768:
Fiona Menzi; Nathalie Hirter; Julia M Paris; John Hedges; Isabelle
Palhiere; Rachel Rupp; Johannes A Lenstra; Louisa Gidney; JosĂ©phine Lesur; Renate Schafberg; Michael Stache; Marie-Dominique Wandhammer; Rose-Marie Arbogast; Claude Guintard; Amandine Blin; Abdelhak Boukadiri; Julie RiviĂšre; Diane EsquerrĂ©; CĂ©cile Donnadieu; Coralie Danchin-Burge; Coralie M Reich; David G Riley; Este van Marle-Koster; Noelle Cockett; Benjamin J Hayes; Cord DrögemĂŒller; James Kijas; Eric Pailhoux; Gwenola Tosser-Klopp; Denis Duboule; AurĂ©lien Capitan (February 2, 2021).
309:
276:
27:
348:
965:
767:
Aurélie Allais-Bonnet; Aurélie
Hintermann; Marie-Christine Deloche; Raphaël Cornette; Philippe Bardou; Marina Naval-Sanchez; Alain Pinton; Ashleigh Haruda; Cécile Grohs; Jozsef Zakany; Daniele Bigi; Ivica Medugorac; Olivier Putelat; Ockert Greyvenstein; Tracy Hadfield; Slim Ben Jemaa; Gjoko Bunevski;
286:
Diné weavers have used Churro wool to make rugs, wall hangings, and other products since the late 1600s. The sheep naturally produce wool in fourteen colors, so weavers can produce complex colorwork without needing to dye the wool. The yarn produced from the wool is durable, coarse, and non-pilling.
320:
Churros are small sheep with long, thin tails, horizontal ears, and a double coat. Ewes are 40â60 kg (88â132 lb), while rams are 55â85 kg (121â187 lb). The sheep are long-lived and can be productive for up to 15 years. An ideal Churro, according to the breed standard, has a bare
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and used to feed
Spanish armies and settlers. By the 17th century, Churros were popular with the Spanish settlers in the upper Rio Grande Valley. The Diné acquired Churro flocks by trading. The Churro soon became an important part of the Diné economy and culture. The Navajo bred sheep to adapt to a
294:
The specific Churro breed, as opposed to sheep in general, is an important part of Diné cultural identity. Elders in particular remembered the Churro flocks from the early 20th century. Some were overjoyed to see the revitalization from the 1970s onward:
367:
The Navajo-Churros possess a dual coat, which has an inner and an outer layer. The fleece is composed of an inner coat (80% of fleece), and outer coat that is hair fibers (10-20% of fleece) and kemp (a coarse, opaque fiber, less than 5% of fleece).
290:
Carding wool, spinning yarn, and weaving are traditionally women's work among the Diné. As such, flocks of sheep traditionally belonged to women and were passed from a mother to her children. Children learned to tend the sheep at a young age.
231:
instructed his troops to destroy Navajo crops and kill their livestock, including the Churro sheep, in 1863. They killed thousands of sheep. Some small clusters in remote canyons survived the attack. The entire Navajo nation was then
252:
estimated that less than 450 Churros remained by the 1970s. This reduction of the flocks drove many Diné ranchers into poverty. Many Diné who had traditionally lived off of the land and agriculture turned to wage work.
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in 1868, allowing the Navajo to return to their homeland. As part of the agreement, the US government provided sheep to the Navajo; however, these breeds were unfamiliar and contaminated the Churro sheep line.
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consists of a protective topcoat and soft undercoat. Some rams have four fully developed horns, a trait shared with few other breeds in the world. The breed is highly resistant to disease. Ewes often birth
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260:
with the purpose of preserving the breed and revitalizing Diné and
Hispanic flocks. The Navajo Sheep Project, headed by Lyle McNeal, was the first organization to start a breeding program.
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face, bare legs, and a mostly bare belly. The sheep are hardy with light bones, narrow bodies, and long legs. They do not reach their full-grown size until well into their second year.
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Many Diné through the early 20th century made their livelihood in farming and ranching. Woven products, such as rugs and blankets, were and continue to be important exports.
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The fleece color is separated from the points color. The fleece can often change from lamb to adulthood. Blacks, for instance, often white out with age.
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Churros come in a variety of colors, including reds, browns, black, white, and mixes, and color may change with age. The color is separated into the
1460:
248:, intended to reduce the amount of sheep and horses on Diné lands. Tens of thousands of Churro sheep were slaughtered, and their numbers dwindled.
