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975:, Gattinara, Ghemme and Nebbiolo d'Alba. Despite the prestige and acclaim of Nebbiolo-based wine, it is far from being the most widely grown grape in Piedmont. In 2010, there were 5,536 hectares (13,680 acres) of Nebbiolo producing 125,000 hectolitres (2,700,000 imp gal; 3,300,000 US gal) of wine which accounted for a little over 3% of Piedmont's entire production. In contrast, there is nearly 15 times as much
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Rosé remains permitted in practice. Its impact is limited by the fact that
Nebbiolo Rosé had fallen out of favour long before the discovery that it was a separate variety, due, in part, to its wine's light colouring. Consequently, Nebbiolo Rosé accounts for only a small percentage of the vines grown for the production of Barolo and Barbaresco. Moreover, there are only a few bottlings where its presence is known to be significant.
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1376:. While Barolo & Barbaresco tend to be the heaviest and most in need of ageing, wines made in the modernist style are becoming more approachable at a young age. Lighter styles from Carema, Langhe and Gattinara tend to be ready to drink within a few years of vintage. Nebbiolo from California and Australia will vary from producer and quality of vineyard.
1289:, are also currently being explored for their Nebbiolo potential. There are now hundreds of Nebbiolo wines produced in Australia, mainly from Victoria's north-east regions, and the Yarra Valley, and South Australia, in particular the Adelaide Hills. Australian styles produced can be from very light, almost clear, to dark, rich wines.
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region located northwest of what is now the Barolo DOCG zone. While Pliny does not explicitly name the grape responsible for these
Pollenzo wines, his description of the wine bears similarities to later descriptions of Nebbiolo-based wines, making this potentially the first notation of wine made from
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In
Australia, winemakers found little early success with Nebbiolo as many of the earliest plantings were inland sites that turned out to be too warm and dry for the grape. Research into cooler-climate sites leads to more favourable examples coming from the marginal climate of Victoria's King Valley,
601:
plantings before
Nebbiolo is even harvested. To aid in ripening, producers will often plant Nebbiolo in the most favoured sites on south and southwestern-facing slopes, which give the grape more access to direct sunlight. The most ideal location is at an elevation between 150 and 300 meters (500 and
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hills of northern
Piedmont. In these regions, the grape is known as Spanna and tends to produce lighter, more earthy wines. Rather than mandate a 100% Nebbiolo, producers are allowed to blend a small percentage of Bonarda, Croatina and Vespolina though most modern producers favour a high percentage
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In the most notable expression of
Nebbiolo, the wines of Barolo, there is a division between what is considered a "traditional" approach to Nebbiolo and a "modernist" approach. The roots of both styles can trace their history to the early "pre-technology" production of Nebbiolo. Prior to the advent
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While
Nebbiolo Rosé was originally thought to be a Nebbiolo clone, DNA research has later shown it to be a separate grape variety that has a parent-offspring relationship with Nebbiolo. Although the DOCG regulations for Barolo and Barbaresco require the wines to be made from Nebbiolo only, Nebbiolo
1420:
Nebieul, Nebieul fumela, Nebiolo, Nebiolo du
Piedmont, Nibieul burghin, Nibio, Nibiol, Nubiola, Pantin, Picot, Picotendre, Picotendro, Picote, Picotenero, Picoultener, Picoutendro Maschio, Počte, Prugnet, Prunent, Prunenta, Pugnet, Rosetta, Spagna, Span, Spana commune, Spana grossa and Uva Spanna.
