304:(the group the early church father St. Augustine wrote of and considered to be heretics) believed that it was immoral to create any children, thus (by their belief system), trapping souls in mortal bodies. Augustine condemned them for their use of periodic abstinence during fertile periods: "From this it follows that you consider marriage is not to procreate children, but to satiate lust." About the year 401, St. Augustine wrote "Of the Good of Marriage" in which he affirmed married couples have the option of having sex without either of them intending procreation: "For, whereas that natural use, when it pass beyond the compact of marriage, that is, beyond the necessity of begetting, is pardonable in the case of a wife, damnable in the case of an harlot; that which is against nature is execrable when done in the case of an harlot, but more execrable in the case of a wife."
1005:"In deciding whether or not to have a child, must not be motivated by selfishness or carelessness, but by a prudent, conscious generosity that weighs the possibilities and circumstances, and especially gives priority to the welfare of the unborn child. Therefore, when there is a reason not to procreate, this choice is permissible and may even be necessary. However, there remains the duty of carrying it out with criteria and methods that respect the total truth of the marital act in its unitive and procreative dimension, as wisely regulated by nature itself in its biological rhythms. One can comply with them and use them to advantage, but they cannot be 'violated' by artificial interference." Source: Pope John Paul II, Castel Gandolfo, 1994
315:: "Hence it is clear that every emission of the semen is contrary to the good of man, which takes place in a way whereby generation is impossible; and if this is done on purpose, it must be a sin. I mean a way in which generation is impossible in itself as is the case in every emission of the semen without the natural union of male and female: wherefore such sins are called 'sins against nature.' But if it is by accident that generation cannot follow from the emission of the semen, the act is not against nature on that account, nor is it sinful; the case of the woman being barren would be a case in point."
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Catholic hierarchy from a very serious error. This would mean that the leaders of the Church, acting with extreme imprudence, had condemned thousands of innocent human acts, forbidding, under pain of eternal damnation, a practice which would now be sanctioned. The fact can neither be denied nor ignored that these same acts would now be declared licit on the grounds of principles cited by the
Protestants, which popes and bishops have either condemned or at least not approved.
458:, addressed a pastoral directive to scientists: "It is supremely desirable... that medical science should by the study of natural rhythms succeed in determining a sufficiently secure basis for the chaste limitation of offspring." This is interpreted as favoring the then-new, more reliable symptoms-based
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if sex with a person infected with HIV should take place, though it is to be avoided. According to
Danneels, "the person must use a condom in order not to disobey the commandment condemning murder, in addition to breaking the commandment which forbids adultery. ... Protecting oneself against sickness
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claimed in 1998 that 96% of U.S. Catholic women had used contraceptives at some point in their lives and that 72% of U.S. Catholics believed that one could be a good
Catholic without obeying the Church's teaching on birth control. According to a nationwide poll of 2,242 U.S. adults surveyed online in
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The
Catholic Church has often said that it considers the use of contraception not to conform with God's will for Catholic marriage, in that it interrupts the procreative aspect of the sexual union, making it unnatural and counter to what God has outlined for married couples. Pope John Paul II said in
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In 1930, John
Smulders, a Roman Catholic physician from the Netherlands, used Knaus and Ogino's discoveries to create the rhythm method. Smulders published his work with the Dutch Roman Catholic medical association, and this was the official rhythm method promoted over the next several decades. While
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The use of the term "Natural Family
Planning" has come under sharp attack from traditional Catholic writers in recent years because it implies the right of the couple to "plan" their family; whereas the Catholic norm is to let God plan one's family and to accept the children when (and if) God gives
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divorce. We strongly disagree with the idea that this is a mortal sin.... It's a theological attack on women to always require that abstinence during the time of the wife's peak sexual desire (ovulation) for the entire duration of her fertile life, except for the handful of times when she conceives.
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University. CycleBeads, unaffiliated with religious teachings, is a visual tool based on the
Standard Days method. According to the Institute of Reproductive Health, when used as birth control, CB has a 95% effectiveness rating. Computer programs are available to help track fertility on a calendar.
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is the most common family planning method used in India, although condoms are used by some. Of all
American women surveyed nationally in 2002, only 0.9% were using "periodic abstinence" (defined as "calendar rhythm" and "natural family planning") compared to 60.6% using other contraceptive methods.
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It is estimated that 2%–3% of the world's reproductive age population relies on periodic abstinence to avoid pregnancy. However, what portion of this population should be considered NFP users is unclear. Some
Catholic sources consider couples that violate the religious restrictions associated with
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gave recognition to a secondary—unitive—purpose of sexual intercourse. This encyclical stated that there was no moral stain associated with having marital intercourse at times when "new life cannot be brought forth". This referred primarily to conditions such as current pregnancy and menopause. In
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We also see honest congruity with the language of the body by saying "no" to conception with our bodies (via barrier methods or sensual massage) when our minds and hearts are also saying "no" to conception. We don't believe this angers God, nor that it leads to the slippery slope of relativism or
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was promulgated), in 1951 (Pius XII's address to the midwives), and in 1958 (the address delivered before the
Society of Hematologists in the year the pope died). It should likewise have to be admitted that for a half century the Spirit failed to protect Pius XI, Pius XII, and a large part of the
292:. He wrote, "Let the Educator (Christ) put us to shame with the word of Ezekiel: 'Put away your fornications' . Why, even unreasoning beasts know enough not to mate at certain times. To indulge in intercourse without intending children is to outrage nature, whom we should take as our instructor."
