457:
contain all instrument procedures. Also in this class are federal airways, airspace beginning at either 700 or 1,200 feet above ground level (AGL) used to transition to and from the terminal or en route environment, and en route domestic and offshore airspace areas designated below 18,000 feet MSL. Unless designated at a lower altitude, Class E airspace begins at 14,500 MSL over the United States, including that airspace overlying the waters within 12 NM of the coast of the 48 contiguous states and Alaska, up to but not including 18,000 feet MSL, and the airspace above FL 600. Class E has control services available but VFR pilots are not required to make any contact with ATC unlike other controlled airspace.
564:
imposed upon aircraft operations that are not a part of those activities, or both. Restricted areas denote the existence of unusual, often invisible, hazards to aircraft (e.g., artillery firing, aerial gunnery, or guided missiles). IFR flights may be authorized to transit the airspace and are routed accordingly. Penetration of restricted areas without authorization from the using or controlling agency may be extremely hazardous to the aircraft and its occupants. ATC facilities apply the following procedures when aircraft are operating on an IFR clearance (including those cleared by ATC to maintain VFR on top) via a route which lies within joint-use restricted airspace:
134:
680:
identified as IFR (IR), and VFR (VR), followed by a number. MTRs with no segment above 1,500 feet AGL are identified by four number characters (e.g., IR1206, VR1207). MTRs that include one or more segments above 1,500 feet AGL are identified by three number characters (e.g., IR206, VR207). IFR low altitude en route charts depict all IR routes and all VR routes that accommodate operations above 1,500 feet AGL. IR routes are conducted in accordance with IFR regardless of weather conditions. VFR sectional charts depict military training activities such as IR, VR, MOA, restricted area, warning area, and alert area information.
397:
439:
Although the configuration of each Class C area is individually tailored, the airspace usually consists of a surface area with a five NM radius, an outer circle with a ten NM radius that extends from 1,200 feet to 4,000 feet above the airport elevation, and an outer area. Each aircraft must establish two-way radio communications with the ATC facility providing air traffic services prior to entering the airspace and thereafter maintain those communications while within the airspace.
698:) is issued to designate a TFR. The NOTAM begins with the phrase "FLIGHT RESTRICTIONS" followed by the location of the temporary restriction, effective time period, area defined in statute miles, and altitudes affected. The NOTAM also contains the FAA coordination facility and telephone number, the reason for the restriction, and any other information deemed appropriate. The pilot should check the NOTAMs as part of flight planning.
47:
448:
the airspace is normally designed to contain the procedures. Arrival extensions for instrument approach procedures (IAPs) may be Class D or Class E airspace. Unless otherwise authorized, each aircraft must establish two-way radio communications with the ATC facility providing air traffic services prior to entering the airspace and thereafter maintain those communications while in the airspace.
492:
mixed use of airspace. The special use airspace depicted on instrument charts includes the area name or number, effective altitude, time and weather conditions of operation, the controlling agency, and the chart panel location. On
National Aeronautical Charting Group (NACG) en route charts, this information is available on one of the end panels. Special use airspace usually consists of:
601:
Otherwise, ATC reroutes or restricts nonparticipating IFR traffic. MOAs are depicted on sectional, VFR terminal area, and en route low altitude charts and are not numbered (e.g., "Camden Ridge MOA"). However, the MOA is also further defined on the back of the sectional charts with times of operation, altitudes affected, and the controlling agency.
1191:
766:
sectional charts and terminal area charts with a solid black line and altitudes for each segment. The Class D portion is charted with a blue segmented line. Participation in TRSA services is voluntary; however, pilots operating under VFR are encouraged to contact the radar approach control and take advantage of TRSA service.
430:(some Class B airspace areas resemble upside-down wedding cakes), and is designed to contain all published instrument procedures once an aircraft enters the airspace. An ATC clearance is required for all aircraft to operate in the area, and all aircraft that are so cleared receive separation services within the airspace.