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The
Nebbiolo grape variety is also known under the name Barbesino, Brunenta, Femmina, Lampia, Marchesana, Martesana Melasca, Melaschetto, Melascone, Michet, Monferrina, Morsano di Caraglio, Nebbieul grosso, Nebbieul Maschio, Nebbiolin, Nebbiolin Canavesano, Nebbiolin lungo, Nebbiolin nero, Nebieu,
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and some of the highest quality vintages need significant age (at least a decade or more) before they are palatable to many wine drinkers and can continue to improve in the bottle for upward of 30 years. As
Nebbiolo ages, the bouquet becomes more complex and appealing with aromas of tar and roses
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size barrels. The modern approach to Nebbiolo utilizes shorter maceration periods of 7 to 10 days and cooler fermentation temperatures between 82 and 86 °F (28 and 30 °C) that preserve fruit flavours and aromas. Towards the end of the fermentation period, the cellars are often heated to
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Nebbiolo has attracted some seriously obsessive Australian growers and makers over the years, and they have produced some very good examples of the grape. In most cases, the Australian regions where the variety does best tend to be ones where clouds of fog are not an uncommon sight in autumn and
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Outside Piedmont, there are significant plantings of Nebbiolo in the Lombardy region of Valtellina where the grape is known as Chiavennasca. The high yields and sub-alpine climate tend to produce Nebbiolo lacking ripeness with bracing acidity. Nebbiolo is also used to make a deeply concentrated
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Today's winemaking for both traditionalists and modernists includes strict hygiene controls and the use of some modern winemaking equipment. Rather than fall into one hardline camp or the other, many producers take a middle-ground approach that utilizes some modernist techniques along with
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in the 19th century. As Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot increased in popularity in the 20th century, Nebbiolo—as well as other Italian grape varieties—steadily decreased in plantings. Today there are scattered plantings of Nebbiolo throughout the state with the majority located in the
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for Nebbiolo that is not easily replicated in other parts of the world. The two most well-known Nebbiolo-based wines are the DOCG wines of the Barolo & Barbaresco zones near Alba. Barbaresco is considered the lighter of the two and has less stringent DOCG regulations, with the
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led to less sanitary conditions than what both traditional and modernist producers maintain today. Those conditions led to the development of bacterial infection of cement fermentation tanks and old wood barrels, which contributed to the development of off flavours and potential
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in 1985 with the first varietal release in 1987. As in California, Washington producers are still trying to figure out which sites are best suited to grow Nebbiolo. While the wine is mainly produced as a varietal, some producers make blends with Dolcetto and Syrah added in.
1231:. As California wine producers aim to produce higher quality wines, there have been difficulties in locating ideally suited sites for Nebbiolo and the progress in producing world-class California Nebbiolo is considerably behind that of other Italian varietals like
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have so far produced wines with high acidity and poor colour as winemakers work to find which clones are best suited for their climate. The development of Argentine Nebbiolo has been held back by excessively high yields. In Europe, there are some plantings in the
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region produces the heaviest, full-bodied Nebbiolo wines and is also the last region to start its harvest, often two weeks after other areas have begun picking. These three regions located on the eastern edge of the zone have soils that are dominated by sand and
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of Nebbiolo. In 1998, producers of the Barbaresco region drafted a proposal to allow 10-15% of other grape varieties into the wine, but bad press by Italian wine critics led to the rejection of that plan. While there is some speculation, from critics such as
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For the Nebbiolo-based wines of the Roero DOC, between 2 and 5% of Arneis is permitted in the blend, but the majority of producers rarely use this allowance. Similarly, many producers in Ghemme and Gattinara who are allowed some blending of
778:. Viral infection of the Lampia genotype originally gave rise to the Michet phenotype (though the Michet clones now cultivated are free from the virus). While Michet adapts less readily to different soil types, its smaller bunches and lower
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near the US border with promising results. There are 100% Nebbiolo wines produced from low-yielding plants with very good colour and fine qualities, like the wine produced at Arcilla. In South America, early results in
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can have a detrimental effect on quality. The most highly rated bottles of Piedmont Nebbiolo tend to come from vintages that had dry weather during September and October. Nebbiolo needs sufficient warmth to develop the
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In the Piedmont region, there is a long history of blending other grape varieties with Nebbiolo in order to add colour and/or soften the grape's harsh tannins. In addition to the use of red wine grapes such as
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which softens some of Nebbiolo's harsh acidity. Modern winemakers tend to favour smaller barrels of new oak that need only a couple of years to soften the tannic grip of the wines. As new oak imparts notes of
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have found some success with 98 hectares (240 acres) of Nebbiolo plantings. Success has also been found in the Geographe Wine Region of Western Australia. Nebbiolo is also grown in smaller amounts in
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have soils dominated by chalk and marl and produce wines that are more perfumed and silkier in texture. Throughout both the Barolo and Barbaresco zones are deposits of clay which add considerable
448:(in what is now the Barolo zone) demonstrated the high esteem that the Nebbiolo vine had in the area. According to these laws, the penalties for cutting down a Nebbiolo vine ranged from a heavy
1327:, the first clones were imported in 1910 by Abraham Izak Perold but was not cultivated as a single varietal until the 1990s and there has been fewer than 25 hectares being recorded in 2016.
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The Barolo zone is three times the size of the Barbaresco zone with the different communes producing Nebbiolo-based wines with noticeable distinctions among them. In the commune of
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for the two regions vary slightly with Barbaresco requiring a minimum of 12.5% and Barolo 13%.(However, Barolo, as of 1999, now only requires a minimum of 12.5% as well)
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also have a history of being blended with Nebbiolo. Historically, the association of blending Arneis with Nebbiolo was so strong that a common synonym of the former is
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Barbaresco, like Barolo, has the potential for longevity. This wine is from the 1976 vintage and has taken on the characteristic orange hues of an aged Nebbiolo.