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These claims about how contraception can negatively impact fidelity within marriage are supported by a 2021 study in of more than 2,000 married women, some of whom practised NFP within their marriage and some who practised contraception. The study found that women who practised NFP were 58% less
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declared: "While not making the other purposes of matrimony of less account, the true practice of conjugal love, and the whole meaning of the family life which results from it, have this aim: that the couple be ready with stout hearts to cooperate with the love of the Creator and the Savior. Who
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Effectiveness can vary widely, depending on the method used, whether the users were trained properly, and how carefully the couple followed the protocol. Pregnancy can result in up to 25% of the user population per year for users of the symptoms-based or calendar-based methods, depending on the
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Calendar-based methods determine fertility based on a record of the length of previous menstrual cycles. They include the Rhythm Method and the Standard Days Method. The Standard Days method was developed and proven by the researchers at the Institute for Reproductive Health of Georgetown
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A symptohormonal method of NFP developed at Marquette University uses the ClearBlue Easy fertility monitor and cycle history to determine the fertile window. The monitor measures estrogen and LH to determine the peak day. This method is also applicable during postpartum, breastfeeding, and
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In the Catholic Church, a grave/significant reason for using NFP can include social, economical, medical and other analogous reasons that may motivate a couple to practise it to postpone pregnancy. The Church holds that the motivations behind NFP should not be selfish or self-centered.
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Natural family planning has shown very weak and contradictory results in pre-selecting the sex of a child, with the exception of a Nigerian study at odds with all other findings. Because of these remarkable results, an independent study needs to be repeated in other populations.
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In 1880, the Sacred Penitentiary reaffirmed the 1853 ruling and went slightly further. It suggested that, in cases where the couple was already practising artificial birth control and could not be dissuaded to cease attempting birth regulation, the confessor might morally
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and fertility while working for the Melbourne Catholic Family Welfare Bureau. Billings and several other physicians studied this sign for a number of years, and by the late 1960s had performed clinical trials and begun to set up teaching centers around the world.
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that an integral aspect of the love between husband and wife is the openness to the real potential of becoming a parent, or becoming a parent of another, whenever the spouses give of themselves in the sexual embrace. Edward Sri makes an additional commentary on
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and Austrian Hermann Knaus independently made the discovery that ovulation occurs about fourteen days before the next menstrual period. Ogino used his discovery to develop a formula for use in aiding infertile women to time intercourse to achieve pregnancy.
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If the Manichaeans had an accurate idea of the fertile portion of the menstrual cycle, such knowledge died with them. Documented attempts to prevent pregnancy by practicing periodic abstinence do not appear again until the mid-19th century, when various
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A study by the World Health Organization involving 869 fertile women from Australia, India, Ireland, the Philippines, and El Salvador found that 93% could accurately interpret their body's signals regardless of education and culture.
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wrote against the Manichaeans: "Is it not you who used to counsel us to observe as much as possible the time when a woman, after her purification, is most likely to conceive, and to abstain from cohabitation at that time...?" The
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Martin Luther, John Calvin, and John Wesley were strongly opposed to unnatural birth control, with Luther calling it a form of sodomy, Calvin calling it the murder of future persons, and Wesley saying it could destroy your
466:, this organization was founded by John and Sheila Kippley, lay Catholics, along with Dr. Konald Prem. During the following decade, other now-large Catholic organizations were formed: Family of the Americas(1977), and the
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is considered by some to be a non-infallible document, "the doctrinal authority of the Pope and the Bishops is not limited to infallible teaching. The duty of obedience is not restricted to definitions of faith".
544:. Proponents justify this classification system by saying that NFP has unique characteristics not shared by any other method of birth regulation except for abstinence. NFP is open to life, it alters neither the
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In 1968, Paul VI reiterated the traditional Catholic prohibition against all but "natural family planning" (abstinence during fertile periods), which many Catholics and some Protestants continue to practice.
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asserted that handing out condoms is not the solution to combating AIDS and actually makes the problem worse. He proposed "spiritual and human awakening" and "friendship for those who suffer" as solutions.
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If it should be declared that contraception is not evil in itself, then we should have to concede frankly that the Holy Spirit had been on the side of the Protestant churches in 1930 (when the encyclical
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From these symptoms, a woman can learn to assess her fertility without use of a computerized device. Some systems use only cervical mucus to determine fertility. Two well-known mucus-only methods are the
3024:(PDF). Prof. Janet E. Smith (Moral Theologian and Public Speaker). B.A., M.A., Ph.D., School of Theology, Fr. Michael J. McGivney Chair in Life Ethics, Professor of Moral Theology. At SHMS 2001–present.
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Given their belief that it is God's will for Christians to produce large families, those who practice the Quiverfull ideology oppose all forms of birth control, including natural family planning.
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methods over the rhythm method. Just a few years later, in 1971, the first organization to teach a symptothermal method, using both mucus and temperature observations, was started. Now called
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perimenopause, and requires less abstinence than other NFP methods. Some couples prefer this method because the monitor reading is objective and is not affected by sleep quality as BBT can be.
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It is said that none of the instances cited falls under the domain of papal infallibility; the Pope is not considered infallible except in the rare, solemn occasions when he is speaking
481:, which considers such methods "inaccurate". Some organizations have considered calendar-based methods to be forms of NFP. For example, in 1999 the Institute for Reproductive Health at
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claimed that the primary motivation behind the Church's continued opposition to contraceptive use is the impossibility to make changes without spoiling papal authority with regards to
734:, in which the bishops recognized that a number of Canadian Catholics found it "either extremely difficult or even impossible to make their own all elements of this doctrine" (that of
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In ancient history, some Christian writers were against abstinence to prevent childbirth and some allowed it. Possibly the earliest Christian writing about periodic abstinence was by
744:, a principle that they said should be properly interpreted. They insisted that "a Catholic Christian is not free to form his conscience without consideration of the teaching of the
405:) to teach the method to Catholic couples. It was during this decade that Rev. Wilhelm Hillebrand, a Catholic priest in Germany, developed a system for avoiding pregnancy based on
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addressed the topic. Distributed to confessors, the ruling stated that couples who had, on their own, begun the practice of periodic abstinence—if they had "grave reasons"—were not
2735:
2405:"The effectiveness of a fertility awareness based method to avoid pregnancy in relation to a couple's sexual behaviour during the fertile time: a prospective longitudinal study"
585:. Symptoms-based methods rely on biological signs of fertility, while calendar-based methods estimate the likelihood of fertility based on the length of past menstrual cycles.
