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does not condone the use of contraception, even within the confines of the marital union. Pope John Paul II spoke on contraception not only as its nature as sinful in the eyes of the church, but also in regards to its dangerous nature to harm married couples. Without the openness to life, John Paul said, the gift of oneself within the bond of marriage is incomplete. The
Catholic Church does, however, condone the practice of periodical abstinence during a woman's natural cycle of fertility for married couples who, for just reasons, do not wish to have a child at that time. This is a key component of Natural Family Planning, which is set apart from contraceptive measures on the grounds that it does not interrupt the natural order of the marital union with artificial means. The entirety of the Catholic Church's stance on contraception is predicated by the way the Catholic Church views marriage, insofar as marriage is an intimate human union between man and a woman wherein the two mutually give of themselves in their entirety for the good of the other and live in such a way that is open to procreation.
671:, is distinguished from chastity before marriage. Abstinence is often viewed as an act of self-control over the natural desire to have sex. The display of the strength of character allows the abstainer to set an example for those not able to contain their "base urges". At other times, abstinence has been seen as a great social skill practiced by those who refuse to engage with the material and physical world. Some groups and teachers that propose sexual abstinence consider it an essential means to reach a particular intellectual or spiritual condition, or that chastity allows one to achieve a required self-control or self-consciousness.
601:, or help in the prevention of unwanted pregnancy. Other studies have found that abstinence-only education does little to affect the "age of sexual initiation; number of sexual partners; and rates of sexual abstinence, condom use, vaginal sex, pregnancy, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs)". Recently, the United States Congress also found similar results in a study conducted by Mathematica Policy Research on abstinence. Currently, there are also issues as to what abstinence means: is it an abstinence from sexual intercourse, or from sexual behavior? Movements such as
368:
monogamous relationships which include sexual abstinence outside of marriage. According to Unwin, after a nation becomes prosperous it becomes increasingly liberal with regard to sexual morality and as a result loses its cohesion, its impetus and its purpose, ultimately having a negative effect on society: "The whole of human history does not contain a single instance of a group becoming civilized unless it has been absolutely monogamous, nor is there any example of a group retaining its culture after it has adopted less rigorous customs."
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377:
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Allāh has decreed for you . And eat and drink until the white thread of dawn becomes distinct to you from the black thread . Then complete the fast until the night . And do not have relations with them as long as you are staying for worship in the mosques. These are the limits Allāh, so do not approach them. Thus does Allāh make clear His verses to the people that they may become righteous.
904:
685:
116:
984:. However, these depictions of sex are not generally understood to be a license for free sexual practices, but are instead meant to celebrate procreation as an integral part of existence in the universe. In actual practice, it is highly encouraged that both males and females abstain from pre-marital sex and exercise chastity, which still exists today in Hindu cultures.
1187:, depression, and bad skin. Medical experts worried that participation in efforts like 90-day abstinence routines could worsen mental health problems like anxiety and depression, especially for those who cannot complete the abstinence period. Some commentators have also criticized the concept of masculinity promoted in masturbation abstinence forums like
1047:
2824:
1153:, a locking item of clothing designed to prevent sexual intercourse. They were used to protect the wearer from rape or temptation. Some devices have been designed with additional features to prevent masturbation. Chastity belts have been created for males and females, ostensibly for the purpose of chastity.
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The Church teaches us to fast until sunset. Fish is not allowed during this period. Also married couples should refrain from physical relations to give themselves time for fasting and prayer (1 Cor. 7: 5). We would like to emphasize the importance of the period of strict abstention during fasting. It
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has argued that there might be a natural tendency of abstinence educators to escalate their messages: "Like advertising, which must continually jack up its seduction just to stay visible as other advertising proliferates, abstinence education had to make sex scarier and scarier and, at the same time,
233:
spoke of the positive physiological effects of abstinence: "The reabsorption of semen by the blood ... perhaps prompts the stimulus of power, the unrest of all forces towards the overcoming of resistances ... The feeling of power has so far mounted highest in abstinent priests and hermits" (quoted by
2748:
And they ask you about menstruation. Say, It is harm, so keep away from wives during menstruation. And do not approach them until they are pure. And when they have purified themselves, then come to them from where Allāh has ordained for you. Indeed, Allāh loves those who are constantly repentant and
979:
The blending of sexual and spiritual is portrayed in Hindu iconography, as seen in ubiquitous phallic and vaginal iconography in Hindu temples and for instance in the
Kharjuraho and Konarak medieval temples, where thousands of couples having sex in endless positions, and with the gods, are carved in
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expanded abstinence programs from teens to adults, by introducing programs to encourage unmarried adults to remain abstinent until marriage. Family-planning advocates and researchers denounced the program as unrealistic, due to the rising age of first-time marriage in the United States. In 2009, the
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Unwin studied 80 tribes and six known civilizations through 5,000 years of history and found a positive correlation between the cultural achievement of a people and the amount of sexual restraint which they observed. The author finds that the most culturally successful groups always exhibit lifelong
204:
attitudes to sexual activity. But others stated that the
Christian religion's hold on to the ideal of sexual abstinence prior to the appearing of gnosticism and Zoroastrianism and its roots are to be found in the Old Testament (which is the base of the New Testament) in which virginity was required
2981:
Chin, Helen B; Sipe, Theresa Ann; Elder, Randy; Mercer, Shawna L; Chattopadhyay, Sajal K; Jacob, Verughese; Wethington, Holly R; Kirby, Doug; Elliston, Donna B; Griffith, Matt; Chuke, Stella O; Briss, Susan C; Ericksen, Irene; Galbraith, Jennifer S; Herbst, Jeffrey H; Johnson, Robert L; Kraft, Joan
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Religions notably vary in their view of sexuality and its expression, especially regarding premarital sex, sexual orientation, and masturbation. Some religions, such as the United Church of Christ, are liberal in their approaches, believing that individuals must decide for themselves how to express
