2308:
1982:
Concentration camp in which the victim was suffocated while
Rascher and another unnamed doctor took note of his reactions. The person was described as 37 years old and in good health before being murdered. Rascher described the victim's actions as he began to lose oxygen and timed the changes in behavior. The 37-year-old began to wiggle his head at four minutes; a minute later Rascher observed that he was suffering from cramps before falling unconscious. He describes how the victim then lay unconscious, breathing only three times per minute, until he stopped breathing 30 minutes after being deprived of oxygen. The victim then turned blue and began foaming at the mouth. An autopsy followed an hour later.
2361:, was against Neisser. While Neisser went on to be fined by the Royal Disciplinary Court, Moll developed "a legally based, positivistic contract theory of the patient-doctor relationship" that was not adopted into German law. Eventually, the minister for religious, educational, and medical affairs issued a directive stating that medical interventions other than for diagnosis, healing, and immunization were excluded under all circumstances if "the human subject was a minor or not competent for other reasons", or if the subject had not given his or her "unambiguous consent" after a "proper explanation of the possible negative consequences" of the intervention, though this was not legally binding.
2086:, who used the war to experiment on live humans. Stieve specifically focused on the reproductive system of women. He would tell women their date of death in advance, and he would evaluate how their psychological distress would affect their menstruation cycles. After they were executed, he would dissect and examine their reproductive organs to investigate this hypothesis. Allegedly, some of the women were raped after they were told the date when they would be killed so that Stieve could study the path of sperm through their reproductive system. However, this has been called into question as there is no evidence that Stieve ever studied sperm migration, a subject not mentioned in his papers.
1489:
49:
1950:
2010:
forced to drink salt water. Tschofenig also described how victims of the experiments had trouble eating and would desperately seek out any source of water, including old floor rags. Tschofenig was responsible for using the X-ray machine in the infirmary and describes how, even though he had insight into what was going on, he was powerless to stop it. He gives the example of a patient in the infirmary who was sent to the gas chambers by
Sigmund Rascher simply because he witnessed one of the
5924:
1409:
2192:
1421:
2342:. At the trial, several of the doctors argued in their defense that there was no international law regarding medical experimentation. Some doctors also claimed that they had been doing the world a favor. An SS doctor was quoted saying that "Jews were the festering appendix in the body of Europe." He then went on to argue he was doing the world a favor by eliminating them.
1672:, a survivor, also claimed that Mengele cross-transfused the blood of opposite sex twins to change their respective sexes, experimented on twins' genitals and attempted to attach the urinary tract of a 7-year-old girl to her own colon. Most twins died during these procedures and if one survived, they would be killed and dissected for comparative postmortem reports.
1898:
freezing temperatures, with many screaming in pain as their bodies froze. In a letter from 10 September 1942, Rascher describes an experiment on intense cooling performed in Dachau where people were dressed in fighter pilot uniforms and submerged in freezing water. Rascher had some of the victims completely underwater and others only submerged up to the head.
2128:. Circulation of blood was interrupted by tying off blood vessels at both ends of the wound to create a condition similar to that of a battlefield wound. Researchers also aggravated the subjects' infection by forcing wood shavings and ground glass into their wounds. The infection was treated with sulfonamide and other drugs to determine their effectiveness.
1652:
procedure was, she explained that both times she was in extreme pain and developed a fever post-surgery but was given little to no aftercare. KamiĆska describes being told that she had been operated on simply because she was a "young girl and a Polish patriot". She describes how her leg oozed pus for months after the operations.
2260:. In September 1944, experimental subjects were shot with poisonous bullets, suffered torture, and often died. Some male Jewish prisoners had poisonous substances scrubbed or injected into their skin, causing boils filled with black fluid to form. These experiments were heavily documented as well as photographed by the Nazis.
2384:. The code calls for such standards as voluntary consent of patients, avoidance of unnecessary pain and suffering, and that there must be a belief that the experimentation will not end in death or disability. The Code was not cited in any of the findings against the defendants and never made it into either German or American
2220:
injections. At the German concentration camps of
Sachsenhausen, Dachau, Natzweiler, Buchenwald, and Neuengamme, scientists tested immunization compounds and serums for the prevention and treatment of contagious diseases, including malaria, typhus, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, yellow fever, and infectious hepatitis.
1985:
In a letter from
Himmler to Rascher on 13 April 1942, Himmler ordered Rascher to continue the high altitude experiments and to continue experimenting on prisoners condemned to death and to "determine whether these men could be recalled to life". If a victim could be successfully resuscitated, Himmler
1601:
sustained during combat or surgery. Subjects were given a
Polygal tablet, shot through the neck or chest, or had their limbs amputated without anesthesia. Rascher published an article on his experience of using Polygal, without detailing the nature of the human trials, and set up a company staffed by
2219:
officer, in which "a young boy of eleven or twelve strapped to a chair so he could not move. Above him was a mechanized hammer that every few seconds came down upon his head." The boy was driven insane from the torture. Inmates were also subjected to various diseases which were given in the form of
2401:
grounds, disagreeing with the methods used to obtain it, while others have rejected the research only on scientific grounds, criticizing methodological inconsistencies. Those in favor of using the data argue that if it has practical value to save lives, it would be equally unethical not to use it.
2167:
Castration of homosexual men was also commonly performed in Nazi
Germany. This began with "voluntary" castrations, but was later performed in concentration camps and prisons. It was believed castration, which reduces male sex drive, would prevent men from being "infected" with homosexuality by gay
1897:
Beginning in August 1942, at the Dachau camp, prisoners were forced to sit in tanks of freezing water for up to three hours. After subjects were frozen, they then underwent different methods for rewarming. Many subjects died in this process. Others were also forced to stand naked outside in below
1667:
Headed by Josef
Mengele from 1943â44, twin experiments were of particular interest as one twin could serve as subject with the other as the control. This research also hoped to gain insight in how Germans could reproduce more twins. The experiments included amputating healthy limbs, deliberately
2163:
reported that a second man died as a result of the operations due to festering inflammation of cell tissue, presumably after 3 January 1945. Little is known about the fate of the other victims; none are known to have applied for financial compensation after 1945. The hypothesis that circulating
2009:
A Holocaust survivor named Joseph
Tschofenig wrote a statement on these seawater experiments at Dachau. Tschofenig explained how while working at the medical experimentation stations he gained insight into some of the experiments that were performed on prisoners, namely those in which they were
1981:
on the brains of victims who survived the initial experiment. Of the 200 subjects, 80 died outright, and the others were murdered. In a letter from 5 April 1942 between
Rascher and Heinrich Himmler, Rascher explains the results of a low-pressure experiment that was performed on people at Dachau
1934:
and publicised the results of his freezing experiments at the 1942 medical conference entitled "Medical
Problems Arising from Sea and Winter". Himmler suggested that the victims could be warmed by forcing them to engage in sexual contact with other victims. An example included how a hypothermic
2077:
The Nazis also implemented X-ray radiation treatment in their search for mass sterilization. They gave the women abdomen X-rays, men received them on their genitalia, for abnormal periods of time in attempt to invoke infertility. After the experiment was complete, they surgically removed their
2026:
experiments were conducted at Auschwitz, RavensbrĂŒck, and other places. The purpose of these experiments was to develop a method of sterilization which would be suitable for sterilizing millions of people with a minimum of time and effort. The targets for sterilization included Jewish and Roma
1893:
Another study placed prisoners naked in the open air for several hours with temperatures as low as â6 °C (21 °F). Besides studying the physical effects of cold exposure, the experimenters also assessed different methods of rewarming survivors. "One assistant later testified that some
1651:
On 12 August 1946, a survivor named Jadwiga KamiĆska gave a deposition about her time at RavensbrĂŒck concentration camp, describing how she was operated on twice. Both operations involved one of her legs, and, although she never describes herself as having any knowledge as to what exactly the
1492:"A Jewish prisoner in a special chamber responds to changing air pressure during high-altitude experiments. For the benefit of the Luftwaffe, conditions simulating those found at 15,000 meters in altitude were created in an effort to determine if German pilots might survive at that height."
2081:
M.D. William E. Seidelman, a professor from the University of Toronto, in collaboration with Dr. Howard Israel of Columbia University, published a report on an investigation on the medical experimentation performed in Austria under the Nazi regime. In that report, he mentions a Doctor
2248:) was conducted. Test subjects were injected with the disease in order to discover new inoculations for the condition. These tests were conducted for the benefit of the German Armed Forces. Most died in the experiments, whilst others survived, experiencing great pain and suffering.
1612:
in Auschwitz and injected his subjects with blood types that differed from their own. This caused the blood cells to congeal, and the blood was studied. When the Nazis removed blood from someone, they often entered a major artery, causing the subject to die of major blood loss.
2155:, Vaernet implanted capsules in at least ten homosexual prisoners. Vaernet claimed that "successes" with the implants occurred, presumably due to positive reports from prisoners hoping to receive a release from the camp, or knowing it would increase their odds of survival.
1687:
1480:
mainly between 1942 and 1945. There were 15,754 documented victims, of various nationalities and age groups, although the true number is believed to be more extensive. Many survived, with a quarter of documented victims being killed. Survivors generally experienced
2327:
individuals and criminals who deserve only to die from concentration camps for these experiments." Many of the subjects died as a result of the experiments conducted by the Nazis, while many others were murdered after the tests were completed to study the effects
2287:. The victims' wounds were then tested to find the most effective treatment for the mustard gas burns. From around November 1943 to around January 1944, experiments were conducted at Buchenwald to test the effect of various pharmaceutical preparations on
1909:, as the German forces were ill-prepared for the cold weather they encountered. Many experiments were conducted on captured Soviet troops; the Nazis wondered whether their genetics gave them superior resistance to cold. The principal locales were
4047:
George J. Annas Edward R. Utley Professor of Health Law; Medicine Michael A. Grodin Associate Professor of Philosophy and Associate Director of Law, and Ethics Program both of the Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health (1992).