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I said, "Why are you crying for grandpa?" He said, "It's been a long time since I've seen these sheep. I'm so happy that they're here again."
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336:. Although this is more common in rams, the polycerate trait appears in ewes as well. This is because they possess a mutation on the
332:. Ewes are more likely to have scurs or be polled; however, they may also have two or four horns. Sheep with more than two horns are
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416:. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed August 2023.
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color and the points color (legs and head). The sheep may also have different color patterns, such as eye patches and hip spots.
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The meat is lean with a low fat content. Meat may be eaten for sustenance, or it may be used in traditional medicine.
176:, and they have good mothering instincts. This breed is raised primarily for wool, although some also eat their meat.
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662:
Strawn, Susan M.; Littrell, Mary A. (November 1, 2007). "Returning Navajo-Churro Sheep for Navajo
Weaving".
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770:"Analysis of Polycerate Mutants Reveals the Evolutionary Co-option of HOXD1 for Horn Patterning in Bovidae"
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is also occasionally used, meaning "first sheep." The churro is important to Diné subsistence and culture.
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Sponenberg, D.P.; Taylor, C. (2009). "Navajo-Churro sheep and wool in the United States".
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513:. Oklahoma State University Department of Food and Animal Sciences. 22 July 2021.
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Restoration of the breed began in the 1970s when breeders began acquiring Churro
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856:
The Ark of Taste: Delicious and
Distinctive Foods That Define the United States
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This small flock of Navajo-Churros shows a common variety of colors.
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Diné be' iinå, Inc., a nonprofit organization (The Navajo
Lifeway)
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to a reservation. The Navajo nation and the US government signed
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Most rams have horns, either two or four. Rams may also have
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gene, a mutation also found in old heritage breeds like the
263:
While the Navajo-Churro breed is no longer in danger of
837:"A Guide to the Selection of Navajo-Churro Sheep - PDF"
551:
390:, a list of endangered heritage foods catalogued by
51:
American Four-Horned Sheep, Navajo Four-Horned Sheep
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Mammal breeds originating from
Indigenous Americans
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220:pastoral lifestyle in a harsh desert environment.
854:Shields, David S.; Kennedy Lord, Giselle (2023).
732:"Navajo-Churro Sheep Association Breed Standard"
244:In the 1930s, the US government implemented the
928:The Livestock Conservancy - Navajo-Churro Sheep
583:"Reviving Navajo identity, one sheep at a time"
297:
703:
701:
699:
688:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
558:. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System
1695:Sheep breeds originating in the United States
1487:
948:
708:Sacred Sheep Revive Navajo Tradition, For Now
528:
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1503:Sheep breeds of Canada and the United States
282:outdoors with their flocks in the background
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1082:Navajo Nation Zoological and Botanical Park
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664:Textile: The Journal of Cloth & Culture
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891:. North Adams, MA: Storey Publishing LLC.
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18:
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552:"Navajo-Churro/United States of America"
414:Breed data sheet: Churra / Spain (Sheep)
479:Dept. of Animal Science. Archived from
409:
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386:as critical. They are also part of the
887:Simmons, Paula; Carol Ekarius (2001).
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625:"Hubbell Trading Post: Churro Sheep"
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211:frontiersmen) was first imported to
163:around the 16th century during the
718:, 2010-06-13, accessed 2010-06-13.
14:
818:. Navajo Churro Sheep Association
963:
750:"What is a Navajo-Churro Sheep?"
913:Navajo-Churro Sheep Association
889:Storey's Guide to Raising Sheep
841:Navajo-Churro Sheep Association
774:Molecular Biology and Evolution
736:Navajo-Churro Sheep Association
85:55â85 kg (121â187 lb)
189:, means "long fleeced sheep."
92:40â60 kg (88â132 lb)
1:
581:Gass, Henry (April 7, 2022).
382:Navajo-Churros are listed by
1367:(AZ, former Chinle Boarding)
1242:Gallup-McKinley County (NM)
312:Navajo-Churro sheep at the
1711:
246:Navajo Livestock Reduction
16:North American sheep breed
1509:
1418:St. Michael Indian School
1213:Central Consolidated (NM)
977:Politics and institutions
860:Little, Brown and Company
587:Christian Science Monitor
477:Oklahoma State University
455:10.1017/S1014233909990411
384:The Livestock Conservancy
250:The Livestock Conservancy
101:
24:
1283:Magdalena Municipal (NM)
1158:Treaty of Bosque Redondo
918:The Navajo Sheep Project
712:Weekend Edition Saturday
676:10.2752/1751835O7X249477
439:Animal Genetic Resources
238:Treaty of Bosque Redondo
1152:Long Walk of the Navajo
843:. 2010. pp. 19â20.