319:
suppressed many consequences of wide and free sexual behavior, while social morals were also changing. By the 1970s, abandonment of premarital chastity was no longer taboo in the majority of western societies, and the reverse became true. Some cultural groups continued to place a value on the moral
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It has been made permissible for you the night preceding fasting to go to your wives . They are a clothing for you and you are a clothing for them. Allāh knows that you used to deceive yourselves, so He accepted your repentance and forgave you. So now, have relations with them and seek that which
875:
Catholicism defines chastity as the virtue that moderates the sexual appetite. Unmarried
Catholics express chastity through sexual abstinence. Sexual intercourse within marriage is considered chaste when it retains the twofold significance of union and procreation. This is why the Catholic Church
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and the legal and political traditions within the particular jurisdiction. Laws differ greatly from country to country. In some countries, such as Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Kuwait, Maldives, Morocco, Mauritania, Qatar, Sudan, Yemen, any form of sexual activity outside marriage is
524:-promoted abstinence-only program was aimed at teens in 1981 in order to discourage premarital sex and unwanted pregnancies. However, recent studies conducted by Mathematica Policy Research showed ineffectiveness of this program. The Responsible Education About Life Act was introduced by Senator
485:
Abstinence-only sex education is a form of sex education that teaches abstinence from sex, and often excludes many other types of sexual and reproductive health education, particularly regarding birth control and safe sex. Education programs which focus exclusively on abstinence have hardly been
2719:
We were with the
Prophet (ﷺ) while we were young and had no wealth. So Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said, "O young people! Whoever among you can marry, should marry, because it helps him lower his gaze and guard his modesty (i.e. his private parts from committing illegal sexual intercourse etc.), and
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teach chastity until marriage. But even then, in accordance with the teaching of the
Apostle Paul, periods of abstinence are encouraged among married couples. Traditionally, Orthodox spouses abstain from physical relations on Wednesdays (the day Jesus was betrayed), Fridays (the day Jesus was
343:
Though sex cells are placed in a part of the anatomy for the essential purpose of easily expelling them into the female for the purpose of reproduction, there are other elements in the sexual fluid which are the essence of blood, nerve, brain, and muscle. When redirected into the building and
279:, that the loss of these secretions, voluntarily or involuntarily, exercises a detrimental effect on the nutrition and vitality of the nerves and brain, while, on the other hand, the conservation of these secretions has a vitalizing effect on the nervous system, a regenerating effect on the
263:, better known as Dr. Raymond W. Bernard, an early 20th-century American alternative health, esoteric writer, author and mystic, who formed part of the alternative reality subculture. In his essay entitled "Science discovers the physiological value of continence" (1957) he states:
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strengthening of these, we find men or women of the greatest endurance and greatest magnetic power. A girl can waste her creative powers by brooding over a love affair to the extent of exhausting her system, with the results not unlike the effects of masturbation and debauchery.
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or promiscuity), but has no ideal of chastity. Within marriage abstinence is also required during and following a woman's menstruation. The husband is not allowed to deprive sex from his wife, even if she is not fertile (known as
78:
Abstinence may be voluntary (when an individual chooses not to engage in sexual activity due to moral, religious, philosophical, or other reasons), an involuntary result of social circumstances (when one cannot find any willing
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implies, among other things, the mandatory renunciation of sex and marriage. For a lay Jain, it represents a virtuous lifestyle devoid of constant sexual urges, that also includes simple living, meditation and other behaviors.
2984:"The Effectiveness of Group-Based Comprehensive Risk-Reduction and Abstinence Education Interventions to Prevent or Reduce the Risk of Adolescent Pregnancy, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and Sexually Transmitted Infections"
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Throughout history, and especially prior to the 20th century, there have been those who have held that sexual abstinence confers numerous health benefits. For males, lack of abstinence was thought to cause a reduction of
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513:, so that opponents frequently adopt the line that abstinence education is acceptable only if it is combined with other methods, such as instruction in the use of condoms, and easy availability thereof. Most nations of
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through seminal discharge, and that the deliberate conservation of this substance would lead to increased health, vitality, and intellectual prowess. This also applied to masturbation, which was also thought to lead to
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is not considered to be contrary to notions of chastity. Some religious systems prohibit sexual activities between a person and anyone other than a spouse of that person, as have past legal systems and societal
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through evidence-based programs. During the Obama administration, between the years 2007 and 2017, the teen pregnancy rate in the US dropped by 50%, according to the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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is refraining from eating and drinking for a period of time, followed by eating vegetarian food. ... True fasting must be accompanied by abstention from food and drink until sunset as designated by the Church.
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556:) to support age-appropriate sexual education. This program is focused to provide teenagers with science-based information on sexual health, so that they can make a sound decision regarding their sex-life.
972:) is considered sacred, and its preservation (except when used for procreation) and conversion into higher life-energy (Ojas) is considered essential for the development of enhanced intellectual and
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Most
Christians teach that sexual intercourse should occur exclusively within marriage, and that sexual abstinence is the norm outside of that. Sex between people not married to each other is either
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began a return to sexual freedom and indulgence, but more often than not, the appearance of conforming to the earlier moral values of abstinence before marriage was retained. With the conclusion of
22:
631:, as opposed to sexual abstinence, was the key to both a strong marriage and a happy life. Kinsey believed that abstinence was a sexual dysfunction: "The only kinds of sexual dysfunction are
1536:"Any human society is free to choose either to display great energy or to enjoy sexual freedom; the evidence is that it cannot do both for more than one generation." Unwin, J. D. (1934).
