Autopsy - Knowledge (XXG)

1124: 1247: 998: 1274: 1106: 602: 56: 335:, have charged that the reduction in autopsies is negatively affecting the care delivered in hospitals, because when mistakes result in death, they are often not investigated and lessons, therefore, remain unlearned. When a person has permitted an autopsy in advance of their death, autopsies may also be carried out for the purposes of teaching or medical research. An autopsy is usually performed in cases of sudden death, where a doctor is not able to write a death certificate, or when death is believed to result from an 704: 1311: 1377: 460: 549: 1026: 1478: 4703: 4713: 2878: 648:) which produce radiographic images in order to determine the cause of death, the nature, and the manner of death, without dissecting the deceased. It can also be used in the identification of the deceased. This method is helpful in determining the questions pertaining to an autopsy without putting the examiner at risk of biohazardous materials that can be in an individual's body. 850:, Scotland, France, Germany, Russia, and Canada, an autopsy may comprise an external examination only. This concept is sometimes termed a "view and grant". The principle behind this is that the medical records, history of the deceased and circumstances of death have all indicated as to the cause and manner of death without the need for an internal examination. 578:, can be classified as a poison) and their quantity. Because post-mortem deterioration of the body, together with the gravitational pooling of bodily fluids, will necessarily alter the bodily environment, toxicology tests may overestimate, rather than underestimate, the quantity of the suspected chemical. 1084:

all organs and tissue must be returned to the body unless permission is given by the family to retain any tissue for further investigation. Normally the internal body cavity is lined with cotton, wool, or a similar material, and the organs are then placed into a plastic bag to prevent leakage and are

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technique of Letulle whereby all the organs are removed as one large mass. The second is the en bloc method of Ghon. The most popular in the UK is a modified version of this method, which is divided into four groups of organs. Although these are the two predominant evisceration techniques, in the UK

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may be a criminal matter, while a clinical or academic autopsy is performed to find the medical cause of death and is used in cases of unknown or uncertain death, or for research purposes. Autopsies can be further classified into cases where an external examination suffices, and those where the body

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Most pathologists, however, prefer the organs to be removed all in one "block". Using dissection of the fascia, blunt dissection; using the fingers or hands and traction; the organs are dissected out in one piece for further inspection and sampling. During autopsies of infants, this method is used

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Academic autopsies are performed by students of anatomy for the purpose of study, giving medical students and residents firsthand experience viewing anatomy and pathology. Postmortem examinations require the skill to connect anatomic and clinical pathology together since they involve organ systems

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in two flaps with the front flap going over the face and the rear flap over the back of the neck. The skull is then cut with a circular (or semicircular) bladed reciprocating saw to create a "cap" that can be pulled off, exposing the brain. The brain is then observed in situ. Then the brain's

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processes and determine what factors contributed to a patient's death. For example, material for infectious disease testing can be collected during an autopsy. Autopsies are also performed to ensure the standard of care at hospitals. Autopsies can yield insight into how patient deaths can be

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Medical examiners attempt to determine the time of death, the exact cause of death, and what, if anything, preceded the death, such as a struggle. A forensic autopsy may include obtaining biological specimens from the deceased for toxicological testing, including stomach contents.

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of studies of the autopsy calculated that in about 25% of autopsies, a major diagnostic error will be revealed. However, this rate has decreased over time and the study projects that in a contemporary US institution, 8.4% to 24.4% of autopsies will detect major diagnostic errors.

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Autopsies that opened the body to determine the cause of death were attested at least in the early third millennium BCE, although they were opposed in many ancient societies where it was believed that the outward disfigurement of dead persons prevented them from entering the

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Within the United Kingdom, clinical autopsies can be carried out only with the consent of the family of the deceased person, as opposed to a medico-legal autopsy instructed by a Coroner (England & Wales) or Procurator Fiscal (Scotland), to which the family cannot object.

1246: 1416:. In Europe they were done with enough regularity to become skilled, as early as 1200, and successful efforts to preserve the body, by filling the veins with wax and metals. Until the 20th century, it was thought that the modern autopsy process derived from the 993:

and intestinal contents are examined and weighed. This could be useful to find the cause and time of death, due to the natural passage of food through the bowel during digestion. The more area empty, the longer the deceased had gone without a meal before death.

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as a cause of class I errors. While patients with abdominal pathologic conditions generally complained of abdominal pain, results of an examination of the abdomen were considered unremarkable in most patients, and the symptom was not pursued".

1038:, an incision is made from behind one ear, over the crown of the head, to a point behind the other ear. When the autopsy is completed, the incision can be neatly sewn up and is not noticed when the head is resting on a pillow in an open casket 1443:

conducted a public dissection of the body of a former criminal. He asserted and articulated the bones, this became the world's oldest surviving anatomical preparation. It is still displayed at the Anatomical Museum at the University of Basel.

