Naval warfare of World War I

655: 644: 633: 622: 344: 1348: 677: 544: 533: 522: 1794:(BEF) fighting in France, there were no big warships of the British Royal Navy in the channel. The primary threat to the British forces in the channel was the German High Seas Fleet based near Heligoland; the German fleet, if let out into the North Sea, could have destroyed any ship in the channel. The German High Seas Fleet could muster at least 13 dreadnoughts and many armored cruisers along with dozens of destroyers to attack the channel. The High Seas Fleet would be fighting against only six armored cruisers that were laid down in 1898–1899, far too old to accompany the big, fast dreadnoughts of the Grand Fleet based in Scapa Flow. 798: 1443:"destroyers". Although the mass raid continued to be a possibility, another solution was found in the form of the submarine, increasingly in use. The submarine could approach underwater, safe from the guns of both the capital ships and the destroyers (although not for long), and fire a salvo as deadly as a torpedo boat's. Limited range and speed, especially underwater, made these weapons difficult to use tactically. Submarines were generally more effective in attacking poorly defended merchant ships than in fighting surface warships, though several small-to-medium British warships were lost to torpedoes launched from German 566: 555: 435: 305: 503: 492: 481: 470: 459: 290: 611: 600: 589: 578: 375: 1296: 666: 275: 743: 409: 358: 151: 787: 776: 765: 754: 1982: 1201:. The theme of this book was naval supremacy as the key to the modern world. His argument was that every nation that had ruled the waves, from Rome to Great Britain, had prospered and thrived, while those that lacked naval supremacy, such as Hannibal's Carthage or Napoleon's France, had not. Mahan hypothesised that what Britain had done in building a navy to control the world's sea lanes, others could also do - indeed, must do - if they were to keep up with the race for wealth and empire in the future. 422: 1435:

concept was that these ships would be able to outgun anything smaller than themselves, and get away from anything larger. The German designs opted to trade slightly smaller main armament (11 or 12 inch guns compared to 12 or 13.5 inch guns in their British rivals) for speed, while keeping relatively heavy armor. They could operate independently in the open ocean where their speed gave them room to maneuver, or, alternately, as a fast scouting force in front of a larger fleet action.

2461:, which blew up in port on October 20 (October 7 o.s.) 1916, just one year after being commissioned. The subsequent investigation determined that the explosion was probably accidental, though sabotage could not be completely ruled out. The event shook Russian public opinion. The Russians continued work on two additional dreadnoughts under construction, and the balance of power remained in Russian hands until the collapse of Russian resistance in November 1917. 732: 721: 710: 699: 688: 330: 35: 1398:

refused to tolerate any difference in opinion, and the eight dreadnought demand had been the last straw. Thus on January 25, 1910, Fisher left the admiralty. Shortly after Fisher's resignation, Churchill became First Lord of the Admiralty. Under him, the race would continue; indeed Lloyd George nearly resigned when Churchill presented him with the naval budget of 1914 of 50 million pounds.

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counterparts. In contrast, the German ships had better optical equipment and rangefinding and were much better compartmentalized and able to deal with damage. The British also generally had poor propellant handling procedures, a point that was to have disastrous consequences for the British battlecruisers at

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The U-boat threat in the channel, although real, was not a significant worry to the Admiralty because they regarded submarines as useless. Even the German high command regarded the U-boats as "experimental vessels". Although the channel was a major artery of the BEF, it was never attacked directly by

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One class of ship that appeared just before the war was the battlecruiser. There were two schools of thought on battlecruiser design: British and German. The British designs were armed like their heavier dreadnought cousins, but deliberately lacked armor to save weight in order to improve speed. The

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in the early 20th century is the subject of a number of books. Germany's attempt to build a battleship fleet to match that of the United Kingdom, the dominant naval power of the 20th-century and an island country that depended on seaborne trade for survival, is often listed as a major reason for the