229:. Conservation of the semen allegedly allows it to be reabsorbed back into the bloodstream and aid in the healthy development of the body. Along these lines, the noted German philosopher
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their sexual nature. Others, such as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Mormonism) and
Catholicism, take an austere view of premarital experimentation and masturbation.
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helped build a more favorable view of abstinence. However, a review of 13 U.S. sex-abstinence programs involving over 15,000 people by Oxford
University found that they do not stop
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in America, which ask teenagers to refrain from sex before marriage, are heavily subscribed, but surveys of sexual behavior indicate an increase in the popularity of oral sex.
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As of 2017, "The rates of sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancy in American teenagers and young adults are high relative to rates in other industrialized countries."
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In this subset of abstinence-only education programs, young people vow chastity until marriage and wear a "purity ring" to demonstrate a commitment to sexual abstinence.
236:
1024:. Abstinence from sexual intercourse is also practiced from dawn to dusk during days where fasting is observed, and sexual intercourse during fasting is prohibited.
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2013:
New Bush Administration Policy Promotes Abstinence Until Marriage Among People in their 20s, Guttmacher Policy Review 2006, Volume 9, Number 4. Available online at
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244:" of the 1960s, it was commonly believed by members of the medical profession that numerous mental and physical diseases in men were caused primarily by loss of
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is a reminder to oneself and others, that they are practicing sexual abstinence. In order to aid their sobriety, some sexual abstinents partake in the usage of
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The rates of sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancy in American teenagers and young adults are high relative to rates in other industrialized countries.
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shown to delay sexual activity. Such programs promote sexual abstinence until marriage and often also condemn the use of contraceptives as an alternative.
623:; his research is cited as having paved the way for a deeper exploration into sexuality among sexologists and the general public, and as having liberated
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883:
teaches that "Although all persons are sexual beings whether or not they are married, sexual relations are only clearly affirmed in the marriage bond."
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have called abstinence-only programs "fear-based," and "designed to control young people's sexual behavior by instilling fear, shame, and guilt." Author
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use more comprehensive measures, and in sharp contrast to the heated discussion in the U.S., abstinence is hardly discussed as an educational measure.
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removed most of the funding from sexual-abstinence education, and instead used the money to fund the Office of Adolescent Health, designed to prevent
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from the late Victorian era to the mid-1900s. This important transformation often colors discussion of sexual behavior in the later 20th century.
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was dangerous, hard to control, and both physically and spiritually exhausting, but had no effect on females. This idea may have been merged with
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1080:. For those Jains who adopt the path of monks, celibacy in action, words and thoughts is expected. For lay Jains who are married, the virtue of
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1012:). Marriage for all who are able to is strongly encouraged, as it is said to help guard one's modesty. For those who cannot marry,
807:"Let marriage be held in honor by all, and let the marriage bed be kept undefiled; for God will judge fornicators and adulterers."
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In some religions, some groups of people are expected to remain unmarried and to abstain from sex completely. These groups include
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Benjamin Brown, "Kedushah: The Sexual Abstinence of Married Men in Gur, Slonim and Toldos Ahron", Jewish History 2013, pp. 475-522
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772:, on the other hand, impose chastity in the form of celibacy for all members, even forgoing procreation such as the case with the
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549:
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433:
312:
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Byers, John Andrew. The Sexual Economy of War: Regulation of Sexuality and the US Army, 1898-1940. Diss. Duke University, 2012.
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1943:
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argued that abstinence from sexual activity led to greater endurance and strength, and was a sign of the best of the species:
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Karras, Ruth Mazo. "Thomas Aquinas's Chastity Belt." Gender and Christianity in Medieval Europe: New Perspectives (2013): 52.
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is "liberal in their approaches, believing that individuals must decide for themselves how to express their sexual nature."
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Intercourse during the day in Ramadan is haram for men and women while intercourse during the night in Ramadan is allowed.
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should be practiced in the winter, but not the summer, but was harmful to male health in every season because the loss of
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2674:"What does Islam say about sexual relationships? - Human sexuality and relationships - GCSE Religious Studies Revision"
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Abby Wilkerson (March 2013). "I Want to Hold Your Hand: Abstinence Curricula, Bioethics, and the Silencing of Desire".
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2649:"What does Hinduism say about sexual relationships? - Sexual relationships - GCSE Religious Studies Revision - WJEC"
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Jessica Fields (2012). "Sexuality Education in the United States: Shared Cultural Ideas across a Political Divide".
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In the 2010s and 2020s, promotion of abstinence from masturbation for health reasons generated millions of views on
1016:(sawm) is recommended, as it is said to diminish sexual power. Abstinence is practiced during the time of a woman's
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in various sects of Islam, Judaism, Christianity, Hinduism, and Buddhism. Chastity is required of the respective
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has been used as a synonym for sexual abstinence, they are similar but with different behavior and restrictions.
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83:), or legally mandated (e.g. in countries where sexual activity outside marriage is illegal, in prisons, etc.).
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expected of faithful adherents. This usually includes abstinence from sex for the unmarried, and fidelity to a
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committed by their families. Stoning for sexual activity outside marriage is also a punishment in some places.
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for reasons medical, psychological, legal, social, philosophical, moral, religious or other. It is a part of
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420:. In such contexts, sexual abstinence was prescribed for unmarried individuals for the purpose of chastity.