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seek to find the cause and manner of death and to identify the decedent. They are generally performed, as prescribed by applicable law, in cases of violent, suspicious or sudden deaths, deaths without medical assistance, or during surgical

781:. The examiner then notes the kind of clothes - if any - and their position on the body before they are removed. Next, any evidence such as residue, flakes of paint, or other material is collected from the external surfaces of the body. 946:

are exposed. Usually, the organs are removed in a systematic fashion. Making a decision as to what order the organs are to be removed will depend highly on the case in question. Organs can be removed in several ways: The first is the

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There is no need for any incision to be made, which will be visible after completion of the examination when the deceased is dressed in a shroud. In all of the above cases, the incision then extends all the way down to the

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At this point, shears are used to open the chest cavity. The examiner uses the tool to cut through the ribs on the costal cartilage, to allow the sternum to be removed; this is done so that the heart and lungs can be seen

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An important component of the autopsy is the reconstitution of the body such that it can be viewed, if desired, by relatives of the deceased following the procedure. After the examination, the body has an open and empty

777:. In the UK this role is performed by an Anatomical Pathology Technician (APT), who will also assist the pathologist in eviscerating the body and reconstruction after the autopsy. After the body is received, it is first 639:

Virtual autopsies are performed using radiographic techniques which can be used in post-mortem examinations for a deceased individual. It is an alternative to medical autopsies, where radiographs are used, for example,

1462:, in response to a lack of standardization of autopsy procedures, established and published specific autopsy protocols (one such protocol still bears his name). He also developed the concept of pathological processes. 1029:

Autopsy of a brain after sectioning, showing a normal brain with the cerebrum cut in coronal sections, and the cerebellum, pons and medulla cut in horizontal sections. Standard sections for microscopic examination are

2913: – An interactive exploration of a murder scene and the science involved in a criminalistic investigation: autopsy and laboratory expertise. Produced by the Montreal Science Centre for its namesake exhibition. 621:

Over time, autopsies have not only been able to determine the cause of death, but have also led to discoveries of various diseases such as fetal alcohol syndrome, Legionnaire's disease, and even viral hepatitis.

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are severed, and the brain is lifted out of the skull for further examination. If the brain needs to be preserved before being inspected, it is contained in a large container of formalin (15 percent solution of

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are incorrect and that half of the autopsies performed produced findings that were not suspected before the person died. Also, it is thought that over one-fifth of unexpected findings can only be diagnosed

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If not already in place, a plastic or rubber brick called a "head block" is placed under the shoulders of the corpse; hyperflexion of the neck makes the spine arch backward while stretching and pushing the

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to come to a diagnosis. A necropsy is mostly used like an autopsy to determine the cause of death. The entire body is examined at the gross visual level, and samples are collected for additional analyses.

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One study found that (out of 694 diagnoses) "Autopsies revealed 171 missed diagnoses, including 21 cancers, 12 strokes, 11 myocardial infarctions, 10 pulmonary emboli, and 9 endocarditis, among others".

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The rate of consented (hospital) autopsy in the UK and worldwide has declined rapidly over the past 50 years. In the UK in 2013, only 0.7% of inpatient adult deaths were followed by consented autopsy.

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a U-shaped incision is made at the tip of both shoulders, down along the side of the chest to the bottom of the rib cage, following it. This is typically used on women and during chest-only autopsies.

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created the Office of the Forensic Pathologist, a medical examiner trained in medicine, charged with investigating the cause of all unnatural deaths, including accidents, homicides, suicides, etc.

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a curved incision made from the tips of each shoulder, in a semi-circular line across the chest/decolletage, to approximately the level of the second rib, curving back up to the opposite shoulder.

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at this point, related directly to the complete lack of cardiac functionality. However, in certain cases, there is anecdotal evidence that bleeding can be quite profuse, especially in cases of

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with chest flaps open on both sides; the top of the skull is missing, and the skull flaps are pulled over the face and neck. It is unusual to examine the face, arms, hands or legs internally.

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and interruptions from ante-mortem and post-mortem. These academic autopsies allow for students to practice and develop skills in pathology and become meticulous in later case examinations.

1501:. For many species that exhibit few external symptoms (sheep), or that are not suited to detailed clinical examination (poultry, cage birds, zoo animals), it is a common method used by 1123: 2483:

Pollock DA, O'Neil JM, Parrish RG, Combs DL, Annest JL (1993). "Temporal and geographic trends in the autopsy frequency of blunt and penetrating trauma deaths in the United States".

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by rival senators, the physician's report noting that the second stab wound Caesar received was the fatal one. Julius Caesar had been stabbed a total of 23 times. By around 150 BCE,

935: – is not damaged or disturbed from opening. A PM 40 knife is used to remove the sternum from the soft tissue that attaches it to the mediastinum. Now the 973:. This method leaves the aortic arch intact, which will make things easier for the embalmer. The left lung is then easily accessible and can be removed by cutting the 674:

is below 5% and thus much lower than in other countries in Europe. The governmental reimbursement is hardly sufficient to cover all the costs, so the medical journal

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Roulson J, Benbow EW, Hasleton PS (2005). "Discrepancies between clinical and autopsy diagnosis and the value of post mortem histology; a meta-analysis and review".