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for naval superiority. No amount of money would allow Britain to compete with Germany and Russia or the US, or even Italy. Thus a new policy, of dominance over the world's second leading sea power by a 60% margin, went into effect. Fisher's staff had been getting increasingly annoyed by the way he

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put it, "The Admiralty had demanded six ships; the economists offered four; and we finally compromised on eight." Tirpitz had no option but to consider Britain's new dreadnought-building program as a direct threat to Germany. He had to respond, raising the stakes further. However, the commitment of

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In 1915, Germany declared a naval blockade of Britain, to be enforced by its U-boats. The U-boats sank hundreds of Allied merchant ships. However, submarines normally attack by stealth. This made it difficult to give warning before attacking a merchant ship or to rescue survivors. This resulted in

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Oil was just being introduced to replace coal, containing as much as 40% more energy per volume, extending range and further improving internal layout. Another advantage was that oil gave off considerably less smoke, making visual detection more difficult. This was generally mitigated by the small

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were generally limited to 12–17 kn (14–20 mph; 22–31 km/h), modern ships were capable of at least 20 kn (23 mph; 37 km/h), and in the latest British classes, 24 kn (28 mph; 44 km/h). The introduction of the gyroscope and centralized fire control, the

1431:"director" in British terms, led to dramatic improvements in gunnery. Ships built before 1900 had effective ranges of around 2,000 yd (1,800 m), whereas the first "new" ships were good to at least 8,000 yd (7,300 m), and modern designs to over 10,000 yd (9,100 m). 1414:

Naval technology in World War I was dominated by the dreadnought battleship. Battleships were built along the dreadnought model, with several large turrets of equally sized big guns. In general terms, British ships had larger guns and were equipped and manned for quicker fire than their German

2524:, the only minelaying submarine of the Central Powers in the Black Sea, was sent to lay 12 mines off Sulina and never returned, being most likely sunk by her own mines along with all of her crew. She could have also been sunk by the barrage of 30 mines laid at Sulina by the Romanian minelayer 2464:

To support the Anglo-French attack on the Dardanelles, British, French and Australian submarines were sent into the Black Sea in the spring of 1915. A number of Turkish supply ships and warships were sunk, while several submarines were lost. The boats were withdrawn at the evacuation of the

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caused considerable worry for many naval planners. In theory, a large number of these inexpensive ships could attack in masses and overwhelm a dreadnought force. This led to the introduction of ships dedicated to keeping them away from the fleets, the "torpedo boat destroyers", or simply,

1770:(1916). Though British tactical success remains a subject of historical debate, Britain accomplished its strategic objective of maintaining the blockade and keeping the main body of the High Seas Fleet in port for the vast majority of the war. The High Seas Fleet remained a threat as a 1249:

Mahan wrote in his book that not only world peace or the empire, but Britain's very survival depended on the Royal Navy ruling the waves. The Cambridge 1895 Latin essay prize was called "Britannici maris", or "British Sea Power". So when the great naval review of June 1897 for the

1242:, two years later a second doubled the number of ships to be built, to 19 battleships and 23 cruisers in the next 20 years. In another decade, Germany would go from a naval ranking lower than Austria to having the second largest battle fleet in the world. For the first time since 1743:. Britain's larger fleet could maintain a blockade of Germany, cutting it off from overseas trade and resources. Germany's fleet remained mostly in harbor behind their screen of mines, occasionally attempting to lure the British fleet into battle (one of such attempts was the 1401:

By the start of the war Germany had an impressive fleet both of capital ships and submarines. Other nations had smaller fleets, generally with a lower proportion of battleships and a larger proportion of smaller ships like destroyers and submarines. France, Italy, Russia,

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to assist the Russians. With the German fleet larger and more modern (many High Seas Fleet ships could easily be deployed to the Baltic when the North Sea was quiet), the Russians played a mainly defensive role, at most attacking convoys between Germany and Sweden.