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places great emphasis on abstinence as a way of harnessing the energy of body and mind towards the goal of
792:"But because of sexual sins, each man is to have his own wife, and each woman is to have her own husband."
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1179:. Unsubstantiated claims included that abstaining from masturbation would "reboot" the brain, increase
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1700:"United Nations Human Rights Website - Treaty Bodies Database - Document - Summary Record - Kuwait"
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Ashley Winter pointed out that voluntary ejaculation is in many men simply replaced by involuntary
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is sexual abstinence generally motivated by factors such as an individual's personal or religious
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94:, mere attempts at abstinence have little effect on the risk of either. Access to other forms of
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1088:). For lay Jains who are unmarried, chaste living requires Jains to avoid sex before marriage.
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Lifelong (or at least long-term) abstinence, often associated with philosophical or religious
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213:. In modern times, the argument has been phrased in biological terms, claiming that loss of
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1784:""Sex outside of marriage is a criminal offense here," PH ambassador to Qatar warns Pinoys"
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1183:, strength, manliness, economic success, and sexual confidence; and resolve problems like
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627:. According to Alfred Kinsey sexual ignorance led to real suffering in society and that
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wrote that they should not deprive each other, except for a short time for devotion to
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2081:"Why the federal Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program's fate is uncertain | PBS NewsHour"
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has been found to be less effective at preventing sexually transmitted infections and
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is widely regarded as the first and among the most influential figures in American
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whoever is not able to marry, should fast, as fasting diminishes his sexual power.
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Cason, Patty; Cwiak, Carrie; Kowal, Deborah; Edelman, Alison (26 September 2023).
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In spite of these criticisms, federal government support has made abstinence the
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purity of an abstainer, but abstinence was caught up in a wider reevaluation of
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64:
25:
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2893:"Masturbation abstinence is popular online. Doctors and therapists are worried"
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1971:"Evaluation of Abstinence Education Programs Funded Under Title V, Section 510"
868:). This is to allow believers "to give themselves time for fasting and prayer (
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Boerner, Heather. Questioning Abstinence Until Marriage. Available online at
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Sexual abstinence can be practiced during the period in which the woman is
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by law and marriage was especially protected (see Deuteronomy chapter 22).
311:, the societal importance of abstinence declined. The advent of the first
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Coptic Orthodox Diocese of Los Angeles, Southern California, and Hawaii
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928: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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709: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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490:, by contrast, covers the use of contraceptives as well as abstinence.
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385:
140: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
56:
1880:"Iraqi immigrant convicted in Arizona 'honor killing' awaits sentence"
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through ejaculation results in a depletion of vital nutrients such as
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Disorders of Desire: Sexuality and Gender in Modern American Sexology
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Eunuchs for the Kingdom of Heaven - the Catholic Church and Sexuality
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in some societies, or by law in some countries. It is distinct from
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Some advantages in favor of sexual abstinence were also claimed by
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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Introduction to Social Work and Social Welfare: Empowering People
1550:
Unwin, J. D. (1927). "Monogamy as a Condition of Social Energy".
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2374:"American Experience | Kinsey | Transcript | PBS"
1407:(22 ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 207–219.
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since the early 20th century, including modern groups like the
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requires remaining sexually faithful to one's chosen partner (
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109:
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What Every Mental Health Professional Needs to Know About Sex
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2227:(6). Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 32, No. 6: 298–304.
2217:"Oral Sex among Adolescents: Is It Sex or Is It Abstinence?"
2028:"Planned Parenthood Questioning Abstinence Until Marriage -"
1840:"Women's Rights in the Middle East and North Africa - Yemen"
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In some parts of the world, people suspected of engaging in
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2270:(8th ed.). Macmillan Higher Education. p. 1044.
1570:"Abstinence during infertile period to prevent conception"
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that Jews are using pornography to undermine white men).
2982:
M; Noar, Seth M; Romero, Lisa M; Santelli, John (2012).
2266:
Gray, Peter O.; Bjorklund, David F. (22 December 2017).
1379:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
1202:
Abstinence from masturbation has been advocated by some
3052:
Science discovers the physiological value of continence
1502:
Science discovers the physiological value of continence
1460:"Conservation of sperms: current status and new trends"
351:
was a British ethnologist and social anthropologist at
2417:"1 Corinthians 7:2 Evangelical Heritage Version (EHV)"
2015:
http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/gpr/09/4/gpr090423.html
1623:"Afghanistan sees rise in 'dancing boys' exploitation"
1517:
What Every Girl Should Know: Sexual Impulses — Part II
1113:
forbids intercourse outside marriage (which is termed
659:. Celibacy is required for some religious orders like
2596:
The Book of Discipline of The United Methodist Church
1862:"Shocking gay honor killing inspires movie - CNN.com"
283:
and a rejuvenating effect on the organism as a whole.
1906:
December 2003, Volume 6, Number 5 By Cynthia Dailard
1123:
1114:
3805:
3759:
3540:
3480:
3451:
3416:
3409:
3386:
3346:
3308:
3286:
3258:
3218:
3209:
3184:
3139:
3103:
2907:"How You Can Prevent Sexually Transmitted Diseases"
1668:
1666:
1149:Historically, some individuals were said to wear a
407:In most cultural, ethical, and religious contexts,
2431:"Hebrews 13:4 New Revised Standard Version (NRSV)"
475:Abstinence-only sex education in the United States
380:Schematic indicating the fertile period of a woman
359:universities. Unwin wrote several books including
1810:"Sudan must rewrite rape laws to protect victims"
1346:
1344:
1028:is also strictly forbidden, as it can invalidate
172:for both health and social reasons. According to
75:where people feel small or no sexual attraction.