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claimed that Church officials have taught that HIV can pass through the membrane of the latex rubber from which condoms were made. It was considered not true according to the
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the task of advising Pope Paul VI on the issue. 64 of the 68 Commission members who voted recommended allowing other means of contraception, but Paul VI determined otherwise.
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found that periodic abstinence resulted in a 25.3 percent failure under typical conditions, though it did not differentiate between symptom-based and calendar-based methods.
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for just reasons. When used to avoid pregnancy, couples may engage in sexual intercourse during a woman's naturally occurring infertile times such as during portions of her
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were developed "by a few secular thinkers". The Roman Catholic Church's first recorded official approval of periodic abstinence from 1853, where a ruling of the Church's
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likely than their peers who used contraception to get divorced. "Although there are lower odds of divorce among NFP users, the reason might be due to their religiosity."
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developed the Standard Days Method (SDM), which is more effective than the rhythm method. SDM is promoted by Georgetown University as a form of natural family planning.
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among 5,122 U.S. adults (including 1,016 self-identified Catholics) stated 76% of U.S. Catholics thought that the Church should allow Catholics to use birth control.
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The Roman Catholic church and some Protestant denominations have approved only "natural family planning" methods—including the rhythm method and periodic abstinence.
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There is little data on the worldwide use of natural family planning. In Brazil, NFP is the third most popular family planning method. The "safe period" method of
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couple Sam and Bethany Torode, former advocates of NFP-only, have redacted their position to include barrier methods and explain their current theology this way:
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and November 26, 1951 to the National Congress of the Family Front and the Association of Large Families, National Catholic Welfare Conference, Washington, DC.
796:(NIH) stating that consistent use of latex condoms reduced the risk of HIV transmission by approximately 85% relative to risk when unprotected, not 100% safe.
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1878:
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This article is about methods of family planning approved by the Catholic Church and some Protestant denominations. For a more general use of the term, see
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Roderick Hindery reported that a number of Western Catholics have voiced significant disagreement with the Church's stance on contraception. In 1968, the
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Some methods of NFP track biological signs of fertility. When used outside of the Catholic concept of NFP, these methods are often referred to simply as
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ministry states of NFP, "There is no reason to conclude that natural family planning is appropriate but that 'artificial' (non-abortive) means are not."
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or death is an act of prevention. Morally, it cannot be judged on the same level as when a condom is used to reduce the number of births." In 2009, Pope
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Roderick Hindery (1990). "The Evolution of Freedom as Catholicity in Catholic Ethics". In Starr, Bradley E.; Gard, Donald; Benjamin J. Hubbard (eds.).
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Some proponents of NFP differentiate it from other forms of birth control by labeling them artificial birth control. Other NFP literature holds that
626:, may track basal body temperatures, hormonal levels in urine, changes in electrical resistance of a woman's saliva, or a mixture of these symptoms.
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A minority of Catholic theologians continued to doubt the morality of periodic abstinence. Some historians consider two speeches delivered by
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638:. If two or more signs are tracked, the method is referred to as a symptothermal method. Two popular symptothermal systems are taught by the
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couple, published a book advocating NFP use. Many NFP clinics and teaching organizations are associated with the Catholic Church, as well as
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Personal self-awareness, no side effects, can aid pregnancy achievement, in accord with Catholic teachings, no blocks that affect intercourse
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in 1951 to be the first unequivocal acceptance of periodic abstinence by the Catholic Church. The 1950s also saw another major advance in
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824:. Mumford gives as an example the citation made by dissident theologian August Bernhard Hasler of a minority report co-authored by
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through them will enlarge and enrich His own family day by day" (50). Beyond that the council of bishops was told to leave to the
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Frank-Herrmann, P.; Heil, J.; Gnoth, C.; Toledo, E.; Baur, S.; Pyper, C.; Jenetzky, E.; Strowitzki, T.; Freundl, G. (May 2007).
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Che Y, Cleland J, Ali M (2004). "Periodic abstinence in developing countries: an assessment of failure rates and consequences".
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1289:"How to Talk about the use and Abuse of Natural Family Planning the Importance of Accuracy in Translation and in Description"
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1845:"Fertility, Family Planning, and Reproductive Health of U.S. Women: Data From the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth"
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Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops Plenary Assembly, 18 April 1969, "Statement on Family Life and Related Matters"
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755:
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1975:
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377:, a Dutch gynecologist, showed that women only ovulate once per menstrual cycle. In the 1920s Japanese gynecologist
771:, etc.), 90% of U.S. Catholics supported the use of birth control/contraceptives. A survey conducted in 2015 by the
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There are three main types of NFP: the symptoms-based methods, the calendar-based methods, and the breastfeeding or
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646:. A study completed in Germany in 2007 found that the symptothermal method has a method effectiveness of 99.6%.
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90:
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Feasibility of Incorporating the Standard Days Method into CASP Family Planning Services in Urban Slums of India
569:, claiming the openness to life within marriage bolsters an emotional intimacy to supplement physical intimacy.
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Workshop Summary: Scientific Evidence on Condom Effectiveness for Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Prevention
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for both achieving and postponing or avoiding pregnancy. In accordance with the Church's teachings regarding
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2237:"Natural Family Planning and Marital Chastity: The Effects of Periodic Abstinence on Marital Relationships"
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In Italy, where the vast majority of citizens claims to be Catholic, NFP methods are rarely taught.
