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their purview. It was a way to aid in ensuring the safety of the population of the border areas during the repopulation of the no-man's-land between
Castile and the southern Muslim areas. It required either the consent of both parties or the direct intervention of the king, who was responsible for setting reasonable conditions for the parties and to intervene (militarily if required) in case of abuses.
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Granting extra protection for Native
Americans was an attempt by the crown to address its inability to monitor, from Spain, the legitimacy of the claims regarding reasons to enslave a person in the New World, and it acknowledged that false claims could be fabricated to enslave and exploit the native peoples.
198:. Pizarro wanted to maintain a political structure built upon the Incan model the Spanish found in place. Although the New Laws were only partly successful, due to the opposition of colonists, they did result in the liberation of thousands of indigenous workers, who had been held in a state of semi-slavery.
295:. Their goal was to protect the Indians against forced labor and expropriation, and to preserve their cultures. Some discussions challenged the very legitimacy of the conquest and colonization. Eventually, the reformists influenced the King and his court to pass reforms that came to be known as the
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laws in the New World. They were not fully implemented because of opposition by powerful colonists. While some encomenderos opposed the restrictions imposed by the laws as against their interests, others were opposed because they believed the laws institutionalized the system of forced Indian labor.
383:
declared native
Americans to be both people and subjects of the Castilian crown, and so subject to the same rights and obligations as any other subject of the queen. Under those regulations, slavery was permitted almost exclusively as a penalty for a serious crime or some exceptional circumstances.
359:
Some of these laws were redundant. Some established protections and rights for Native
Americans that native Spaniards did not have themselves . Given the distance from the colonies and the time needed to travel between there and Spain, the Crown was unable to fully monitor compliance with the more
547:(now in Ecuador). Viceroy Blasco Núñez Vela, who had attempted to impose the decrees, was overthrown. Pizarro and his army killed Núñez Vela in 1546. Pizarro's power stretched from Peru north to Panama. Charles I and the court became alarmed, and were convinced that the immediate abolition of the
397:
was a system that interchanged a person's work for military protection by a higher authority. It had been part of the
Castilian legal system since the Reconquista. Given the limited size of the Crown's army, this system allowed nobles or warlords to trade protection for the labor of persons under
555:
to the colony; a bishop and diplomat, he did not command an army but was given full powers to rule and negotiate a settlement with
Pizarro and his followers. However, Pizarro declared Peru independent from the King. La Gasca provisionally suspended the New Laws. Pizarro was later captured and
588:
complied with most aspects of the laws. Most already maintained a horse and arms in case of Indian rebellion, and had established a residence in a
Spanish settlement. They hired priests to minister to the Indians whose labor was granted to them. While they were not allowed to retain their
721:
Leyes y ordenanças nueuamete hechas por su
Magestad pa la gouernacion de las Indias y buen tratamiento y conseruacion de los Indios ... : que se han de guardar en el consejo y audiecias reales q en ellas residen y por todos los otros gouernadores juezes y personas particulares
593:
in perpetuity, they were permitted to bequeath the properties and labor once. They allowed
Indians to fulfill obligations by payment of tribute, often in produce. The dramatic declines in Indian population due to epidemic disease, however, resulted in economic losses for the
401:
In
America, however, colonists used encomiendas to create conditions similar to slavery in areas that did not require such protection. Authorities other than the king claimed the right to assign encomiendas and assigned the most unpleasant or dangerous jobs to the natives.
834:
Alberto Pérez Amador Adam. "De legitimatione imperii Indiae Occidentalis. La vindicación de la Empresa Americana en el discurso jurídico y teológico de las letras de los Siglos de Oro en España y los virreinatos americanos." Madrid / Frankfurt: Iberoamericana / Vervuert
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in 1542. In addition to regulating encomienda and treatment of Indians, they reorganized the overseas colonial administration. Several General Captainships were established, such as the Kingdom of Guatemala, to create another level of Crown authority in the colony.
