466:, though some data are available to support the efficacy of approaches such as exposure therapy. Any therapy that endorses relaxation methods may be contraindicated for the treatment of fear of needles as this approach encourages a drop in blood pressure that only enhances the vasovagal reflex. In response to this, graded exposure approaches can include a coping component relying on applied tension as a way to prevent complications associated with the vasovagal response to specific blood, injury, injection type stimulus.
178:. This type of needle phobia is uniquely characterized by a two-phase vasovagal response. First, there is a brief acceleration of heart rate and blood pressure. This is followed by a rapid plunge in both heart rate and blood pressure, sometimes leading to unconsciousness. The loss of consciousness is sometimes accompanied by convulsions and numerous rapid changes in the levels of many different hormones.
422:. It is a prescription cream in the United States, and is available without prescription in some other countries. Although not as effective as iontophoresis, since EMLA does not penetrate as deeply as iontophoresis-driven anesthetics, EMLA provides a simpler application than iontophoresis. EMLA penetrates much more deeply than ordinary topical anesthetics, and it works adequately for many individuals.
43:
398:. Jet injectors work by introducing substances into the body through a jet of high pressure gas as opposed to by a needle. Though these eliminate the needle, some people report that they cause more pain. Also, they are only helpful in a very limited number of situations involving needles; for example, insulin and inoculations.
384:
Medical literature suggests a number of treatments that have been proven effective for specific cases of needle phobia, but provides very little guidance to predict which treatment may be effective for any specific case. The following are some of the treatments that have been shown to be effective in
455:
in
European Union. Each patch was packaged in an air-tight pouch. It began to heat up slightly when the patch was removed from the packaging and exposed to the air. The patch required 20 to 30 minutes to achieve full anesthetic effect. The Synera patch was approved by the United States Food and Drug
261:
Although most phobias are dangerous to some degree, needle phobia is one of the few that actually kill. In cases of severe phobia, the drop in blood pressure caused by the vasovagal shock reflex may cause death. In
Hamilton's 1995 review article on needle phobia, he was able to document 23 deaths as
257:
concluded that in many patients with this condition (as well as patients with the broader range of blood/injury phobias), an initial episode of vasovagal syncope during a needle procedure may be the primary cause of needle phobia rather than any basic fear of needles. These findings reverse the more
135:
adults experience some level of fear of needles, and it is likely that the actual number is larger, as the most severe cases are never documented due to the tendency of the sufferer to avoid all medical treatment. The diagnosis criteria for BII phobias are stricter, with an estimated 3-4% prevalence
273:
of the patient to gradually more frightening stimuli, allowing them to become desensitized to the stimulus that triggers the phobic response. In recent years, a technique known as "applied tension" has become increasingly accepted as an often effective means for maintaining blood pressure to
355:
Whilst witnessing procedures involving needles it is possible for the phobic to suffer the symptoms of a needle phobic attack without actually being injected. Prompted by the sight of the injection the phobic may exhibit the normal symptoms of vasovagal syncope and fainting or collapse is common.
371:
A needle phobic patient does not need to physically be in a doctor's office to experience panic attacks or anxiety brought on by needle phobia. There are many triggers in the outside world that can bring on an attack through association. Some of these are blood, injuries, the sight of the needle
342:
This form of fear of needles affects approximately 10% of people with needle phobia. The symptoms include extreme explained anxiety, and elevated blood pressure and heart rate at the immediate point of needle penetration or seconds before. The recommended forms of treatment include some form of
326:
This form of needle phobia affects around 20% of those afflicted. Symptoms include combativeness, high heart rate coupled with extremely high blood pressure, violent resistance, avoidance, and flight. The suggested treatment is psychotherapy, this may include teaching the patient self-injection
322:
Resistive fear of needles occurs when the underlying fear involves not simply needles or injections but also being controlled or restrained. It typically stems from repressive upbringing or poor handling of prior needle procedures (for example, forced physical or emotional restraint).