1064:) for at least two, but preferably four weeks. This not only preserves the brain, but also makes it firmer, allowing easier handling without corrupting the tissue. 1085:

returned to the body cavity. The chest flaps are then closed and sewn back together and the skull cap is sewed back in place. Then the body may be wrapped in a

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a large and deep Y-shaped incision can be made starting at the top of each shoulder and running down the front of the chest, meeting at the lower point of the

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The dissection of human remains for medical or scientific reasons continued to be practiced irregularly after the Romans, for instance by the Arab physicians

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in the United States generally guide families on how to ensure that an unnecessary autopsy is not made. Autopsies are used in clinical medicine to identify a

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or autopsy, and that approximately one-quarter of unexpected findings, or 5% of all findings, are major and can similarly only be diagnosed from tissue.

981:. The right lung can then be similarly removed. The abdominal organs can be removed one by one after first examining their relationships and vessels. 695:

In the United States, autopsy rates fell from 17% in 1980 to 14% in 1985 and 11.5% in 1989, although the figures vary notably from county to county.

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Shojania KG, Burton EC, McDonald KM, Goldman L (2003). "Changes in rates of autopsy-detected diagnostic errors over time: a systematic review".

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may be required for internal autopsy in some cases. Once an internal autopsy is complete, the body is reconstituted by sewing it back together.

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Autopsies are performed for either legal or medical purposes. Autopsies can be performed when any of the following information is desired:

1966:"Treatable abdominal pathologic conditions and unsuspected malignant neoplasms at autopsy in veterans who received mechanical ventilation" 1322:

were one of the first civilizations to practice the removal and examination of the internal organs of humans in the religious practice of

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patients, one study found "abdominal pathologic conditions – abscesses, bowel perforations, or infarction – were as frequent as

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is opened in order to search for a blood clot. The heart can then be removed by cutting the inferior vena cava, the pulmonary veins, the

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the number of autopsies performed in hospitals has been decreasing every year since 1955. Critics, including pathologist and former

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Roberts IS, Benamore RE, Benbow EW, Lee SH, Harris JN, Jackson A, Mallett S, Patankar T, Peebles C, Roobottom C, Traill ZC (2012).

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One method is described here: The pericardial sac is opened to view the heart. Blood for chemical analysis may be removed from the

399:(heart attack) as a cause of death found significant errors of omission and commission, i.e. a sizable number of cases ascribed to 3222: 722:

from that body is contained within the bag. Evidence sheets are an alternative way to transport the body. An evidence sheet is a

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almost all of the time. The various organs are examined, weighed and tissue samples in the form of slices are taken. Even major

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sheet that covers the body when it is moved. If it is believed there may be any significant evidence on the hands, for example,

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or other indications of the cause of death. For the internal examination there are a number of different approaches available:

684:, makes the effort to raise awareness regarding the underfinancing of autopsies. The same sources stated that autopsy rates in 601: 1530: 1351: 2830:"Examination of Scientific Revolution Medicine on the Human Body / Bilimsel Devrim Tıbbını İnsan Bedeni Üzerinden İncelemek" 507:

are performed to diagnose a particular disease or for research purposes. They aim to determine, clarify, or confirm medical

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from the choices proscribed by the fact-finder's jurisdiction and will detail the evidence on the mechanism of the death.

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are performed utilizing imaging technology only, primarily magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT).

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Wichmann D, Obbelode F, Vogel H, Hoepker WW, Nierhaus A, Braune S, Sauter G, Pueschel K, Kluge S (17 January 2012).

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present are examined. The body is then cleaned, weighed, and measured in preparation for the internal examination.

681: 641: 170:. Only a small portion of deaths require an autopsy to be performed, under certain circumstances. In most cases, a 2569: 4074: 3944: 1089:, and it is common for relatives to not be able to tell the procedure has been done when the body is viewed in a 1034:

The body block that was used earlier to elevate the chest cavity is now used to elevate the head. To examine the

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light may also be used to search body surfaces for any evidence not easily visible to the naked eye. Samples of

1401:, discussing the subject in an extensive article, believes him to be among the early supporters of autopsy and 1334:(as with the Egyptians, who removed the organs through tiny slits in the body). Notable Greek autopsists were 939:

and the heart are exposed. The sternum is set aside and will eventually be replaced at the end of the autopsy.

