." The League was open only to US citizens who obligated themselves to vote if physically possible. It was headquartered in Chicago, where it published the weekly
176:, and its support of Germany, especially its practice of raising money for German war relief, led to its charter being revoked in 1918, following a Senate investigation. Congress passed a bill to revoke the charter in July, and President Wilson signed the measure into law on August 31. Under political pressure from all sides, the NGAA had already folded in April 1918.
621:
National German-American
Alliance: Hearings before the Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, sixty-fifth Congress, second session, on S. 3529, a bill to repeal the act entitled "An act to incorporate the National German-American Alliance," approved February 25, 1907:
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Besides its primary activities focusing on the preservation of German culture in the United States, the NGAA had by 1903 also begun to venture into political issues affecting German
Americans and German-American culture, while refraining from endorsing particular political candidates. Specifically,
87:
The original delegates were primarily people of higher educational and social classes, and were from diverse professional backgrounds, including education, business, and the arts. In general the organization drew its initial support from intellectual elites, with no discernible presence of groups
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and other dry organizations recognized the unique opportunity presented to them by the anti-German sentiment, and mobilized to attack the vulnerable position of native German brewers in
American society. With increased frequency the Anti-Saloon League played on public opinion to question the
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A later organization known as the German
American Citizens League of the United States (Deutschamerikanischer BĂĽrgerbund der Vereinigten Staaten) considered itself a successor to the NGAA, and shared many of the same goals. Like the NGAA, the League promoted the German language, literature,
163:
Cincinnati brewers and German-American societies combined to demonstrate the extent to which
Prohibition would harm the industry as well as the national economy. An October 1910 publication of the Deutsche Schutzen-Gesellschaft of Covington noted that the government received approximately $
79:
The formation of the NGAA was supported by existing state and local German-American organizations, as well as the German-American press. In particular, a state-level umbrella group of German-American organizations in
Pennsylvania, the German-American Central Alliance of Pennsylvania
341:
Johnson, p. 15. Johnson notes that membership statistics were imprecise and probably inflated, since they were based on the membership statistics of constituent organizations, without taking into account the fact that some individuals belonged to more than one
164:
80,000,000 in taxes from beer sales the year before. The clear implication was that the termination of such vital activity, involving over 1,500 breweries and 50,000 employees in the case of national prohibition, would have dire consequences for all involved.
84:, commemorating the arrival of the first German settlers in America. At that meeting, in 1901, the NGAA was officially founded by 39 delegates representing German-American organizations in 12 states and the District of Columbia.
112:, the journal was devoted to scholarship in German-American studies, including literary, linguistic, and cultural matters, and also published American-written articles in the general field of Germanics; it became known as
143:
As
American anti-German hysteria boiled over upon American entry into the war in 1917, brewing activity received considerable attention with regard to the possibility of disloyalty to the American war cause. The
103:
In 1901 the NGAA took an important step toward furthering its cultural goals with the founding of the
Philadelphia-based German American Historical Society, which together with the NGAA sponsored the journal
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dubbed "Puritanism against Liberalism." In the view of local Germans, the issue was a simple matter of freedom, one of particular importance to immigrants who had left behind an oppressive homeland.
56:
in America. At the peak of its growth, around 1916, the national organization had chapters in forty-five states, and the District of Columbia, and a membership of approximately 2.5 million people.
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loyalties of German brewers, shrewdly linking breweries to a list of institutions whose right to exist had been called into question in the midst of the growing anti-German hysteria.
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sentiment. The organization held events such as in Cincinnati on July 21, 1907, when the German-American Alliance held a public gathering at
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361:, section "Sponsor: National German-American Alliance" (National Park Service, Valley Forge National Historical Park), retrieved 2015-01-02.
241:
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During the first decade of the twentieth century the Cincinnati German-American community began a campaign to counter the rapid rise in
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appeared from January 1909 until February 1918. Some of the issues are available full-text online through Harvard University Library:
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In an atmosphere of rising anti-German sentiment, the NGAA’s outspokenness against prohibition, its stance for neutrality during
608:, including scans of the original 1909 edition, with accompanying English translations by Kriegbaum-Hanks. Retrieved 2015-01-02.
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had appeared since 1897. Full-text of nearly the complete run of the journal is available through HathiTrust digital library:
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The National German-American Alliance and its allies--pro-German brewers and liquor dealers: A disloyal combination
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432:, new series, vol. 3-17, 1905-1919. The remaining two volumes are available at the Internet Archive: new series,
604:(pp. 780–784). Philadelphia: National German-American Alliance. Online version from Susan Kriegbaum-Hanks,
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was elected its first president, and served until 1917. The mission of the NGAA was to "promote and preserve
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92:
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Grundsätze und Verfassung des Deutschamerikanischen Nationalbundes der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika.