356:
While the cause of this is not known, it may be due to the phobic imagining the procedure being performed on themselves. Recent neuroscience research shows that feeling a pin prick sensation and watching someone else's hand get pricked by a pin activate the same part of the brain.
482:. This will eliminate all pain and also all memory of any needle procedure. However, it is often regarded as a very extreme solution. It is not covered by insurance in most cases, and most physicians will not order it. It can be risky and expensive and may require a hospital stay.
247:
Many people who suffer from fainting during needle procedures report no conscious fear of the needle procedure itself, but a great fear of the vasovagal syncope reaction. People become more afraid of the side effects of low blood pressure caused by the idea of a needle.
376:, syringes, examination rooms, white lab coats, dentists, nurses, the antiseptic smell associated with offices and hospitals, the sight of a person who physically resembles the patient's regular health care provider, or even reading about the fear.
792:"Human brain evolution and the "Neuroevolutionary Time-depth Principle:" Implications for the Reclassification of fear-circuitry-related traits in DSM-V and for studying resilience to warzone-related posttraumatic stress disorder"
404:. Iontophoresis drives anesthetic through the skin by using an electric current. It provides effective anesthesia, but is generally unavailable to consumers on the commercial market and some regard it as inconvenient to use.
504:(Klonopin), may help alleviate the anxiety of needle phobics, according to Dr. James Hamilton. These medications have an onset of action within 5 to 15 minutes from ingestion. A relatively large oral dose may be necessary.
215:
Vasovagal reactions may be triggered by the sight, thought, or feeling of needles or needle-like objects. The physiological changes associated with this type of phobia also include feeling faint, sweating,
290:
such as an extremely painful medical procedure or witnessing a family member or friend undergo such, causes the patient to associate all procedures involving needles with the original negative experience.
1211:
Greenbaum, S.S.; Bernstein, E.F. (September 1994). "Comparison of iontophoresis of lidocaine with a eutectic mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine (EMLA) for topically administered local anesthesia".
188:
theory that explains the association to vasovagal syncope is that some forms of fainting are non-verbal signals that developed in response to increased inter-group aggression during the
335:
Hyperalgesic fear of needles is another form that does not have as much to do with fear of the actual needle. Patients with this form have an inherited hypersensitivity to pain, or
456:
Administration on 23 June 2005. On 11 November 2022, the manufacturer announced that it would be discontinuing the manufacture and sales of the patch worldwide by the end of 2022.
113:
109:
555:
181:
Other medical journal articles have discussed additional aspects of this possible link between vasovagal syncope and evolutionary fitness in blood-injection-injury phobias.
462:. Effectiveness of this varies greatly depending on the person and the severity of the condition. There is some debate as to the effectiveness of behavioral treatments for
192:. A non-combatant who has fainted signals that they are not a threat. This might explain the association between fainting and stimuli such as bloodletting and injuries.
447:
has been available in several countries, and was specifically approved by government agencies for use in needle procedures. The patch was sold under the trade name
139:
Prevalence of fear of needles has been increasing, with two studies showing an increase among children from 25% in 1995 to 65% in 2012 (for those born after 1999).
1476:
524:
Distraction can reduce perceived pain, for example pretending to cough, performing a visual task, watching a video, listening to music, or playing a video game.
167:, given that thousands of years ago humans who meticulously avoided stab wounds and other incidences of pierced flesh would have a greater chance of survival.
208:
Although most specific phobias stem from the individuals themselves, the most common type of needle phobia, affecting 50% of those afflicted, is an inherited
673:
236:, and initially high blood pressure and heart rate followed by a plunge in both at the moment of injection. The primary symptom of vasovagal fear is
1559:
1361:
212:
reaction. Approximately 80% of people with a fear of needles report that a relative within the first degree exhibits the same disorder.