85: 38: 2847: 2253: 351:) and do not require the consent of relatives of the deceased. The most extreme example is the examination of 1127:

Histopathology at high magnification of a normal neuron, and an ischemic stroke at approximately 24 hours on

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victims, especially when medical examiners are looking for signs of death or the murder method, such as

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At many institutions, the person responsible for handling, cleaning, and moving the body is called a

660:. Of those, 115,800 (22.5% of all deaths) resulted in post-mortem examinations and there were 28,300 204: 136: 1117:

may be able to establish the time taken from the onset of cerebral infarction to the time of death.

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There are two parts to the physical examination of the body: the external and internal examination.

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legal practice had established clear parameters for autopsies. The greatest ancient anatomist was

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Pathologist performing a human dissection of the abdominal and thoracic organs in an autopsy room

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Combes A, Mokhtari M, Couvelard A, Trouillet JL, Baudot J, Hénin D, Gibert C, Chastre J (2004).

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upward to make it easier to incise. This gives the APT, or pathologist, maximum exposure to the

797:. Once the external evidence is collected, the body is removed from the bag, undressed, and any 2905:

where one examines the patient, looks at the (medical) history and gets a try at the diagnosis.

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Filograna L, Pugliese L, Muto M, Tatulli D, Guglielmi G, Thali MJ, Floris R (1 February 2019).

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Schafer ED (2008). "Ancient science and forensics". In Ayn Embar-seddon, Allan D. Pass (ed.).

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Rothenberg K (2008). "The Autopsy Through History". In Ayn Embar-seddon, Allan D. Pass (ed.).

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involves the application of the sciences to answer questions of interest to the legal system.

419: 407: 348: 316: 75: 2676: 2254:"Virtual Autopsy as an Alternative to Traditional Medical Autopsy in the Intensive Care Unit" 4757: 4716: 4669: 4567: 4382: 4377: 4334: 4111: 4106: 3892: 3758: 3748: 3650: 3635: 3620: 3571: 3424: 3229: 3095: 2981: 2766: 2668: 2492: 2407: 2399: 2320: 2269: 2265: 2216: 2175: 2167: 2126: 2116: 2064: 2056: 2011: 1977: 1936: 1889: 1854: 1811: 1695: 1621: 1580: 1440: 1025: 978: 962: 828: 563: 340: 171: 4657: 4622: 4572: 4527: 4502: 4141: 4012: 3871: 3743: 3738: 3655: 3605: 3598: 3586: 3496: 3297: 3277: 2373: 1520: 1384: 1283: 1260: 1074: 943: 868: 770: 746: 727: 714:

The body is received at a medical examiner's office, municipal mortuary, or hospital in a

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Clinical autopsies serve two major purposes. They are performed to gain more insight into

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Ravakhah K (2006). "Death certificates are not reliable: revivification of the autopsy".

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usually discourage the performing of autopsies on their adherents. Organizations such as

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tests may reveal the presence of one or more chemical "poisons" (all chemicals, in

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Cavitation at gross pathology of an old stroke in the left posterior parietal lobe

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a single vertical incision is made from the sternal notch at the base of the neck.

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Mărgăritescu O, Mogoantă L, Pirici I, Pirici D, Cernea D, Mărgăritescu C (2009).

1684:"Stories and Legends. A First Greek Reader, with Notes, Vocabulary and Exercises" 734:, a separate paper sack is put around each hand and taped shut around the wrist. 91: 4637: 4632: 4602: 4557: 4537: 4522: 4517: 4497: 4414: 4339: 4309: 4266: 4096: 3979: 3640: 3615: 3581: 3513: 3491: 3486: 3476: 3292: 3158: 3039: 3034: 3010: 2892: 2705:. Handbook of Death and Dying. California: Sage Publications, Inc, 2003. Print. 1925:"Clinical and autopsy diagnoses in the intensive care unit: a prospective study" 1550: 1540: 1421: 1402: 1370: 1052: 932: 782: 778: 232: 2324: 1965: 1941: 1924: 656:

In 2004 in England and Wales, there were 514,000 deaths, of which 225,500 were

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Various microscopic findings are present at times from infarction as follows:

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A forensic autopsy is used to determine the cause, mode, and manner of death.

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dissection tables are similar to those used in medical or forensic autopsies.

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or a standard examination form is normally used to record this information.

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or evidence sheet. A new body bag is used for each body to ensure that only

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Strasser RS (2008). "Autopsies". In Ayn Embar-seddon, Allan D. Pass (ed.).

1981: 1950: 1901: 1866: 1823: 1633: 1135:. There is slight edema and loss of normal architecture in the surrounding 315:, the state of health of the person before he or she died, and whether any 2504: 1989: 1792:

Michael Tsokos, "Die Klaviatur des Todes", Knaur, Munich, 2013, pp. 179–89

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began to undertake dissections as a means to improve diagnostic medicine.

