277:
been ineffective in transforming the divisive tendencies of
Rwandans, especially in their selectivity of what truth will be told. Janine Natalya Clark argues in her article "National Unity and Reconciliation in Rwanda: A Flawed Approach?" that the attempts of the NURC to glaze over Hutu and Tutsi identities and favor a uniform "Banyarwanda" identity undermines the effectiveness of the Commission to achieve true reconciliation and unity. Susan M. Thomson argues that attempts at reconciliation have been too narrow, in that they have further marginalized the ethnic Twa living in Rwanda, by presenting a narrative of genocide and reconciliation which is ignorant to this segment of the Rwandan population. Some other barriers to reconciliation encountered in Rwanda are the refusal of many perpetrators to admit to the crimes they committed during the conflict, and the inability of surviving family members to reconcile without the recovery of their loved ones' bodies.
140:
Executive
Secretary, an Administrative Assistant to the Executive Secretary, a Division Manager, an Administrative Assistant to Division Manager, Unity & Regional Identity Coordinators for the Northern, Southern, Eastern, and Western provinces, as well as one for Kigali City (five Coordinators in total), an Internal Auditor, a Procurement Officer, a Communication and Community Outreach Specialist, a Legal Affairs Officer, a Partnership and Capacity Building Specialist, a Unity and Reconciliation Research & Monitoring Specialist, a Human Resources Management & Capacity Development Specialist, a Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Officer, a Director of Finance and Administration, two Unity and Reconciliation Research & Monitoring Specialists, an International Criminal Tribunal Officer, an Accountant, a Peace Building Specialist, a Budget Officer, and a Secretary in Central Secretariat.
269:
The
Commission also acknowledges the responsibility of the current government to do so on the behalf of the government in power during the Genocide, both in terms of the national debt incurred for genocidal purposes, and the destruction of individuals' property. Some solutions to these issues proposed in the publication include the posting of a report listing the names of people owing debts for destroyed property (with an indication of whether the debt is outstanding based on refusal or incapacity to repay the debt,) as well as the possibility of repaying debts by means other than financially (e.g. building houses). A third suggestion is to solicit funds to repay debts from the international community, in acknowledging the role of the international community in the conflict.
273:
still-growing population, and a lack of employment for a generally low-skilled labor force are all contributing factors to the economic struggle which stands in the way of reconciliation. Proposed suggestions to regulate these issues include a shift from the agrarian-based economy to a knowledge-based economy, increased agricultural productivity, the creation of at least 200,000 new jobs annually, reforming education, encouraging vocational training, promoting technological skills, stimulating entrepreneurship with access to financing, and expanding the country's markets both within the continent and across the globe.
261:, the NURC acknowledges four major hindrances to its attempts at unity and reconciliation. The first is identified as "genocide ideology, divisionism , and denial," which the Commissioners note, prevails especially with the elderly and youth. They acknowledge that the legacy of hatred is not easily erased, and the persisting ideologies still cause conflict in Rwanda today. The proposed solution is one of re-education, as with the Ingando and the Itorero ry'Igihugu, for example, and the denouncement of hate speech and other forms of discrimination, as with the anti-discrimination law passed in 2001.
218:, in order to try some of the 120,000 people who had been arrested since 1994 in relation to the Genocide. The goals of the Gacaca courts are “to enable truth-telling,” “to promote reconciliation,” “to eradicate the culture of impunity,” “to speed up the trial of genocide suspects,” and “to demonstrate Rwanda’s own problem-solving capacity.” These courts "encourage offenders to confess, to express public apology, and to offer reparations, thereby facilitating the reintegration of perpetrators back into Rwandan society."
191:
with the concept of
Itorero ry'Igihugu. Igando camps have also been used for the reintegration of former offenders associated with the Genocide, including former members of the armed forces and provisionally-released prisoners. Camps typically last from one to three months, but duration varies depending on the reason for a participant’s attendance. The practice is said to be rooted in Rwandan history, as a tradition of taking a break from society to reflect on serious issues of common concern to the community.
32:, with the eventual goal of reunifying the country’s citizens. The passage of the Government of National Unity Law No. 03/99 provided for the establishment of the National Unity and Reconciliation Commission, which became a permanent body in 2002, and continues its function to the present day. As its name suggests, the Commission is intended to promote unity and reconciliation amongst the former opponents present in the Rwandan population.