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702:. The rules of the method help a woman identify and possibly lengthen her infertile period.
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maintaining procreation as the primary function of intercourse, the December 1930 encyclical
37:"The Rhythm Method" redirects here. For the song "The Rhythm Method (Move!)" by Flobots, see
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2518:"Comparison of Abstinence and Coital Frequency Between 2 Natural Methods of Family Planning"
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Anxiety, guilt, and freedom: religious studies perspectives: essays in honor of Donald Gard
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1081:"Chapter 18.—Of the Symbol of the Breast, and of the Shameful Mysteries of the Manichæans"
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A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, Volume IV
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McSweeney, L (March 2011). "Successful sex pre-selection using natural family planning".
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Theological opposition has come from some denominations of Protestant Christianity. The
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describing the method, and the 1930s also saw the first U.S. Rhythm Clinic (founded by
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2532:"Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use:Fertility awareness-based methods"
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2446:"'Natural family planning': effective birth control supported by the Catholic Church"
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1832:(Report). The Institute for Reproductive Health, Georgetown University. pp. vi.
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Contraception: A History of Its Treatment by the Catholic Theologians and Canonists
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theology, eschewing all forms of birth control, including natural family planning.
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of a particular sex act. That NFP can be used to both avoid or achieve pregnancy.
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267:; this information may be used in attempts to either avoid or achieve pregnancy.
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as part of the Pope Paul VI Institute (1985), both mucus-based systems of NFP.
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1705:. Institute for Reproductive Health, Georgetown University. 29 September 2022.
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1491:"THE QUEST — leading to the discovery of the Billings Ovulation Method"
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255:, the crux of NFP, is deemed moral by the Church for avoiding or postponing
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263:. Various methods may be used to identify whether a woman is likely to be
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1639:(Fourth ed.). Cincinnati, OH: Couple to Couple League International.
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2124:"The Moral Difference Between Contraception and Natural Family Planning"
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rather than NFP. The three primary signs of a woman's fertility are her
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1662:"Efficacy of a new method of family planning: the Standard Days Method"
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Bulletin of Ovulation Method Research and Reference Centre of Australia
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How the Pope Became Infallible: Pius IX and the Politics of Persuasion
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1064:. "Book II, Chapter X.—On the Procreation and Education of Children".
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763:(they stated that the magnitude of errors cannot be estimated due to
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movement said that unnatural birth control could destroy one's soul.
2760:"The Church & AIDS in Africa: Condoms & the Culture of Life"
1825:
Urmil Dosajh; Ishita Ghosh & Rebecka Lundgren (September 2005).
1375:. New York: Avery, a member of Penguin Group (USA). pp. 226–7.
740:). Additionally, in 1969, they reasserted the Catholic principle of
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2813:"Why the Pope Can't Change the Church's Position On Birth Control"
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to describe calendar-based methods is considered incorrect by the
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them—as a blessing from Him on the marital union and on society.
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This Is the Faith: A Complete Explanation of the Catholic Faith
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Wie Der Papst Unfehlbar Wurde: Macht und Ohnmacht eines Dogmas,
2603:"Canadian Bishops' Statement on the Encyclical "Humanae Vitae""
1798:
Keller S (1996). "Traditional beliefs part of people's lives".
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1909:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
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Chandra, A; Martinez GM; Mosher WD; Abma JC; Jones J. (2005).
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argued that the use of condoms should be supported to prevent
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In an interview on Dutch television in 2004, Belgian Cardinal
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Sympto-thermal observations (BBT plus LH or Cervical Mucus):
687:(LAM) is a method of avoiding pregnancy based on the natural
27:
Family planning methods approved by the Roman Catholic Church
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issued what many interpreted as a dissenting document, the
2747:. Hyatt Dulles Airport, Herndon, Virginia. pp. 13–15.
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Sam Torode; Bethany Torode; J. Budziszewski (March 2002).
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October 29, 1951 to the Italian Catholic Union of midwives
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were opposed to unnatural birth control. Centuries later,
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Open Embrace: A Protestant Couple Rethinks Contraception
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Commonweal: A Review of Religion, Politics, and Culture
1932:"Beliefs: An Evolving View of Natural Family Planning"
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The archived version simply says "NFP is not "Rhythm".
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
2311:(Revised ed.). New York: HarperCollins. p.
1422:
Gladwell, Malcolm (2000-03-10). "John Rock's Error".
846:. According to M. R. Gagnebet, though the encyclical
2641:"A Matter of Conscience: Catholics on Contraception"
1228:(First ed.). New York: HarperCollins. pp.
248:, which it refers to as "artificial contraception".
3921:
3892:
3857:
3850:
3827:
3787:
3749:
3727:
3699:
3659:
3650:
3625:
3580:
3544:
3430:
3372:
3344:
3313:
3225:
3202:
3167:
3141:
3134:
3113:
3082:
1163:
Sex and the Marriage Covenant: A Basis for Morality
397:1932, a Catholic physician published a book titled
211:
203:
192:
187:
179:
171:
163:
158:
137:
116:
100:
64:
56:
51:
46:
2837:
2304:
1221:
1087:. Grand Rapids, MI: WM. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.
2698:"U.S. Catholics Open to Non-Traditional Families"
2577:. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America.
1194:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 138–43.
2534:. Third edition. World Health Organization. 2004
2494:"Marquette University | Natural Family Planning"
1608:. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops.
1526:(Collegeville: Liturgical Press, 2003), p. 148,
271:method used and how carefully it was practised.
2063:"Birth Control and NFP: What's the Difference?"