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518:, section "Sponsor: National German-American Alliance." National Park Service. Retrieved 2007-09-04.
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St. Louis: B. Herder Book Co. 1924; republished Detroit: Gale Reference Company 1966; p.149
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Mitteilungen des Deutsch-Amerikanischen National-Bundes der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika
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638:(Ms. Coll. 58), archival collection at the German Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
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as its official organ. Edited by Marion Dexter Learned, a professor of German at the
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instruction in school, the foundation of educational societies, including the
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The Germans in Missouri, 1900-1918: Prohibition, Neutrality, and Assimilation
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67:, and the publication of histories and journals to demonstrate "the role
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Culture at Twilight: The National German-American Alliance, 1901-1918.
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The National German-American Alliance of the United States of America
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Culture at Twilight: The National German-American Alliance, 1901-1918
355:. New York: Humanity Books. p. 262-268. Quoted in: Gomez, Andrea,
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Effect of prohibition: An argument on the errors of prohibition.
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Becoming Old Stock: The Paradox of German-American Identity.
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Society for German American Studies. Retrieved 2007-09-04.
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Society for German American Studies. Retrieved 2007-09-04.
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In 1909 the NGAA began to issue its own monthly bulletin,
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Princeton University Press. p. 130. Retrieved 2007-09-04.
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had played in the development of the United States."
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ed. Thernstrom, S. Harvard University Press. p. 423.
285:"Syllabus for German Immigrant Culture in America."
48:in America"; it essentially sought to resist the
625:(1918). United States General Publishing Office.
616:(1918). Westerville, OH: American Issue Pub. Co.
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482:
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88:such as farmers, craftsmen, or factory workers.
538:Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups,
490:"The Wayback Machine has not archived that URL"
636:Guide to the National German-Alliance records
116:beginning in 1903, and continued until 1919.
32:associations in the United States founded in
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692:1918 disestablishments in the United States
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59:A professional movement, the NGAA promoted
551:A Dictionary of Secret and other Societies
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568:The German-Americans in Politics, 1914-17
247:Nativism (politics) in the United States
214:The German element in the United States.
208:Missouri and Southern Illinois Division.
677:German-American culture in Pennsylvania
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577:(University of Missouri Press, 1985).
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662:Organizations disestablished in 1918
242:German language in the United States
687:1901 establishments in Pennsylvania
536:Conzen, K.N. (1980). "Germans," in
226:Deutschamerikanischer Nationalbund.
91:The NGAA was given a United States
26:Deutschamerikanischer National-Bund
187:Deutschamerikanische BĂĽrgerzeitung
138:United States Brewers' Association
65:German American Historical Society
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657:Organizations established in 1901
602:Das Buch der Deutschen in Amerika
18:National German-American Alliance
303:Johnson, Charles Thomas (1999).
351:Tolzmann, Don Heinrich (2000).
266:"A German-American Chronology."
353:The German-American Experience
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682:German-American organizations
570:(1939) focus on the Alliance.
307:. New York: Peter Lang. p. 3.
127:Political issues, prohibition
428:, vol. 1-4, 1897-1902; and
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622:February 23-April 13, 1918
391:Johnson (1999), p. 10, 15.
316:Kazal, Russell A. (2004).
110:University of Pennsylvania
514:Gomez, Andrea (undated).
465:Johnson (1999), p. 17-19.
409:Johnson (1998), p. 12-13.
400:Kazal (2004), p. 134-135.
189:. It also published the
672:German-American history
527:Johnson (1999), p. 158.
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449:Johnson (1999), p. 14.
440:. Retrieved 2015-06-08.
370:Johnson (1999), p. 7-9.
28:), was a federation of
582:Johnson, C.T. (1999).
566:Child, Clifton James.
430:German American Annals
114:German-American Annals
40:, on October 6, 1901.
667:Ethnicity in politics
474:Johnson (1999), p. 22
382:Johnson (1999), p. 9.
93:congressional charter
516:von Stueben Monument
358:Von Steuben Monument
42:Charles John Hexamer
652:Patriotic societies
426:Americana Germanica
419:Americana Germanica
217:New England Branch.
106:Americana Germanica
99:Cultural activities
324:2007-10-17 at the
290:2007-09-12 at the
271:2007-10-02 at the
146:Anti-Saloon League
573:Detjen, David W.
134:brewing companies
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586:Peter Lang.
174:World War I
154:prohibition
646:Categories
500:28 January
253:References
82:German Day
24:; German:
180:Successor
95:in 1907.
322:Archived
288:Archived
269:Archived
231:See also
220:(1912)
211:(1912)
202:(1908)
75:History
54:Germans
436:, and
168:Demise
502:2013
22:NGAA
16:The
52:of
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20:(
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