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Nebbiolo is grown on 5,993 hectares (14,810 acres) of land globally as of 2010, with all but 457 hectares (1,130 acres) found in the northwest Italian region of
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produces Nebbiolo wines with much perfume but in some vintages will have difficulties with ripeness. In the Roero district located across the Tanaro River from
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makes for highly concentrated wines. In many vineyards, producers will maintain a variety of Nebbiolo clones in order to maximize their wines' complexity.
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traditional winemaking. In general, the traditional approach to Nebbiolo involves long maceration periods of 20 to 30 days and the use of older large
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Nebbiolo in the Piedmont region. The first explicit mention of Nebbiolo dates to 1268, in which a wine known as "nibiol" was described as growing in
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The Piedmont region is considered the viticultural home of Nebbiolo and it is where the grape's most notable wines are made. The consistent
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district but the wines from this soil type tend not to be as perfumed – lacking in particular the classic tar aromas. The slightly acidic
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wines of the region. Northwest of Piedmont, in the Valle Aosta, some Nebbiolo is grown in the Donnaz region near the border with Carema.
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hit. With vast swaths of vineyards devastated by the pest, some vineyard owners decided to replant with different grape varieties, with
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would keep the Piedmontese wine from having the enduring relationship with British connoisseurship that is associated with Bordeaux,
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bottlings requiring 45 total months of ageing. In contrast the Barolo DOCG requires 18 months in oak and 3 years total ageing for
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being a significant beneficiary. Today, Nebbiolo covers around 9% of Piedmont vineyards, compared to the 30% occupied by Barbera.
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may be used to augment the colour and flavours of Barolos by some producers, there is no explicit proof that this is occurring.
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529:. This research further suggests a parent-offspring relationship between Nebbiolo and several Italian grapes including Freisa,
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of the sandy Roero soils tend to produce early maturing wines. The lighter wines of Ghemme and Gattinara come from the acidic
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Wines made from Nebbiolo are characterized by their ample amounts of acidity and tannin. Most examples are wines built for
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veil that forms over the berries as they reach maturity, or that perhaps the name is derived instead from the Italian word
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and flavours. With the high levels of tannins, these early Barolos would require five years or more of ageing in
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described wine made from "nubiola" as being of excellent quality. In the 15th century, statutes in the region of
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Nebbiolo planted in Novara and Vercelli region of northern Piedmont tend to produce lighter and earthier wines.
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when the weather turned cold. These cool temperatures would delay fermentation for several days, extending the
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Nebbiolo has a wide range of synonyms used in various local districts of northwest Italy. In the areas of
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or "white Barolo". Today, the DOCG regulations for Barolo and Barbaresco call for the wine to be a 100%
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of temperature-controlled fermentation, the late harvest dates for Nebbiolo meant that the wines began
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Outside Barolo & Barbaresco, Nebbiolo is found in the DOCG wines of Ghemme and Gattinara in the
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such as tannins. When fermentation did begin, temperatures would reach excessive levels of 95-100
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of Nebbiolo. In the northwestern corner of Piedmont, near the Valle d'Aosta, the cool climate of
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region where many Nebbiolo vineyards are located. Alternative explanations refer to the fog-like
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1,000 ft) and must provide some natural shelter from wind. The vine is very susceptible to
374:. Nebbiolo wines can require years of ageing to balance the tannins with other characteristics.
549:. Additional DNA analysis also suggest a parent-offspring relationship with the Lombardy grape
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Wine Grapes: A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavours
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planted in the region. Outside Piedmont, it is found in the neighbouring regions of the
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found Nebbiolo to be related to Piedmont by way of two aromatic grape varieties – the
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Early morning fog in a Nebbiolo vineyard in the Langhe. The Italian word for 'fog',
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1948:"Why nebbiolo wines from the Adelaide Hills make drinkers misty-eyed with emotion"
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The grape first captured attention outside Piedmont in the 18th century, when the
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of the region, coupled with the influences of the Tanaro River produces a unique
308:, which generally takes place late in October, a deep, intense fog sets into the
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743:) with ancient pedigree, the Nebbiolo vine is genetically unstable and prone to
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wines with bracing acidity and tannins that need the benefit of a warm vintage.