812:"Leyes y ordenanzas" (Dada en la ciudad de Barcelona, a veinte días del mes de Noviembre, año del nacimiento de nuestro Salvador Jesucristo de mill e quinientos e cuarenta y dos años) y addenda 4 de junio de 1543; 26 de junio de 1543; 26 de mayo de 1544
378:
The prohibition against enslaving Indians "in any case, not even crime or war" was a right that did not apply to native Castilians themselves. The enslavement of Native Americans had been declared illegal in Castile in 1501, when
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That the "distribution" (of people and lands) given to the original conquerors (as a feudal lordship of sorts) should stop immediately after their death, and both land and the native people would become subject to the
524:
When the New Laws were passed, every European man holding an encomienda in Peru learned that his grant of labor could be confiscated if he was guilty of having taken part in the civil disturbances of
282:
on December 27, 1512. These laws were the first intended to regulate relations between the Spanish and the recently conquered indigenous peoples of the New World. These are regarded as the first
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That native Americans currently enslaved must be freed immediately, unless the owner could prove (in Spain, which implied travelling back there) the full juridical legitimacy of such a state.
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The laws prohibited using indigenous people to work in the mines (where many had died) unless it was absolutely necessary, and then under the same working conditions as Spanish mine workers.
2307:
825:
Suárez Romero. "La situación jurídica del indio durante la conquista española en América". Revista de la facultad de derecho de México vol. 68, no. 270 (January–April 2018)
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system was made secure. While the New Laws were partly successful, they did result in the liberation of thousands of indigenous workers from enforced servitude.
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That there was no motive to enslave them in the future, not by war, nor due to rebellion, nor to ask for a rescue, nor for any reason or in any way.
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system in America by forbidding it to be inherited by descendants. The New Laws stated that the natives would be considered free persons, and the
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system is now considered to have been an alternative for outright slavery and a Castilian institution that did not work properly in America. The
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The Supreme Court of Peru invited Pizarro to take control of the government after his forces reached Lima from Bolivia. Pizarro took over
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During the reign of King Charles I, the reformers gained strength. A number of Spanish missionaries argued for stricter rules, including
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Leyes y ordenanzas nuevamente hechas por su Majestad para la gobernación de las Indias y buen tratamiento y conservación de los Indios
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led a revolt of protesting encomenderos, who took to arms to "maintain their rights by force" for control of Indian lands and labor.
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Laws and ordinances newly made by his Majesty for the governing of the Indies and the good treatment and preservation of the Indians
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The New Laws were the results of a reform movement in reaction to what were considered to be the less effective, decades-old
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367:. The new laws included the prohibition of enslavement of the Indians and provided for gradual abolition of the
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The New Laws established more specific regulations or stipulated the conditions under the Crown's authority:
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In 1545, the Crown revoked the inheritance restriction of the New Laws. By strengthening the power of the
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620:. In some cases they were superseded by newer laws. A weaker version of the New Laws was issued in 1552.
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Governors had an obligation to take care of the well-being and preserve Native Americans (referred to as
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532:. As a result, privileged Spanish colonists were disturbed about implementing the New Laws. In Peru,
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grants would not be passed on via inheritance, but would be cancelled at the death of the individual
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733:"Pizarro, Gonzalo." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 6 Nov. 2008 <
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Most of the ordinances of the New Laws were later incorporated into the general corpus of the
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was noncompliance, they did not organize a rebellion as in Peru. New Spain's first viceroy,
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166:. Following denunciations and calls for reform from individuals such as the Dominican friar
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system would bring economic ruin to the colonies. To deal with the revolt, Charles I sent
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580:, prudently refrained from enforcing the parts of the New Laws most objectionable to the
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Laws to prevent exploitation and mistreatment of indigenous peoples in the Americas
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Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
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17:
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https://web.archive.org/web/20100820022800/http://www.isitlegalto.com/new-laws/
170:, these laws were intended to prevent the exploitation and mistreatment of the
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Why Indigenous Slavery Continued in Spanish America after the New Laws of 1542
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New Laws of the Indies for the Good Treatment and Preservation of the Indians
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included all religious orders, hospitals, commonalities and civil servants.