2396:
Andrew Conway Ivy stated the Nazi experiments were of no medical value. Data obtained from the experiments, however, has been used and considered for use in multiple fields, often causing controversy. Some object to the data's use purely on
1504:, selected inmates were subjected to various experiments that were designed to help German military personnel in combat situations, develop new weapons, aid in the recovery of military personnel who had been injured, and to advance
5782:
2228:. Upon contracting the disease, they were treated with synthetic drugs, at doses ranging from high to lethal. More than half died as a result. Other inmates were left with permanent disabilities. In an affidavit, presented at the
2158:
According to notes written by the senior doctor at Buchenwald dated 3 January 1945, at least one man died during the experiment in December 1944 "of heart failure associated with infectious enteritis and general bodily weakness".
1296:
2431:; at least 45 publications had referenced the experiments as of 1984, though the majority of publications in the field did not cite the research. Those who have argued in favor of using the research include Robert Pozos from the
2050:. Many died, others suffered permanent injuries and infections and about 700 were successfully sterilized. The women who stood against him and his experiments or were deemed as unfit test subjects were sent to the gas chambers.
2255:
to investigate the effect of various poisons. The poisons were secretly administered to experimental subjects in their food. The victims died as a result of the poison or were killed immediately in order to permit
2069:
treatment became the favored choice of sterilization. Specific amounts of exposure to radiation destroyed a person's ability to produce ova or sperm, sometimes administered through deception. Many suffered severe
3641:
2322:
Other documented transcriptions from Heinrich Himmler include phrases such as "These researches⊠can be performed by us with particular efficiency because I personally assumed the responsibility for supplying
2223:
From about February 1942 to about April 1945, malaria experiments were performed on over 1,200 inmates in Dachau concentration camp. Healthy inmates had their hands and arms confined in cages filled with
2417:"I don't want to have to use the Nazi data, but there is no other and will be no other in an ethical world ... not to use it would be equally bad. I'm trying to make something constructive out of it."
4779:
110:
2334:. Those who survived were often left mutilated, with permanent disability, weakened bodies, and mental distress. On 19 August 1947, the doctors captured by Allied forces were put on trial in
2046:, who initially X-rayed women to make sure that there was no obstruction to their ovaries. Over the next three to five sessions, he injected caustic substances into their uteruses without
4075:
United States. Office of Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution of Axis Criminality; United States. Dept. of State; United States. War Dept; International Military Tribunal (1946).
2531:
2545:
2462:
at the time. They eventually decided against using it, on the grounds it would lead to criticism and similar data could be obtained from later studies on animals. Writing for
5014:
347:
2244:
continually asked for prisoners." From June 1943 until January 1945 at the concentration camps, Sachsenhausen and Natzweiler, experimentation with 'epidemic jaundice' (i.e.
1543:. The Nazi physicians in the Doctors' Trial argued that military necessity justified their experiments and compared their victims to collateral damage from Allied bombings.
2144:
that the capsule could convert homosexual men into heterosexuals. At Buchenwald concentration camp, with encouragement of Heinrich Himmler and the support of camp doctor
2140:
developed an artificial male sex gland, a capsule that slowly released testosterone when implanted under the skin. In 1944, Vaernet proposed to deputy Reich SS Physician
2164:
hormones determined or cured homosexuality was discredited by later scientific research, and hormonal exposure prior to birth became a far more influential hypothesis.
2035:. Thousands of victims were sterilized. Sterilization was not limited to these experiments, with the Nazi government already sterilizing 400,000 people as part of its
3651:
2307:
5709:
1224:
2709:"Nuremberg â Document Viewer â Table of contents for prosecution document book 8, concerning medical experiments". nuremberg.law.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2017-04-14.
5690:
2495:
1205:
2466:, Baruch Cohen concluded that the EPA's "knee-jerk reaction" to reject the data's use was "typical, but unprofessional", arguing that it could have saved lives.
5961:
5951:
2851:
2447:
1659:
injected with bacteria to study the effectiveness of new drugs being developed for use in the battlefields. Those who survived remained permanently disfigured.
950:
4774:
2168:
men. This idea was most influential in Nazi beliefs about homosexuality, rather than biological (genetic or prenatal environmental) theories of homosexuality.
105:
4769:
2061:
were similarly successful but had unwanted side effects such as vaginal bleeding, severe abdominal pain, and cervical cancer. Those who received cancer were
100:
2299:
were also subject to electroshock therapy. These women were often sick and underwent this experimentation before being sent to the gas chambers and killed.
5702:
1217:
4092:
5680:
2006:, leaving them gravely injured. They were so dehydrated that others observed them licking freshly mopped floors in an attempt to get drinkable water.
1195:
960:
4636:
5772:
5407:
1977:
containing these prisoners was used to simulate conditions at altitudes of up to 68,000 feet (21,000 m). It was rumored that Rascher performed
1452:
1286:
739:
1668:
infecting them with diseases such as typhus, blood transfusions from one twin to the other, and sewing twins together to create conjoined twins.
2999:
5787:
1301:
2901:
4897:
4658:
4513:
4485:
4457:
4419:
4059:
4034:
3902:
3877:
3793:
3759:
3716:
3313:
3114:
2941:
2815:
2777:
2667:
1994:
From about July 1944 to about September 1944, experiments were conducted at the Dachau concentration camp to study various methods of making
225:
3413:
5946:
5697:
4647:
4159:
4141:
2540:
1998:
drinkable. These victims were subject to deprivation of all food and only given the filtered seawater. At one point, a group of roughly 90
1212:
4794:
4668:
4029:, BeitrÀge zur Geschichte der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft Volume 2. Ed. Wolfgang Uwe Eckhart. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2006.
125:
2443:
concludes that the study has "all the ingredients of a scientific fraud" and that the data "cannot advance science or save human lives."
4611:
2408:
1525:
970:
5736:
4801:
1251:
1122:
132:
4575:
4561:
4531:
3337:
3190:
2358:
1050:
1675:
However, some were killed without experimental "purpose", with 14 twins having their hearts injected with chloroform in one night.
1622:
1488:
3677:
4707:
4236:
2264:
1003:
3303:
5894:
5104:
4866:
4859:
4784:
4605:
2720:
2215:, occupied Poland, head injury experiments were conducted in a small building behind the private home occupied by a known Nazi
1379:
1157:
434:
194:
187:
115:
4266:
3463:
4789:
2512:
120:
1722:. There were 360 to 400 experiments and 280 to 300 victims, indicating that some victims suffered more than one experiment.
4051:
The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code : Human Rights in Human Experimentation: Human Rights in Human Experimentation
2388:. This code comes from the Nuremberg Trials where the most heinous of Nazi leaders were put on trial for their war crimes.
1905:
and hypothermia experiments were conducted for the Nazi high command to simulate the conditions the armies suffered on the
5272:
5230:
2357:
without their consent. Despite Neisser's support from most of the academic community, public opinion, led by psychiatrist
2252:
2204:
980:
602:
560:
5762:
5045:
3943:
2373:
1906:
1497:
1445:
1276:
1103:
375:
2683:
2427:
The results of the Dachau freezing experiments have been used in some late 20th-century research into the treatment of
5541:
4027:
Man, Medicine, and the State: The Human Body as an Object of Government Sponsored Medical Research in the 20th Century
2517:
2098:, a synthetic antimicrobial agent, were conducted at RavensbrĂŒck. Wounds inflicted on the subjects were infected with
1552:
1067:
991:
871:
5576:
906:
4206:
5716:
5262:
4854:
3230:
1231:
592:
182:
5242:
4471:
1954:
1910:
1691:
1597:, which aided blood clotting. He predicted that the preventive use of Polygal tablets would reduce bleeding from
1096:
1086:
572:
4093:"Nuremberg â Document Viewer â Affidavit concerning the management of the medical experiments program by the SS"
2236:
called the Dachau malaria experiment's the "largest experiment" and reported it as the cause for his protest to
5956:
5866:
5810:
5626:
5612:
5142:
4981:
4907:
4883:
4849:
3620:
2928:
2036:
1644:
from one person to another. In these experiments, subjects had their bones, muscles and nerves removed without
1555:
prosecution includes titles of the sections that document medical experiments revolving around food, seawater,
1477:
1351:
472:
312:
235:
211:
177:
5546:
3495:""Forgotten" Chapters in the History of Transcervical Sterilization: Carl Clauberg and Hans-Joachim Lindemann"
1648:. As a result of these operations, many victims suffered intense agony, mutilation, and permanent disability.
876:
2831:
1574:. According to the indictments at the subsequent Nuremberg Trials, these experiments included the following:
5861:
5820:
5767:
5601:
4142:"Nuremberg â Document Viewer â Letter to Erhard Milch concerning the high altitude and freezing experiments"
4078:
Nazi conspiracy and aggression: Office of United States Chief of Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality
2490:
2440:
2432:
2330:
2110:
1438:
1346:
1281:
931:
859:
2412:
from 1977 until 1991, refused to allow the journal to publish any article that cited the Nazi experiments.
48:
5486:
5347:
5175:
4764:
3437:
2436:
2324:
2145:
2095:
1637:
816:
677:
505:
95:
3866:
5909:
5742:
5337:
5282:
3493:
Hildebrandt, Sabine; Benedict, Susan; Miller, Erin; Gaffney, Michael; Grodin, Michael A. (1 July 2017).