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of other Piedmontese grape varieties, Nebbiolo is one of the first varieties to
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being the two most common notes. Other aromas associated with Nebbiolo include
1305:, producers (L.A. Cetto) have been experimenting with plantings of Nebbiolo in
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The original 1985 Nebbiolo plantings at Red Willow Vineyard in Washington State
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bottlings requiring only 9 months in oak and 21 months of total ageing and the
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district described as having a barrel of "nebiolo" (sic). In the 1304 treatise
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30:"Nibio" redirects here. For the Italian wine grape also known as Nibio, see
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barrels to soften some of the astringency. Lack of understanding of proper
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based. In addition to soil type, the drainage ability and concentration of
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and the cooler Adelaide Hills. Further studies have indicated that the
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while the soils of the Valtellina region of Lombardy are predominantly
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553:, previously thought to be only a synonym for the Emilia-Romagna grape
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are experimenting with plantings totalling 68 hectares (170 acres) in
995:, there is a small amount which some producers use to make a Nebbiolo
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can have an influencing effect on the type of Nebbiolo wine produced.
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Which Winegrape Varieties are Grown Where? A Global Empirical Picture
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has a firm tannic structure and the most potential for ageing. The
326:'. Nebbiolo produces lightly-colored red wines which can be highly
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where Barolo and Barbaresco are produced. The grape can thrive in
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and fruit flavours needed to balance the grape's naturally high
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Nebbiolo has a traditionally light ruby red color in its youth.
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soils, such as those on the left bank of the Tanaro around the
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Consorzio di Tutela Barolo Barbaresco Alba Langhe e Dogliani
1190:, Nebbiolo is a permitted grape variety along with Barbera,
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of Nebbiolo identified. The three main phenotypes used for
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569:
Nebbiolo has a long history in the Alba region of Piedmont.
432:. This was followed by a 1303 account of a producer in the
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noted the exceptional quality of the wine produced in the
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evidence to suggest that it could have originated in the
2115:
478:. However, the lack of easy transport from Piedmont to
858:, it has the potential to cover up the characteristic
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and sunshine hours to the Langhe region of Piedmont.
656:
Nebbiolo does not adapt particularly well to various
197:
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1890:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p.
1747:. University of California Press. pp. 353–363.
1576:. University of California Press. pp. 353–361.
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2093:– Characteristics of Nebbiolo Wine including aging.
2000:(in Italian) (12th ed.). Bologna: Zanichelli.
1714:. London, New York: Allen Lane. pp. 138, 363.
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618:and quantity, rains that occur after the period of
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37:"Spana" redirects here. For the charity SPANA, see
1886:Washington wines and wineries: the essential guide
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633:and tannins. In cooler climate areas, such as the
48:. For the graphic arts firm and type foundry, see
1273:areas have similar amounts of rainfall, relative
1032:there are 49 hectares (120 acres) planted in the
770:in Nebbiolo's lineage, the vine is very prone to
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1998:Lo Zingarelli: Vocabolario della lingua italiana
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541:of the Piedmont region, and the Lombardy grapes
265:Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita
1683:"Nebbiolo is viognier cousin, conference hears"
660:, preferring soils with high concentrations of
392:, is one possible origin for the name Nebbiolo.
940:are permitted blending partners for Nebbiolo.
474:due to prolonged political conflicts with the
2894:
2131:
747:. As of 2001, there were around 40 different
667:such as those found on the right bank of the
589:taking place in mid to late October. In some
470:were looking for alternative wine sources to
403:to the Piedmont region, though there is some
387:
317:
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8:
819:), which would drastically reduce potential
614:. While rains during this period can affect
606:, especially if there is wet weather during
39:Society for the Protection of Animals Abroad
1710:; Harding, Julia; Vouillamoz, José (2012).
1525:; Harding, Julia, eds. (2015). "Nebbiolo".
762:The Lampia strain adapts best to different
415:, just to the east. In the 1st century AD,
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2035:DiWineTaste: Wine Culture and Information
1093:bottlings and 62 months total ageing for
512:Istituto Agrario di San Michele all’Adige
258:predominantly associated with its native
1641:. New York: Harcourt. pp. 155–162.
3079:Clarification and stabilization of wine
1996:Zingarelli, Nicola (2006). "Nebbiolo".
1812:Anderson, Kym; Aryal, Nanda R. (2013).
1464:
755:are Lampia, Michet and Nebbiolo Rosé.
703:, the soil has a high concentration of
2029:Biancalana, Antonello (January 2005).
243:
2062:Vitis International Variety Catalogue
1637:; Rand, Margaret (2001). "Nebbiolo".