1442:"Solving the Puzzle of Natural Family Planning"
888:
618:mucus, and her cervical position. Computerized
511:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
3212:Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptive
2003:Media Depictions of Brides, Wives, and Mothers
1156:
1154:
1125:Saint Augustine of Hippo (401). "Section 12".
750:, in the particular instance exercised by the
642:and the Fertility Awareness Method (FAM) with
439:Constitution on the Church in the Modern World
399:The Rhythm of Sterility and Fertility in Women
175:Dependent upon strict user adherence to method
3521:
3060:
2956:
2954:
2848:R. Piper & Co. Verlag, 1979). Doubleday.
1717:"Research-to-Practice – Standard Days Method"
494:natural family planning to not be NFP users.
8:
2373:Changes in electrical resistance of saliva:
2117:
2115:
2085:
2083:
1260:"On the Question of Natural Family Planning"
479:United States Conference of Catholic Bishops
2597:
2595:
2235:Manhart, Michael; Fehring, Richard (2021).
2001:Ruggerio, Alena Amato (27 September 2012).
1858:(25). National Center for Health Statistics
1051:. Fertilityuk.org. Retrieved on 2015-09-27.
244:, NFP excludes the use of other methods of
3854:
3656:
3562:Preventing sexually-transmitted infections
3528:
3514:
3506:
3138:
3067:
3053:
3045:
2358:Clearblue Easy Fertility Monitor home page
2293:. Guttmacher.org. Retrieved on 2015-09-27.
2142:
2140:
1635:Kippley, Sheila; Kippley, John F. (1996).
1630:
1628:
1605:An Introduction to Natural Family Planning
2629:. Grigaitis.net. Retrieved on 2015-09-27.
2589:– A summary and restatement of the debate
2469:
2420:
2260:
2035:"The Practice of Natural Family Planning"
1435:
1433:
1366:
1364:
1320:
1079:Saint, Bishop of Hippo Augustine (1887).
2646:. Catholics for a Choice. Archived from
1398:"Is Natural Family Planning a 'Heresy'?"
1266:. Congregatio Mariae Reginae Immaculatae
505:In 2002, Sam and Bethany Torode, then a
2363:cyclotest sympto-thermal device website
1719:. Georgetown University. Archived from
1660:Arévalo M, Jennings V, Sinai I (2002).
1345:"A Brief History of Fertility Charting"
1258:Pivarunas, Mark A (February 18, 2002).
1253:
1251:
1249:
1215:
1213:
1211:
942:
728:Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops
2908:"Does the Bible permit birth control?"
2801:. Sbs.com.au. Retrieved on 2015-09-27.
2792:Condoms 'not the answer to AIDS': Pope
2555:
2544:
2346:FAQs on Lady-Comp temperature readings
2284:Contraceptive Use in the United States
2057:
2055:
1470:Moral Questions Affecting Married Life
1148:Summa Contra Gentiles, Section 1.3.122
1017:African Journal of Reproductive Health
444:Pontifical Commission on Birth Control
108:Per year: symptoms- and calendar-based
43:
2224:. Franciscan Media. pp. 177–118.
1776:. Serena Canada. 2006. Archived from
1282:
1280:
917:Catholic teachings on sexual morality
816:Artificial family planning proponent
513:(LDS Church) and some members of the
464:Couple to Couple League International
7:
3567:Over-the-counter oral contraceptives
3014:Moral Use of Natural Family Planning
2675:. Harris Interactive. Archived from
1524:Catholicism in the Third Millennium,
1192:The Curious History of Contraception
912:Calendar-based contraceptive methods
636:Creighton Model FertilityCare System
429:discovered the relationship between
73:calendar-based contraceptive methods
3552:Comparison of birth control methods
2222:Men, Women, and the Mystery of Love
1748:10.1016/j.contraception.2003.08.006
954:. SAGE Publications. p. 1056.
567:Men, Women, and the Mystery of Love
3929:Male contraceptives in development
2149:"Is NFP "Catholic" contraception?"
1976:"The Natural Family Planning Page"
1637:The art of natural family planning
1396:Harrison, Brian W (January 2003).
980:Dictionary of Scripture and Ethics
978:Green, Joel B. (1 November 2011).
25:
2041:. Eternal Word Television Network
1930:Oppenheimer, Mark (8 July 2011).
1879:"Single life in the Eternal City"
1877:Duffy, Lisa (November 17, 2014).
1612:from the original on 1 March 2006
1440:Hays, Charlotte (December 2001).
950:O'Reilly, Andrea (6 April 2010).
722:Protestant views on contraception
608:fertility awareness-based methods
2889:"The Authority of Humanae Vitae"
2876:from the original on 2013-01-04.
2836:Hasler, August Bernhard (1981).
2444:Ryder, R E (18 September 1993).
2033:Saunders, William (1995-10-26).
1066:The Paedagogus or The Instructor
712:Christian views on contraception
3572:Oral contraceptive formulations
3359:Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
2639:Catholics for a Choice (1998).
2307:Taking Charge of Your Fertility
792:, despite a 2000 report by the
2758:Alsan, Marcella (April 2006).
2151:. NFP Outreach. Archived from
1165:. Ignatius Press. p. 18.
718:Catholic theology of sexuality
1:
3950:Catholic theology of the body
3001:. The Holy See. July 25, 1968
2039:The Arlington Catholic Herald
1681:10.1016/S0010-7824(02)00288-3
794:National Institutes of Health
685:lactational amenorrhea method
679:Lactational amenorrhea method
583:lactational amenorrhea method
375:Theodoor Hendrik van de Velde
365:them of periodic abstinence.
77:lactational amenorrhea method
3380:Menstrual hygiene management
3331:Premenstrual water retention
3305:Polymenorrhea (epimenorrhea)
3270:Menorrhagia (hypermenorrhea)
2887:M.R. Gagnebet, O.P. (1968).