765:
The primary airport(s) within the TRSA become(s) Class D airspace. The remaining portion of the TRSA overlies other controlled airspace, which is normally Class E airspace beginning at 700 or 1,200 feet and established to transition to/from the en route/terminal environment. TRSAs are depicted on VFR
724:
Since the events of
September 11, 2001, the use of TFRs has become much more common. There have been a number of incidents of aircraft incursions into TFRs, which have resulted in pilots undergoing security investigations and certificate suspensions. It is a pilot's responsibility to be aware of TFRs
609:
Alert areas are depicted on aeronautical charts with an "A" followed by a number (e.g., A-211) to inform nonparticipating pilots of areas that may contain a high volume of pilot training or an unusual type of aerial activity. Pilots should exercise caution in alert areas. All activity within an alert
447:
Class D airspace is generally airspace from the surface to 2,500 feet above the airport elevation (charted in MSL) surrounding those airports that have an operational control tower. The configuration of each Class D airspace area is individually tailored and when instrument procedures are published,
476:
Uncontrolled airspace or Class G airspace is the portion of the airspace that has not been designated as Class A, B, C, D, or E. It is therefore designated uncontrolled airspace by the ATC. Class G airspace extends from the surface to the base of the overlying Class E airspace. Although ATC has no
429:
Class B airspace is generally airspace from the surface to 10,000 feet MSL surrounding the nation's busiest airports in terms of airport operations or passenger enplanements. The configuration of each Class B airspace area is individually tailored, consists of a surface area and two or more layers
309:
Until the middle of the 20th century, which was considered the pioneering time of aviation, there were no fixed boundaries as to what was national airspace and when it became international airspace. Because of this, a kind of customary law applied at the time and most countries such as the United
664:
A service provided by facilities, which are located on the landing airport, have a discrete ground-to-air communication frequency or the tower frequency when the tower is closed, automated weather reporting with voice broadcasting, and a continuous ASOS/AWOS data display, other continuous direct
491:
Special use airspace or special area of operation (SAO) is the designation for airspace in which certain activities must be confined, or where limitations may be imposed on aircraft operations that are not part of those activities. Certain special use airspace areas can create limitations on the
456:
If the airspace is not Class A, B, C, or D, and is controlled airspace, then it is Class E airspace. Class E airspace extends upward from either the surface or a designated altitude to the overlying or adjacent controlled airspace. When designated as a surface area, the airspace is configured to
747:
Published VFR routes are for transitioning around, under, or through some complex airspace. Terms such as VFR flyway, VFR corridor, Class B airspace VFR transition route, and terminal area VFR route have been applied to such routes. These routes are generally found on VFR terminal area planning
563:
Restricted areas are areas where operations are hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft and contain airspace within which the flight of aircraft, while not wholly prohibited, is subject to restrictions. Activities within these areas must be confined because of their nature, or limitations may be
618:
CFAs contain activities, which, if not conducted in a controlled environment, could be hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft. The difference between CFAs and other special use airspace is that activities must be suspended when a spotter aircraft, radar, or ground lookout position indicates an
600:
MOAs consist of airspace with defined vertical and lateral limits established for the purpose of separating certain military training activities from IFR traffic. Whenever an MOA is being used, nonparticipating IFR traffic may be cleared through an MOA if IFR separation can be provided by ATC.
438:
Class C airspace is generally airspace from the surface to 4,000 feet above the airport elevation (charted in MSL) surrounding those airports that have an operational control tower, are serviced by a radar approach control, and have a certain number of IFR operations or passenger enplanements.
679:
MTRs are routes used by military aircraft to maintain proficiency in tactical flying. These routes are usually established below 10,000 feet MSL for operations at speeds in excess of 250 knots. Some route segments may be defined at higher altitudes for purposes of route continuity. Routes are
585:
Warning areas are similar in nature to restricted areas; however, the United States government does not have sole jurisdiction over the airspace. A warning area is airspace of defined dimensions, extending from 12 NM outward from the coast of the United States, containing activity that may be
780:
NSAs consist of airspace of defined vertical and lateral dimensions established at locations where there is a requirement for increased security and safety of ground facilities. Flight in NSAs may be temporarily prohibited by regulation under the provisions of Title 14 of the Code of
Federal
196:
Working definitions range from about 30 km (19 mi)—the extent of the highest aircraft and balloons—to about 160 km (100 mi)—approximately the lowest extent of short-term stable orbits (The satellite Lixing-1 had a stable orbit with an apogee of 140 km (87 mi) for three days). The
310:
Kingdom or the United States considered airspace as international from about 13,000 feet. However, this only applied in times of peace and if it was to the advantage of the states, there was no clear demarcation of the airspace question until the 1950s when the Kármán line was defined.