836:that would require at least 24 hours
230:
7:
1247:, Nebbiolo was first planted in the
1771:; Rand, Margaret (2001). "Arneis".
1174:can have more complexity and body.
1973:"Nebbiolo - Grapes - South Africa"
1775:. New York: Harcourt. p. 38.
1773:Oz Clarke's Encyclopedia of Grapes
1639:Oz Clarke's Encyclopedia of Grapes
502:Relationships with other varieties
25:
2163:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
1572:D'Agata, Ian (2014). "Nebbiolo".
27:Variety of Italian red wine grape
3142:
2850:
1818:. University of Adelaide Press.
1430:
1004:Outside Italy, producers in the
190:
1855:"BAROLO DOCG appellation rules"
1452:List of Italian grape varieties
1129:. In the west, the communes of
508:University of California-Davis
1:
3105:Glossary of viticulture terms
1293:winter – inland and up high.
739:Like many varieties (such as
3110:Glossary of winemaking terms
1528:The Oxford Companion to Wine
1024:. In the Northern Region of
1952:Australian Financial Review
1924:"Nebbiolo red wine variety"
1745:Native Wine Grapes of Italy
1574:Native Wine Grapes of Italy
691:soils of the hills between
262:region, where it makes the
3201:
3030:Yeast assimilable nitrogen
1145:Rest of Piedmont and Italy
518:grape of Piedmont and the
43:
36:
29:
3138:
3120:History of the wine press
3010:Sparkling wine production
2844:
2113:
2057:"Passport data: Nebbiolo"
967:and DOCG wines including
883:, white wine grapes such
807:period and extraction of
731:Nebbiolo leaf growing at
649:, the grape will produce
506:In 2004, research at the
438:Liber Ruralium Commodorum
399:believe that Nebbiolo is
78:
62:
3175:Red wine grape varieties
3115:Wine tasting descriptors
2836:Wine tasting descriptors
2765:Phenolic content in wine
2657:Alternative wine closure
2241:Great French Wine Blight
2037:(International ed.)
1372:as well dried and fresh
1227:producing region of the
581:and the last variety to
330:in youth with scents of
3185:Wine grapes of Piedmont
3005:Malolactic fermentation
1533:Oxford University Press
1488:Oxford University Press
1064:Barolo & Barbaresco
904:, that Barbera or even
851:malolactic fermentation
849:encourage the start of
296:
240:
44:For the racehorse, see
1882:Gregutt, Paul (2007).
1392:it is known widely as
1340:
1211:
1109:
956:
795:
736:
570:
463:for repeat offenders.
393:
388:
318:
290:
2806:Wine and food pairing
1928:www.vinodiversity.com
1743:D'Agata, Ian (2014).
1484:UK English Dictionary
1447:International variety
1338:
1239:and even Barbera and
1209:
1107:
983:region of Donnaz and
951:
793:
730:
597:of their Barbera and
568:
440:, the Italian jurist
385:
346:and flavours such as
85:A cluster of Nebbiolo
3180:Wine grapes of Italy
2457:Muscat of Alexandria
2067:Julius Kühn-Institut
1535:. pp. 494–495.
1267:Mornington Peninsula
1182:-type wine known as
1114:Castiglione Falletto
991:in Lombardy. In the
232:[nebˈbjɔːlo]
3035:Yeast in winemaking
2987:Carbonic maceration
1824:10.20851/winegrapes
1681:(24 January 2004).
1249:Red Willow Vineyard
1172:Nebbiolo d'Alba DOC
1070:continental climate
862:notes of Nebbiolo.
735:in Washington State
733:Red Willow Vineyard
658:vineyard soil types
575:annual growth cycle
492:phylloxera epidemic
91:Color of berry skin
3025:Traditional method
2826:Wine personalities
2530:Cabernet Sauvignon
1400:region and around
1341:
1212:
1194:and Merlot in the
1110:
957:
910:Cabernet Sauvignon
881:Bonarda Piemontese
809:phenolic compounds
796:
737:
571:
394:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3155:
2926:Late harvest wine
2876:
2875:
2613:
2612:
2510:Alicante Bouschet
2258:Judgment of Paris
1977:southafrica.co.za
1754:978-0-520-27226-2
1721:978-1-84614-446-2
1687:Decanter Magazine
1583:978-0-520-27226-2
1253:Yakima Valley AVA
1040:producers in the
766:. Perhaps due to
411:area of northern
245:[neˈbjøl]
183:
182:
16:(Redirected from
3192:
3147:
3146:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2880:
2855:
2854:
2770:Proteins in wine
2437:Grüner Veltliner
2385:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2117:
2098:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2026:
2020:
2019:
1993:
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1708:Robinson, Jancis
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1631:
1588:
1587:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1531:(4th ed.).