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in 1906. "We must therefore keep a fleet twice as powerful within a few hours of Germany." He therefore concentrated the bulk of the fleet in home waters, with a secondary concentration in the Mediterranean Fleet. He also had dozens of obsolete warships scrapped or

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was launched, making his previously constructed 15 battleships obsolete, he believed that eventually Germany's technological and industrial might would allow Germany to out-build Britain ship for ship. Using the threat of his own resignation he forced the

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was a modern design, and with her well-drilled crew, could easily outfight or outrun any single ship in the Russian fleet. However, even though the opposing Russian battleships were slower, they were often able to amass in superior numbers to outgun

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The set-piece battles and maneuvering have drawn historians' attention; however, it was the naval blockade of food and raw material imports into Germany which ultimately starved the German people and industries and contributed to Germany seeking the

1176:. German leaders desired a navy in proportion to their military and economic strength that could free their overseas trade and colonial empire from dependence on Britain's good will, but such a fleet would inevitably threaten Britain's own trade and 1375:

had often visited Portsmouth as a naval cadet and admired and envied the Royal Navy. Like the Kaiser, Tirpitz believed Germany's future dominant role in the world depended on a powerful navy. He demanded large numbers of battleships. Even when

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were also increasingly well developed. Defensive mines along coasts made it much more difficult for capital ships to get close enough to conduct coastal bombardment or support attacks. The first battleship sinking in the war — that of

2254: 2685:. The other German ships tried to refloat her, but decided to scuttle her instead when they became aware of an approaching Russian intercept force. Russian Navy divers scoured the wreck and successfully recovered the German naval 2410:

had been in constant service for the past two years. Due to a lack of facilities, the ship was not able to enter refit and began to suffer chronic engine breakdowns. Meanwhile, the Russian Navy had received the modern dreadnought

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and six torpedo boats. It mostly engaged in mine warfare actions in the Black Sea against the Russian Black Sea Fleet and allowed the Germans to station two U-boats at Varna, one of which came under Bulgarian control in 1916 as

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took place, it was in an atmosphere of unease and uncertainty. The question everyone wanted to know the answer to was how Britain was going to stay ahead. But Mahan could not give any answers. The man who thought he could was

2323:(1916–1917). The Ottoman fleet on the other hand was in a period of transition with many obsolete ships. It had been expecting to receive two powerful dreadnoughts fitting out in Britain, but the UK seized the completed 2063: 2020:

In early 1917, Germany declared unrestricted submarine warfare, including attacks without warning against all ships in the "war zone", including neutrals. This was a major cause of U.S. declaration of war on Germany.

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ensued for the first two years with both sides' admirals trying to capitalize on their particular tactical strengths in a surprise ambush. Numerous battles between the fleets were fought in the initial years, and

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throughout the second half of 1916, causing the sinking of one German submarine. Its minelayer also defended the Danube Delta from inland, leading to the sinking of one Austro-Hungarian Danube monitor. (See also

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and dreadnoughts. Fisher proclaimed, "We shall have ten Dreadnoughts at sea before a single foreign Dreadnought is launched, and we have thirty percent more cruisers than Germany and France put together."

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to build three dreadnoughts and a battle cruiser. He also put aside money for a future submarine branch. At the rate that Tirpitz insisted upon, Germany would have thirteen in 1912, to Britain's 16.

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When this was leaked out to the British people in spring 1909, there was public outcry. The people demanded eight new battleships instead of the four the government had planned for that year. As

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could dramatically change the situation, so all activities, even shore bombardment, had to be conducted by almost the entire Russian Black Sea Fleet, since a smaller force could fall victim to

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The U-boat campaign ultimately sank much of British merchant shipping and caused shortages of food and other necessities. The U-boats were eventually defeated by grouping merchant ships into

2498:, based at Sulina. The Romanian Navy repelled two attacks of the Imperial German Navy on the port of Sulina. The first attack took place on 30 September 1916, when the Romanian torpedo boat 2056: 5138: 4775: 2752: 1107: 3939: 1215:

Mahan's thesis was highly influential and led to an explosion of new naval construction worldwide. The US Congress immediately ordered the building of three battleships (with a fourth,

