2406:, by Nove, Alexander. 1991. (P.176): "Nationalisation arouses no enthusiasm, in the minds of most socialists and anti-socialists. It would probably be agreed that hopes which reposed on nationalisation have been disappointed. Conservatives hold that this is due to defects inherent in nationalisation, that private enterprise based on private ownership is inherently superior. (Mrs Thatcher's government tried to ensure that this was so by preventing essential investments and ordering the nationalized industries to sell off their more successful undertakings.)...The original notion was that nationalization would achieve three objectives. One was to dispossess the big capitalists. The second was to divert the profits from private appropriation to the public purse. Thirdly, the nationalized sector would serve the public good rather than try to make private profits...To these objectives some (but not all) would add some sort of workers' control, the accountability of management to employees."
1923:
1909:
830:
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Nationalization may produce other effects, such as reducing competition in the marketplace, which in turn reduces incentives to innovation and maintains high prices. In the short run, nationalization can provide a larger revenue stream for government but may cause that industry to falter depending on
2391:
At the heart of its vision has been social or common ownership of the means of production. Common ownership and democratic control of these was far more central to the thought of the early socialists than state control or nationalization, which developed later. Nationalization in itself has nothing
1997:
Although sometimes undertaken as part of a strategy to build socialism, more commonly nationalization was also undertaken and used to protect and develop industries perceived as being vital to a nation's competitiveness (such as aerospace and shipbuilding), or to protect jobs in certain industries.
2033:
According to research by Paasha
Mahdavi, leaders who consider nationalization face a dilemma: "nationalize and reap immediate gains while risking future prosperity, or maintain private operations, thereby passing on revenue windfalls but securing long-term fiscal streams." He argues that leaders
2392:
particularly to do with socialism and has existed under non-socialist and anti-socialist regimes. Kautsky in 1891 pointed out that a 'co-operative commonwealth' could not be the result of the 'general nationalization of all industries' unless there was a change in 'the character of the state'
2097:
Due to political risks that are involved when countries engage in international business, it is important to understand the expropriation risks and laws within each of the countries in which business is conducted in order to understand the risks as an investor in that country.
2752:'The latter term, indeed, certainly is not perfect. First, it mixes "nation" ("whole") with the state, i.e. the ruling class. Second, it has shade of national states epoch. We keep it because it is absolutely rooted, though there are no logical grounds for its existence.'
2146:
Therein precisely lies the rub; for, so long as the propertied classes remain at the helm, nationalisation never abolishes exploitation but merely changes its form — in the French, American or Swiss republics no less than in monarchist
Central, and despotic Eastern,
2042:
Nationalization can have positive and negative effects. In 2019 research based on studies from
Greenwich University found that the nationalization of key services such as water, bus, railways and broadband in the United Kingdom could save ÂŁ13bn every year.
2025:
is in power. A re-nationalization process may also be called "reverse privatization". Nationalization has been used to refer to either direct state-ownership and management of an enterprise or to a government acquiring a large controlling share of a
2106:
Studies have found that nationalization follows a cyclical trend. Nationalization rose in the 1960s and 1970s, followed by an increase in privatization in the 80s and 90s, followed again by an increase in nationalization in the 2000s and 2010s.
2013:
is often a topic of political disagreement and makes frequent appearances in debates between political candidates. A 2020 poll shows that a majority (63%) of
Americans support a nationalized healthcare system.
1989:
for gradually transitioning to socialism. In this context, the goals of nationalization were to dispossess large capitalists, redirect the profits of industry to the public purse, and establish some form of
2086:
is the seizure of private property by a public agency for a purpose deemed to be in the public interest. It may also be used as a penalty for criminal proceedings. Expropriation differs from
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in that the property owner is not compensated for the seized property. Unlike eminent domain, expropriation may also refer to the taking of private property by a
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975:. Some nationalizations take place when a government seizes property acquired illegally. For example, in 1945 the French government seized the car-maker
908:. When previously nationalized assets are privatized and subsequently returned to public ownership at a later stage, they are said to have undergone
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in 1999, to internationally positive effect. Likewise, the Suez Canal was nationalized multiple times throughout history. In
Germany, the
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However, nationalization is not a specifically socialist strategy, and
Marxism's founders were skeptical of its value. As Engels put it:
2201:
2034:"nationalize extractive resources to extend the duration of their power" by using "this increased capital to secure political support."