1523:Robinson, Jancis
1519:
1496:
1495:
1490:. Archived from
1469:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1321:Mittelburgenland
1245:Washington State
573:Compared to the
442:Pietro Crescenzi
391:
321:
299:
293:
268:(DOCG) wines of
247:
234:
229:
225:
224:
221:
220:
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214:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
83:
72:
67:
55:
50:Nebiolo Printech
46:Nebbiolo (horse)
21:
18:Nebbieul Maschio
3200:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3157:
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3149:Wine portal
3141:
3134:
3125:History of wine
3083:
3067:
3039:
2991:
2973:
2954:Deacidification
2940:
2912:
2907:
2877:
2872:
2857:Wine portal
2849:
2840:
2779:
2741:
2646:
2636:
2609:
2496:
2477:Sauvignon blanc
2412:Cayetana blanca
2380:
2378:grape varieties
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2149:
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2091:Wines and Vines
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1932:
1930:
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1881:
1880:
1876:
1866:
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1857:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1811:
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1783:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1722:
1706:
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1691:
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1677:
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1633:
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1499:
1475:
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1466:
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1456:
1436:
1429:
1426:
1412:it is known as
1404:it is known as
1382:
1333:
1307:Baja California
1299:
1262:
1204:
1147:
1118:Monforte d'Alba
1066:
1026:Baja California
946:
868:
788:
725:
699:. In the lower
563:
504:
417:Pliny the Elder
380:
294:or Piedmontese
227:
193:
189:
134:Notable regions
86:
70:
63:
53:
42:
35:
28:
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15:
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3049:
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3017:
3015:Sugars in wine
3012:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2993:
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2990:
2989:
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2981:
2975:
2974:
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2966:
2964:Chaptalization
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2791:Classification
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2775:Sugars in wine
2772:
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2751:
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2747:Wine chemistry
2743:
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2740:
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2724:
2722:Wine dispenser
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2653:
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2638:
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2597:
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2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
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2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2525:Cabernet Franc
2522:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2492:Welschriesling
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2447:Müller-Thurgau
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2439:
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2429:
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2419:
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2399:
2393:
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2250:
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2221:
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2214:Ancient Greece
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2200:
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2191:
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2180:
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2165:
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2110:
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2086:
2085:External links
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2006:
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1939:
1915:
1901:978-0520248694
1900:
1874:
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1679:O'Keefe, Kerin
1670:
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1497:
1494:on 2020-03-22.
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1271:Margaret River
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1229:Central Valley
1203:
1200:
1192:Cabernet Franc
1146:
1143:
1099:alcohol levels
1097:. The minimum
1065:
1062:
945:
942:
867:
864:
840:to alleviate.
787:
784:
772:grape diseases
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500:
452:to having the
397:Ampelographers
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2619:Major regions
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2596:
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1301:In Ensenada,
1297:Other regions
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1141:to Nebbiolo.
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535:Nebbiolo Rosé
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256:grape variety