1949:
1469:
1394:
1257:
1152:
1112:
667:
612:
4025:
Hulverscheidt, Marion. "German Malariology Experiments with Humans, Supported by the DFG Until 1945".
5899:
5792:
5675:
5496:
5330:
5325:
5060:
5055:
5050:
4902:
4700:
4617:
2633:
2480:
2196:
2141:
2023:
1641:
1605:
1384:
1306:
1190:
1039:
826:
660:
655:
390:
385:
380:
230:
4117:
5839:
5665:
5116:
5097:
5085:
4922:
3785:
2898:
2451:
2216:
1695:
1324:
1180:
1147:
446:
427:
415:
250:
4359:
3338:"Nuremberg â Document Viewer â Letter to Sigmund Rascher concerning the high altitude experiments"
3328:"Documents Regarding Nazi Medical Experiments". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2017-04-14
5889:
5631:
5566:
5362:
5247:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5170:
5024:
4996:
4752:
3603:
3290:
Trials of War Criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals, Vol. 1, Case 1: The Medical Case
3155:
2150:
2120:
1944:
1374:
896:
692:
577:
555:
550:
545:
500:
357:
327:
83:
4644:
4269:
Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10
4167:
1927:
4665:
2191:
5849:
5844:
5815:
5670:
5476:
5456:
5385:
5210:
5090:
4991:
4912:
4873:
4571:
4557:
4527:
4509:
4481:
4453:
4425:
4415:
4387:
4341:
4323:
4055:
4030:
4005:
3997:
3898:
3873:
3846:
3838:
3789:
3755:
3712:
3595:
3522:
3514:
3309:
3186:
3147:
3110:
3088:
2937:
2811:
2783:
2773:
2663:
2615:
2597:
2369:
2339:
2315:
2229:
2094:
From about July 1942 to about September 1943, experiments to investigate the effectiveness of
1686:
1532:
1334:
1329:
1185:
1117:
806:
786:
715:
540:
420:
322:
240:
201:
4049:
2871:
5873:
5685:
5591:
5586:
5516:
5461:
5357:
5342:
5235:
5128:
5070:
4965:
4331:
4313:
3987:
3956:
3830:
3708:
3585:
3576:
3506:
3354:
3139:
3078:
2605:
2589:
2485:
2403:
2346:
2237:
2225:
1931:
1598:
1358:
1200:
1015:
921:
916:
846:
791:
687:
672:
565:
458:
400:
293:
4391:
3817:
3206:
2263:
At various times between September 1939 and April 1945, many experiments were conducted at
5927:
5882:
5646:
5561:
5556:
5536:
5506:
5471:
5374:
5367:
5252:
4955:
4693:
4672:
4651:
3681:
3646:
3572:"Hermann Stieve's clinical-anatomical research on executed women during the "Third Reich""
3494:
3255:
2905:
2852:"Nuremberg â Document Viewer â Deposition concerning medical experiments at Ravensbrueck "
2578:"The victims of unethical human experiments and coerced research under National Socialism"
2292:
2245:
2241:
2071:
2066:
1974:
1966:
1958:
1918:
1727:
1699:
1582:
1505:
1412:
1367:
1091:
891:
886:
866:
836:
801:
704:
697:
582:
283:
3182:
3175:
4629:
Campell, Robert. "Citations of shame; scientists are still trading on Nazi atrocities",
2910:
Children of the Flames; Dr. Josef Mengele and the Untold Story of the Twins of Auschwitz
2291:
burns. These burns were inflicted on prisoners using phosphorus material extracted from
17:
5856:
5721:
5636:
5581:
5571:
5527:
5436:
5426:
5416:
5394:
5205:
5182:
5075:
4975:
4960:
4917:
4815:
4445:
4336:
4301:
3782:
Victims and Survivors of Nazi Human Experiments: Science and Suffering in the Holocaust
3777:
3674:
2610:
2577:
2398:
2381:
2350:
2272:
2137:
2083:
2058:
1540:
1536:
1425:
1341:
1236:
1162:
1131:
911:
901:
766:
756:
746:
724:
535:
512:
405:
305:
288:
245:
146:
4244:
5940:
5777:
5511:
5491:
5446:
5431:
5318:
5309:
5198:
5147:
5137:
4950:
4929:
4825:
4631:
4475:
4467:
4437:
4076:
3701:
3637:
3539:
3143:
2500:
2365:
2311:
2284:
2104:
2043:
2003:
1999:
1970:
1922:
1669:
1563:
1517:
1501:
1291:
1079:
841:
821:
776:
761:
648:
639:
528:
477:
467:
278:
257:
156:
4639:
3748:
3159:
2728:
2593:
1621:
From about September 1942 to about December 1943, experiments were conducted at the
5731:
5596:
5551:
5501:
5481:
5466:
5421:
5352:
5277:
5121:
5006:
4945:
4890:
4878:
4840:
4759:
4568:
Nazi Medicine and the Nuremberg Trials: From Medical War Crimes to Informed Consent
4441:
4278:
3471:
2459:
2422:
Dr John Hayward, justifying citing the Dachau freezing experiments in his research.
2200:
2115:
1521:
1482:
1473:
1246:
1140:
926:
881:
831:
811:
796:
751:
682:
607:
451:
337:
273:
218:
206:
90:
3607:
2576:
Weindling, Paul; von Villiez, Anna; Loewenau, Aleksandra; Farron, Nichola (2016).
2271:, and other camps to investigate the most effective treatment of wounds caused by
4582:
4503:
3974:
Metzger, W. G.; Ehni, H.-J.; Kremsner, P. G.; MordmĂŒller, B. G. (December 2019).
2805:
5904:
5451:
5297:
5267:
5111:
4986:
3552:
3083:
3066:
2428:
2385:
2251:
Somewhere between December 1943 and October 1944, experiments were conducted at
2233:
2212:
2175:
at Buchenwald, for phosphorus burns at Sachsenhausen, and were used for testing
2160:
2062:
2047:
1978:
1719:
1718:
conducted experiments with the intent of discovering means to prevent and treat
1656:
1567:
1389:
781:
627:
597:
441:
317:
3464:"Dark Chapter of American History: U.S. Court Battle Over Forced Sterilization"
2376:
representatives at the Doctors' Trial, drafted a ten-point memorandum entitled
5441:
5287:
5191:
5154:
5080:
4970:
4808:
4679:
4598:
4505:
The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code: Human Rights in Human Experimentation
4450:
The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code: Human Rights in Human Experimentation
3389:
2787:
2288:
2268:
2032:
1645:
1513:
1027:
771:
617:
521:
484:
410:
298:
139:
4327:
4001:
3842:
3518:
3414:"Nuremberg â Document Viewer â Affidavit concerning the seawater experiments"
2721:"The Doctors Trial: The Medical Case of the Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings"
2601:
5621:
5302:
4938:
4734:
4429:
4318:
3442:
Harvard Law Library, Nuremberg Trials Project: A Digital Document Collection
3177:
Testing the Limits: Aviation Medicine and the Origins of Manned Space Flight
2171:
Homosexual and Jewish prisoners were also given experimental treatments for
2099:
1914:
1714:
1704:
1074:
632:
266:
65:
4345:
4009:
3599:
3526:
3510:
3151:
2619:
4440:(1992). "Mengele Twins and Human Experimentation: A Personal Account". In
3918:
3850:
3834:
3130:
Bogod, David (2004). "The Nazi Hypothermia Experiments: Forbidden Data?".
3092:
2934:
Europe Since 1914 : ENcyclopedia of the Age of War and Reconstruction
5292:
5257:
5065:
5001:
4277:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1949. Archived from
4214:
2522:
2455:
2354:
2296:
2280:
2276:
2180:
1995:
1902:
1609:
1571:
1559:
1556:
1509:
622:
587:
395:
332:
3976:"Experimental infections in humans â historical and ethical reflections"
3292:(Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1949â1950), pp. 249â251.
1678:
Out of the 1,500 twins subject to these experiments, only 200 survived.
1535:, and revulsion at the abuses perpetrated led to the development of the
4743:
4645:
Citing Nazi 'Research': To Do So Without Condemnation Is Not Defensible
2554:
2257:
2199:
had been surgically removed after they were deliberately infected with
2125:
74:
3992:
3975:
5163:
5036:
5019:
4716:
4207:"Informed consent in human experimentation before the Nuremberg code"
3703:
Doctors from Hell: The Horrific Account of Nazi Experiments on Humans
3590:
3571:
2176:
2172:
2054:
1953:
A victim loses consciousness during a depressurization experiment at
1630:
1594:
493:
352:
40:
4637:
Citations of shame; scientists are still trading on Nazi atrocities
4524:
Murderous Medicine: Nazi Doctors, Human Experimentation, and Typhus
2349:
had previously been controversial in German medicine in 1900, when
2275:. Test subjects were deliberately exposed to mustard gas and other
1965:
In early 1942, prisoners at Dachau concentration camp were used by
1531:
After the war, these crimes were tried at what became known as the
5726:
4601:
from Holocaust Survivors and Remembrance Project: "Forget You Not"
2306:
2190:
2028:
1948:
1685:
1634:
1487:
1241:
3868:
Hidden Holocaust? Gay and Lesbian Persecution in Germany, 1933â45
3000:"The Mengele Twins and Human Experimentation: A Personal Account"
2002:
were deprived of food and given nothing but seawater to drink by
4616:
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum â Library Bibliography:
4412:
The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide
2770:
The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide
2458:
gas, believing the data could help US soldiers stationed in the
1626:
1590:
4689:
3944:"Remember Us: My Journey from the Shtetl through the Holocaust"
3750:
Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality
1986:
ordered that he be pardoned to "concentration camp for life".