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or a previously unnoticed condition that may endanger the living, such as

264:, "sight, view"). The word has been in use since around the 17th century. 4627: 4597: 4148: 4136: 4069: 3897: 3566: 3533: 3419: 3399: 3334: 3129: 3090: 3075: 2998: 2976: 2171: 1545: 1498: 1409: 1136: 1014: 974: 920: 908: 719: 715: 582: 380: 166:

Autopsies are usually performed by a specialized medical doctor called a

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is dissected and an internal examination is conducted. Permission from

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Barton L, Duval E, Stroberg E, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay S (April 2020).

1683: 1131:: The neurons become hypereosinophilic and there is an infiltrate of 1114: 1086: 860: 836: 766: 685: 432: 364: 356: 352: 156: 2829: 1699: 1346:, but in general, autopsies were rare in ancient Greece. In 44 BCE, 159:

that may be present for research or educational purposes. The term

101: 2851: 2850:. University Animal Care, The University of Arizona. Archived from 2156:"Post-mortem examination in the United Kingdom: present and future" 4200: 4180: 4121: 3919: 3376: 1482: 1476: 1436:(The Seats and Causes of Diseases Investigated by Anatomy, 1769). 1375: 1359: 1323: 1309: 1104: 1061: 1047: 1043: 1035: 1024: 1018: 996: 966: 864: 832: 798: 794: 702: 600: 547: 458: 372: 273: 148: 2916: 37:

This article is about the medical procedure. For other uses, see

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Pensamiento. Revista de Investigación e Información Filosófica

2436:"Leichenschau: Gefahr durch Unterfinanzierung von Bernd Thode" 1755:"Do you need an autopsy for a wrongful death case in Georgia?" 911:

from the cuts is minimal, or non-existent because the pull of

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are performed by students of anatomy for study purposes only.

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that remained unknown or unclear before the patient's death.

339:. These examinations are performed under a legal authority ( 2461:

Current Trends Autopsy Frequency – United States, 1980–1985

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were not MIs and a significant number of non-MIs were MIs.

2309:"A Practical Guide to Virtual Autopsy: Why, When and How" 3345: 2729:"Grotesque Mummy Head Reveals Advanced Medieval Science" 961:

or the pulmonary veins. Before removing the heart, the

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For example, a forensic autopsy is carried out when the

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and that the heart – in particular, the

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Autopsy checklist and reporting template at Patholines

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The principal aims of an autopsy are to determine the

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JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association

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JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association

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Papadakis MA, Mangione CM, Lee KK, Kristof M (1991).

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JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association

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and treatment before death were appropriate. In most

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De Sedibus et Causis Morborum per Anatomen Indagatis

1369:), whose findings would not be challenged until the 989:

are cut open and inspected at this stage. Next, the

4423: 4353: 4239: 4193: 4055: 3943: 3885: 3834: 3823: 3816: 3731: 3668: 3390: 3383: 3263: 3188: 2959: 2386:Turnbull A.J., Osborn M., Nicholas N. (June 2015). 793:, and the like are taken, and the body may also be 84: 74: 48: 30:"Post-mortem" redirects here. For other uses, see 2722: 2720: 2718: 1612:Clark MJ (2005). "Historical Keyword "autopsy"". 1393:has elaborated on autopsy in his treatise called 753:often supplement these and frequently assist the 2755:"Concept of sciart in the Andalusian Ibn Tufail" 1432:, wrote the first exhaustive work on pathology, 2834:The Legends Journal of European History Studies 2209:Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 1730:"Necropsy - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics" 151:; or the exam may be performed to evaluate any 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 3361: 2937: 2662: 2660: 2658: 1350:was the subject of an official autopsy after 804:A general description of the body as regards 581:Following an in-depth examination of all the 8: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1013:(white). Underneath the dura mater are the 256:, "to see for oneself", derived from αὐτός ( 147:to determine the cause, mode, and manner of 757:in assigning the cause or causes of death. 196:Determine if death was natural or unnatural 3831: 3820: 3387: 3368: 3354: 3346: 2944: 2930: 2922: 2523:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2457:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2388:"Hospital Autopsy: endangered or extinct?" 418:suggested that approximately one-third of 283:, 'death'. It was first recorded in 1734. 54: 2770: 2411: 2220: 2203:Krywanczyk A, Mount S (1 February 2018). 2179: 2130: 2120: 2068: 1940: 1465:During the turn of the 20th century, the 1428:(1682–1771), celebrated as the father of 1021:and have multiple small hemorrhagic foci. 163:is generally used for non-human animals. 1142: 1122: 291:The term "necropsy" is derived from the 272:The term "post-mortem" derives from the 2438:(in German). Deutsches Ärzteblatt. 2019 2270:10.7326/0003-4819-156-2-201201170-00008 1562: 1242: 1001:A brain autopsy demonstrating signs of 62:The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp 2109:American Journal of Clinical Pathology 1051:connections to the cranial nerves and 471:There are four main types of autopsy: 199:Injury source and extent on the corpse 135:procedure that consists of a thorough 45: 3718:List of ways people dishonor the dead 2466:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2367:Coroners Service Reform Briefing Note 2363:Department for Constitutional Affairs 1481:A field post-mortem exam of a female 820:, and other distinguishing features ( 7: 2891: – a detailed description by a 2519:"Products – Data Briefs – Number 67" 2205:"In Defense of the Academic Autopsy" 1458:The 19th-century medical researcher 954:variations on these are widespread. 248:The term "autopsy" derives from the 2105:"COVID-19 autopsies, Oklahoma, USA" 1779:Elizabeth C Burton, Kim A Collins. 1290:in a person that has had a stroke. 209:Determining the deceased's identity 97: 3723:List of ways people honor the dead 3255:Fluorescence in situ hybridization 2594:St Andrew's House (18 July 2007). 2313:Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI 1816:10.1097/01.smj.0000224337.77074.57 1783:, EMedicine. Retrieved 2012-09-12. 178:can determine the cause of death. 25: 3754:Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality 1186:Spongiosis of surrounding tissue 359:wounds and exit points, signs of 4711: 4702: 4701: 3223:Oral and maxillofacial pathology 2876: 2796:, Britannica Online Encyclopedia 2497:10.1001/jama.1993.03500120063027 1894:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2005.02243.x 1272: 1245: 4712: 2772:10.14422/pen.v75.i283.y2019.031 1342:, who lived in 3rd century BCE 1259:, a finding seen in strokes on 1257:cortical pseudolaminar necrosis 1218:Mononuclear inflammatory cells 644:(MRI) and Computed tomography ( 27:Medical examination of a corpse 2895:complete with cartoon figures. 2807:"The Fabric of the human body" 2092:Mahoney Criminal Defense Group 1531:Forensic facial reconstruction 1489:A post-mortem examination, or 1170:Other acute neuronal injuries 969:and pulmonary artery, and the 218:If it is an infant, determine 1: 3774:Maternal mortality in fiction 2404:10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202700 2392:Journal of Clinical Pathology 2061:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61483-9 1929:Archives of Internal Medicine 1626:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67715-X 1373:over a thousand years later. 1363: 1162:Polymorphonuclear leukocytes 3688:Expressions related to death 3641:Medical declaration of death 2160:National Library of Medicine 1682:Hirst GM, Colson FH (1929). 1453:Second Vienna Medical School 1194:Astrogliosis (gemistocytes) 1009:(center) are retracting the 401:myocardial infarctions (MIs) 32:Post-mortem (disambiguation) 3708:Preventable causes of death 2828:Küskü EA (1 January 2022). 2258:Annals of Internal Medicine 1661:Online Etymology Dictionary 1314:Dissection, 19th century US 1154:Eosinophilic (red) neurons 367:. Some religions including 4774: 2325:10.1053/j.sult.2018.10.011 1942:10.1001/archinte.164.4.389 1426:Giovanni Battista Morgagni 1303: 1068:Reconstitution of the body 977:, artery, and vein at the 682:German Medical Association 642:Magnetic resonance imaging 395:. A study that focused on 36: 29: 4697: 4075:Consciousness after death 3998: 3562: 2727:Pappas S (5 March 2013). 2222:10.5858/arpa.2017-0344-LE 1781:Religions and the Autopsy 1080:In the UK, following the 614:prevented in the future. 