1824:
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2005:, nationalization was supported by social democratic and democratic socialist parties throughout Western Europe, such as the British
1004:, which refers to the process of restructuring the economic framework, organizational structure, and institutions of an economy on a
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2328:"A majority in Berlin's election just voted to strip 240,000 rentals from major landlords and fight the city's housing crisis"
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1012:. Historically, states have carried out nationalizations for various different purposes under a wide variety of different
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A re-nationalization occurs when state-owned assets are privatized and later nationalized again, often when a different
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basis. By contrast, nationalization does not necessarily imply social ownership and the restructuring of the
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nationalize 2 : to invest control or ownership of in the national government
2816:
The
Corporate Governance of Banks – a concise discussion of concepts and evidence
2815:
956:), and in many jurisdictions such entities have no history of private ownership.
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Nationalization has had varying levels of support throughout history. After the
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entity authorized by a government to take property in certain situations.
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2447:
Power grab: political survival through extractive resource nationalization
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829:
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2360:
Alistair, Mason; Pyper, Hugh (21 December 2000). Hastings, Adrian (ed.).
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507:
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2642:
Avoiding
Expropriation and Managing Political Risk in Emerging Market
2509:"Nationalisation of public services could save ÂŁ13billion every year"
2062:
was nationalized in 2008 with positive revenue and net income since.
991:
635:
1994:
as a precursor to the establishment of a socialist economic system.
2837:
2732:, Vintage Books, A division of Random House, Inc., New York, 1999,
997:, many of which were being held unoccupied as investment property.
964:
885:
2654:
Chang, Roberto; Hevia, Constantino; Loayza, Norman (March 2018).
2127:. The term is also used to describe nationalization campaigns by
984:
945:
941:
2841:
2347:"Germany: Berlin locals vote to expropriate real estate giants"
2070:"Expropriation" redirects here. For the 1974 Chilean film, see
1981:
Nationalization was one of the major mechanisms advocated by
16:
Transfer of privately owned assets to the national government
2309:"Renault descendants demand payout for state confiscation"
971:
in that the government retains control of nationalized
912:. Industries often subject to nationalization include
2115:
The term appears as "expropriation of expropriators (
3674:
3648:
3603:
3218:
3175:
2988:
2877:
2054:by the Panamanian Government, which came under the
1000:Economists distinguish between nationalization and
2361:
2154:Letter from Engels to Max Oppenheim, 24 March 1891
884:) is the process of transforming privately owned
2144:
995:voted to expropriate over 240,000 housing units
888:into public assets by bringing them under the
2853:
2404:The Economics of Feasible Socialism Revisited
2047:the motivations of the nationalizing party.
1962:
854:
8:
2750:Economy of transition period, Chapter Seven
2860:
2846:
2838:
2656:"Privatization and Nationalization Cycles"
2307:Chrisafis, Angelique (December 14, 2011).
1969:
1955:
1027:
959:Nationalization may occur with or without
861:
847:
26:
2679:
2364:The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought
2050:Nationalization was employed towards the
2494:"Nationalization | economic policy"
967:. Nationalization is distinguished from
3615:International Trade Union Confederation
2278:
1795:International Trade Union Confederation
1039:
38:
3620:International Union of Socialist Youth
2707:A People's Tragedy: Russian Revolution
2606:"Lagebericht und Jahresabschluss 2021"
1800:International Union of Socialist Youth
7:
2439:
2437:
2009:. In the United States, potentially
2368:. Oxford University Press. p.
2202:List of nationalizations by country
1825:Network of Social Democracy in Asia
21:List of nationalizations by country
2804:Time for Permanent Nationalization
14:
2914:Internationalist–defencist schism
2345:Berry, Alex (26 September 2021).
2207:List of privatizations by country
1091:Internationalist–defencist schism
954:commanding heights of the economy
900:. Nationalization contrasts with
835:Business and economics portal
2979:
2794:The importance of public banking
2326:Winck, Ben (27 September 2021).
1935:
1921:
1907:
1047:
828:
2951:Reformist–revolutionary dispute
2287:"Definition of NATIONALIZATION"
2217:Nationalization of oil supplies
1128:Reformist–revolutionary dispute
2450:. Cambridge University Press.
1:
3205:Socialism of the 21st century
2806:by economist Fred Moseley in
2416:Jones, Bradley (2020-09-29).