240:
on. In so doing, the activities associated with
Umuganda encourage reconciliation by bringing together former opponents to work on constructive tasks which, in turn, promote national reconstruction. It is a recurring activity, taking place on the last Saturday of every month (though communities can decide to do it more often, if they wish). It lasts for three hours, and is mandatory for all able persons aged 18 to 65.
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development programmes (a responsibility of the organizing institutions, associations, and organizations, as well as a responsibility of the media to disseminate the information), and that the
Ministry of Education speed up the integration of civic education into primary and secondary school curricula. The NURC also recommends (among others): haste in the establishment of
272:
The fourth and final hindrance acknowledged in the publication is "poverty and socioeconomic inequality," which the
Commission equally acknowledges was also a "contributing trigger/factor" to the Genocide itself. A dependence on foreign aid and goods, a lack of available land for generally young and
130:
Unlike its predecessor, the
International Commission of Investigation on Human Rights Violations in Rwanda since October 1, 1990, the focus of this Commission is on reconciling Rwandan society into a unified, peaceful nation. While it does acknowledge the events of the past, its primary focus is not
276:
Other scholarly criticism has also arisen regarding the approaches to reconciliation by the NURC. Denise
Bentrovato, in her article "Accounting for Genocide: Transitional Justice, Mass (Re)Education and the Pedagogy of Truth in Present-day Rwanda," argues that efforts at re-education in Rwanda have
239:
was revived by the
Rwandan government in 1998, but was only institutionalized with laws passed in 2007 and 2009. The aim of this initiative is to use the resources of the community to foster growth in the community, through activities such as tree planting, building houses, schools, clinics, and so
156:
often do; instead, the NURC has issued several annual reports, many of which are based on the proceedings of conferences held since the early 2000s. One such report was the "Report on the Evaluation of National Unity and Reconciliation" which was published in November 2001. Official publications by
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The National Unity and Reconciliation Commission's mission statement is as follows: "To promote unity, reconciliation, and social cohesion among Rwandans and build a country in which everyone has equal rights and contributing to good governance." As of August 2008, the Commission's responsibilities
67:
on April 6, 1994. What followed was what is commonly known as the Rwandan genocide, which resulted in the deaths of at least 800,000 Rwandans, the majority of whom were Tutsi, but also included several moderate Hutu. The end of the Genocide is marked by the RPF taking control of the country on July
268:
The third hindrance is a "problem with the compensation of properties looted destroyed." Generally, the approach to this issue has been to oblige perpetrators to repay their victims for damages incurred, which has proven to be problematic due to outright refusals, or a lack of resources to do so.
190:
Ingando are solidarity camps held across Rwanda as a means of reconciliation through civic education and cooperation. Women, local leaders, and youth ranging from childhood to prospective university students are specifically targeted for solidarity camps. Solidarity camps have also been associated
169:
The report lists indicators of harmonious coexistence, indicators of division, and recommendations from the population. In consideration for the information provided by the aforementioned consultations, the NURC recommends that the population be given more transparent explanations of and access to
165:
This report provides information on the "Nationwide Consultations on Unity and Reconciliation" held from April to June 2001, in every Rwandan province except Gisenyi, as well as provincial consultations held on November 23, 2001. These consultations were intended as a "litmus test" to evaluate the
143:
The Commission is subdivided into three departments: the Department of Civic Education, the Department of Peace Building and Conflict Management, and the Department of Administration and Finance. It is primarily funded by foreign governments, though funding for some activities also comes from the
199:
Another practice rooted in traditional Rwandan education, these events are intended to promote cultural values associated with reconciliation and efforts to move forward as a nation united by common goals, such as the prevention of HIV/AIDS, the encouragement of gender equality, the awareness of
226:
Abunzi employs mediators in local justice, as a first step in conflict resolution. Wherever possible, the mediation of the Abunzi is meant to resolve conflicts before there is a need for the involvement of judicial courts. This Rwandan tradition was revived by the country’s government in 2006.
139:
The Commission consists of a Council of Commissioners composed of twelve Rwandan commissioners (including a President and Vice-President), and a Permanent Secretariat composed of twenty-six members. The roles fulfilled by these members are as follows: an Executive Secretary, an Advisor to the
248:
Also known as the “One Cow Per Poor Family” Program, Girinka "aims at ending malnutrition, poverty, and strengthening social cohesion.” It was set up in 2006 under the government of President Kagame. Poor families are provided with one heifer each, which in turn provides them with milk for
72:, which made some progress toward reconciliation, but was sidelined by the 1994 Genocide. The National Unity and Reconciliation Commission was established in March 1999 as per the Government of National Unity Law No. 03/99, in order to promote reconciliation between the two opposing sides.