912:
586:
hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft. The purpose of such areas is to warn nonparticipating pilots of the potential danger. A warning area may be located over domestic or international waters or both. The airspace is designated with a "W" followed by a number (e.g., W-237).
236:
also uses this definition to describe as "commercial astronauts" persons who are only passengers on such flights. Nonetheless, both the Kármán line and the U.S. definition are merely working benchmarks, without any real legal authority over matters of national sovereignty.
192:
There is no international agreement on the vertical extent of sovereign airspace, although "most states use a 100-kilometre threshold – the so-called 'Kármán Line' – to define the start of Space" and therefore the legal distinction between airspace and outer space.
526:
Prohibited areas contain airspace of defined dimensions within which the flight of aircraft is prohibited. Such areas are established for security or other reasons associated with the national welfare. Prohibited areas in the United States are published in the
375:
Controlled airspace is a generic term that covers the different classifications of airspace and defined dimensions within which air traffic control (ATC) service is provided in accordance with the airspace classification. Controlled airspace consists of:
576:
Restricted areas are charted with an "R" followed by a number (e.g., R-4401) and are depicted on the en route chart appropriate for use at the altitude or FL being flown. Restricted area information can be obtained on the back of the chart.
905:
568:
If the restricted area is not active and has been released to the
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the ATC facility allows the aircraft to operate in the restricted airspace without issuing specific clearance for it to do
477:
authority or responsibility to control air traffic, pilots should remember there are visual flight rules (VFR) minimums which apply to Class G airspace, and that flight over private property should not be presumed valid.
172:
However, a country may, by international agreement, assume responsibility for controlling parts of international airspace, such as those over the oceans. Such airspace in respect of which a country is responsible under the
335:
doctrine that private property rights extend indefinitely upwards, instead ruling that they end 300 feet above the highest terrain (including buildings), the lower limit of the "public highway" defined by
Congress in the
421:(NM) (~13.8 miles, 22.2 km) of the coast of the 48 contiguous states and Alaska. Unless otherwise authorized, all operation in Class A airspace is conducted under instrument flight rules (IFR).
610:
area shall be conducted in accordance with regulations, without waiver, and pilots of participating aircraft, as well as pilots transiting the area, shall be equally responsible for collision avoidance.
181:(FIR). For a coastal state, the FIR consists of the airspace above its land and sea territory plus any international airspace in respect of which ICAO has assigned responsibility to that state.
762:
TRSAs are areas where participating pilots can receive additional radar services. The purpose of the service is to provide separation between all IFR operations and participating VFR aircraft.
372:
Airspace may be further subdivided into a variety of areas and zones, including those where there are either restrictions on flying activities or complete prohibition of flying activities.
1181:
165:
as being 12 nautical miles (22.2 km) out from a nation's coastline. Airspace not within any country's territorial limit is considered international, analogous to the "
57:
572:
If the restricted area is active and has not been released to the FAA, the ATC facility issues a clearance which ensures the aircraft avoids the restricted airspace.
365:
has some form of positive executive control over aircraft flying in that airspace (however, air traffic control does not necessarily control traffic operating under
141:(FAA) of the United States provides air traffic control services over U.S. territory and over international waters where it has been delegated such authority by the
810:
198:
161:
By international law, a state "has complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above its territory", which corresponds with the maritime definition of
781:
Regulations (14 CFR) part 99, and prohibitions are disseminated via NOTAM. Pilots are requested to voluntarily avoid flying through these depicted areas.
184:
For instance, the United States provides air traffic control services over a large part of the
Pacific Ocean, even though the airspace is international.
174:
142:
619:
aircraft might be approaching the area. There is no need to chart CFAs since they do not cause a nonparticipating aircraft to change its flightpath.