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After Admiral Kolchak took command in August 1916, he planned to invigorate the Russian Black Seas Fleet with a series of aggressive actions. The Russian fleet mined the exit from the

5217: 5245: 3752: 1010: 5160: 5433: 4852: 3810: 2073: 1092: 5540: 2049: 5448: 5203: 2564: 5443: 5133: 5084: 4999: 2849: 2441: 2037: 1556: 5287: 831: 1820: 2158: 5128: 4486: 1313:, Fisher began drawing up plans for a naval war against Germany. "Germany keeps her whole fleet always concentrated within a few hours of England," he wrote to the 2636: 2557: 1102: 4757: 3979: 2202:

Some limited sea combat took place between the navies of Austria-Hungary and Germany and the Allied navies of France, Britain, Italy and Japan. The navy of the

52: 1549: 1082: 5188: 5118: 3969: 3880: 2103: 2098: 1813: 1226:, helped to reinforce the concept of naval power as the dominant factor in conflict. However, the book made the most impact in Germany. The German Kaiser, 5212: 4103: 3557: 2692:

With heavy defensive and offensive mining on both sides, fleets played a limited role in the Eastern Front. The Germans mounted major naval attacks on the

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While Germany was strangled by Britain's blockade, Britain, as an island nation, was heavily dependent on resources imported by sea. German submarines (

2014:. Furthermore, the U-boats also sank neutral ships in the blockade area, either intentionally or because identification was difficult from underwater. 1489:— was the result of her striking a naval mine on 27 October 1914. Suitably placed mines also served to restrict the freedom of movement of submarines. 1238:. His mother said that "Wilhelm's one idea is to have a Navy which shall be larger and stronger than the British navy". In 1898 came the first German 4110: 1791: 3762: 2949:

from the German naval base of Qingdao, Japan declared war in 1914 not only on Germany, but also on Austria-Hungary. The cruiser participated in the

2660: 2591: 2028:. This was also assisted by U.S. entry into the war and the increasing use of primitive sonar and aerial patrolling to detect and track submarines. 1036: 670: 4787: 4496: 4398: 2342:

in October 1914. The most advanced ships in the Ottoman fleet consisted of two ships of the German Mediterranean Fleet: the powerful battlecruiser

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s activities and so by this time, the Russian fleet had nearly complete control of the sea, exacerbated by the addition of another dreadnought,

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near Sulina, damaging her periscope and conning tower and forcing her to retreat. The second attack took place on 7 November, when German

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This turned neutral opinion against the Central Powers, as countries like the U.S. and Brazil suffered casualties and losses to trade.

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A number of German ships stationed overseas at the start of the war engaged in raiding operations in poorly defended seas, such as

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seaplanes bombarded Sulina but two of them were shot down into the sea by Romanian anti-aircraft defenses (including the cruiser

2118: 817: 4270: 2446:. German and Turkish light forces, however, continued to raid and harass Russian shipping until the end of the war in the east. 5605: 5410: 5390: 5177: 5113: 4936: 4805: 3709: 3629: 3567: 959: 854: 5079: 4446: 85: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5385: 3724: 3699: 3597: 3191:

Amintiri despre o flotă pierdută, Volumul II – Voiaje neterminate (Memories of a lost fleet, Volume II - Unfinished journeys)

2908: 2834: 2789: 2621: 1935: 1723: 1506: 1235: 976: 929: 56: 2006:) were of limited effectiveness against surface warships on their guard, but were greatly effective against merchant ships. 3500: 3436: 3084: 5438: 5380: 5375: 5339: 5273: 5165: 5011: 4594: 3984: 3912: 3843: 3612: 3582: 3577: 2087: 1997: 1668: 1658: 1256: 582: 4604: 67: 5329: 4896: 4793: 4698: 4461: 4247: 3951: 3689: 2385: 1903: 1763: 1633: 1618: 1516: 1210: 1063: 949: 769: 4564: 2492:

under their control, due to the combined actions of their riverine flotilla of four monitors and the protected cruiser