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43:, and are not associated with the Commission or its objectives. The work of this Commission also should not be confused with that of the International Panel of Eminent Personalities to Investigate the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda and the Surrounding Events created by the
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Along the same lines, the second hindrance identified by the NURC is one of "fresh wounds" and "memories of divisions and genocide" felt through generations of perpetrators and survivors, which the NURC is attempting to deal with through its various activities.
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Gacaca is a traditional Rwandan form of communal justice, whereby local judges are elected by the community to preside over court proceedings. The tradition was revived in 2003 under the presidency of
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59:(RPF) took on Rwandan government forces in a brutal Civil War fueled by ethnic tensions between the Hutu and Tutsi peoples. Conflict appeared to have ended with a ceasefire in July 1992, and the
1202:
1310:
602:"Refworld | Rwanda: Information on ingando camps, including organization, structure, programs and participation; instances of human rights violations in the camps (2010-November 2014)"
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sustenance, manure for fertilizer, and a varied source of income. As of 2015, 203,000 families had benefited from the program, while the goal was to reach 350,000 families by 2017.
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The Commission has a particular focus on homegrown initiatives based in Rwandan history and culture to promote unity and reconciliation. The following are a few such initiatives.
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court jurisdictions, development programmes, a Compensation Fund, and legislature condemning corruption as well as legislature related to land ownership. Great
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To carry out research, organize debates, disseminate ideas and make publications on the promotion of peace, and the unity and reconciliation of Rwandans;
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progress of unity and reconciliation in Rwanda, and to receive recommendations from the population on how efforts at reconciliation could be improved.
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Bentrovato, Denise (2017-06-16). "Accounting for genocide: transitional justice, mass (re)education and the pedagogy of truth in present-day Rwanda".
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in 1998. It is also distinct from the National Commission for the Fight against Genocide, which was established by the Rwandan government in 2007.
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39:(ICTR) is associated with the National Unity and Reconciliation Commission. On the contrary, the ICTR and its prosecutions are initiatives of the
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Monitor how public institutions, leaders and the population in general comply with the National Unity and reconciliation policy and principle
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To denounce and fight actions, publications, and utterances that promote any kind of division and discrimination, intolerance and xenophobia;
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To make an annual report and other reports that may be deemed necessary, on the level of attainment of national unity and reconciliation;
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environmental change and impact, and the combat of genocidal ideologies. Itorero ry'Igihugu typically targets youth.
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Establish and promote mechanisms for restoring and strengthening the Unity and Reconciliation of Rwandans;
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Since the Commission became a permanent body in 2002, it has not issued a formal, final report as other
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Clark, Janine Natalya (April 2010). "National unity and reconciliation in Rwanda: A flawed approach?".
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Unity and Reconciliation Process in Rwanda: 22 Years after the 1994 Genocide Perpetrated against Tutsi
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Unity and Reconciliation Process in Rwanda—22 years after the 1994 Genocide perpetrated against Tutsi
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To prepare and coordinate the national programs aimed at promoting national unity and reconciliation;
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International Commission of Investigation on Human Rights Violations in Rwanda since October 1, 1990
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Thomson, Susan M. (2009-08-17). "Ethnic Twa and Rwandan National Unity and Reconciliation Policy".
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Amstutz, Mark R. (Summer 2006). "Is Reconciliation Possible After Genocide?: The Case of Rwanda".
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To educate, sensitize and mobilize the population in areas of national unity and reconciliation;
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24:(NURC) in order to work towards a reconciliation of the conflicting parties involved in the
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signed August 4, 1993, but quickly reignited after the assassination of Rwandan President
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Reed, Wm. Cyrus (1996). "Exile, Reform, and the Rise of the Rwandan Patriotic Front".
356:. Cruden, Alex. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press/Gale, Cengatge Learning. 2010.
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To propose measures and actions that can contribute to the eradication of divisionism
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1, 1994. Article 16 of the Arusha Accords had provided for the establishment of the
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425:"UN tribunal for Rwandan genocide commutes convicts' life sentence on appeal"
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768:. Sriram, Chandra Lekha, 1971-, Pillay, Suren. Oxford: James Currey. 2010.