2405:SSRN-The Hermeneutics of Sexual Order by L. Khan
237:Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist
805:
790:
267:t is clear that there is an important internal
32:committed to the practice of sexual abstinence.
2807:Acharya Amritchandra's Purushartha Siddhyupaya
1138:Among some groups of people, the wearing of a
287:Historically, there has been a swing from the
3514:
3080:
225:, which are also found at high levels in the
8:
2938:Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology
2616:. Springer Publishing Company. p. 55.
1744:"Morocco: Should pre-marital sex be legal?"
1597:"Searching for Freedom, Chained by the Law"
1042:Brahmacharya § Brahmacharya in Jainism
271:relation between the secretions of the sex
3521:
3507:
3499:
3413:
3215:
3121:Preventing sexually-transmitted infections
3087:
3073:
3065:
2934:"Abstinence and abstinence-only education"
2784:"Can You Have Intercourse During Ramadan?"
2579:. Librenia Editrice Vaticana. p. 400.
1229:Abstinence can help prevent the spread of
3838:Sexual and reproductive health and rights
2957:
2563:United States Council of Catholic Bishops
944:Learn how and when to remove this message
852:and throughout the four fasting periods (
725:Learn how and when to remove this message
436:is illegal. Such laws are mostly tied to
327:During the early 20th century, prominent
156:Learn how and when to remove this message
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2487:"Abstaining From Sex Is Part of Fasting"
1396:
1394:
299:period. This was then followed by a new
2988:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
1996:Congress changed its mind on abstinence
1340:
2932:Ott, Mary A; Santelli, John S (2007).
2485:Menzel, Konstantinos (14 April 2014).
2200:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2193:
1897:The Guttmacher Report on Public Policy
1762:"2010 Human Rights Report: Mauritania"
1629:. DEHRAZI, Afghanistan. Archived from
16:Act of refraining from sexual activity
2215:Lisa Remez (November–December 2000).
1514:Sanger, Margaret (29 December 1912),
1428:
1426:
1424:
1283:Abstinence, be faithful, use a condom
7:
3126:Over-the-counter oral contraceptives
2599:. The United Methodist Church. 2014.
1621:Ernesto Londoño (9 September 2012).
926:adding citations to reliable sources
707:adding citations to reliable sources
138:adding citations to reliable sources
3652:Friends with benefits relationships
3111:Comparison of birth control methods
2709:from the original on 25 August 2023
2610:Buehler, Stephanie (29 July 2013).
1917:"Comprehensive sexuality education"
643:Long-term abstinence as a lifestyle
43:is the practice of refraining from
3488:Male contraceptives in development
2749:loves those who purify themselves.
1676:. Travel.state.gov. Archived from
1355:. SAGE Publications. p. 155.
1353:Encyclopedia of Gender and Society
1163:Masturbation § Health effects
968:realization. In males, the semen (
295:to the chaste values of the early
14:
3047:National Abstinence Clearinghouse
2101:"No-sex programmes 'not working'"
1214:(who endorses an unsubstantiated
86:While actual abstinence prevents
2822:
2577:Catechism of the Catholic Church
2067:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2011.00436.x
1267:
1091:In the Jain monastic tradition,
902:
683:
612:Effects of abstinence on society
434:sexual activity outside marriage
114:
3131:Oral contraceptive formulations
2810:. Vikalp Printers. p. iv.
2457:"The Meaning of the Great Lent"
1595:Jordan, Mary (21 August 2008).
1231:sexually transmitted infections
1006:intercourse outside of marriage
913:needs additional citations for
694:needs additional citations for
234:Walter Kaufman in his classic,
125:needs additional citations for
92:sexually transmitted infections
2891:Lisa Hagen (3 February 2024).
2455:Samaan, Moses (9 April 2009).
1921:United Nations Population Fund
1816:. 28 June 2007. Archived from
1026:Sexual intercourse during Hajj
509:focus of sex education in the
168:The ancient world discouraged
1:
2128:Journal of Medical Humanities
1973:. 3 July 2014. Archived from
1472:10.1016/s0378-4320(00)00125-1
481:Abstinence-only sex education
3000:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.11.006
2950:10.1097/GCO.0b013e3282efdc0b
2762:"Surah Al-Baqarah verse 187"
2733:"Surah Al-Baqarah verse 222"
2221:Family Planning Perspectives
1647:. AIDSPortal. Archived from
583:Popularity and effectiveness
240:, p. 222). Before the "
59:. Sexual abstinence before
3438:Fertility awareness methods
1464:Animal Reproduction Science
1458:Yoshida, M. (2 July 2000).
1381:(3d ed. 1992), entries for
1255:comprehensive sex education
1124:
1115:
828:. But for married couples,
488:Comprehensive sex education
3940:
1433:Uta Ranke.Heinman (1988).
1309:Making Sense of Abstinence
1160:
1103:
1039:
997:
991:
845:Oriental Orthodox Churches
783:
586:
478:
448:
400:
3433:Calendar (rhythm) methods
2559:"Natural Family Planning"
2294:Janice M. Irvine (2005).
2140:10.1007/s10912-013-9213-0
1764:. State.gov. 8 April 2011
1247:abstinence-only education
1225:Abstinence-only education
1076:(layman) and ascetics in
841:Eastern Orthodox Churches
192:in a philosophy known as
3057:11 December 2017 at the
1404:Contraceptive Technology
848:crucified), the eves of
465:same-sex sexual activity
3772:Physical attractiveness
3348:Emergency Contraception
2804:Jain, Vijay K. (2012).