159:
According to Dr. James G. Hamilton, author of the pioneering paper on needle phobia, it is likely that the form of needle phobia that is
1350:
1127:
Hogan, M.E.; et al. (10 February 2010). "A systematic review of measures for reducing injection pain during adult immunization".
175:
121:
66:
About 22% of adult population, 3.5–10% of general population may temporarily lose consciousness around the time of a needle procedure
1179:
704:
528:
364:
Fear of needles, especially in its more severe forms, is often comorbid with other phobias and psychological ailments; for example,
200:
Although needle phobia is defined simply as an extreme fear of medically related shots/injections, it appears in several varieties.
708:
1249:
294:
This form of fear of needles causes symptoms that are primarily psychological in nature, such as extreme unexplained anxiety,
339:. To them, the pain of an injection is unbearably great and many cannot understand how anyone can tolerate such procedures.
151:
around the age of 5, which is old enough to remember and young enough to be more likely to result in formation of a phobia.
1320:"Heated lidocaine/tetracaine patch compared with lidocaine/prilocaine cream for topical anaesthesia before vascular access"
1049:
Ayala, E.S.; et al. (2009). "Treatments for blood-injury-injection phobia: a critical review of current evidence".
791:
266:
962:
Ost, L.G.; et al. (1991). "Applied tension, exposure in vivo, and tension-only in the treatment of blood phobia".
282:
Associative fear of needles is the second most common type, affecting 30% of needle phobics. This type is the classic
1481:
678:
365:
185:
1415:"Stimulus Fading and Differential Reinforcement for the Treatment of Needle Phobia in a Youth with Autism"
1002:"Physiological correlates of applied tension may contribute to reduced fainting during medical procedures"
252:
1550:
532:
407:
287:
84:
472:(laughing gas). This will provide sedation and reduce anxiety for the patient, along with some mild
170:
The discussion of the evolutionary basis of needle phobia in
Hamilton's review article concerns the
843:
479:
425:
Ametop. Ametop gel appears to be more effective than EMLA for eliminating pain during venepuncture.
258:
commonly held beliefs about the cause-and-effect pattern of needle phobics with vasovagal syncope.
1462:
1193:
1031:
772:
512:
140:
1164:
The 26th Annual
International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society
1116:
1529:
1444:
1395:
1341:
1297:
1228:
1185:
1175:
1144:
1107:
1066:
1023:
979:
939:
873:
865:
824:
764:
729:
700:
645:
594:
508:
459:
303:
88:
80:
1477:"Fear of needles could be a hurdle to COVID-19 vaccination, but here are ways to overcome it"
1162:
Schramm-Baxter, J.R.; Mitragotri, S. (2004). "Investigations of Needle-free Jet
Injections".
392:(and other freezing agents). Easily administered, but provides only superficial pain control.
1577:
1519:
1509:
1434:
1426:
1331:
1287:
1279:
1220:
1167:
1136:
1097:
1086:"Vicarious responses to pain in anterior cingulate cortex: is empathy a multisensory issue?"
1058:
1013:
971:
929:
855:
814:
806:
756:
635:
625:
270:
674:"Over half of adults unvaccinated for COVID-19 fear needles – here's what's proven to help"
1253:
720:
Ellinwood, Everett H.; Hamilton, James G. (April 1991). "Case report of a needle phobia".
696:
550:
463:
436:
411:
283:
117:
948:
1439:
1414:
1292:
1267:
1224:
819:
640:
613:
485:
241:
237:
209:
171:
100:, although this term may also refer to a more general fear of sharply pointed objects.
1571:
1062:
975:
469:
401:
132:
1197:
1246:
1035:
776:
545:
395:
389:
336:
299:
233:
148:
96:
1140:
891:
274:
avoid the unpleasant, and sometimes dangerous, aspects of the vasovagal reaction.
265:
The best treatment strategy for this type of needle phobia has historically been
810:
373:
189:
125:
1171:
1018:
1001:
760:
501:
497:
444:
432:
419:
344:
311:
144:
50:
A man being assuaged in order to receive an injection due to a fear of needles
869:
368:, or an irrational fear of doctors, is often seen in needle phobic patients.