4610:
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum â Online Exhibition:
4604:
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum â Online Exhibition:
2899:
Josef Mengele and Experimentation on Human Twins at Auschwitz
2969:
2967:
2965:
2195:
Child victims of Nazi experimentation show incisions where
2078:
reproductive organs, without anesthesia, for lab analysis.
2053:
Intravenous injections of solutions speculated to contain
2027:
populations. These experiments were conducted by means of
4685:
4021:
4019:
3818:"Homosexual Inmates in the Buchenwald Concentration Camp"
3438:"Introduction to NMT Case 1: U.S.A. v. Karl Brandt et al"
2684:"Nazi 'Doctor Death' found refuge in Cairo, died in 1992"
3390:"The Ethics of Using Medical Data From Nazi Experiments"
2832:"Women's Concentration Camp Medical Experiment Victims"
2314:
shows scars on her leg from medical experiments to the
1894:
victims were thrown into boiling water for rewarming."
4680:
The Ethics Of Using Medical Data From Nazi Experiments
3499:
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences
4452:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 53â59.
2912:, Lucette Matalon Lagnado and Sheila Cohn Dekel, and
2662:. New York: Farrar Straus & Giroux. p. 505.
2532:
Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department
1625:
for the benefit of the German Armed Forces, to study
4267:"Regulations and Ethical Guidelines: Reprinted from
2546:
Unethical human experimentation in the United States
2481:
List of Nazi doctors who conducted human experiments
2065:, with their cervixes and wombs removed. Therefore,
1655:
Prisoners were also experimented on by having their
5828:
5802:
5754:
5654:
5611:
5526:
5406:
5035:
4839:
4723:
3895:
Queer Identities and Politics in Germany: A History
3067:"Nazi Science â the Dachau Hypothermia Experiments"
1617:
Bone, muscle, and nerve transplantation experiments
3865:
3816:
3747:
3700:
3174:
3109:. Comite International Dachau. 2000. p. 183.
2927:
1935:victim was placed between two naked Romani women.
3288:Letter from Rascher to Himmler, 17 Feb 1943 from
1702:(right). The subject is wearing an experimental
4190:Science and the Swastika: The Deadly Experiment
3570:Winkelmann, Andreas; Schagen Udo (March 2009).
2415:
1969:in experiments to aid German pilots who had to
5692:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands
3231:"Documents Regarding Nazi Medical Experiments"
2496:List of medical eponyms with Nazi associations
2439:. In a 1990 review of the Dachau experiments,
2011:
1207:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands
4701:
4160:"Mengele's Children â The Twins of Auschwitz"
2660:KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps
2448:United States Environmental Protection Agency
2022:From about March 1941 to about January 1945,
1925:doctor based at Dachau, reported directly to
1740:Body temperature when removed from the water
1551:The table of contents of a document from the
1446:
951:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
8:
5880:
5871:
5711:National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark
5392:
5383:
5372:
5316:
5307:
5189:
5180:
5161:
5152:
5126:
5095:
4936:
4927:
4888:
4864:
4823:
4813:
4799:
4750:
4741:
4732:
3980:Tropical Medicine & International Health
2804:Perper, Joshua A.; Cina, Stephen J. (2010).
2353:infected patients (mainly prostitutes) with
1608:was the head of the Hygienic Institution at
1365:
1356:
1226:National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark
1138:
1129:
1101:
1037:
1025:
1013:
1001:
989:
722:
713:
702:
646:
637:
519:
510:
491:
482:
456:
425:
264:
255:
216:
192:
154:
144:
130:
81:
72:
63:
4635:, 28 February 1985, 105(1445), p. 31.
4054:. Oxford University Press, US. p. 98.
3107:The Dachau Concentration Camp, 1933 to 1945
2973:
2042:One prominent scientist in this domain was
4708:
4694:
4686:
4581:USAF School of Aerospace Medicine (1950).
3897:. Columbia University Press. p. 223.
3181:. Texas A&M University Press. p.
1453:
1439:
31:
5681:German National Movement in Liechtenstein
4612:Deadly Medicine: Creating the Master Race
4538:In The Shadow of the Reich: Nazi Medicine
4335:
4317:
3991:
3589:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3082:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3048:
2985:
2936:. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 1747.
2810:. Springer Science & Business Media.
2609:
1524:conducted similar medical experiments at
1196:German National Movement in Liechtenstein
961:The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century
4546:Auschwitz: A Doctor's Eyewitness Account
3621:"Medicine and Murder in the Third Reich"
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
1724:
1602:prisoners to manufacture the substance.
1500:and other camps, under the direction of
4241:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
3249:
3247:
3245:
3243:
2725:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
2568:
2018:Sterilization and fertility experiments
39:
27:Unethical experiments on human subjects
4584:German Aviation Medicine, World War II
4200:
4198:
3872:. Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 281â292.
3305:Whiteout:The CIA, Drugs, and the Press
3039:
3027:
3015:
2956:
2450:(EPA) considered using data from Nazi
4659:On the Ethics of Citing Nazi Research
4624:Controversy regarding use of findings
4300:Ghooi, Ravindra B. (1 January 2011).
3810:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3773:
3771:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3256:"Holocaust on Trial: The Experiments"
2894:
2892:
2866:
2864:
1690:A cold water immersion experiment at
7:
5962:Medical experimentation on prisoners
5952:Political repression in Nazi Germany
5698:National Socialist Movement of Chile
4192:. Darlow Smithson Productions, 2001.
3815:Röll, Wolfgang (26 September 1996).
3553:"Forced to take part in experiments"
3462:Piotrowski, Christa (21 July 2000).
2807:When Doctors Kill: Who, Why, and How
2799:
2797:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2541:Human experimentation in North Korea
1213:National Socialist Movement of Chile
3689:, Number 5, Spring 2004, pp. 54â60.
2409:The New England Journal of Medicine
1726:"Exitus" (death) table compiled by
971:The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
5737:World Union of National Socialists
4898:Adolf Hitler's cult of personality
4802:Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte
3173:Mackowski, Maura Phillips (2006).
2240:against such experiments because "
1252:World Union of National Socialists
226:Adolf Hitler's cult of personality
133:Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte
25:
5783:Last surviving war crime suspects
4666:Remembering the Holocaust, Part 2
4306:Perspectives in Clinical Research
4302:"The Nuremberg Code â A critique"
4275:Office of Human Subjects Research
3707:. Sentient Publications. p.
1585:experimented with the effects of
1297:Last surviving war crime suspects
1051:The Myth of the Twentieth Century
5923:
5922:
5773:Nazi Party leaders and officials
4599:The Infamous Medical Experiments
3551:Meric, Vesna (27 January 2005).
3144:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2004.04034.x
2380:that went on to be known as the
1419:
1408:
1407:
1287:Nazi Party leaders and officials
1004:Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes
47:
5895:Political views of Adolf Hitler
4118:"Epidemic Jaundice Experiments"
3754:. MIT Press. pp. 111â112.
3071:New England Journal of Medicine
2916:by Gerald Posner and John Ware.
2594:10.1016/j.endeavour.2015.10.005
1380:Political views of Adolf Hitler
1158:Religious views of Adolf Hitler
5788:Speeches given by Adolf Hitler
4548:. New York: Arcade Publishing.
4536:Michalczyk, J. (Dir.) (1997).
3919:"Children of Bullenhuser Damm"
3065:Berger, Robert L. (May 1990).
2634:"Nazi Medical Experimentation"
2523:Japanese human experimentation
2513:Guatemala syphilis experiments
2378:Permissible Medical Experiment
1623:RavensbrĂŒck concentration camp
1302:Speeches given by Adolf Hitler
1:
5722:Ossewabrandwag (South Africa)
4540:. First Run Features. (video)
4392:"What Made This Man? Mengele"
4205:Vollman, Jochen; Rolf Winau.
3893:Whisnant, Clayton J. (2016).
3764:– via Internet Archive.
3584:(2). United States: 163â171.
2205:Neuengamme concentration camp
1578:Blood coagulation experiments
1237:Ossewabrandwag (South Africa)
981:The Passing of the Great Race
5763:Bibliography of Adolf Hitler
5046:Aestheticization of politics
4122:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
3625:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
3468:CommonDreams.org News Center
3359:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
3302:Cockburn, Alexander (1998).
3235:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
3211:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
2929:"Mengele, Josef (1911â1979)"
2658:Wachsmann, Nikolaus (2015).
2638:US Holocaust Memorial Museum
2374:American Medical Association
2114:(a major causative agent in
1881:25.9 °C (78.6 °F)
1878:26.7 °C (80.1 °F)
1862:26.6 °C (79.9 °F)
1859:27.8 °C (82.0 °F)
1842:25.7 °C (78.3 °F)
1839:27.8 °C (82.0 °F)
1819:28.7 °C (83.7 °F)
1803:27.5 °C (81.5 °F)
1800:27.8 °C (82.0 °F)
1783:29.2 °C (84.6 °F)
1780:29.2 °C (84.6 °F)
1763:27.7 °C (81.9 °F)
1760:27.7 °C (81.9 °F)
1277:Bibliography of Adolf Hitler
376:Aestheticization of politics
5947:Nazi human subject research
5703:National Socialist Movement
5671:Arrow Cross Party (Hungary)
4508:. Oxford University Press.