2302:Temple University Press
2001:25 October 2009 at the
1902:9 December 2004 at the
1253:among adolescents than
888:United Church of Christ
675:Abstinence in religions
639:and delayed marriage."
522:U.S. federal government
313:oral contraceptive pill
102:, is thus recommended.
100:emergency birth control
3919:Prevention of HIV/AIDS
3813:Human female sexuality
3746:Split attraction model
3627:Committed relationship
3268:Multi-month injections
3211:Hormonal contraception
3175:Levonorgestrel implant
3141:Long-acting reversible
1351:O'Brien, Jodi (2009).
1275:Human sexuality portal
1058:
809:
794:
737:Some religions regard
664:
536:) and Representatives
493:Organizations such as
467:can become victims of
432:In some countries any
381:
346:
285:
277:central nervous system
33:
3863:Sex-positive movement
3858:Sex-positive feminism
3843:Sex Addicts Anonymous
3716:Queer heterosexuality
3396:Vaginal pH modulation
3373:Low-dose mifepristone
3273:Progestogen-only pill
3167:Contraceptive implant
2516:Catholic Encyclopedia
1722:"Culture of Maldives"
1437:. Penguin Books USA.
1161:Further information:
1106:Abstinence in Judaism
1104:Further information:
1049:
994:Menstruation in Islam
797:— 1 Corinthians 7:2,
784:Further information:
650:
599:risky sexual behavior
379:
372:During fertile period
341:
315:and widely available
293:Industrial Revolution
265:
24:
3818:Human male sexuality
3709:Romantic orientation
3428:Breastfeeding method
3338:Contraceptive sponge
3222:estrogen–progestogen
3171:Etonogestrel implant
3061:by Dr. R. W. Bernard
2699:"Sahih Bukhari 5066"
2345:. pp. 227–228.
1305:in the United States
1185:erectile dysfunction
1134:Associated practices
1050:Green colour in the
922:improve this article
786:Evangelical counsels
703:improve this article
134:improve this article
3595:Casual relationship
3543:Sexual relationship
3463:Non-penetrative sex
3455:vaginal intercourse
3420:vaginal intercourse
3240:Contraceptive patch
3235:Extended cycle Pill
3152:Intrauterine device
3116:Male contraceptives
3037:Chastityproject.com
2444:1 Corinthians 7.3-5
1946:13 May 2008 at the
1886:. 23 February 2011.
1790:. 12 September 2011
1627:The Washington Post
1601:The Washington Post
1552:The Hibbert Journal
1177:nocturnal emissions
1070:prescribed for the
1066:is one of the five
502:chastity sweeter."
397:Premarital chastity
231:Friedrich Nietzsche
196:, which influenced
176:(6th century BCE),
3878:Stanley v. Georgia
3823:Right to sexuality
3792:Sexual frustration
3731:Sexual orientation
3363:Ulipristal acetate
3351:(Post-intercourse)
3245:Monthly injections
2386:on 13 January 2017
2304:. pp. 37–43.
2034:on 13 January 2008
1868:. 13 January 2012.
1820:on 9 December 2012
1651:on 26 October 2008
1576:on 15 October 2013
1466:. 60–61: 349–355.
1204:white supremacists
1059:
665:
382:
261:Walter Siegmeister
73:sexual orientation
34:
3899:Sexual abstinence
3886:
3885:
3868:Sexual revolution
3777:Sexual attraction
3726:Sexual abstinence
3615:Celibacy syndrome
3496:
3495:
3476:
3475:
3304:
3303:
2913:. 5 November 2013
2817:978-81-903639-4-5
2591:"Human Sexuality"
2514:I-II q. 60 a. 5;
2277:978-1-319-06035-0
2255:on 21 April 2005.
2055:Sociology Compass
1959:Harmful to Minors
1414:978-1-284-25503-4
1301:which deals with
1294:Harmful to Minors
1251:teenage pregnancy
1245:, etc. However,
1219:conspiracy theory
1210:and leaders like
954:
953:
946:
870:1 Corinthians 7:5
735:
734:
727:
629:sexual liberation
576:teenage pregnancy
546:Christopher Shays
242:sexual revolution
166:
165:
158:
37:Sexual abstinence
28:are worn by some
3931:
3873:Sexual surrogate
3833:Sexual addiction
3632:Conventional sex
3523:
3516:
3509:
3500:
3414:
3260:Progestogen-only
3216:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3066:
3012:
3011:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2961:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2888:
2871:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2826:
2825:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2545:Catholic Answers
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2510:Thomas Aquinas,
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2469:
2467:
2452:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2382:. Archived from
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2343:Cengage Learning
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2251:. Archived from
2212:
2206:
2205:
2199:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2181:
2175:. Archived from
2174:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2089:. 22 March 2018.
2077:
2071:
2070:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2030:. Archived from
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1967:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1913:
1907:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1750:. 9 August 2012.