17:
1430:
518:
493:
473:
440:
428:
415:
217:
164:
124:(BII phobia). Phobic level responses to injections cause sufferers to avoid
1533:
1448:
1345:
1301:
1189:
1148:
1111:
1070:
1027:
943:
877:
828:
768:
649:
42:
1399:
1232:
983:
934:
918:"Predisposition to Vasovagal Syncope in Subjects With Blood/Injury Phobia"
917:
733:
630:
598:
585:
James G. Hamilton (August 1995). "Needle Phobia - A Neglected
Diagnosis".
1336:
1319:
1283:
1102:
1085:
860:
489:
307:
295:
229:
160:
136:
in the general population, and this also includes blood-related phobias.
1524:
747:
Rolf R. Diehl (April 2005). "Vasovagal syncope and
Darwinian fitness".
225:
221:
1514:
1497:
1413:
Shabani, D.B.; Fisher, W.W. (Winter 2006). Woods, Douglas W. (ed.).
58:
Exposure-based therapies and alternate forms of clinical inoculation
1552:
Ouch! Fear of needles may keep many people away from Covid vaccines
1561:
A COVID-19 Vaccine
Hesitancy Rarely Talked About: Fear of Needles
1386:
Stewart, J.E. (May 1994). "Diagnosis and treatment of phobia".
128:, blood tests, and in the more severe cases, all medical care.
799:
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and
Biological Psychiatry
262:
a direct result of vasovagal shock during a needle procedure.
147:
attributes this increase to an increase in administration of
1463:
Blood-injury-injection phobia, fainting, and applied tension
1367:. Nuvo Research d/b/a Miravo Health Care. November 11, 2022
108:
The condition was officially recognized in 1994 in the
1496:
Pires, A.; Fortuna, A.; Alves, G.; Falcão, A. (2009).
614:"Blood Injury and Injection Phobia: The Neglected One"
612:
Wani, Ab Latif; Ara, Anjum; Bhat, Sajad Ahmad (2014).
327:
techniques or finding a trusted health care provider.
1268:"A comparison of local anaesthetics for venepuncture"
114:
435:
patch. A self-heating anesthetic patch containing a
1090:
Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience
556:
Psychosocial treatment of needle phobia in children
62:
54:
35:
1498:"Intranasal drug delivery: How, why and what for?"
1502:Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences
1213:The Journal of Dermatologic Surgery and Oncology
844:"II. Needle phobia: a psychological perspective"
410:. EMLA is a topical anesthetic cream that is a
298:, preoccupation with the coming procedure, and
667:
665:
663:
661:
659:
174:type of needle phobia, which is a sub-type of
8:
1318:Sawyer, James; et al. (February 2009).
1362:"Miravo 2022 Q3 Quarterly Report, page 15"
580:
578:
576:
574:
572:
570:
41:
32:
1523:
1513:
1438:
1335:
1313:
1311:
1291:
1101:
1017:
933:
859:
818:
639:
629:
995:
993:
916:Accurso, V.; et al. (August 2001).
699:, Paul H. Blaney, Roger D. Davis (1999)
695:"Oxford Textbook of Psychopathology" by
691:
689:
527:Certain drugs and vaccines, such as the
1084:Morrison, I.; et al. (June 2004).
566:
380:Treatment, mitigation, and alternatives
957:
955:
1266:Arrowsmith, J.; Campbell, C. (2000).
131:It is estimated that at least 10% of
7:
1419:Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
1166:. Vol. 4. pp. 3543–3546.
892:"How to overcome a fear of needles"
240:, or fainting due to a decrease of
1225:10.1111/j.1524-4725.1994.tb00150.x
176:blood-injection-injury type phobia
122:blood-injection-injury type phobia
94:It is occasionally referred to as
25:
529:live attenuated influenza vaccine
75:, known in medical literature as
1272:Archives of Disease in Childhood
1063:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.04.008
1051:Journal of Psychiatric Research
1000:Ditto, B.; et al. (2009).