5567: 5004: 4989: 4847: 4799: 4115: 3989: 3902: 3666: 3654: 3649: 1755: 1623: 1593: 1136:, whilst the efforts of the Central Powers to break that blockade, or to establish an effective counter blockade with 883: 866: 861: 570: 4781: 4176: 3469: 648: 5547: 5504: 4539: 4524: 4426: 4295: 3863: 3775: 3732: 3341: 2981: 2697: 2689:

which was later passed on to their British Allies and contributed immeasurably to Allied success in the North Sea.

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The Black Sea was mainly the domain of the Russians and the Ottoman Empire. The large Russian fleet was based in

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Naval Weapons of World War One: Guns, Torpedoes, Mines, and ASW Weapons of All Nations: An Illustrated Directory

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The main fleet action was the Triple Entente attempt to knock the Ottoman Empire out of the war by an attack on

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A major coup for the Allied forces occurred on August 26, 1914 when as part of a reconnaissance squadron, the

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When Bulgaria entered World War I in 1915, its navy consisted mainly of a French-built torpedo gunboat called

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led to much higher performance, as well as freeing up room and thereby allowing for improved layouts. Whereas

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was in early use, with naval ships commonly equipped with radio telegraph, and merchant ships less so.

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where it was sunk in November 1914. Despite the loss of the last German cruiser in the Indian Ocean,

2709: 2708:, recently captured by Germany. This second operation culminated in the one major Baltic action, the 2626: 2615: 2330: 1673: 1483: 1406:, Japan, and the United States all had modern fleets with at least some dreadnoughts and submarines. 1222:, to be built two years later). Japan, whose British-trained navy wiped out the Russian fleet at the 802: 2457:, were also mined. The greatest loss suffered by the Russian Black Sea fleet was the destruction of 1195:

was an American naval officer, extremely interested in British naval history. In 1887, he published

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Many of the individual parts of ships had recently improved dramatically. The introduction of the

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falling in the first year of the war. As Austria-Hungary refused to withdraw its cruiser

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http://www.historicgreenslopes.com/documents/Booklet_The%20Great%20War%20@%206%20Sep.pdf

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by February 1916, though fighting on land in German East Africa continued until 1918.

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in October 1916, the Romanians still managed to keep the mouths of the Danube and the

2425:, neither managed to capitalize on their tactical advantage and the battle ended with 2010:

many civilian deaths, especially when passenger ships were sunk. It also violated the

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made the Baltic a German lake, and German fleets transferred troops to support the

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number of ships so equipped, generally operating in concert with coal-fired ships.

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with the outbreak of war with Germany and incorporated them into the Royal Navy.

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gamely trying to pursue. However, the Russian ship's arrival severely curtailed

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that forced Britain to retain a majority of its capital ships in the North Sea.

1478: 1173: 1165: 1128:, with their larger fleets and surrounding position, largely succeeded in their 954: 842: 163: 142: 34: 2518:) and were subsequently captured by Romanian motorboats. In mid-November 1916, 3283:

The Last Century of Sea Power: From Port Arthur to Chanak, 1894–1922, Volume 1

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funds to out-build the Germans meant Britain was abandoning any notion of a

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Allied naval forces captured many of the isolated German colonies, with

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From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow: Volume I: The Road to War 1904-1914

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The military history of World War I: naval and overseas war, 1916–1918

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and to occupy much of Russia, halting only when defeated in the west.

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The North Sea was the main theater of the war for surface action. The

1541: 1246:, Britain had an aggressive and truly dangerous rival to worry about. 2877: 2873: 2469: 1472: 1444: 167: 3379:

From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow: The Royal Navy in the Fisher Era

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Naval Warfare 1914–1918: From Coronel to the Atlantic and Zeebrugge

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However, by 1916, this situation had swung in the Russians' favor –

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only sortied out of the Dardanelles once late in the war during the

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