536:medical imaging autopsies 295:νεκρός 'death' and ὄψις ( 98: 53: 4738:Medical aspects of death 4476:Personification of death 3698:People by cause of death 2901: – a site from the 1859:10.1001/jama.289.21.2849 1804:Southern Medical Journal 1493:, is far more common in 1473:Other animals (necropsy) 1286:showing neuron loss and 1046:is pulled away from the 839:, etc.) is then made. A 585:, a medical examiner or 39:Autopsy (disambiguation) 4553:Death-positive movement 4398:Post-mortem photography 3678:Causes of death by rate 3606:Death by natural causes 3330:Microbiological culture 2960:Principles of pathology 2903:University of Leicester 2675:. Salem Press. p. 2018:. Salem Press. p. 1587:. Salem Press. p. 1536:Forensic identification 1340:Herophilus of Chalcedon 795:radiographically imaged 658:referred to the coroner 463:Dissection room at the 260:, "oneself") and ὄψις ( 182:Purposes of performance 117:post-mortem examination 4588:Fascination with death 4226:Reincarnation research 4221:Out-of-body experience 3683:Notable deaths by year 3524:Immunogenic cell death 3440:Temporal lobe necrosis 2881:Quotations related to 2765:(283 S.Esp): 543–551. 2315:. Forensic Radiology. 1982:10.1001/jama.265.7.885 1486: 1451:and colleagues at the 1387: 1315: 1140: 1110: 1031: 1022: 915:is producing the only 711: 606: 557: 504:pathological autopsies 468: 465:University of Helsinki 4393:Post-mortem chemistry 4206:Near-death experience 4102:Desecration of graves 4038:Postmortem caloricity 4003:Beating heart cadaver 3447:Programmed cell death 3415:Liquefactive necrosis 3293:Diagnostic immunology 3118:Programmed cell death 3086:Liquefactive necrosis 2809:. Stanford University 2619:Rom J Morphol Embryol 1734:www.sciencedirect.com 1526:Forensic anthropology 1503:veterinary physicians 1480: 1379: 1313: 1306:History of dissection 1178:Coagulative necrosis 1126: 1108: 1082:Human Tissue Act 2004 1028: 1017:, which appear to be 1000: 706: 604: 576:sufficient quantities 551: 462: 397:myocardial infarction 115:(also referred to as 69:, depicts an autopsy. 4743:Anatomical pathology 4583:Festival of the Dead 4481:Dying-and-rising god 4436:Chinese burial money 4325:Prohibition of dying 4277:Death-qualified jury 4043:Post-mortem interval 3703:Premature obituaries 3410:Coagulative necrosis 3288:Medical microbiology 3283:Transfusion medicine 3240:Immunohistochemistry 3190:Anatomical pathology 3081:Coagulative necrosis 2172:10.4322/acr.2017.017 2122:10.1093/ajcp/aqaa062 1688:The Classical Weekly 1656:"post-mortem (adj.)" 1430:anatomical pathology 1210:Hemosiderin pigment 1202:Neo-vascularization 854:Internal examination 761:External examination 677:Deutsches Ärzteblatt 670:The autopsy rate in 552:Autopsy room of the 205:Post mortem interval 4748:Forensic techniques 4643:Philosophy of death 4508:Death from laughter 3808:Perinatal mortality 3549:Mitotic catastrophe 3529:Ischemic cell death 3472:Intrinsic apoptosis 3420:Gangrenous necrosis 3245:Electron microscopy 3213:Molecular pathology 3091:Gangrenous necrosis 3023:Cellular adaptation 2910:Autopsy of a Murder 2899:The Virtual Autopsy 2753:Maftouni N (2019). 2600:Scottish Government 1516:Body identification 1495:veterinary medicine 1449:Carl von Rokitansky 1288:reactive astrocytes 1282:of the superficial 942:At this stage, the 846:In some countries, 664:, 570 with a jury. 489:coroner's autopsies 393:hazardous materials 389:infectious diseases 193:must be determined 4753:Forensic pathology 4689:Thanatosensitivity 4593:Hierarchy of death 4533:Death notification 4441:Coins for the dead 4373:Forensic pathology 4257:Capital punishment 4211:Near-death studies 3803:Mortality salience 3435:Fibrinoid necrosis 3405:Avascular necrosis 3273:Clinical chemistry 3265:Clinical pathology 3250:Immunofluorescence 3218:Forensic pathology 3198:Surgical pathology 3106:Fibrinoid necrosis 2854:on 7 February 2017 2545:"Glossary:Autopsy" 2372:2008-11-06 at the 1487: 1447:In the mid-1800s, 1388: 1316: 1141: 1111: 1032: 1023: 971:superior vena cava 959:inferior vena cava 730:or skin under the 712: 607: 558: 522:academic autopsies 469: 467:in Finland in 1928 420:death certificates 333:George D. Lundberg 299:, 'sight, view'). 129:autopsia cadaverum 4725: 4724: 4461:Death anniversary 4456:Death and culture 4300:Dying declaration 4282:Death certificate 4189: 4188: 4051: 4050: 3903:Neuropreservation 3693:Natural disasters 3664: 3663: 3343: 3342: 3310:Mass spectrometry 2794:Battista Morgagni 2686:978-1-58765-423-7 2154:Peres LC (2017). 2029:978-1-58765-423-7 1598:978-1-58765-423-7 1320:ancient Egyptians 1318:Around 3000 BCE, 1292:H&E-LFB stain 1265:H&E-LFB stain 1241: 1240: 1237:12 days or older 1213:3 days and older 1205:3 days and older 1197:2 days and older 751:molecular autopsy 743:biochemical tests 692:reach 20 to 30%. 408:systematic review 349:procurator fiscal 321:Western countries 317:medical diagnosis 311:, mode of death, 109: 108: 16:(Redirected from 4765: 4715: 4714: 4705: 4704: 4685: 4670:Assisted suicide 4568:Death trajectory 4383:Mortuary science 4378:Funeral director 4369: 4335:Suspicious death 4107:Eternal oblivion 3893:Cryopreservation 3832: 3821: 3759:Infant mortality 3749:Excess mortality 3651:Terminal illness 3636:Lazarus syndrome 3621:End-of-life care 3572:Accidental death 3425:Caseous necrosis 3388: 3370: 3363: 3356: 3347: 3230:Gross processing 3096:Caseous necrosis 2946: 2939: 2932: 2923: 2880: 2864: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2774: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2724: 2713: 2700: 2691: 2690: 2674: 2671:Forensic Science 2664: 2653: 2652: 2651:on 9 March 2011. 2647:. Archived from 2641: 2635: 2634: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2566: 2560: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2480: 2474: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2415: 2383: 2377: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2224: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2183: 2151: 2145: 2144: 2134: 2124: 2100: 2094: 2089: 2083: 2082: 2072: 2055:(9811): 136–42. 