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145:Notable wines
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19:
3140:
2997:Fermentation
2848:
2831:Wine tasting
2452:Muscat blanc
2422:Chenin blanc
2219:Ancient Rome
2070:. Retrieved
2060:
2051:
2039:. Retrieved
2034:
2024:
1997:
1991:
1980:. Retrieved
1976:
1967:
1956:. Retrieved
1954:. 2018-01-31
1951:
1942:
1931:. Retrieved
1927:
1918:
1885:
1877:
1865:. Retrieved
1861:
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1837:. Retrieved
1814:
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1763:
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1711:
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1690:. Retrieved
1686:
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1573:
1567:
1526:
1492:the original
1480:
1467:
1418:
1414:Chiavennasca
1413:
1405:
1393:
1383:
1342:
1325:South Africa
1300:
1291:
1283:Clare Valley
1263:
1213:
1195:
1188:Franciacorta
1176:
1148:
1111:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1067:
1050:South Africa
1003:
996:
989:Franciacorta
958:
944:Wine regions
914:
892:
869:
845:
842:
801:fermentation
797:
761:
757:
738:
701:Aosta Valley
669:Tanaro river
655:
619:
595:fermentation
572:
547:Rossola nera
505:
465:
437:
395:
350:, tar, wild
263:
185:
184:
102:
69:
3100:Wine bottle
3072:Other steps
3063:Wine cellar
3020:Süssreserve
2712:Wine cellar
2702:Wine bottle
2643:accessories
2641:Packaging,
2600:Tempranillo
2229:Noah's wine
2209:Phoenicians
2155:Viticulture
1867:15 November
1438:Wine portal
1398:Val d'Aosta
1350:dried fruit
1042:King Valley
981:Val d'Aosta
952:A glass of
834:wine faults
637:regions of
561:Viticulture
531:Bubbierasco
360:raspberries
322:, meaning '
300:, meaning '
237:Piedmontese
111:Also called
3169:Categories
2979:Maceration
2969:Wine press
2959:Destemming
2910:Winemaking
2816:Wine fraud
2811:Wine fault
2796:Oenophilia
2732:Wine label
2727:Wine glass
2692:Port tongs
2590:Sangiovese
2585:Pinot noir
2545:Douce noir
2472:Rkatsiteli
2417:Chardonnay
2407:Catarratto
2381:by acreage
2355:Biodynamic
2318:Aromatized
2107:winemaking
2072:17 January
2041:17 January
2031:"Nebbiolo"
2007:8808332349
1982:2023-12-15
1958:2020-07-18
1933:2020-07-18
1839:17 January
1791:2001281478
1769:Clarke, Oz
1692:17 January
1657:2001281478
1635:Clarke, Oz
1551:2015941385
1477:"Nebbiolo"
1472:"Nebbiolo"
1459:References
1410:Valtellina
1366:mulberries
1319:region of
1233:Sangiovese
1216:California
1168:Barbaresco
1160:Carema DOC
1122:Serralunga
1044:region of
1038:Australian
1014:Washington
1010:California
985:Valtellina
973:Barbaresco
926:Pinot nero
805:maceration
786:Winemaking
774:caused by
768:inbreeding
764:soil types
753:winemaking
741:Pinot noir
662:calcareous
643:Valtellina
454:right hand
409:Valtellina
401:indigenous
338:. As they
304:'. During
274:Barbaresco
153:Barbaresco
2931:Noble rot
2821:Winemaker
2801:Sommelier
2737:Wine rack
2717:Wine cork
2707:Wine cave
2697:Screw cap
2667:Corkscrew
2632:New World
2627:Old World
2605:Zinfandel
2580:Mourvèdre
2487:Trebbiano
2427:Colombard
2328:Noble rot
2308:Fortified
2286:Sparkling
2253:New World
1910:123818205
1730:795857065
1559:921140648
1474:(US) and
1406:Picutener
1396:. In the
1260:Australia
1237:Primitivo
1186:. In the
1127:limestone
1030:Argentina
1020:and even
918:Vespolina
902:Oz Clarke
838:decanting
717:potassium
713:magnesium
635:subalpine
612:flowering
539:Vespolina
421:Pollentia
278:Gattinara
161:Gattinara
2946:Pressing
2868:Glossary
2784:Industry
2677:Jug wine
2672:Decanter
2662:Box wine
2560:Isabella
2555:Grenache
2535:Carignan
2482:Sémillon
2467:Riesling
2462:Palomino
2205:Ancient
2188:Vineyard
2183:Veraison
2168:Oenology
2016:70275945
1799:48239622
1665:48239622
1424:See also
1390:Vercelli
1380:Synonyms
1362:licorice
1317:Austrian
1275:humidity
1269:and the
1241:Dolcetto
1225:jug wine
1155:Vercelli
1131:La Morra
1046:Victoria
1034:San Juan
1022:Virginia
961:Piedmont
934:Prugnolo
897:varietal
889:Favorita
877:Croatina
866:Blending
745:mutation
697:Vercelli
689:porphyry
621:veraison
608:budbreak
599:Dolcetto
591:vintages
551:Brugnola
527:Viognier
525:variety
472:Bordeaux
446:La Morra
413:Lombardy
364:truffles
356:cherries
314:glaucous
260:Piedmont
253:red wine
248:) is an
228:Italian:
186:Nebbiolo
139:Piedmont
123:Piedmont
58:Nebbiolo
32:Dolcetto
3130:Terroir
3088:Related
2936:Vintage
2918:Harvest
2863:Outline
2687:Muselet
2649:storage
2540:Cinsaut
2515:Barbera
2442:Macabeo
2402:Aligoté
2360:Organic
2350:Natural
2303:Dessert
2248:Georgia
2198:History
2178:Terroir
2173:Species
1358:leather
1354:damsons
1279:Bendigo
1251:in the
1184:Sfursat
1180:Amarone
1139:tannins
1095:riserva
1091:normale
1086:riserva
1081:normale
1075:terroir
1054:Uruguay
998:recioto
977:Barbera
938:Rossola
930:Pignola
873:Barbera
856:vanilla
829:hygiene
815:(35-38
776:viruses
705:granite
671:around
631:acidity
604:coulure
587:harvest
555:Fortana
543:Negrara
496:Barbera
468:British
461:hanging
457:cut off
378:History
368:tobacco
348:violets
306:harvest
250:Italian
241:nebieul
114:Nebieul
99:Species
3095:Winery
3058:Solera
2682:Kvevri
2570:Merlot
2565:Malbec
2365:Kosher
2341:Other
2296:Orange
2269:Styles
2236:France
2014:
2004:
1908:
1898:
1830:
1797:
1789:
1779:
1751:
1728:
1718:
1663:
1655:
1645:
1580:
1557:
1549:
1539:
1482:Lexico
1402:Carema
1394:Spanna
1386:Novara
1345:ageing
1303:Mexico
1287:Mudgee
1281:, the
1164:Barolo
1151:Novara
1135:Barolo
1018:Oregon
1001:wine.