906:"The Legal Principles Governing the Control of National Airspace and Flight Information Regions and their Application to the Eastern Mediterranean"
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533:
and are depicted on aeronautical charts. The area is charted as a "P" followed by a number (e.g., P-49). Examples of prohibited areas include
739:
aircraft operations are published in the
Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD). Sites that are used frequently are depicted on sectional charts.
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880:
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Prevent an unsafe congestion of sightseeing aircraft above an incident or event, which may generate a high degree of public interest.
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regulates the construction and marking of structures taller than 200 feet near airports and 500 feet generally.
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627:"Other airspace areas" is a general term referring to the majority of the remaining airspace. It includes:
775:
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299:
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117:
or, more generally, any specific three-dimensional portion of the atmosphere. It is not the same as
396:
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366:
362:
358:
353:
146:
125:
which is the general term for Earth's atmosphere and the outer space within the planet's vicinity.
726:
417:(FL) 600 (~11.4 miles, 18.3 km), including the airspace overlying the waters within 12
162:
114:
970:
Who Owns Outer Space?: International Law, Astrophysics, and the
Sustainable Development of Space
205:—at an altitude of 100 km (62 mi)—as the boundary between the Earth's atmosphere and
974:
853:
705:
Protect persons and property in the air or on the surface from an existing or imminent hazard.
246:
202:
937:
Harris, Alexandra; Harris, Ray (2006). "The need for air space and outer space demarcation".
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873:
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261:
409:
Class A airspace is generally the airspace from 18,000 feet (~3.4 miles, 5.5 km)
795:
153:
ATC services (mostly over land territory). The blue regions are where the U.S. provides
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Protect declared national disasters for humanitarian reasons in the State of Hawaii.
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17:
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118:
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in their proposed area of flight. One way to check is to visit the FAA website(
660:
Airspace class (United States) § Airport advisory/information service area
1036:
534:
332:
319:
221:
122:
31:
1173:
Federal
Aviation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (2008).
1009:
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Provide a safe environment for the operation of disaster relief aircraft.
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reading instruments, or manual observations available to the specialist.
232:
to personnel who have flown above 80 kilometres (50 mi), while the
110:
214:
213:
flew closer than 80 km (50 mi) over other nations, such as
852:(1st American ed.). New York: Frederick Fell, Inc. p. 29.
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U.S. airspace, as described in the
Aeronautical Information Manual
1232:
695:
132:
1247:
1194:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
690:
Federal Aviation Regulations § Temporary flight restrictions
220:
Another aspect of this demarcation issue is the definition of an
1266:"Airbus Proposes Blueprint For Integrating Autonomous Aviation"
717:
Protect the President, Vice President, or other public figures.
40:
287:
56:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1175:"Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge; FAA-H-8083-25A"
281:
149:
fee regions. The yellow regions are where the U.S. provides
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267:
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960:
720:
Provide a safe environment for space agency operations.
65:
325:
In the United States, the 1946 Supreme Court decision
290:
278:
270:
1180:. Flight Standard Services. pp. 14–2 to 14–16.
264:
121:
which is the expanse or space outside the Earth and
728:), and verify that there is not a TFR in the area.
284:
275:
1008:Sanz Fernández de Córdoba, Dr. S. (24 June 2004).
1111:"Pilot/Controller Glossary – VISUAL FLIGHT RULES"
701:Some of the purposes for establishing a TFR are:
318:The boundary between public airspace and private
109:is the portion of the atmosphere controlled by a
27:Portion of the atmosphere controlled by a country
874:"Convention on an International Civil Aviation"
811:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
1248:Worldwide Soaring Turnpoint Exchange: Airspace
1033:"'Space Weapons Ban: Thoughts on a New Treaty"
298:) is a proposed conventional boundary between
1079:"FAA Updates Airspace Obstructions Standards"
694:A flight data center (FDC) Notice to Airmen (
54:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
1010:"The 100 km Boundary for Astronautics"
177:(ICAO) for operational control is called a
1211:Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
973:. Cambridge University Press. p. 13.
361:exists where it is deemed necessary that
175:International Civil Aviation Organization
143:International Civil Aviation Organization
92:Learn how and when to remove this message
1012:. Fédération aéronautique internationale
395:
217:, without requesting permission first.