2040: 2034: 2033: 2017: 2014:Forensic Science 2007: 1994: 1993: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1944: 1920: 1914: 1913: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1842: 1836: 1835: 1799: 1793: 1790: 1784: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1751: 1745: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1726: 1720: 1719: 1679: 1673: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1652: 1646: 1645: 1609: 1603: 1602: 1586: 1583:Forensic Science 1576: 1441:Andreas Vesalius 1368: 1365: 1276: 1263:and at autopsy. 1249: 1229:3 days–50 years 1221:3 days–50 years 1189:1 day and older 1181:1 day - 5 years 1143: 1060:gas in buffered 963:pulmonary artery 875:for evidence of 680:, issued by the 626:Academic autopsy 597:Clinical autopsy 564:Forensic science 544:Forensic autopsy 448:pulmonary emboli 341:medical examiner 212:Retain relevant 172:medical examiner 102:edit on Wikidata 94: 58: 46: 21: 4773: 4772: 4768: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4763: 4762: 4728: 4727: 4726: 4721: 4693: 4679: 4623:Museum of Death 4573:Dignified death 4528:Death messenger 4503:Death education 4419: 4363: 4349: 4287:Declared death 4235: 4185: 4142:Online mourning 4047: 4013:Cadaveric spasm 3994: 3939: 3881: 3872:Skeletonization 3812: 3744:Child mortality 3739:Birthday effect 3727: 3660: 3656:Unnatural death 3587:Brainstem death 3558: 3497:Pseudoapoptosis 3379: 3374: 3344: 3339: 3298:Immunopathology 3278:Hematopathology 3259: 3184: 2955: 2950: 2873: 2868: 2867: 2857: 2855: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2812: 2810: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2792: 2788: 2752: 2751: 2747: 2737: 2735: 2726: 2725: 2716: 2703:Bryant, Clifton 2701: 2694: 2687: 2666: 2665: 2656: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2578: 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654: 637: 635:Virtual autopsy 628: 599: 591:manner of death 556:, Germany, 2010 546: 457: 391:or exposure to 363:, or traces of 337:unnatural cause 313:manner of death 305: 289: 279:, 'after', and 270: 246: 241: 191:Manner of death 184: 105: 90: 70: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4771: 4769: 4761: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4730: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4719: 4709: 4698: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4691: 4686: 4674: 4673: 4672: 4662: 4661: 4660: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4489: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4431:Apparent death 4427: 4425: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4417: 4412: 4411: 4410: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4262:Cause of death 4259: 4254: 4252:Administration 4249: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4190: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4167: 4166: 4161: 4151: 4146: 4145: 4144: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4088: 4087: 4082: 4072: 4067: 4061: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4023:Death erection 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 3999: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3966: 3965: 3960: 3958:Natural burial 3949: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3906: 3905: 3900: 3889: 3887: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3838: 3836: 3829: 3818: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3799: 3798: 3791:Mortality rate 3788: 3783: 3776: 3771: 3769:Maternal death 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3713:Unusual deaths 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3674: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3646:Organ donation 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3602: 3601: 3594:Clinical death 3591: 3590: 3589: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3563: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3505: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3444: 3443: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3396: 3394: 3385: 3381: 3380: 3375: 3373: 3372: 3365: 3358: 3350: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3320:Flow cytometry 3317: 3315:Chromatography 3312: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3269: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3235:Histopathology 3232: 3226: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3194: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3183: 3182: 3177: 3176: 3175: 3170: 3161: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3126: 3125: 3115: 3114: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3073: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3063: 3062: 3057: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3003: 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autopsy of 1102: 1099: 1091:funeral parlor 1069: 1066: 917:blood pressure 898: 897: 894: 891: 888: 855: 852: 841:voice recorder 762: 759: 700: 697: 653: 650: 636: 633: 627: 624: 598: 595: 589:will assign a 554:Charité Berlin 545: 542: 541: 540: 526: 512: 494: 456: 453: 425:histologically 379:in Israel and 309:cause of death 304: 301: 288: 285: 269: 266: 245: 242: 240: 237: 228:cause of death 224: 223: 216: 210: 207: 202: 201: 200: 197: 183: 180: 107: 106: 99: 96: 95: 88: 82: 81: 78: 72: 71: 59: 51: 50: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4770: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4718: 4710: 4708: 4700: 4699: 4696: 4690: 4687: 4683: 4678: 4675: 4671: 4668: 4667: 4666: 4663: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 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