2700:. Pew Research Center. 2015.
1104:. Harvard University Press.
982:. Baker Books. p. 303.
694:that occurs when a woman is
188:Advantages and disadvantages
3879:Fertility awareness methods
2961:Ripley, Francis J. (1999).
2906:Desiring God Staff (2006).
2817:www.population-security.org
2671:Harris Interactive (2005).
2205:Pope John Paull II (1960).
2174:"Avoid or achieve pregnant"
1852:Vital and Health Statistics
756:Catholics for a Free Choice
754:in an encyclical letter."
3981:
2999:Encyclical of Pope Paul VI
2872:. Catholic Answers. 2004.
1774:FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
1501:(1): 18–28. Archived from
1305:10.1179/002436312804827055
1083:. In Philip Schaff (ed.).
1042:NFPS-842 Fertility File 19
952:Encyclopedia of Motherhood
715:
709:
676:
661:
599:
36:
29:
3874:Calendar (rhythm) methods
3275:Metropathia haemorrhagica
3185:Billings Ovulation Method
2356:Hormone levels in urine:
2344:Basal body temperatures:
2147:Habiger, Matthew (2007).
1404:. Roman Theological Forum
1287:Miller, Kevin E. (2012).
1161:Kippley, John F. (2005).
907:Billings ovulation method
790:World Health Organization
632:Billings ovulation method
91:Billings ovulation method
3490:Sustainable menstruation
3470:Menstruation celebration
2934:"An Update From Bethany"
2932:Torode, Bethany (2006).
2462:10.1136/bmj.307.6906.723
2253:10.1177/0024363920930875
2122:McManaman, Doug (2004).
1883:Catholic Match Institute
1098:Noonan, John T. (1986).
886:criticizes the concept:
588:Clinical studies by the
238:Protestant denominations
232:methods approved by the
3789:Emergency Contraception
3432:In culture and religion
3036:Natural Family Planning
2712:"SEX and the HOLY CITY"
2303:Weschler, Toni (2002).
2207:Love and Responsibility
2095:Couple to Couple League
2091:"NFP vs. Contraception"
1373:The Garden of Fertility
1220:Yalom, Marilyn (2001).
1190:Green, Shirley (1972).
1128:Of the Good of Marriage
922:Couple to Couple League
880:Traditionalist Catholic
640:Couple to Couple League
563:Love and Responsibility
558:Love and Responsibility
538:natural family planning
475:natural family planning
454:, published in 1968 by
222:Natural family planning
47:Natural family planning
18:Natural Family Planning
3709:Multi-month injections
3652:Hormonal contraception
3616:Levonorgestrel implant
3582:Long-acting reversible
3260:Irregular menstruation
3217:Lactational amenorrhea
3180:Calendar-based methods
3149:Basal body temperature
2554:Cite journal requires
2097:. 2005. Archived from
1703:"Standard Days Method"
1580:. 2006. Archived from
1578:Pope Paul VI Institute
1551:. 2006. Archived from
1549:Family of the Americas
1371:Singer, Katie (2004).
893:
877:
840:
673:Lactational amenorrhea
664:Calendar-based methods
612:basal body temperature
522:fundamental Christians
407:basal body temperature
343:calendar-based methods
84:Basal body temperature
3955:Christian terminology
3837:Vaginal pH modulation
3814:Low-dose mifepristone
3714:Progestogen-only pill
3608:Contraceptive implant
3460:Menstrual suppression
3422:Menstrual Hygiene Day
3354:Premenstrual syndrome
2912:Questions and Answers
2870:"Papal Infallibility"
2673:"The Harris Poll #78"
2422:10.1093/humrep/dem003
2241:The Linacre Quarterly
1574:"About the Institute"
1293:The Linacre Quarterly
1224:A History of the Wife
1062:Clement of Alexandria
872:
830:
828:prior to his papacy:
742:primacy of conscience
716:Further information:
548:of the woman nor the
483:Georgetown University
313:Summa Contra Gentiles
290:Clement of Alexandria
147:Symptoms based: 2–25%
105:First six months: LAM
3869:Breastfeeding method
3779:Contraceptive sponge
3663:estrogen–progestogen
3612:Etonogestrel implant
2893:L'Osservatore Romano
2811:Mumford, Stephen D.
2220:Sri, Edward (2015).
1952:Stanford, Joseph B.