310:, and/or the administration of
302:. Effective treatments include
251:A study in the medical journal
27:Phobia of injections or needles
1324:British Journal of Anaesthesia
964:Behaviour Research and Therapy
848:British Journal of Anaesthesia
1:
1141:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.11.065
1006:Annals of Behavioral Medicine
480:Inhalation general anesthesia
347:, either topical or general.
976:10.1016/0005-7967(91)90006-O
811:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008
749:Clinical Autonomic Research
672:Amy Baxter (11 June 2021).
372:physically or on a screen,
1594:
1475:Amy Baxter (8 June 2020).
1172:10.1109/IEMBS.2004.1403996
842:Jenkins, K. (2014-07-01).
722:Journal of Family Practice
587:Journal of Family Practice
521:can reduce perceived pain.
1019:10.1007/s12160-009-9114-7
761:10.1007/s10286-005-0244-0
451:in the United States and
79:, is the extreme fear of
49:
40:
1057:(15): 1235–1242 REVIEW.
360:Comorbidity and triggers
1431:10.1901/jaba.2006.30-05
312:anti-anxiety medication
186:evolutionary psychology
1247:Ametop Gel information
531:, can be administered
104:Overview and incidence
1461:Dental Fear Central.
935:10.1161/hc3301.094910
896:wexnermedical.osu.edu
618:Behavioural Neurology
593:(2): 169–175 REVIEW.
385:some specific cases.
1284:10.1136/adc.82.4.309
1245:Smith & Nephew.
1103:10.3758/CABN.4.2.270
390:Ethyl chloride spray
116:, 4th edition) as a
790:Bracha, H. (2006).
631:10.1155/2014/471340
269:or the progressive
1388:Professional Nurse
1337:10.1093/bja/aen364
1252:2011-08-01 at the
861:10.1093/bja/aeu013
460:Behavioral therapy
163:has some basis in
155:Evolutionary basis
141:Augusta University
89:hypodermic needles
81:medical procedures
898:. 31 October 2019
509:abdominal muscles
304:cognitive therapy
238:vasovagal syncope
70:
69:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
1585:
1558:Medicalbag.com:
1554:by Julie Appleby
1538:
1537:
1527:
1517:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1482:The Conversation
1472:
1466:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1442:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1366:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1339:
1315:
1306:
1305:
1295:
1263:
1257:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1135:(6): 1514–1521.
1124:
1118:
1115:
1105:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1021:
997:
988:
987:
959:
950:
947:
937:
913:
907:
906:
904:
903:
888:
882:
881:
863:
839:
833:
832:
822:
796:
787:
781:
780:
744:
738:
737:
717:
711:
693:
684:
683:
679:The Conversation
669:
654:
653:
643:
633:
609:
603:
602:
582:
464:specific phobias
210:vasovagal reflex
45:
33:
21:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1568:
1567:
1546:
1541:
1515:10.18433/J3NC79
1495:
1494:
1490:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1460:
1456:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1254:Wayback Machine
1244:
1240:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1182:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1048:
1047:
1043:
999:
998:
991:
961:
960:
953:
915:
914:
910:
901:
899:
890:
889:
885:
841:
840:
836:
794:
789:
788:
784:
746:
745:
741:
719:
718:
714:
697:Theodore Millon
694:
687:
671:
670:
657:
611:
610:
606:
584:
583:
568:
564:
551:List of phobias
542:
511:can help avoid
486:Benzodiazepines
382:
362:
353:
333:
320:
288:traumatic event
284:specific phobia
280:
267:desensitization
206:
198:
157:
118:specific phobia
106:
73:Fear of needles
36:Fear of needles
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1591:
1589:
1581:
1580:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:by H. Hoffmann
1556:
1545:
1544:External links
1542:
1540:
1539:
1508:(3): 288–311.