4477:Mengele: The Complete Story
4410:Lifton, Robert Jay (1986).
3942:Small, Martin; Vic Shayne.
3675:The Legacy of Nazi Medicine
3084:10.1056/NEJM199005173222006
2914:Mengele: the Complete Story
2768:Lifton, Robert Jay (2017).
2518:Human radiation experiments
2295:. Some female prisoners of
2207:. They were later murdered.
2136:The Danish endocrinologist
1875:4.2 °C (39.6 °F)
1856:4.6 °C (40.3 °F)
1836:4.5 °C (40.1 °F)
1757:5.2 °C (41.4 °F)
1553:subsequent Nuremberg trials
1218:National Socialist Movement
1186:Arrow Cross Party (Hungary)
992:Preussentum und Sozialismus
5978:
5717:Nordic Resistance Movement
4855:National Socialist Program
4587:. United States Air Force.
3957:"Nazi Medical Experiments"
2872:"Nazi Medical Experiments"
2435:and John Hayward from the
2336:USA vs. Karl Brandt et al.
2283:), which inflicted severe
2132:Experiments on homosexuals
1942:
1743:Body temperature at death
1466:Nazi human experimentation
1232:Nordic Resistance Movement
183:National Socialist Program
5920:
5686:Nasjonal Samling (Norway)
4544:Nyiszli, M. (2011). "3".
4502:Annas, George J. (1992).
4480:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
4188:Baron, Saskia, director.
4146:nuremberg.law.harvard.edu
4097:nuremberg.law.harvard.edu
3723:sulfonamide nazi tetanus.
3540:Carl Clauberg (1898â1957)
3418:nuremberg.law.harvard.edu
3342:nuremberg.law.harvard.edu
2856:nuremberg.law.harvard.edu
2124:, the causative agent in
1939:High altitude experiments
1692:Dachau concentration camp
1483:severe permanent injuries
1201:Nasjonal Samling (Norway)
1097:German Evangelical Church
5627:Nazi concentration camps
5143:Economic interventionism
5105:Jewish conspiracy theory
4908:Night of the Long Knives
4884:Religion in Nazi Germany
4671:25 February 2021 at the
4650:25 February 2021 at the
4566:Weindling, P.J. (2005).
4554:Auschwitz: A New History
4081:. U.S. Govt. Print. Off.
3823:Journal of Homosexuality
3680:7 September 2008 at the
2926:Thornton, Larry (2006).
2338:, commonly known as the
2037:compulsory sterilization
2012:low-pressure experiments
1822:26 °C (79 °F)
1589:, a substance made from
473:Economic interventionism
435:Jewish conspiracy theory
236:Night of the Long Knives
212:Religion in Nazi Germany
18:Nazi medical experiments
5732:Tsagaan Khas (Mongolia)
4319:10.4103/2229-3485.80371
4148:. Retrieved 2017-04-14.
3627:. Retrieved 2017-04-14.
3420:. Retrieved 2017-04-14.
3355:"Sea Water Experiments"
3344:. Retrieved 2017-04-14.
3237:. Retrieved 2017-04-14.
2998:Mozes-Kor, Eva (2011).
2974:Posner & Ware 1986a
2858:. Retrieved 2017-04-14.
2588:(1). Elsevier BV: 1â6.
2491:Jewish skull collection
2433:University of Minnesota
2111:Clostridium perfringens
2090:Sulfonamide experiments
1816:4 °C (39 °F)
1797:4 °C (39 °F)
1777:6 °C (43 °F)
1247:Tsagaan Khas (Mongolia)
5881:
5872:
5393:
5384:
5373:
5348:Social interventionism
5317:
5308:
5190:
5181:
5176:Greater Germanic Reich
5162:
5153:
5127:
5096:
4937:
4928:
4889:
4865:
4860:Hitler's rise to power
4824:
4814:
4800:
4765:League of German Girls
4751:
4742:
4733:
4570:. Palgrave Macmillan.
4526:. Praeger Publishers.
4360:"The Nuremberg Trials"
4271:, Vol. 2, pp. 181â182"
3699:Spitz, Vivien (2005).
3207:"Freezing Experiments"
2437:University of Victoria
2419:
2319:
2208:
2031:, surgery and various
1962:
1709:
1493:
1366:
1357:
1139:
1130:
1102:
1038:
1026:
1014:
1002:
990:
723:
714:
703:
678:Social interventionism
647:
638:
520:
511:
506:Greater Germanic Reich
492:
483:
457:
426:
265:
256:
217:
193:
188:Hitler's rise to power
155:
145:
131:
96:League of German Girls
82:
73:
64:
5642:Human experimentation
5338:Reactionary modernism
5283:Anti-Slavic sentiment
5011:Human experimentation
4744:Geheime Staatspolizei
4522:Baumslag, N. (2005).
4158:Rosenberg, Jennifer.
3864:GĂŒnter, Grau (1995).
3835:10.1300/J082v31n04_01
3746:LeVay, Simon (1996).
3642:"The Nazi Anatomists"
2904:14 April 2015 at the
2392:Modern ethical issues
2310:
2194:
1973:at high altitudes. A
1952:
1943:Further information:
1689:
1491:
1153:Positive Christianity
1113:German Faith Movement
668:Reactionary modernism
613:Anti-Slavic sentiment
343:Human experimentation
75:Geheime Staatspolizei
5676:German American Bund
5056:Anti-intellectualism
4903:Enabling Act of 1933
4237:"The Nuremberg Code"
3511:10.1093/jhmas/jrx018
3394:Jewish Law: Articles
3018:, pp. 347, 353.
2454:into the effects of
2197:axillary lymph nodes
2146:Gerhard Schiedlausky
2142:Ernst-Robert Grawitz
1990:Seawater experiments
1975:low-pressure chamber
1957:by Luftwaffe doctor
1682:Freezing experiments
1663:Experiments on twins
1642:bone transplantation
1506:Nazi racial ideology
1191:German American Bund
1040:Hitlers Zweites Buch
386:Anti-intellectualism
231:Enabling Act of 1933
5803:Role and impact in
5666:American Nazi Party
5117:Cult of personality
5086:Class collaboration
4997:Extermination camps
4982:Concentration camps
4923:Anti-Comintern Pact
4618:Medical Experiments
4247:on 21 February 2008
4170:on 19 February 2017
3786:Bloomsbury Academic
3654:on 6 September 2015
3640:(6 November 2013).
2959:, pp. 358â359.
2217:SD Security Service
1730:
1478:concentration camps
1470:medical experiments
1181:American Nazi Party
447:Cult of personality
416:Class collaboration
328:Extermination camps
313:Concentration camps
251:Anti-Comintern Pact
35:Part of a series on
5890:German Romanticism
5778:Nazi Party members
5632:Extermination camp
5025:Racial segregation
4753:Deutsches Jungvolk
4556:. Public Affairs.
4446:Grodin, Michael A.
4396:The New York Times
4388:Lifton, Robert Jay
4281:on 29 October 2007
2364:In response, Drs.
2320:
2226:malaria mosquitoes
2209:
2121:Clostridium tetani
1963:
1945:Hubertus Strughold
1737:Water temperature
1725:
1710:
1494:
1426:Germany portal
1375:German Romanticism
1292:Nazi Party members
1175:Outside of Germany
358:Racial segregation
84:Deutsches Jungvolk
5934:
5933:
5507:Strasser (Gregor)
5386:Volksgemeinschaft
5331:Völkisch movement
5326:Völkisch equality
4913:Nuremberg rallies
4874:German rearmament
4552:Rees, L. (2005).
4515:978-0-19-510106-5
4487:978-0-07-050598-8
4468:Posner, Gerald L.
4459:978-0-19-510106-5
4421:978-0-465-04904-2
4061:978-0-19-977226-1
4035:978-3-515-08794-0
3993:10.1111/tmi.13320
3986:(12): 1384â1390.
3904:978-1-939594-10-5
3879:978-1-134-26105-5
3794:978-1-4411-7990-6
3761:978-0-262-12199-6
3718:978-1-59181-032-2
3672:Schaefer, Naomi.
3388:Cohen, Baruch C.
3315:978-1-85984-139-6
3138:(12): 1155â1156.
3116:978-3-87490-751-4
3077:(20): 1435â1440.
2943:978-0-684-31497-6
2817:978-1-4419-1369-2
2779:978-0-465-09339-7
2749:Michalczyk, p. 96
2690:. 4 February 2009
2669:978-0-374-11825-9
2370:Andrew Conway Ivy
2187:Other experiments
1891:
1890:
1694:presided over by
1463:
1462:
1118:Germanic paganism
1104:Deutsche Christen
837:Strasser (Gregor)
716:Volksgemeinschaft
661:Völkisch movement
656:Völkisch equality
241:Nuremberg rallies
202:German rearmament
16:(Redirected from
5969:
5926:
5925:
5886:
5877:
5874:Drang nach Osten
5712:
5693:
5602:von Sebottendorf
5398:
5389:
5378:
5358:State capitalism
5343:Social Darwinism
5322:
5313:
5195:
5186:
5167:
5158:
5132:
5101:
5098:DolchstoĂlegende
5071:Authoritarianism
4966:Nuremberg trials
4942:
4933:
4894:
4870:
4829:
4819:
4805:
4756:
4747:
4738:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4687:
4588:
4549:
4519:
4491:
4463:
4442:Annas, George J.
4433:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4390:(21 July 1985).