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Peace versus justice? : the dilemma of transitional justice in Africa
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916:"Reparation, concealing information cited as barriers to reconciliation"
891:. National Unity and Reconciliation Commission. 2016. pp. 157–167.
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813:"Local conflict resolution in Rwanda: The case of abunzi mediators"
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Report on the Evaluation of National Unity and Reconciliation, 2001
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Republic of Rwanda: Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources
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679:"Report on the Evaluation of National Unity and Reconciliation"
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United Nations, as well as from local and international NGOs.
862:"Rwanda: Parliament passes anti-discrimination law - Rwanda"
1436:
Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira
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the NURC are available through the Commission's website.
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among Rwandans and reinforce unity and reconciliation;
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404:National Commission for the Fight Against Genocide
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658:National Unity and Reconciliation Commission
629:"One Cow per Poor Family Pro-gram "GIRINKA""
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55:From October 1990 to July 1992, the
35:A common misconception is that the
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1752:Aftermath of the Rwandan genocide
1777:Truth and reconciliation reports
1318:Yugoslavia (Federal Republic of)
1148:Democratic Republic of the Congo
334:United States Institute of Peace
257:In a 2016 publication entitled
41:United Nations Security Council
1400:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa
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1772:1999 establishments in Rwanda
1762:Organisations based in Rwanda
954:10.1080/03050068.2017.1317997
811:Mutisi, Martha (2018-10-31).
454:Journal of Church & State
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253:Challenges and criticism
1631:Rwandan genocide denial
1551:Rwandan Patriotic Front
1410:Belgian colonial empire
841:Rwanda Governance Board
713:"Home Grown Approaches"
573:"Permanent Secretariat"
57:Rwandan Patriotic Front
1713:Double genocide theory
1692:Kwibuka T20 Tournament
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1556:International response
920:The New Times | Rwanda
796:: CS1 maint: others (
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817:activity.scar.gmu.edu
135:Structure and funding
51:Historical background
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741:"Itorero ry'igihugu"
466:10.1093/jcs/48.3.541
354:The Rwandan genocide
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1566:Opération Turquoise
65:Juvénal Habyarimana
1619:Massacres of Hutus
1415:Rwandan Revolution
686:Texas ScholarWorks
195:Itorero ry’Igihugu
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1405:Kingdom of Rwanda
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523:"Mission of NURC"
298:"NURC Background"
235:The tradition of
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1492:Perpetrators
1471:Musha Church
1258:South Africa
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1263:South Korea
1238:Philippines
1173:El Salvador
846:October 31,
722:October 30,
663:October 31,
654:"Documents"
638:October 31,
582:October 30,
557:October 30,
532:October 30,
307:October 11,
216:Paul Kagame
1746:Categories
1462:Massacres
1458:Chronology
1420:Hutu Power
1388:Background
1306:Greensboro
1118:Bangladesh
926:2018-11-20
871:2018-10-31
837:"Umuganda"
822:2018-10-31
751:2018-10-31
611:2018-10-31
435:2018-10-12
400:"Overview"
339:2018-10-12
281:References
178:Activities
20:began its
1597:Aftermath
1476:Nyarubuye
1286:2005–2008
1281:2001–2005
1268:Sri Lanka
1213:Mauritius
1193:Guatemala
1161:2003–2011
1156:1990–1991
1113:Argentina
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16:In 1999,
1665:Bisesero
1544:Response
1143:Colombia
606:Refworld
237:Umuganda
231:Umuganda
28:and the
1685:Nyamata
1680:Ntarama
1675:Murambi
1529:Kangura
1501:by the
1466:Gikondo
1298:Ukraine
1293:Tunisia
1218:Morocco
1208:Liberia
1183:Germany
1168:Ecuador
1123:Bolivia
1105:Country
429:UN News
244:Girinka
186:Ingando
76:Mandate
1670:Kigali
1583:UNAMIR
1561:France
1446:Events
1273:Taiwan
1243:Rwanda
1228:Panama
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1223:Nepal
1203:Kenya
1198:Haiti
1188:Ghana
1052:S2CID
1009:S2CID
966:S2CID
682:(PDF)
505:S2CID
497:JSTOR
1503:ICTR
1483:Rape
1233:Peru
1178:Fiji
1138:Chad
1044:ISSN
1001:ISSN
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848:2018
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