1390:Socialism of the 21st century
730:Commons-based peer production
450:Socialism of the 21st century
3625:Party of European Socialists
3083:Negative and positive rights
2821:Davies, Albert Emil (1922).
2784:Resources in other libraries
2137:collectivization in the USSR
1805:Party of European Socialists
1258:Negative and positive rights
2613:Bundesdruckerei Gruppe GmbH
2537:Corporate Finance Institute
2028:publicly listed corporation
3779:
2507:Ellis, Mark (2019-11-24).
2076:
2069:
18:
3707:
3640:Young European Socialists
2977:
2779:Resources in your library
2672:10.1017/S1365100516000195
2630:. Routledge. p. 251.
2163:also criticised the term
2079:Alienation (property law)
1820:Young European Socialists
224:Socialist-oriented market
3038:Environmental protection
2628:Encyclopedia of the City
2444:Mahdavi, Paasha (2021).
2187:Constitutional economics
2011:nationalizing healthcare
1992:workers' self-management
1208:Environmental protection
3635:Socialist International
3110:Revolutionary socialism
2830:Encyclopædia Britannica
2824:"Nationalization"
2812:, January/February 2009
2237:Railway nationalization
1815:Socialist International
1285:Revolutionary socialism
979:because its owners had
969:property redistribution
3195:Evolutionary socialism
2660:Macroeconomic Dynamics
2167:, preferring the term
2158:
2056:Panama Canal Authority
1380:Evolutionary socialism
961:financial compensation
952:(sometimes called the
3130:Social market economy
3068:Left-wing nationalism
2894:Frankfurt Declaration
2626:Caves, R. W. (2004).
2456:10.1017/9781108781350
1305:Social market economy
1243:Left-wing nationalism
1071:Frankfurt Declaration
990:. In September 2021,
3630:Progressive Alliance
3185:Democratic socialism
2889:Age of Enlightenment
2796:, article on Indian
2730:Property and Freedom
1942:Socialism portal
1914:Economics portal
1810:Progressive Alliance
1370:Democratic socialism
1066:Age of Enlightenment
760:Newly industrialized
503:Collective ownership
364:Vertical archipelago
3485:Liebknecht (father)
2961:Revolutions of 1848
2809:Dollars & Sense
2422:Pew Research Center
2182:Compulsory purchase
1928:Politics portal
1675:Liebknecht (father)
1332:Structural violence
1223:Institutional abuse
1138:Revolutions of 1848
988:occupiers of France
983:with the 1940–1944
894:national government
745:Inclusive Democracy
3699:Types of socialism
3688:The Internationale
3120:Social corporatism
2971:Welfare capitalism
2586:www.britannica.com
2582:"Britannica Money"
2152:Friedrich Engels,
2125:October Revolution
1893:Types of socialism
1882:The Internationale
1295:Social corporatism
1148:Welfare capitalism
914:telecommunications
683:Material balancing
165:Buddhist economics
3730:
3729:
3200:Liberal socialism
3190:Ethical socialism
2966:Utopian socialism
2904:Godesberg Program
2899:French Revolution
2765:Library resources
2644:. Lexology. p. 1.
2533:"Nationalization"
2349:. Deutsche Welle.
2072:The Expropriation
2038:Economic analysis
1979:
1978:
1385:Liberal socialism
1375:Ethical socialism
1143:Utopian socialism
1081:Godesberg Program
1076:French Revolution
1024:Political support
1014:political systems
910:renationalization
871:
870:
381:By regional model
175:Sabbath economics
3770:
3763:Social democracy
3753:Economic systems
3722:Socialism portal
3712:Economics portal
3608:
3490:Liebknecht (son)
3255:Batlle y Ordóñez
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3053:Internationalism
3033:Environmentalism
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2870:Social democracy
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2833:(12th ed.).
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2161:Nikolai Bukharin
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2129:communist states
2003:Second World War
1987:social democrats
1971:
1964:
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1940:
1939:
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1911:
1680:Liebknecht (son)
1440:Batlle y Ordóñez
1327:Structural abuse
1228:Internationalism
1203:Environmentalism
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1041:Social democracy
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1018:economic systems
890:public ownership
863:
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591:Municipalization
576:Financialization
546:Collectivization
528:Social ownership
518:Private property
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470:Common ownership
284:Closed (autarky)
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219:Socialist market
204:Market socialist
40:Economic systems
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942:postal services
906:demutualization
882:British English
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785:Post-industrial
780:Post-capitalist
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2759:External links
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2666:(2): 331–361.