1584:on November 21, 2006
932:Theology of the Body
590:Guttmacher Institute
507:Protestant Christian
333:, the leader of the
319:Protestant Reformers
129:Calendar based: 5–9%
126:Symptoms based: 1–3%
3960:Fertility awareness
3904:Non-penetrative sex
3896:vaginal intercourse
3861:vaginal intercourse
3681:Contraceptive patch
3676:Extended cycle Pill
3593:Intrauterine device
3557:Male contraceptives
3395:Cloth menstrual pad
3364:Menstrual psychosis
3326:Menstrual synchrony
3175:Fertility awareness
2770:(8). Archived from
2192:CatholicAnswers.com
1349:FertilityFriend.com
822:papal infallibility
773:Pew Research Center
602:Fertility awareness
499:fertility awareness
460:fertility awareness
423:fertility awareness
413:Since 20th century
347:Sacred Penitentiary
150:Calendar based: 25%
32:fertility awareness
3804:Ulipristal acetate
3792:(Post-intercourse)
3686:Monthly injections
3020:2014-02-24 at the
2797:2013-06-18 at the
2409:Human Reproduction
2390:2008-05-27 at the
2380:2014-07-14 at the
2368:2010-07-23 at the
2351:2016-01-12 at the
2289:2013-10-04 at the
1522:Thomas P. Rausch,
1472:: Addresses given
1047:2016-03-04 at the
818:Stephen D. Mumford
761:Harris Interactive
759:September 2005 by
732:Winnipeg Statement
620:fertility monitors
369:Early 20th century
3937:
3936:
3917:
3916:
3745:
3744:
3503:
3502:
3198:
3197:
3083:Events and phases
2855:978-0-385-15851-0
2584:978-0-8191-7683-7
2498:nfp.marquette.edu
2322:978-0-06-093764-5
1916:978-0-8028-3973-2
1646:978-0-926412-13-2
1382:978-1-58333-182-8
1239:978-0-06-019338-6
1201:978-0-85223-016-9
902:Fertility monitor
826:Pope John Paul II
801:Godfried Danneels
540:is distinct from
427:Dr. John Billings
295:In the year 388,
219:
218:
204:Period advantages
16:(Redirected from
3972:
3855:
3701:Progestogen-only
3657:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3507:
3475:Menstruation hut
3455:Menstrual stigma
3415:Period underwear
3385:Feminine hygiene
3321:Folliculogenesis
3265:Menometrorrhagia
3139:
3095:Follicular phase
3069:
3062:
3055:
3046:
3009:
3007:
3006:
2981:
2980:
2958:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2936:. Archived from
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2844:(translation of
2843:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2808:
2802:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2755:
2749:
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2723:
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2701:
2694:
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2687:
2685:
2684:
2668:
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2661:
2659:
2658:
2652:
2645:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2605:. Archived from
2599:
2590:
2588:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2557:
2552:
2550:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2528:
2522:
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2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2490:
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2400:
2394:
2342:
2336:
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2327:
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2310:
2300:
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2275:
2274:
2264:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2144:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2126:. LifeIssues.net
2119:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2087:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2067:Priests for Life
2059:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2030:
2024:
2023:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1982:on 31 March 2012
1978:. Archived from
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1900:
1894:
1893:
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1889:
1874:
1868:
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1863:
1849:
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1766:
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1724:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1666:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1632:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1602:"What is NFP?".
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1541:
1535:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1483:
1477:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1448:. Archived from
1437:
1428:
1427:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1402:Living Tradition
1393:
1387:
1386:
1368:
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1358:
1356:
1355:
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1324:
1284:
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1187:
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1122:
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1039:
1033:
1032:
1012:
1006:
1003:
997:
996:
975:
969:
968:
947:
868:Eastern Orthodox
473:Use of the term
284:Pre-20th century
228:) comprises the
44:
39:Fight with Tools
21:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3965:Family planning
3940:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3913:
3894:
3888:
3859:
3846:
3823:
3791:
3783:
3764:Internal condom
3759:External condom
3751:Barrier Methods
3741:
3723:
3695:
3662:
3646:
3621:
3583:
3576:
3540:
3534:
3504:
3499:
3465:Menstrual taboo
3450:Menstrual leave
3426:
3368:
3340:
3336:Sexual activity
3309:
3300:Polymenorrhagia
3285:Oligoamenorrhea
3245:Cryptomenorrhea
3221:
3194:
3190:Creighton Model
3163:
3130:
3109:
3078:
3076:Menstrual cycle
3073:
3032:
3027:
3022:Wayback Machine
3004:
3002:
2995:"Humanae Vitae"
2993:
2989:
2987:Further reading
2984:
2977:
2969:. p. 434.
2960:
2959:
2952:
2943:
2941:
2931:
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2926:
2917:
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2799:Wayback Machine
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2525:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2502:
2500:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2456:(6906): 723–6.
2443:
2442:
2438:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2392:Wayback Machine
2382:Wayback Machine
2372:
2370:Wayback Machine
2360:
2355:
2353:Wayback Machine
2343:
2339:
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2302:
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2291:Wayback Machine
2282:
2278:
2234:
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2219:
2218:
2214:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2188:"Birth Control"
2186:
2185:
2181:
2172:
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2167:
2158:
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2027:
2017:
2007:Lexington Books
2000:
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1446:Crisis Magazine
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1055:
1049:Wayback Machine
1040:
1036:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1000:
990:
977:
976:
972:
962:
949:
948:
944:
940:
898:
765:sampling errors
724:
714:
708:
681:
675:
666:
660:
604:
598:
579:
534:
491:
468:Creighton Model
437:The Vatican II
415:
371:
286:
281:
261:ovulatory cycle
242:sexual behavior
234:Catholic Church
230:family planning
153:
132:
111:
101:Failure rates (
96:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3978:
3976:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3942:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3900:
3898:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3865:
3863:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3833:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3809:Levonorgestrel
3806:
3801:
3795:
3793:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3755:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3733:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3705:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3667:
3665:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3638:
3635:Tubal ligation
3631:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3605:
3599:
3589:
3587:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3548:
3546:
3545:Related topics
3542:
3541:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3510:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3485:Period poverty
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3382:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3350:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3317:
3315:
3314:Related events
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3295:Oligoovulation
3292:
3290:Oligomenorrhea
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3231:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3208:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3154:Cervical mucus
3151:
3145:
3143:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3031:
3030:External links
3028:
3026:
3025:
3010:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2975:
2950:
2924:
2914:. Desiring God
2898:
2879:
2861:
2854:
2828:
2803:
2784:
2750:
2738:(2001-07-20).
2727:
2703:
2689:
2663:
2631:
2619:
2591:
2583:
2565:
2556:|journal=
2523:
2509:
2485:
2436:
2395:
2385:Ovacue website
2337:
2335:Weschler, p.52
2328:
2321:
2295:
2276:
2227:
2212:
2197:
2179:
2165:
2136:
2111:
2079:
2051:
2025:
2015:
2009:. p. 65.
1993:
1967:
1944:
1922:
1915:
1895:
1869:
1835:
1817:
1790:
1761:
1726:
1723:on 2006-02-08.