1488:
1467:
1454:
1425:(4): 449–552.
1405:
1394:(8): 549–552.
1378:
1353:
1330:(2): 210–215.
1307:
1278:(4): 309–310.
1258:
1238:
1219:(9): 579–583.
1203:
1180:
1154:
1119:
1096:(2): 270–278.
1076:
1041:
1012:(3): 306–314.
989:
970:(6): 561–574.
951:
928:(8): 903–907.
908:
883:
834:
805:(5): 827–853.
782:
755:(2): 126–129.
739:
728:(4): 420–422.
712:
685:
655:
604:
565:
563:
560:
559:
558:
553:
548:
541:
538:
537:
536:
525:
522:
516:
505:
483:
477:
467:
457:
426:
423:
405:
399:
393:
381:
378:
361:
358:
352:
349:
332:
329:
319:
316:
279:
276:
242:blood pressure
205:
202:
197:
194:
156:
153:
105:
102:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
47:
46:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1590:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1564:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1379:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1181:0-7803-8439-3
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
996:
994:
990:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
958:
956:
952:
949:
945:
941:
936:
931:
927:
923:
919:
912:
909:
897:
893:
887:
884:
879:
875:
871:
867:
862:
857:
853:
849:
845:
838:
835:
830:
826:
821:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
793:
786:
783:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
743:
740:
735:
731:
727:
723:
716:
713:
710:
706:
705:0-19-510307-6
702:
698:
692:
690:
686:
681:
680:
675:
668:
666:
664:
662:
660:
656:
651:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
623:
619:
615:
608:
605:
600:
596:
592:
588:
581:
579:
577:
575:
573:
571:
567:
561:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
543:
539:
534:
530:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
510:
506:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
471:
470:Nitrous oxide
468:
465:
461:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
427:
424:
421:
417:
413:
409:
406:
403:
402:Iontophoresis
400:
397:
396:Jet injectors
394:
391:
388:
387:
386:
379:
377:
375:
369:
367:
359:
357:
350:
348:
346:
340:
338:
330:
328:
324:
317:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
300:panic attacks
297:
292:
289:
285:
277:
275:
272:
268:
263:
259:
256:
255:
249:
245:
243:
239:
235:
234:panic attacks
231:
227:
223:
219:
213:
211:
203:
201:
195:
193:
191:
187:
182:
179:
177:
173:
168:
166:
162:
154:
152:
150:
149:booster shots
146:
142:
137:
134:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
103:
101:
99:
98:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
77:needle phobia
74:
65:
61:
57:
53:
48:
44:
39:
34:
19:
18:Needle phobia
1560:
1551:
1549:Yahoo News:
1525:10316/110378
1505:
1501:
1491:
1480:
1470:
1457:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1371:December 11,
1369:. Retrieved
1356:
1327:
1323:
1275:
1271:
1261:
1241:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1163:
1157:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1093:
1089:
1079:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1009:
1005:
967:
963:
925:
921:
911:
900:. Retrieved
895:
886:
851:
847:
837:
802:
798:
785:
752:
748:
742:
725:
721:
715:
677:
621:
617:
607:
590:
586:
546:Aichmophobia
507:Tensing the
500:(Xanax), or
452:
448:
383:
370:
363:
354:
341:
337:hyperalgesia
334:
331:Hyperalgesic
325:
321:
293:
281:
264:
260:
253:
250:
246:
214:
207:
199:
183:
180:
169:
158:
138:
130:
126:inoculations
107:
97:aichmophobia
95:
93:
76:
72:
71:
922:Circulation
439:mixture of
414:mixture of
366:iatrophobia
286:in which a
278:Associative
254:Circulation
190:paleolithic
902:2021-05-16
854:(1): 4–6.
624:: 471340.