600:Begay, Raphael (2023).
67:wool, milk, pelts, meat
1347:Hunters Point Boarding
787:10.1093/molbev/msab021
678:(inactive 2024-08-14).
352:
317:
301:
283:
191:
185:
159:sheep obtained by the
1403:(off-reservation, NM)
1377:Rough Point Community
812:"Generic Color Terms"
716:National Public Radio
636:National Park Service
632:National Park Service
538:Livestock Conservancy
534:"Navajo-Churro Sheep"
507:"Navajo-Churro Sheep"
350:
311:
278:
152:originating with the
1383:Rough Rock Community
1365:Many Farms Community
816:Details about colors
754:Navajo Sheep Project
183:word for the breed,
1544:Canadian Corriedale
1461:List of communities
1170:Livestock Reduction
1142:(1600s–1700s)
1077:Navajo-Churro sheep
511:Breeds of Livestock
473:Breeds of Livestock
227:, American soldier
207:(renamed Churro by
37:Conservation status
31:A Navajo-Churro ram
21:
1534:Bell Multi-nippled
1395:Tuba City Boarding
1310:Tuba City USD (AZ)
1303:Red Valley/Cove HS
1276:Monument Valley HS
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318:
284:
280:Diné women weaving
139:Navajo Four-Horned
1667:
1666:
1569:Gulf Coast Native
1469:
1468:
1449:
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1341:Greyhills Acad HS
1293:Red Mesa USD (AZ)
1166:(1873–1895)
898:978-1-58017-262-2
314:San Francisco Zoo
133:for short, (also
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56:Country of origin
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1599:Outaouais Arcott
1519:American Karakul
1496:
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1353:Kaibeto Boarding
1271:Kayenta USD (AZ)
1190:
1146:Navajo Wars
1140:Navajo pueblitos
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851:
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780:(6): 2260â2272.
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556:Breed Data Sheet
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1259:Ganado USD (AZ)
1230:Chinle USD (AZ)
1193:District public
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989:Council Chamber
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602:"Sheep Is Life"
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469:"Navajo-Churro"
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363:Fleece and meat
316:with four horns
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1247:Navajo Pine HS
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1129:The Emergence
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1099:ĂdahoonĂĆĂgĂĂ
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1434:Diné College
1315:Tuba City HS
1207:, now closed
1176:Code talkers
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1106:Navajo Times
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1072:Navajo dolls
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1454:Communities
1401:Navajo Prep
1389:Shonto Prep
1322:Winslow USD
1298:Red Mesa HS
1252:Tohatchi HS
1223:Shiprock HS
1057:Ethnobotany
1031:Miss Navajo
342:Jacob Sheep
304:Description
225:Navajo Wars
223:During the
215:in 1598 by
179:The common
48:Other names
1674:Categories
1659:Willamette
1639:Santa Cruz
1574:Hog Island
1554:Debouillet
1218:Newcomb HS
1112:KTNN Radio
822:2009-04-03
606:El Palacio
562:2009-09-04
487:2009-04-03
449:: 99â105.
398:References
334:polycerate
265:extinction
258:phenotypes
229:Kit Carson
114:Ovis aries
1634:St. Croix
1624:Romeldale
1584:Montadale
1264:Ganado HS
1235:Chinle HS
1186:Education
996:President
392:Slow Food
192:TâĂĄĂĄ DibĂ©
147:domestic
43:: at risk
1629:Romnelet
1579:Katahdin
1549:Columbia
1427:Tertiary
1052:Language
378:Listings
209:American
135:American
90:Female:
1654:Warhill
1649:Targhee
1614:Polypay
1411:Private
1334:/Tribal
1178:(1940s)
1172:(1930s)
1135:Dinétah
1121:History
1067:Weaving
1040:Culture
1026:Rangers
984:Council
738:. 2010.
199:History
154:Spanish
141:) is a
1604:Panama
1160:(1868)
1154:(1864)
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357:fleece
330:polled
328:or be
205:Churra
167:. Its
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131:Churro
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77:Weight
72:Traits
41:DAD-IS
1529:Ancon
1439:Press
1091:Media
1062:Music
628:(PDF)
338:HOXD1
326:scurs
174:twins
149:sheep
143:breed
129:, or
107:Sheep
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1006:Flag
893:ISBN
864:ISBN
690:link
181:Diné
169:wool
161:Diné
125:The
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782:doi
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447:FAO
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