993:Veneto
969:Barolo
954:Barolo
936:, and
922:Merlot
885:Arneis
879:, and
821:aromas
780:yields
749:clones
723:Clones
709:schist
693:Novara
647:Donnaz
639:Carema
627:sugars
537:, and
520:French
516:Freisa
488:sherry
480:London
476:French
426:Rivoli
389:nebbia
372:prunes
370:, and
344:aromas
328:tannic
319:nobile
310:Langhe
291:nebbia
284:, and
282:Ghemme
270:Barolo
174:number
165:Ghemme
149:Barolo
119:Origin
3045:Aging
2595:Syrah
2550:Gamay
2520:Bobal
2432:Glera
2397:Airén
2389:White
2345:Table
2333:Straw
2323:Fruit
2281:White
2224:China
2103:Wines
1858:(PDF)
1408:. In
1374:herbs
1370:spice
1331:Wines
1323:. In
1312:Chile
1243:. In
1196:rosso
1058:Chile
906:Syrah
846:botti
681:Roero
677:sandy
616:yield
585:with
583:ripen
523:Rhone
434:Roero
430:Turin
428:near
352:herbs
336:roses
324:noble
297:nebia
286:Roero
157:Roero
127:Italy
71:Vitis
65:Grape
2647:and
2376:Top
2291:Rosé
2147:Wine
2105:and
2074:2019
2043:2019
2012:OCLC
2002:ISBN
1906:OCLC
1896:ISBN
1869:2022
1841:2019
1828:ISBN
1795:OCLC
1787:LCCN
1777:ISBN
1749:ISBN
1726:OCLC
1716:ISBN
1694:2019
1661:OCLC
1653:LCCN
1643:ISBN
1578:ISBN
1555:OCLC
1547:LCCN
1537:ISBN
1388:and
1285:and
1166:and
1153:and
1133:and
1056:and
987:and
908:and
887:and
860:rose
715:and
695:and
673:Alba
665:marl
645:and
545:and
510:and
486:and
484:port
450:fine
334:and
178:8417
172:VIVC
94:Noir
3053:Oak
2502:Red
2313:Ice
2276:Red
1820:doi
1214:In
965:DOC
825:oak
610:or
579:bud
459:or
405:DNA
340:age
332:tar
302:fog
3171::
2065:.
2059:.
2033:.
2010:.
1975:.
1950:.
1926:.
1904:.
1894:.
1892:72
1860:.
1826:.
1793:.
1785:.
1724:.
1685:.
1659:.
1651:.
1592:^
1553:.
1545:.
1500:^
1486:.
1479:.
1416:.
1368:,
1364:,
1360:,
1356:,
1352:,
1235:,
1060:.
1052:,
1016:,
1012:,
971:,
932:,
928:,
924:,
875:,
817:°C
813:°F
685:pH
641:,
557:.
533:,
366:,
362:,
358:,
354:,
280:,
276:,
272:,
239::
235:;
226:,
219:oʊ
213:oʊ
163:,
159:,
155:,
151:,
125:,
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2895:t
2888:v
2645:,
2139:e
2132:t
2125:v
2076:.
2045:.
2018:.
1985:.
1961:.
1936:.
1912:.
1871:.
1843:.
1822::
1801:.
1757:.
1732:.
1696:.
1667:.
1586:.
1561:.
222:/
216:l
210:ˈ
207:i
204:b
201:ɛ
198:n
195:ˌ
192:/
188:(
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68:(
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41:.
34:.
20:)
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