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against their will or without fair payment must be ended immediately.
879:"Laws of the Indies: Spain and the Native Peoples of the New World"
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1394:
1210:
898:"Letter to the president and oidores of the Council of the Indies"
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That they must not be taken to remote regions to fish for pearls.
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180:, by limiting their power and dominion over groups of natives.
848:, vol. 4, p. 177. New York: Charles Scribner's and Sons, 1996.
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26:
885:. 1999 15:4. Fall 1999 – via Constitutional Rights Fdn.
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grants were ordered to return them immediately to the Crown.
728:
Biblioteca Nacional de España (National Library of Spain)
326:
That the "bad habit" of making Native Americans work as
194:
and was killed in 1546 by the landowning faction led by
868:. New York: Cambridge University Press 1983, pp. 94-95.
190:, enforced the New Laws. He was opposed by a revolt of
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Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
409:
The natives were required only to pay tribute to the
810:"Colección de documentos para la historia de México"
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executed, accused of being a "traitor to the King."
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57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
846:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
342:on Native Americans. The prohibition to establish
419:Indians were to be taxed fairly and treated well.
338:That only the viceroy had the right to establish
363:The main examples are the cases of slavery and
1452:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
933:
8:
1127:Independence of Spanish continental Americas
896:King Charles I of Spain (August 16, 1545).
479:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
240:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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918:
844:Mark A. Burkholder, "New Laws of 1542" in
3246:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
499:Learn how and when to remove this message
260:Learn how and when to remove this message
162:(King Charles I of Spain) and regard the
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
3251:Colonial universities in the Philippines
2242:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
776:
735:http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9060257
387:The introduction and corruption of the
375:could no longer demand their labour.
158:were issued on November 20, 1542, by
7:
3335:Spanish colonization of the Americas
1523:Captaincy General of the Philippines
1015:New Laws in favour of the indigenous
477:adding citations to reliable sources
238:adding citations to reliable sources
164:Spanish colonization of the Americas
55:adding citations to reliable sources
3226:Indochristian painting in New Spain
2193:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
172:indigenous peoples of the Americas
25:
1167:Independence of Equatorial Guinea
278:(Laws of Burgos), issued by King
3278:Criollos in the colonial society
3206:Spanish missions in the Americas
2328:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
449:
422:Public officials or clergy with
210:
136:Cover of "Leyes Nuevas" of 1542.
31:
3305:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649
42:needs additional citations for
1357:Captaincy General of Guatemala
1065:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
754:Van Deusen, Nancy E. (2023). "
707:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
685:University of California Press
1:
3390:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
3256:General Archive of the Indies
2517:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
2188:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
2173:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
1122:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
1075:War of the Spanish Succession
1040:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
160:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
1328:Captaincy General of Yucatan
1258:Union with Holy Roman Empire
1237:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of
1152:German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
1808:Administrative subdivisions
1005:War of the League of Cognac
807:García Icazbalceta, Joaquín
640:1599 Philippines Referendum
572:), the initial reaction of
3406:
2522:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
2507:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
2409:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
1307:), Western United States (
1070:Portuguese Restoration War
3290:Slavery in Spanish Empire
3201:
3190:
3096:
3085:
2577:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
2318:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder
2220:
2209:
2178:Barcelona Trading Company
2098:
2087:
1943:New Andalusia (1501–1513)
1813:
1802:
1672:
1661:
1640:
1577:
1518:
1450:Venezuela, part of Guyana
1429:
1352:
1303:, Central United States (
1292:
1206:
1195:
1184:
1035:Bruneian–Spanish conflict
1020:Expulsion of the Moriscos
966:
955:
680:The Epic of Latin America
511:The King promulgated the
3385:Human rights instruments
3231:Quito painting tradition
3221:Cusco painting tradition
2582:García López de Cárdenas
2572:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
2479:Felipe González de Ahedo
2399:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
976:Conquest of the Americas
883:Bill of Rights in Action
3016:Comuneros (New Granada)
2793:Balearic Islands (1558)
2512:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
2439:Ruy López de Villalobos
2394:Miguel López de Legazpi
2308:García de Toledo Osorio
1172:Western Sahara conflict
1162:Independence of Morocco
1102:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
1045:Piracy in the Caribbean
1030:French Wars of Religion
726:Original text from the
3350:Latin American history
3340:Legal history of Spain
3261:Colonial Spanish Horse
2935:Colonia del Sacramento
2158:Spanish treasure fleet
1735:Royal Decree of Graces
677:Crow, John A. (1992).