4375:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4339:
4321:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4243:. Archived from
4233:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4213:. Archived from
4202:
4193:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4166:. Archived from
4155:
4149:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4044:
4038:
4023:
4014:
4013:
3995:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3953:
3947:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3923:www.auschwitz.dk
3915:
3909:
3908:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3871:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3820:
3812:
3797:
3775:
3766:
3765:
3753:
3743:
3726:
3725:
3706:
3696:
3690:
3687:The New Atlantis
3670:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3650:. Archived from
3634:
3628:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3593:
3591:10.1002/ca.20760
3577:Clinical Anatomy
3567:
3561:
3560:
3548:
3542:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3474:on 15 April 2008
3470:. Archived from
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3434:
3421:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3385:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3351:
3345:
3335:
3329:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3299:
3293:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3251:
3238:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3180:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3086:
3062:
3043:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3004:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2931:
2923:
2917:
2896:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2868:
2859:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2801:
2792:
2791:
2765:
2750:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2731:on 20 April 2008
2727:. Archived from
2717:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2613:
2573:
2486:Bullenhuser Damm
2423:
2404:Arnold S. Relman
2347:informed consent
2293:incendiary bombs
2238:Heinrich Himmler
2154:
1932:Heinrich Himmler
1731:
1696:Ernst Holzlöhner
1514:twin experiments
1512:, including the
1472:on prisoners by
1468:was a series of
1455:
1448:
1441:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1411:
1410:
1371:
1362:
1359:Drang nach Osten
1227:
1208:
1144:
1135:
1107:
1056:
1046:
1043:
1034:
1031:
1022:
1019:
1016:Das Dritte Reich
1010:
1007:
998:
995:
986:
976:
966:
956:
932:von Sebottendorf
728:
719:
708:
688:State capitalism
673:Social Darwinism
652:
643:
525:
516:
497:
488:
462:
431:
428:DolchstoĂlegende
401:Authoritarianism
294:Nuremberg trials
270:
261:
222:
198:
160:
150:
136:
87:
78:
69:
51:
32:
21:
5977:
5976:
5972:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5967:
5966:
5957:Nazi war crimes
5937:
5936:
5935:
5930:
5916:
5915:
5914:
5900:Racial theories
5883:Generalplan Ost
5830:
5824:
5804:
5798:
5797:
5796:
5768:Nazi ideologues
5750:
5749:
5748:
5710:
5705:(United States)
5704:
5691:
5656:
5650:
5647:Romani genocide
5614:
5607:
5606:
5605:
5522:
5521:
5520:
5512:Strasser (Otto)
5402:
5401:
5400:
5375:Gleichschaltung
5368:Totalitarianism
5253:One-party state
5061:Anti-liberalism
5031:
5030:
5029:
4956:Tripartite Pact
4867:Machtergreifung
4835:
4834:
4833:
4719:
4714:
4673:Wayback Machine
4652:Wayback Machine
4626:
4595:
4580:
4543:
4516:
4501:
4498:
4496:Further reading
4488:
4466:
4460:
4436:
4422:
4414:. Basic Books.
4409:
4400:
4398:
4386:
4383:
4378:
4368:
4366:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4284:
4282:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4250:
4248:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4220:
4218:
4217:on 4 March 2008
4204:
4203:
4196:
4187:
4183:
4173:
4171:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4140:
4136:
4126:
4124:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4101:
4099:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4062:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4024:
4017:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3946:, p. 135, 2009.
3941:
3937:
3927:
3925:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3880:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3814:
3813:
3800:
3778:Weindling, Paul
3776:
3769:
3762:
3745:
3744:
3729:
3719:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3682:Wayback Machine
3671:
3667:
3657:
3655:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3619:
3615:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3538:
3534:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3477:
3475:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3446:
3444:
3436:
3435:
3424:
3412:
3408:
3398:
3396:
3387:
3386:
3373:
3363:
3361:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3323:
3316:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3287:
3283:
3278:
3274:
3264:
3262:
3253:
3252:
3241:
3229:
3225:
3215:
3213:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3193:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3117:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3064:
3063:
3046:
3038:
3034:
3026:
3022:
3014:
3010:
3002:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2984:
2980:
2972:
2963:
2955:
2951:
2944:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2906:Wayback Machine
2897:
2890:
2880:
2878:
2870:
2869:
2862:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2803:
2802:
2795:
2780:
2772:. Basic Books.
2767:
2766:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2734:
2732:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2703:
2693:
2691:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2640:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2555:Project MKUltra
2472:
2425:
2421:
2394:
2305:
2246:viral hepatitis
2211:In mid-1942 in
2189:
2148:
2134:
2092:
2072:radiation burns
2020:
1992:
1967:Sigmund Rascher
1959:Sigmund Rascher
1947:
1941:
1928:ReichsfĂŒhrer-SS
1919:Sigmund Rascher
1728:Sigmund Rascher
1700:Sigmund Rascher
1684:
1665:
1619:
1583:Sigmund Rascher
1580:
1549:
1459:
1420:
1418:
1400:
1399:
1385:Racial theories
1368:Generalplan Ost
1320:
1312:
1311:
1282:Nazi ideologues
1272:
1264:
1263:
1225:
1220:(United States)
1219:
1206:
1176:
1168:
1167:
1092:Esoteric Nazism
1070:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1044:
1032:
1020:
1008:
996:
984:
974:
964:
954:
945:
937:
936:
862:
852:
851:
842:Strasser (Otto)
742:
732:
731:
705:Gleichschaltung
698:Totalitarianism
583:One-party state
391:Anti-liberalism
371:
363:
362:
284:Tripartite Pact
195:Machtergreifung
173:
165:
164:
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5975:
5973:
5965:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5939:
5938:
5932:
5931:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5913:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5878:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5857:Beefsteak Nazi
5854:
5853:
5852:
5847:
5836:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5806:
5805:German society
5800:
5799:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5752:
5751:
5747:
5746:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5707:
5700:
5695:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5662:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5637:Final Solution
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5617:
5615:and war crimes
5609:
5608:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5577:von Liebenfels
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5524:
5523:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5487:von Ribbentrop
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5390:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5314:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5213:
5208:
5206:Indoctrination
5203:
5202:
5201:
5196:
5187:
5183:Heim ins Reich
5178:
5168:
5159:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5076:Blood and soil
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5051:Anti-communism
5048:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4992:Doctors' Trial
4989:
4984:
4976:Final solution
4973:
4968:
4963:
4961:Denazification
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4934:
4925:
4920:
4918:Nuremberg Laws
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4850:Early timeline
4847:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4831:
4821:
4816:Sturmabteilung
4811:
4806:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4748:
4739:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4720:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4676:
4662:
4655:
4641:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4614:
4608:
4602:
4594:
4593:External links
4591:
4590:
4589:
4578:
4564:
4550:
4541:
4534:
4520:
4514:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4486:
4464:
4458:
4438:Mozes-Kor, Eva
4434:
4420:
4407:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4351:
4292:
4258:
4228:
4194:
4181:
4150:
4134:
4109:
4084:
4067:
4060:
4039:
4037:, pp. 221â236.
4015:
3966:
3948:
3935:
3910:
3903:
3885:
3878:
3856:
3798:
3767:
3760:
3727:
3717:
3691:
3665:
3638:Bazelon, Emily
3629:
3613:
3562:
3543:
3532:
3505:(3): 272â301.
3485:
3454:
3422:
3406:
3371:
3346:
3330:
3321:
3314:
3294:
3281:
3272:
3254:Tyson, Peter.
3239:
3223:
3198:
3191:
3165:
3122:
3115:
3098:
3044:
3032:
3030:, p. 351.