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2640:Flynn, Chris.
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611:Socialization
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606:Privatization
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586:Marketization
584:
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579:
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571:Expropriation
569:
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214:Participatory
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125:Social market
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120:Protectionist
118:
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100:Laissez-faire
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45:
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41:
37:
33:
29:
28:
25:
22:
3077:
3063:Labor rights
2946:Nordic model
2919:Keynesianism
2828:
2807:
2769:
2749:
2745:
2729:
2722:
2706:
2698:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2641:
2636:
2627:
2621:
2612:
2600:
2589:. Retrieved
2585:
2576:
2565:. Retrieved
2563:. 2006-11-06
2560:
2551:
2540:. Retrieved
2536:
2527:
2516:. Retrieved
2512:
2502:
2488:
2477:. Retrieved
2446:
2425:. Retrieved
2421:
2411:
2403:
2399:
2390:
2383:. Retrieved
2363:
2355:
2340:
2331:
2321:
2313:The Guardian
2312:
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2262:State sector
2192:Confiscation
2168:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2114:
2105:
2096:
2091:
2083:
2082:
2052:Panama Canal
2049:
2045:
2041:
2032:
2016:
2007:Labour Party
2000:
1996:
1980:
1933:
1919:
1905:
1252:
1238:Labor rights
1123:Nordic model
1096:Keynesianism
999:
981:collaborated
958:
922:fossil fuels
909:
877:
873:
872:
700:Peer-to-peer
695:Self-managed
630:Coordination
600:
566:Deregulation
251:Distributist
105:Mercantilist
24:
3157:Tripartisme
3152:Trade union
3058:Land reform
2939:Revisionist
2740:, page 214.
2169:statisation
1337:Trade union
1233:Land reform
1116:Revisionist
805:Traditional
755:Manorialism
750:Information
724:Other types
710:Open access
673:Cybernetics
415:Anglo-Saxon
400:Singaporean
359:Underground
354:Subsistence
259:Corporatist
234:Syndicalist
194:Communalist
80:Associative
74:By ideology
47:Major types
3737:Categories
3590:Woodsworth
3415:Hilferding
3275:Betancourt
3265:Ben-Gurion
3140:Capitalism
3115:Secularism
3048:Gradualism
3043:Fair trade
3011:Industrial
2681:10986/4227
2591:2024-09-15
2567:2024-09-15
2542:2021-09-29
2518:2020-01-06
2479:2020-03-12
2427:2024-09-15
2385:8 December
2274:References
2131:, such as
2077:See also:
1595:Hilferding
1460:Betancourt
1450:Ben-Gurion
1342:Tripartism
1315:Capitalism
1290:Secularism
1218:Gradualism
1213:Fair trade
1186:Industrial
810:Transition
770:Plantation
678:Indicative
540:Transition
390:East Asian
161:Religious
137:Democratic
110:Neoliberal
95:Democratic
85:Capitalist
53:Capitalism
19:See also:
3758:Ownership
3694:Socialism
3682:Communism
3649:By region
3595:Zhordania
3535:Plekhanov
3500:MacDonald
3495:Luxemburg
3390:Gaitskell
3350:Daszyński
3310:Callaghan
3270:Bernstein
3210:Third Way
3145:Socialism
3103:Socialism
3093:Reformism
3028:Dirigisme
3001:Democracy
2956:Socialism
2690:1365-1005
2474:243736481
2315:. London.
2171:instead.