1708:
1694:
1652:
1645:
1624:
1594:
1565:
1536:
1515:
1489:(March 2002).
1487:Billings, John
1478:
1462:
1429:
1424:The New Yorker
1414:
1388:
1381:
1360:
1336:
1299:(4): 393–408.
1276:
1245:
1238:
1207:
1200:
1182:
1171:
1150:
1141:
1117:
1110:
1090:
1071:
1053:
1034:
1007:
998:
988:
970:
960:
941:
939:
936:
935:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
897:
894:
884:Francis Ripley
835:Casti connubii
710:Main article:
707:
704:
677:Main article:
674:
671:
662:Main article:
659:
658:Calendar-based
656:
600:Main article:
597:
596:Symptoms-based
594:
578:
575:
533:
530:
490:
487:
431:cervical mucus
414:
411:
389:Casti connubii
370:
367:
309:Thomas Aquinas
285:
282:
280:
277:
217:
216:
213:
209:
208:
205:
201:
200:
197:
190:
189:
185:
184:
181:
177:
176:
173:
172:User reminders
169:
168:
165:
161:
160:
156:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
141:
139:
135:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
120:
118:
114:
113:
110:
109:
106:
102:
98:
97:
95:
94:
87:
80:
68:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
49:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3977:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3891:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3856:
3853:
3849:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3819:Yuzpe regimen
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3627:Sterilization
3624:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3584:contraception
3579:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3537:Birth control
3531:
3526:
3524:
3519:
3517:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3410:Menstrual pad
3408:
3406:
3405:Menstrual cup
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3390:Menstrual pad
3388:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3346:Mental health
3343:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3255:Hypomenorrhea
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3159:Mittelschmerz
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3065:
3063:
3058:
3056:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2978:
2976:9781618901613
2972:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2940:on 2006-10-26
2939:
2935:
2928:
2925:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2832:
2829:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2788:
2785:
2774:on 2006-08-21
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2751:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2679:on 2006-10-15
2678:
2674:
2667:
2664:
2653:on 2006-10-11
2649:
2642:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2620:
2609:on 2006-08-29
2608:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2566:
2561:
2548:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2415:(5): 1310–9.
2414:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2375:Vesta website
2371:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2324:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2216:
2213:
2208:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2155:on 2010-05-20
2154:
2150:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2125:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2101:on 2009-02-04
2100:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2016:9780739177099
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1994:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1955:
1948:
1945:
1933:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1899:
1896:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1870:
1867:See Table 56.
1857:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1836:
1828:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1791:
1780:on 2004-10-20
1779:
1775:
1771:
1770:"Question #8"
1765:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1736:Contraception
1730:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1669:Contraception
1663:
1656:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1598:
1595:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1555:on 2007-02-13
1554:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1532:0-8146-5899-7
1529:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1505:on 2007-02-19
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1452:on 2017-12-12
1451:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1418:
1415:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1172:9780898709735
1168:
1164:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1130:
1129:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1111:9780674070264
1107:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1008:
1002:
999:
995:
991:
989:9781441239983
985:
981:
974:
971:
967:
963:
961:9781452266299
957:
953:
946:
943:
937:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
899:
895:
892:
887:
885:
881:
876:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
852:
849:
848:Humanae vitae
845:
839:
836:
829:
827:
823:
819:
814:
811:
806:
802:
797:
795:
791:
787:
786:
781:
778:In 2003, the
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
757:
753:
749:
748:
743:
739:
738:
737:Humanae vitae
733:
729:
723:
719:
713:
705:
703:
701:
700:breastfeeding
697:
693:
690:
686:
680:
672:
670:
665:
657:
655:
651:
647:
645:
644:Toni Weschler
641:
637:
633:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
603:
595:
593:
591:
586:
584:
576:
574:
570:
568:
564:
559:
553:
551:
547:
543:
542:contraception
539:
532:Contraception
531:
529:
527:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
503:
500:
495:
488:
486:
484:
480:
476:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
452:
451:Humanae Vitae
447:
445:
440:
435:
432:
428:
424:
420:
419:Pope Pius XII
412:
410:
408:
404:
400:
395:
391:
390:
383:
380:
379:Kyusaku Ogino
376:
368:
366:
364:
358:
354:
353:by doing so.
352:
348:
344:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
323:Martin Luther
320:
316:
314:
311:wrote in his
310:
305:
303:
298:
297:St. Augustine
293:
291:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
249:
247:
246:birth control
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
195:
191:
186:
182:
180:Clinic review
178:
174:
170:
166:
164:Reversibility
162:
157:
149:
146:
143:
142:
140:
136:
128:
125:
122:
121:
119:
115:
107:
104:
103:
99:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
70:
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
50:
45:
40:
33:
19:
3922:Experimental
3769:Cervical cap
3737:Ormeloxifene
3719:Vaginal ring
3691:Vaginal ring
3597:Hormonal IUD
3280:Metrorrhagia
3250:Dysmenorrhea
3105:Luteal phase
3090:Menstruation
3013:
3003:. Retrieved
2998:
2962:
2942:. Retrieved
2938:the original
2927:
2916:. Retrieved
2911:
2901:
2892:
2882:
2864:
2845:
2839:
2831:
2820:. Retrieved
2816:
2806:
2787:
2776:. Retrieved
2772:the original
2767:
2763:
2753:
2740:
2730:
2719:. Retrieved
2715:
2706:
2692:
2681:. Retrieved
2677:the original
2666:
2655:. Retrieved
2648:the original
2634:
2622:
2611:. Retrieved
2607:the original
2574:
2568:
2547:cite journal
2536:. Retrieved
2526:
2512:
2501:. Retrieved
2497:
2488:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2340:
2331:
2306:
2298:
2279:
2247:(1): 42–55.
2244:
2240:
2230:
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