3020:
3008:
2990:
2986:Mozes-Kor 1992
2978:
2961:
2949:
2942:
2918:
2888:
2860:
2844:
2823:
2816:
2793:
2778:
2751:
2742:
2712:
2701:
2675:
2668:
2650:
2625:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2471:
2468:
2414:
2393:
2390:
2382:Nuremberg Code
2351:Albert Neisser
2340:Doctors' Trial
2316:Doctors' Trial
2304:
2301:
2285:chemical burns
2230:Doctors' Trial
2188:
2185:
2133:
2130:
2091:
2088:
2084:Hermann Stieve
2059:silver nitrate
2019:
2016:
1991:
1988:
1940:
1937:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1749:Time of death
1747:
1746:Time in water
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1683:
1680:
1664:
1661:
1618:
1615:
1599:gunshot wounds
1579:
1576:
1548:
1545:
1541:medical ethics
1537:Nuremberg Code
1533:Doctors' Trial
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1415:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1363:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1342:Beefsteak Nazi
1339:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1321:
1319:Related topics
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1210:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1136:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1047:
1035:
1023:
1011:
999:
987:
977:
967:
957:
946:
943:
942:
939:
938:
935:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
907:von Liebenfels
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
863:
858:
857:
854:
853:
850:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
817:von Ribbentrop
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
743:
738:
737:
734:
733:
730:
729:
720:
711:
710:
709:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
664:
663:
658:
653:
644:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
569:
568:
563:
558:
553:
543:
538:
536:Indoctrination
533:
532:
531:
526:
517:
513:Heim ins Reich
508:
498:
489:
480:
475:
470:
465:
464:
463:
449:
444:
439:
438:
437:
432:
418:
413:
408:
406:Blood and soil
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
381:Anti-communism
378:
372:
369:
368:
365:
364:
361:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
323:Doctors' Trial
320:
315:
306:Final solution
302:
301:
296:
291:
289:Denazification
286:
281:
276:
271:
262:
253:
248:
246:Nuremberg Laws
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
214:
209:
204:
199:
190:
185:
180:
178:Early timeline
174:
171:
170:
167:
166:
163:
162:
152:
147:Sturmabteilung
142:
137:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
79:
70:
60:
57:
56:
53:
52:
44:
43:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5974:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5929:
5919:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5879:
5876:
5875:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5833:
5827:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5811:The Wehrmacht
5809:
5807:
5801:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5745:
5744:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5708:
5706:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5659:
5653:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5616:
5610:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5531:
5529:
5525:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5497:Seyss-Inquart
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5411:
5409:
5405:
5397:
5396:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5370:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5319:Untermenschen
5315:
5312:
5311:
5310:Rassenschande
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5200:
5199:Pan-Germanism
5197:
5194:
5193:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5138:Direct action
5136:
5131:
5130:
5129:FĂŒhrerprinzip
5125:
5124:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5106:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5066:Anti-pacifism
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4951:The Holocaust
4949:
4947:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4930:Kristallnacht
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4844:
4842:
4838:
4828:
4827:
4826:Schutzstaffel
4822:
4818:
4817:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4711:
4706:
4704:
4699:
4697:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4681:
4677:
4674:
4670:
4667:
4663:
4660:
4656:
4653:
4649:
4646:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4634:
4633:
4632:New Scientist
4628:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4607:
4606:Doctors Trial
4603:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4579:
4577:
4576:1-4039-3911-X
4573:
4569:
4565:
4563:
4562:1-58648-357-9
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4542:
4539:
4535:
4533:
4532:0-275-98312-9
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4511:
4507:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4489:
4483:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4417:
4413:
4408:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4365:
4364:www.ushmm.org
4361:
4355:
4352:
4347:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4296:
4293:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4270:
4262:
4259:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4232:
4229:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4182:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4154:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4138:
4135:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4110:
4098:
4094:
4088:
4085:
4080:
4079:
4071:
4068:
4063:
4057:
4053:
4052:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3970:
3967:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3949:
3945:
3939:
3936:
3924:
3920:
3914:
3911:
3906:
3900:
3896:
3889:
3886:
3881:
3875:
3870:
3869:
3860:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3819:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3757:
3752:
3751:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3704:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3669:
3666:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3566:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3536:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3486:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3455:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3407:
3395:
3391:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3317:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3282:
3279:Annas, p. 74.
3276:
3273:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3224:
3212:
3208:
3202:
3199:
3194:
3192:1-58544-439-1
3188:
3184:
3179:
3178:
3169:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3123:
3118:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3009:
3001:
2994:
2991:
2988:, p. 57.
2987:
2982:
2979:
2976:, p. 37.
2975:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2877:
2876:www.ushmm.org
2873:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2845:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2705:
2702:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2671:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2651:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2569:
2563:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2502:
2501:Nazi eugenics
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2446:In 1989, the
2444:
2442:
2441:Robert Berger
2438:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2366:Leo Alexander
2362:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2345:The issue of
2343:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2326:
2317:
2313:
2312:Jadwiga Dzido
2309:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2265:Sachsenhausen
2261:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2105:Streptococcus
2101:
2097:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2079:
2075:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2044:Carl Clauberg
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2024:sterilization
2017:
2015:
2013:
2007:
2005:
2004:Hans Eppinger
2001:
1997:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1907:Eastern Front
1904:
1899:
1895:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1712:In 1941, the
1707:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1670:Eva-Mozes Kor
1662:
1660:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1564:sulfanilamide
1561:
1558:
1554:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1518:Josef Mengele
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1502:Eduard Wirths
1499:
1490:
1486:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1416:
1414:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1080:Thule Society
1078:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1000:
994:
993:
988:
983:
982:
978:
973:
972:
968:
963:
962:
958:
953:
952:
948:
947:
941:
940:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
864:
861:
856:
855:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
827:Seyss-Inquart
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
744:
741:
736:
735:
727:
726:
721:
718:
717:
712:
707:
706:
701:
700:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
662:
659:
657:
654:
651:
650:
649:Untermenschen
645:
642:
641:
640:Rassenschande
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
605:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
548:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
530:
529:Pan-Germanism
527:
524:
523:
518:
515:
514:
509:
507:
504:
503:
502:
499:
496:
495:
490:
487:
486:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
468:Direct action
466:
461:
460:
459:FĂŒhrerprinzip
455:
454:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
436:
433:
430:
429:
424:
423:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
396:Anti-pacifism
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
373:
367:
366:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
310:
309:
308:
307:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
279:The Holocaust
277:
275:
272:
269:
268:
263:
260:
259:
258:Kristallnacht
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
221:
220:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
197:
196:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
175:
169:
168:
159:
158:
157:Schutzstaffel
153:
149:
148:
143:
141:
138:
135:
134:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
86:
85:
80:
77:
76:
71:
68:
67:
62:
61:
58:Organizations
55:
54:
50:
46:
45:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
5845:Architecture
5793:SS personnel
5741:
5727:SUMKA (Iran)
5641:
5353:Social order
5278:Antisemitism
5231:Palingenetic
5122:Dictatorship
5091:Conspiracism
5015:Labour camps
4987:Deportations
4974:
4946:World War II
4891:Kirchenkampf
4879:Nazi Germany
4760:Hitler Youth
4724:Organisation
4630:
4583:
4567:
4553:
4545:
4537:
4523:
4504:
4476:
4449:
4411:
4399:. Retrieved
4395:
4367:. Retrieved
4363:
4354:
4312:(2): 72â76.
4309:
4305:
4295:
4283:. Retrieved
4279:the original
4274:
4268:
4261:
4249:. Retrieved
4245:the original
4240:
4231:
4219:. Retrieved
4215:the original
4210:
4189:
4184:
4172:. Retrieved
4168:the original
4163:
4153:
4145:
4137:
4125:. Retrieved
4121:
4112:
4100:. Retrieved
4096:
4087:
4077:
4070:
4050:
4042:
4026:
3983:
3979:
3969:
3960:
3951:
3938:
3926:. Retrieved
3922:
3913:
3894:
3888:
3867:
3859:
3829:(4): 24â25.
3826:
3822:
3781:
3749:
3722:
3702:
3694:
3686:
3673:
3668:
3656:. Retrieved
3652:the original
3645:
3632:
3624:
3616:
3581:
3575:
3565:
3556:
3546:
3535:
3502:
3498:
3488:
3476:. Retrieved
3472:the original
3467:
3457:
3445:. Retrieved
3441:
3417:
3409:
3397:. Retrieved
3393:
3362:. Retrieved
3358:
3349:
3341:
3333:
3324:
3304:
3297:
3289:
3284:
3275:
3263:. Retrieved
3259:
3234:
3226:
3214:. Retrieved
3210:
3201:
3176:
3168:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3106:
3101:
3074:
3070:
3035:
3023:
3011:
2993:
2981:
2952:
2933:
2921:
2913:
2909:
2879:. Retrieved
2875:
2855:
2847:
2835:. Retrieved
2826:
2806:
2769:
2745:
2733:. Retrieved
2729:the original
2724:
2715:
2708:
2704:
2692:. Retrieved
2687:
2678:
2659:
2653:
2641:. Retrieved
2637:
2628:
2585:
2581:
2571:
2506:
2505:
2475:Nazi related
2474:
2473:
2463:
2460:Persian Gulf
2445:
2426:
2420:
2416:
2407:
2406:, editor of
2395:
2377:
2363:
2344:
2335:
2329:
2321:
2262:
2250:
2222:
2210:
2201:tuberculosis
2170:
2166:
2157:
2138:Carl Vaernet
2135:
2119:
2116:gas gangrene
2109:
2103:
2093:
2080:
2076:
2052:
2041:
2021:
2008:
1993:
1984:
1979:vivisections
1964:
1926:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1734:Attempt no.
1713:
1711:
1703:
1677:
1674:
1666:
1654:
1650:
1638:regeneration
1620:
1604:
1586:
1581:
1550:
1530:
1522:Aribert Heim
1495:
1474:Nazi Germany
1465:
1464:
1417:
1330:Architecture
1307:SS personnel
1256:
1242:SUMKA (Iran)
1141:Kirchenkampf
1049:
979:
969:
959:
949:
683:Social order
608:Antisemitism
561:Palingenetic
452:Dictatorship
421:Conspiracism
348:Labour camps
342:
318:Deportations
304:
303:
274:World War II
219:Kirchenkampf
207:Nazi Germany
91:Hitler Youth
29:
5905:Strasserism
5567:de Gobineau
5542:Chamberlain
5408:Politicians
5395:Volkskörper
5298:Master race
5268:Prussianism
5216:Nationalism
5171:Imperialism
5112:Corporatism
3260:NOVA Online
3132:Anaesthesia
3040:Lifton 1985
3028:Lifton 1986
3016:Lifton 1986
2957:Lifton 1986
2837:12 November
2429:hypothermia
2386:medical law
2359:Albert Moll
2331:post mortem
2273:mustard gas
2234:Oswald Pohl
2213:Baranowicze
2161:Eugen Kogon
2149: [
2096:sulfonamide
2048:anesthetics
1720:hypothermia
1698:(left) and
1657:bone marrow
1606:Bruno Weber
1568:coagulation
1547:Experiments
1390:Strasserism
1132:GottglÀubig
897:de Gobineau
872:Chamberlain
740:Politicians
725:Volkskörper
628:Master race
598:Prussianism
546:Nationalism
501:Imperialism
442:Corporatism
5941:Categories
5613:Atrocities
5528:Ideologues
5363:Syncretism
5288:Aryan race
5263:Propaganda
5211:Militarism
5192:Lebensraum
5155:Geopolitik
5081:Chauvinism
4971:Neo-Nazism
4809:Nazi Party
4472:Ware, John
4401:11 January
3788:. p. 30.