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157:ATC services over international waters.
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199:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
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1128:
1126:
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967:Byers, Michael; Boley, Aaron (2022).
400:Airspace classes in the United States
322:is defined by national or local law.
7:
1270:Aviation Week & Space Technology
1264:Graham Warwick (18 September 2018).
1093:"AIM Section 2. Controlled Airspace"
752:Terminal radar service areas (TRSAs)
1187:from the original on 30 April 2017.
684:Temporary flight restrictions (TFR)
113:above its territory, including its
886:from the original on 24 March 2012
732:Parachute jump aircraft operations
646:Terminal radar service area (TRSA)
640:Parachute jump aircraft operations
637:Temporary flight restriction (TFR)
25:
918:from the original on 21 June 2019
1189:
260:
45:
1216:Federal Aviation Administration
669:Military training routes (MTRs)
590:Military operation areas (MOAs)
541:in Washington, D.C., where the
505:Military operation areas (MOAs)
342:Federal Aviation Administration
234:Federal Aviation Administration
139:Federal Aviation Administration
951:10.1016/j.spacepol.2005.11.004
770:National Security Areas (NSAs)
614:Controlled firing areas (CFAs)
511:Controlled firing areas (CFAs)
1:
634:Military training route (MTR)
654:Local airport advisory (LAA)
649:National security area (NSA)
1250:(publicly contributed data)
1214:(FAA-H-8083-25C ed.).
758:Terminal radar service area
68:, discuss the issue on the
1308:
1218:. 17 July 2023. p. 4.
791:Index of aviation articles
773:
755:
687:
672:
657:
593:
556:
519:
484:
464:
413:(MSL) up to and including
351:
244:
29:
1064:Dictionary.com Unabridged
831:"AIM Chapter 3. Airspace"
367:visual flight rules (VFR)
179:Flight Information Region
1208:"Chapter 15: Airspace".
850:A Dictionary of Aviation
848:Wragg, David W. (1974).
596:Military operations area
338:Air Commerce Act of 1926
30:Not to be confused with
675:Military training route
547:Congressional buildings
369:within this airspace).
328:United States v. Causby
226:United States Air Force
776:National Security Area
631:Local airport advisory
401:
209:,. Indeed, descending
158:
467:Uncontrolled airspace
461:Uncontrolled airspace
399:
136:
1117:on 18 December 2014.
743:Published VFR routes
643:Published VFR routes
623:Other airspace areas
487:Special use airspace
481:Special use airspace
201:has established the
74:create a new article
66:improve this article
1287:Air traffic control
1243:AirSpace Technology
559:Restricted airspace
522:Prohibited airspace
363:air traffic control
359:Controlled airspace
354:Controlled airspace
348:Controlled airspace
169:" in maritime law.
145:. This map depicts
129:Horizontal boundary
1081:. 8 December 2015.
402:
314:Private air rights
300:Earth's atmosphere
163:territorial waters
159:
115:territorial waters
1031:White, Robert E.
188:Vertical boundary
102:
101:
94:
76:, as appropriate.
18:National airspace
16:(Redirected from
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1292:General aviation
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1113:. Archived from
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1035:. Archived from
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833:. Archived from
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553:Restricted areas
530:Federal Register
516:Prohibited areas
499:Restricted areas
496:Prohibited areas
472:Class G airspace
452:Class E airspace
443:Class D airspace
434:Class C airspace
425:Class B airspace
405:Class A airspace
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1233:open flightmaps
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1099:on 7 June 2014.
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605:Alert areas
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508:Alert areas
304:outer space
253:Kármán line
247:Kármán line
241:Kármán line
207:outer space
203:Kármán line
119:outer space
36:Outer space
1281:Categories
995:"Lixing 1"
945:(1): 3–7.
817:References
688:See also:
658:See also:
535:Camp David
333:common law
320:air rights
147:overflight
222:astronaut
167:high seas
123:aerospace
70:talk page
32:Aerospace
1182:Archived
913:Archived
881:Archived
785:See also
748:charts.
545:and the
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107:Airspace
82:May 2017
64:You may
1043:27 July
922:21 June
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392:Class E
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228:awards
155:oceanic
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