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1680:on 1 August 2013
1670:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1572:. Archived from
1566:
1560:
1559:
1547:
1541:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1511:
1505:
1498:
1492:
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1455:
1449:
1448:
1430:
1419:
1418:
1398:
1389:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1348:
1329:Virginity pledge
1277:
1272:
1271:
1127:
1118:
949:
942:
938:
935:
929:
906:
898:
881:Methodist Church
816:
812:— Hebrews 13:4,
801:
730:
723:
719:
716:
710:
687:
679:
625:female sexuality
526:Frank Lautenberg
289:sexually liberal
281:endocrine glands
161:
154:
150:
147:
141:
118:
110:
41:sexual restraint
3939:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3848:Sexual jealousy
3801:
3760:Sexual dynamics
3755:
3682:One-night stand
3657:Heterosexuality
3564:Gray asexuality
3547:
3545:
3536:
3530:Human sexuality
3527:
3497:
3492:
3472:
3453:
3447:
3418:
3405:
3382:
3350:
3342:
3323:Internal condom
3318:External condom
3310:Barrier Methods
3300:
3282:
3254:
3221:
3205:
3180:
3142:
3135:
3099:
3093:
3059:Wayback Machine
3033:
3021:
3019:Further reading
3016:
3015:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2916:
2914:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2890:
2889:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2823:
2818:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2741:
2739:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2712:
2710:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2682:
2680:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2657:
2655:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2541:"Birth Control"
2539:
2538:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2512:Summa Theologia
2509:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2465:
2463:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2438:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2333:Charles Zastrow
2331:
2330:
2326:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2278:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2233:10.2307/2648199
2214:
2213:
2209:
2192:
2185:
2183:
2182:on 13 June 2007
2179:
2172:
2170:"Archived copy"
2168:
2167:
2163:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2110:
2108:
2107:. 2 August 2007
2099:
2098:
2094:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2035:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2003:Wayback Machine
1994:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1953:
1948:Wayback Machine
1941:6-SHA2_Interior
1939:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1904:Wayback Machine
1895:
1891:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1821:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1791:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1724:. Every Culture
1720:
1719:
1715:
1705:
1703:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1681:
1672:
1671:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1633:on 10 May 2013.
1620:
1619:
1615:
1605:
1603:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1538:Sex and Culture
1535:
1531:
1522:
1520:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1499:
1495:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1432:
1431:
1422:
1415:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1377:
1373:
1363:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1337:
1303:sexual morality
1273:
1266:
1263:
1227:
1165:
1159:
1136:
1108:
1102:
1044:
1038:
1002:
996:
990:
950:
939:
933:
930:
919:
907:
896:
818:
811:
803:
796:
788:
782:
774:castration cult
731:
720:
714:
711:
700:
688:
677:
645:
614:
603:True Love Waits
591:
585:
483:
477:
457:
449:Main articles:
447:
430:
405:
399:
394:
392:Before marriage
374:
365:Sex and Culture
361:Sex and Culture
337:Margaret Sanger
162:
151:
145:
142:
131:
119:
108:
81:sexual partners
63:is required by
45:sexual activity
17:
12:
11:
5:
3937:
3935:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3891:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3797:Sociosexuality
3794:
3789:
3784:
3782:Sexual capital
3779:
3774:
3769:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3736:Sexual partner
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3667:Hypersexuality
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3574:Fictosexuality
3571:
3556:
3550:
3548:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3503:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3459:
3457:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3411:
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499:Judith Levine
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190:good and evil
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123:This section
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96:birth control
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71:, which is a
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50:
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42:
38:
31:
27:
23:
19:
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3610:Love shyness
3588:Pansexuality
3554:Aromanticism
3481:Experimental
3467:
3328:Cervical cap
3296:Ormeloxifene
3278:Vaginal ring
3250:Vaginal ring
3156:Hormonal IUD
3042:Chastity.com
2991:
2987:
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2915:. Retrieved
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2740:. Retrieved
2736:
2727:
2718:
2711:. Retrieved
2702:
2693:
2681:. Retrieved
2678:BBC Bitesize
2677:
2668:
2656:. Retrieved
2653:BBC Bitesize
2652:
2643:
2634:
2627:. Retrieved
2612:
2605:
2594:
2585:
2576:
2571:
2562:
2553:
2544:
2535:
2527:
2523:
2518:, "Chastity"
2515:
2511:
2506:
2494:. Retrieved
2480:
2471:
2464:. Retrieved
2450:
2439:
2425:
2411:
2400:
2390:11 September
2388:. Retrieved
2384:the original
2377:
2368:
2356:. Retrieved
2337:
2327:
2315:. Retrieved
2296:
2289:
2281:
2267:
2261:
2253:the original
2224:
2220:
2210:
2184:. Retrieved
2177:the original
2164:
2131:
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2121:
2109:. Retrieved
2104:
2095:
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2036:. Retrieved
2032:the original
2021:
2009:
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1979:. Retrieved
1975:the original
1965:
1954:
1936:
1924:. Retrieved
1920:
1911:
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1883:
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1856:
1844:. Retrieved
1834:
1822:. Retrieved
1818:the original
1813:
1804:
1792:. Retrieved
1787:
1778:
1766:. Retrieved
1756:
1747:
1738:
1726:. Retrieved
1716:
1704:. Retrieved
1694:
1682:. Retrieved
1678:the original
1653:. Retrieved
1649:the original
1639:
1631:the original
1626:
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1604:. Retrieved
1600:
1590:
1578:. Retrieved
1574:the original
1564:
1555:
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1545:
1537:
1532:
1521:, retrieved
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1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1366:
1352:
1297:, a book by
1292:
1228:
1216:anti-Semitic
1201:
1181:testosterone
1169:social media
1166:
1157:Masturbation
1148:
1137:
1125:mitzvat onah
1121:
1109:
1093:brahmacharya
1092:
1090:
1082:brahmacharya
1081:
1071:
1063:Brahmacharya
1061:
1060:
1056:brahmacharya
1055:
1018:menstruation
1009:
1003:
978:
976:capacities.
962:Brahmacharya
955:
940:
931:
920:Please help
915:verification
912:
885:
878:
874:
850:Great Feasts
838:
819:
810:
806:
795:
791:
780:Christianity
768:orders. The
751:
736:
721:
712:
701:Please help
696:verification
693:
666:
615:
607:
592:
569:Barack Obama
558:
519:
504:
492:
484:
458:
431:
428:Legal issues
421:
406:
383:
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360:
347:
342:
326:
322:moral values
309:World War II
286:
266:
258:
255:hairy palms.