3658:6 November
2788:1089625744
2564:References
2464:Jewish Law
2289:phosphorus
2269:Natzweiler
2253:Buchenwald
2063:vivisected
1646:anesthesia
1593:and apple
1526:Mauthausen
1028:Mein Kampf
944:Literature
860:Ideologues
693:Syncretism
618:Aryan race
593:Propaganda
541:Militarism
522:Lebensraum
485:Geopolitik
411:Chauvinism
299:Neo-Nazism
140:Nazi Party
5622:Action T4
5592:Rosenberg
5572:Haushofer
5517:Streicher
5303:Nordicism
5248:New Order
4939:Anschluss
4735:Ahnenerbe
4328:2229-3485
4164:about.com
4002:1360-2276
3961:ushmm.org
3843:0091-8369
3519:0022-5045
3308:. Verso.
2688:France 24
2602:0160-9327
2582:Endeavour
2507:Worldwide
2303:Aftermath
2277:vesicants
2258:autopsies
2242:Schilling
2067:radiation
2039:program.
1915:Auschwitz
1715:Luftwaffe
1705:Luftwaffe
1498:Auschwitz
1163:Symbolism
1148:Occultism
1123:Heathenry
1087:Christmas
1075:Ariosophy
922:Rosenberg
902:Haushofer
847:Streicher
633:Nordicism
578:New Order
267:Anschluss
66:Ahnenerbe
5928:Category
5867:Glossary
5582:von List
5537:Baeumler
5472:Goebbels
5457:Heydrich
5437:Eichmann
5293:Aryanism
5258:Populism
5148:Eugenics
5037:Ideology
5002:Genocide
4669:Archived
4648:Archived
4474:(1986).
4448:(eds.).
4430:13334966
4346:21731859
4285:23 March
4251:23 March
4174:23 March
4102:29 April
4010:31654450
3928:31 March
3780:(2015).
3678:Archived
3600:19173259
3557:BBC News
3527:28873982
3478:23 March
3447:23 March
3399:23 March
3265:23 March
3160:21906854
3152:15549970
2902:Archived
2735:23 March
2694:16 March
2643:23 March
2620:26749461
2470:See also
2456:phosgene
2452:research
2355:syphilis
2297:Block 10
2281:Lewisite
2181:Pervitin
2102:such as
2100:bacteria
1996:seawater
1903:freezing
1708:garment.
1610:Block 10
1572:phlegmon
1566:, blood
1560:jaundice
1557:epidemic
1510:eugenics
1413:Category
1352:Glossary
1068:Religion
912:von List
867:Baeumler
802:Goebbels
787:Heydrich
767:Eichmann
623:Aryanism
588:Populism
478:Eugenics
370:Ideology
333:Genocide
5862:Economy
5829:Related
5821:Economy
5657:Germany
5655:Outside
5597:Schmitt
5482:Lammers
5462:Himmler
5432:Drexler
5422:Daluege
5417:Bormann
5243:New Man
5020:Pogroms
5007:Ghettos
4841:History
4381:Sources
4337:3121268
4221:8 April
3851:8905527
3093:2184357
2611:4822534
2399:ethical
2325:asocial
2177:opiates
2126:tetanus
1961:, 1942.
1587:Polygal
1476:in its
1347:Economy
927:Schmitt
812:Lammers
792:Himmler
762:Drexler
752:Daluege
747:Bormann
573:New Man
353:Pogroms
338:Ghettos
172:History
5850:Cinema
5831:topics
5816:Cinema
5587:MĂŒller
5557:Eckart
5477:Göring
5467:Hitler
5427:Dönitz
5273:Racism
5226:Racial
5164:Heimat
4775:NSDStB
4717:Nazism
4574:
4560:
4530:
4512:
4484:
4456:
4428:
4418:
4344:
4334:
4326:
4058:
4033:
4008:
4000:
3901:
3876:
3849:
3841:
3792:
3758:
3715:
3608:578958
3606:
3598:
3525:
3517:
3312:
3189:
3158:
3150:
3113:
3091:
2940:
2814:
2786:
2776:
2666:
2618:
2608:
2600:
2372:, the
2279:(e.g.
2173:typhus
2118:) and
2055:iodine
1955:Dachau
1911:Dachau
1640:, and
1633:, and
1631:muscle
1595:pectin
1335:Cinema
1055:(1930)
1045:(1928)
1033:(1925)
1021:(1923)
1009:(1922)
997:(1919)
985:(1916)
975:(1903)
965:(1899)
955:(1855)
917:MĂŒller
887:Eckart
807:Göring
797:Hitler
757:Dönitz
603:Racism
556:Racial
494:Heimat
106:NSDStB
41:Nazism
5910:Women
5755:Lists
5743:MoreâŠ
5562:Feder
5547:Darré
5502:Speer
5447:Frick
5442:Frank
5236:Ultra
5221:Ethno
4770:NSDĂB
4369:3 May
4127:3 May
3647:Slate
3604:S2CID
3364:3 May
3216:3 May
3156:S2CID
3003:(PDF)
2881:3 May
2557:(CIA)
2153:]
2033:drugs
2029:X-ray
1971:eject
1921:, an
1635:nerve
1395:Women
1271:Lists
1258:MoreâŠ
892:Feder
877:Darré
832:Speer
777:Frick
772:Frank
566:Ultra
551:Ethno
101:NSDĂB
5552:Devi
5492:Röhm
5452:Hess
4830:(SS)
4820:(SA)
4790:NSKK
4785:NSFK
4780:NSRL
4572:ISBN
4558:ISBN
4528:ISBN
4510:ISBN
4482:ISBN
4454:ISBN
4426:OCLC
4416:ISBN
4403:2014
4371:2018
4342:PMID
4324:ISSN
4287:2008
4253:2008
4223:2008
4176:2008
4129:2018
4104:2023
4056:ISBN
4031:ISBN
4006:PMID
3998:ISSN
3930:2016
3899:ISBN
3874:ISBN
3847:PMID
3839:ISSN
3790:ISBN
3756:ISBN
3713:ISBN
3660:2013
3596:PMID
3523:PMID
3515:ISSN
3480:2008
3449:2008
3401:2008
3366:2018
3310:ISBN
3267:2008
3218:2018
3187:ISBN
3148:PMID
3111:ISBN
3089:PMID
2938:ISBN
2883:2018
2839:2017
2812:ISBN
2784:OCLC
2774:ISBN
2737:2008
2696:2021
2664:ISBN
2645:2008
2616:PMID
2598:ISSN
2368:and
2179:and
2057:and
2000:Roma
1913:and
1901:The
1887:53'
1884:53'
1868:65'
1865:51'
1848:65'
1845:57'
1828:74'
1825:60'
1806:95'
1789:87'
1786:80'
1769:66'
1766:66'
1627:bone
1591:beet
1570:and
1508:and
882:Devi
822:Röhm
782:Hess
161:(SS)
151:(SA)
121:NSKK
116:NSFK
111:NSRL
5840:Art
4795:NSF
4332:PMC
4314:doi
4211:BMJ
3988:doi
3831:doi
3586:doi
3507:doi
3140:doi
3079:doi
3075:322
2606:PMC
2590:doi
2203:at
1853:25
1833:23
1813:16
1794:14
1774:13
1539:of
1516:of
1496:At
1325:Art
126:NSF
5943::
4470:;
4444:;
4424:.
4394:.
4362:.
4340:.
4330:.
4322:.
4308:.
4304:.
4273:.
4239:.
4209:.
4197:^
4162:.
4144:.
4120:.
4095:.
4018:^
4004:.
3996:.
3984:24
3982:.
3978:.
3959:.
3921:.
3845:.
3837:.
3827:31
3825:.
3821:.
3801:^
3784:.
3770:^
3730:^
3721:.
3711:.
3685:,
3644:.
3623:.
3602:.
3594:.
3582:22
3580:.
3574:.
3555:.
3521:.
3513:.
3503:72
3501:.
3497:.
3466:.
3440:.
3425:^
3416:.
3392:.
3374:^
3357:.
3340:.
3258:.
3242:^
3233:.
3209:.
3185:.
3183:94
3154:.
3146:.
3136:59
3134:.
3087:.
3073:.
3069:.
3047:^
2964:^
2932:.
2908:,
2891:^
2874:.
2863:^
2854:.
2796:^
2782:.
2754:^
2723:.
2686:.
2636:.
2614:.
2604:.
2596:.
2586:40
2584:.
2580:.
2267:,
2232:,
2183:.
2151:de
2108:,
2074:.
2014:.
1923:SS
1917:.
1754:5
1629:,
1562:,
1528:.
1520:.
4709:e
4702:t
4695:v
4682:"
4678:"
4675:"
4664:"
4661:"
4657:"
4654:"
4643:"
4518:.
4490:.
4462:.
4432:.
4405:.
4373:.
4348:.
4316::
4310:2
4289:.
4255:.
4225:.
4178:.
4131:.
4106:.
4064:.
4012:.
3990::
3963:.
3932:.
3907:.
3882:.
3853:.
3833::
3796:.
3709:4
3662:.
3610:.
3588::
3559:.
3529:.
3509::
3482:.
3451:.
3403:.
3368:.
3318:.
3269:.
3220:.
3195:.
3162:.
3142::
3119:.
3095:.
3081::
3042:.
3005:.
2946:.
2885:.
2841:.
2820:.
2790:.
2739:.
2698:.
2672:.
2647:.
2622:.
2592::
2318:.
1485:.
1454:e
1447:t
1440:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