562:References
502:clonazepam
498:alprazolam
496:(Ativan),
492:(Valium),
488:, such as
445:tetracaine
433:tetracaine
420:prilocaine
374:paper pins
345:anesthesia
145:Amy Baxter
143:professor
85:injections
83:involving
870:0007-0912
494:lorazepam
474:analgesic
441:lidocaine
429:Lidocaine
416:lidocaine
351:Vicarious
318:Resistive
218:dizziness
204:Vasovagal
172:vasovagal
165:evolution
63:Frequency
55:Treatment
1572:Category
1534:20067706
1449:17236343
1346:19151049
1302:10735838
1250:Archived
1198:24551858
1190:17271055
1149:20003927
1112:15460933
1071:19464700
1028:19730965
944:11514377
878:24574504
829:16563589
769:15834770
650:25049451
540:See also
519:Swearing
513:fainting
490:diazepam
476:effects.
437:eutectic
412:eutectic
308:hypnosis
296:insomnia
271:exposure
230:tinnitus
133:American
1578:Phobias
1440:1702338
1400:8008769
1293:1718269
1233:8089357
1129:Vaccine
1036:3429566
984:1684704
820:7130737
777:2062277
734:2010743
641:4094700
599:7636457
533:nasally
453:Rapydan
161:genetic
1532:
1447:
1437:
1398:
1344:
1300:
1290:
1231:
1196:
1188:
1178:
1147:
1110:
1069:
1034:
1026:
982:
942:
876:
868:
827:
817:
775:
767:
732:
703:
648:
638:
597:
449:Synera
226:pallor
222:nausea
110:DSM-IV
1365:(PDF)
1194:S2CID
1032:S2CID
795:(PDF)
773:S2CID
709:p. 82
196:Types
1530:PMID
1445:PMID
1396:PMID
1373:2022
1342:PMID
1298:PMID
1229:PMID
1186:PMID
1176:ISBN
1145:PMID
1108:PMID
1067:PMID
1024:PMID
980:PMID
940:PMID
874:PMID
866:ISSN
825:PMID
765:PMID
730:PMID
701:ISBN
646:PMID
622:2014
595:PMID
443:and
418:and
408:EMLA
1520:hdl
1510:doi
1435:PMC
1427:doi
1332:doi
1328:102
1288:PMC
1280:doi
1221:doi
1168:doi
1137:doi
1098:doi
1059:doi
1014:doi
972:doi
930:doi
926:104
856:doi
852:113
815:PMC
807:doi
757:doi
636:PMC
626:doi
184:An
120:of
87:or
1574::
1528:.
1518:.
1506:12
1504:.
1500:.
1479:.
1443:.
1433:.
1423:39
1421:.
1417:.
1390:.
1340:.
1326:.
1322:.
1310:^
1296:.
1286:.
1276:82
1274:.
1270:.
1227:.
1217:20
1215:.
1192:.
1184:.
1174:.
1143:.
1133:28
1131:.
1106:.
1092:.
1088:.
1065:.
1055:43
1053:.
1030:.
1022:.
1010:37
1008:.
1004:.
992:^
978:.
968:29
966:.
954:^
938:.
924:.
920:.
894:.
872:.
864:.
850:.
846:.
823:.
813:.
803:30
801:.
797:.
771:.
763:.
753:15
751:.
726:32
724:.
707:,
688:^
676:.
658:^
644:.
634:.
620:.
616:.
591:41
589:.
569:^
314:.
306:,
244:.
232:,
228:,
224:,
220:,
91:.
1536:.
1522::
1512::
1485:.
1465:.
1451:.
1429::
1402:.
1392:9
1375:.
1348:.
1334::
1304:.
1282::
1256:.
1235:.
1223::
1200:.
1170::
1151:.
1139::
1114:.
1100::
1094:4
1073:.
1061::
1038:.
1016::
986:.
974::
946:.
932::
905:.
880:.
858::
831:.
809::
779:.
759::
736:.
682:.
652:.
628::
601:.
535:.
515:.
431:/
112:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