1983:reformist
1888:Socialism
1876:Communism
1837:By region
1775:Zhordania
1720:Plekhanov
1690:MacDonald
1685:Luxemburg
1570:Gaitskell
1530:Daszyński
1495:Callaghan
1455:Bernstein
1395:Third Way
1320:Socialism
1278:Socialism
1268:Reformism
1198:Dirigisme
1176:Democracy
1133:Socialism
1006:socialist
992:Berliners
904:and with
775:Plutonomy
656:Regulated
485:Voluntary
411:European
264:Feudalism
209:Mutualist
199:Communist
189:Socialist
170:Christian
90:Corporate
63:Communism
58:Socialism
3560:Stauning
3480:LĂ©vesque
3465:Lassalle
3445:Kerensky
3435:Katayama
3400:González
3335:Crosland
3315:Cárdenas
3300:Branting
3230:Ambedkar
3177:Variants
3006:Economic
2989:Concepts
2934:Orthodox
2909:Humanism
2709:, 1996,
2175:See also
2150:—
1745:Stauning
1670:LĂ©vesque
1655:Lassalle
1635:Kerensky
1625:Katayama
1615:Jumblatt
1580:González
1515:Crosland
1500:Cárdenas
1485:Branting
1415:Ambedkar
1364:Variants
1181:Economic
1160:Concepts
1111:Orthodox
1086:Humanism
1033:a series
1031:Part of
973:property
934:iron ore
930:airlines
926:railways
663:Planning
314:Informal
299:Dirigist
152:Georgist
147:Feminist
32:a series
30:Part of
3675:Related
3661:Germany
3656:Austria
3580:Whitlam
3570:Den Uyl
3550:Sanders
3545:Russell
3515:Morales
3505:Mandela
3440:Kautsky
3425:Jenkins
3405:Goulart
3360:Douglas
3250:Awolowo
3235:Allende
3162:Welfare
3021:Marxist
2929:Marxism
2880:History
2267:Statism
2147:Europe.
2092:private
2023:faction
1870:Related
1848:Germany
1843:Austria
1765:Whitlam
1755:Den Uyl
1735:Sanders
1730:Russell
1695:Mandela
1630:Kautsky
1610:Jenkins
1585:Goulart
1540:Douglas
1435:Awolowo
1420:Allende
1347:Welfare
1106:Marxism
1059:History
977:Renault
705:Sharing
668:In kind
616:Marxist
508:Commons
475:Private
464:Sectors
435:Rhenish
405:Keralan
395:Chinese
369:Virtual
349:Sharing
339:Planned
329:Natural
294:Digital
182:Islamic
142:Fascist
130:Welfare
3585:Wilson
3565:Thomas
3555:Savage
3520:Myrdal
3470:Layton
3450:KĂ©thly
3430:Junmai
3420:Jaurès
3410:Hardie
3395:Gandhi
3385:Fraser
3380:Engels
3375:Ecevit
3345:Curtin
3340:Corbyn
3320:Chávez
3295:Brandt
3280:Bhutto
3245:Attlee
3240:Ardern
3221:People
2767:about
2736:
2713:
2688:
2513:mirror
2472:
2462:
2376:
2119:)" in
2102:Trends
1770:Wilson
1750:Thomas
1740:Savage
1705:Myrdal
1660:Layton
1640:KĂ©thly
1620:Junmai
1605:Jaurès
1590:Hardie
1575:Gandhi
1565:Fraser
1560:Engels
1555:Ecevit
1525:Curtin
1520:Corbyn
1480:Brandt
1465:Bhutto
1430:Attlee
1425:Ardern
1408:People
965:owners
948:, and
886:assets
765:Palace
641:Market
636:Barter
480:Public
440:Soviet
425:Nordic
420:German
386:Asian
319:Market
3540:Prodi
3530:Palme
3525:Nehru
3475:Lenin
3460:Lagos
3370:Ebert
3365:Drees
3330:Craxi
3325:Clark
3305:Brown
3290:Blanc
3285:Blair
3260:Bebel
2800:banks
2609:(PDF)
2470:S2CID
1725:Prodi
1715:Palme
1710:Nehru
1665:Lenin
1650:Lagos
1600:İnönü
1550:Ebert
1545:Drees
1510:Craxi
1505:Clark
1490:Brown
1475:Blanc
1470:Blair
1445:Bebel
950:water
946:banks
938:media
898:state
892:of a
815:World
800:Token
690:Price
430:Dutch
324:Mixed
229:State
157:Green
3575:Webb
3510:Marx
3455:Kirk
3355:Debs
3098:Left
2734:ISBN
2711:ISBN
2686:ISSN
2460:ISBN
2387:2019
2374:ISBN
2135:and
1760:Webb
1700:Marx
1645:Kirk
1535:Debs
1273:Left
1016:and
985:Nazi
651:Open
646:Free
334:Open
309:Gift
304:Dual
2676:hdl
2668:doi
2452:doi
2370:677
2021:or
896:or
880:in
3739::
2827:.
2705:,
2684:.
2674:.
2664:22
2662:.
2658:.
2611:.
2584:.
2559:.
2535:.
2511:.
2468:.
2458:.
2436:^
2420:.
2389:.
2372:.
2330:.
2311:.
2293:.
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