235:
207:
167:
152:
143:
132:Please help
127:verification
124:
85:
77:
65:social norms
40:
36:
35:
26:Purity rings
18:
3853:Sexual norm
3692:Promiscuity
3583:Bisexuality
3401:Nonoxynol-9
3388:Spermicides
2845:Brahmacarya
2788:islamqa.org
2061:(1): 1–14.
1981:13 December
1842:. Unhcr.org
1702:. Unhchr.ch
1580:19 February
1385:and thence
1319:Purity Ball
1140:purity ring
1054:stands for
822:fornication
538:Barbara Lee
363:(1934). In
349:J. D. Unwin
317:antibiotics
305:World War I
291:end of the
186:Zoroastrian
170:promiscuity
3904:Asceticism
3893:Categories
3828:Sexecology
3600:Casual sex
3559:Asexuality
3468:Abstinence
3443:Withdrawal
3410:Behavioral
3358:Copper IUD
3161:Copper IUD
2917:5 December
2703:sunnah.com
2268:Psychology
1926:23 October
1523:6 November
1387:abstinence
1335:References
1212:David Duke
1208:Proud Boys
1197:misogynist
1068:major vows
998:See also:
982:bas-relief
934:March 2017
854:Great Lent
766:sacerdotal
715:March 2017
669:asceticism
633:abstinence
587:See also:
461:premarital
301:puritanism
251:bedwetting
223:phosphorus
194:Gnosticism
174:Pythagoras
146:March 2017
98:, such as
69:asexuality
3914:Fertility
3767:Hypergamy
3687:Polyamory
3642:Free love
3546:phenomena
3417:Including
3333:Diaphragm
3230:Oral pill
3200:Vasectomy
2766:quran.com
2742:26 August
2737:quran.com
2713:25 August
2683:31 August
2317:3 January
1540:, p. 412.
1480:0378-4320
1324:Virginity
1173:urologist
1052:Jain flag
1022:istihadha
1000:Istihadha
974:spiritual
966:spiritual
749:partner.
441:illegal.
357:Cambridge
335:advocate
297:Victorian
246:nutrients
198:Christian
188:ideas of
88:pregnancy
3909:Celibacy
3806:See also
3751:Swinging
3721:Sex life
3677:Marriage
3647:Foreplay
3637:Flirting
3605:Celibacy
3534:sexology
3452:Avoiding
3220:Combined
3196:(female)
3055:Archived
3008:22341164
2968:17885460
2707:Archived
2658:17 March
2466:10 March
2358:15 March
2335:(2007).
2249:11138867
2196:cite web
2156:35152974
2148:23468394
2111:17 March
2105:BBC News
1999:Archived
1944:Archived
1900:Archived
1846:2 August
1824:2 August
1794:3 August
1768:2 August
1748:BBC News
1728:3 August
1706:2 August
1684:3 August
1655:2 August
1606:3 August
1488:10844206
1383:celibacy
1261:See also
1243:syphilis
1233:such as
1086:fidelity
894:Hinduism
843:and the
826:adultery
747:marriage
739:chastity
637:celibacy
621:sexology
507:de facto
445:Violence
438:religion
422:Chastity
413:marriage
403:Chastity
329:feminist
275:and the
219:lecithin
211:vitality
61:marriage
53:Celibacy
49:chastity
3098:methods
2959:5913747
2911:cdc.gov
2629:19 June
2241:2648199
2186:22 June
1814:Reuters
1788:SPOT.ph
1111:Judaism
1100:Judaism
1078:Jainism
1073:śrāvakā
1036:Jainism
1014:fasting
770:Shakers
762:priests
661:Jainism
455:Stoning
411:within
386:fertile
202:Islamic
106:History
57:beliefs
3697:Female
3202:(male)
3145:(LARC)
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2496:27 May
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2038:2 July
1674:"Iran"
1645:"Home"
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958:Indian
834:prayer
760:, and
743:virtue
651:Young
544:) and
495:SIECUS
353:Oxford
273:glands
3288:SERMs
2237:JSTOR
2180:(PDF)
2173:(PDF)
2152:S2CID
1314:NoFap
1193:toxic
1189:NoFap
1030:Ihram
988:Islam
980:deep
970:Vīrya
754:monks
741:as a
657:Tibet
418:norms
227:brain
215:semen
182:semen
30:youth
3672:LGBT
3532:and
3004:PMID
2964:PMID
2919:2014
2812:ISBN
2744:2023
2715:2023
2685:2020
2660:2021
2631:2014
2618:ISBN
2498:2021
2468:2024
2392:2017
2360:2014
2347:ISBN
2319:2012
2306:ISBN
2272:ISBN
2245:PMID
2202:link
2188:2007
2144:PMID
2113:2009
2040:2008
1983:2020
1928:2021
1848:2013
1826:2013
1796:2013
1770:2013
1730:2013
1708:2013
1686:2013
1657:2013
1608:2013
1582:2014
1525:2013
1484:PMID
1476:ISSN
1439:ISBN
1409:ISBN
1357:ISBN
1195:and
1116:znut
1010:zina
956:The
886:The
879:The
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864:and
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814:NRSV
758:nuns
595:AIDS
453:and
355:and
331:and
253:and
221:and
200:and
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2996:doi
2954:PMC
2946:doi
2850:BBC
2379:PBS
2229:doi
2136:doi
2086:PBS
2063:doi
1884:CNN
1866:CNN
1556:XXV
1468:doi
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1130:).
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