289:Bartolomé de las Casas
280:Ferdinand II of Aragon
168:Bartolomé de Las Casas
137:
3375:1542 in South America
3370:Legal history of Peru
2419:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
2379:Juan Sebastián Elcano
1694:Council of the Indies
1055:Spanish–Moro conflict
1025:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
985:Treaty of Tordesillas
154:), also known as the
135:
3216:Mesoamerican Codices
2940:Comuneros (Paraguay)
2778:Siege of Castelnuovo
2364:Christopher Columbus
2183:Consulate of the Sea
2163:Casa de Contratación
1754:Titles and positions
1147:Spanish–American War
1137:Liberal constitution
980:Asia and the Pacific
703:"Laws of the Indies"
656:Kenneth J. Andrien,
473:improve this section
293:Francisco de Vitoria
234:improve this section
51:improve this article
2945:Cartagena de Indias
2567:Diego de Mazariegos
2537:Pere Fages i Beleta
2404:Sebastián de Ocampo
1885:Provincias Internas
1857:Captaincies General
1771:Municipal president
1740:School of Salamanca
1511:Spanish East Indies
1490:Misiones Orientales
1362:Spanish West Indies
1326:, Central America (
1273:Pyrénées-Orientales
1226:Union with Portugal
1117:Napoleonic invasion
1097:War of Jenkins' Ear
902:Library of Congress
866:Early Latin America
560:Level of compliance
3241:Academia Antártica
3196:Other civil topics
2562:Pánfilo de Narváez
2464:Sebastián Vizcaíno
2429:Andrés de Urdaneta
2389:Juan Ponce de León
2374:Ferdinand Magellan
2348:Bernardo de Gálvez
2247:Indian auxiliaries
1745:Trial of residence
1725:Laws of the Indies
1509:Asia and Oceania (
1370:Dominican Republic
862:Stuart B. Schwartz
665:Historia de España
635:Philip II of Spain
630:Laws of the Indies
618:Laws of the Indies
578:Antonio de Mendoza
520:Resistance in Peru
138:
3380:1542 in New Spain
3360:Colonial Colombia
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3091:Spanish conquests
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2547:Pedro de Alvarado
2532:Gaspar de Portolà
2527:Pedro de Valdivia
2502:Francisco Pizarro
2454:Nicolás de Ovando
2449:Alonso de Ercilla
2424:Alonso de Salazar
2257:Ships of the line
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1582:Equatorial Guinea
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1332:Spanish Caribbean
1305:Spanish Louisiana
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1179:
1157:Spanish Civil War
1132:Adams–Onís Treaty
1112:Nootka Convention
1060:Thirty Years' War
1050:Eighty Years' War
971:Catholic Monarchs
961:Timeline–immersed
816:Cervantes Virtual
694:978-0-520-07723-2
584:. Over time, the
553:Pedro de la Gasca
526:Francisco Pizarro
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184:Blasco Núñez Vela
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16:(Redirected from
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3158:Chibchan Nations
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3056:Santiago de Cuba
2915:Guadalupe Island
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2595:
2557:Diego de Almagro
2434:Antonio de Ulloa
2338:Ambrosio Spinola
2333:Pedro de Zubiaur
2303:Alfonso d'Avalos
2293:Antonio de Leyva
2237:Army of Flanders
2222:
2211:
2100:
2089:
1815:
1804:
1674:
1663:
1631:
1604:Peñón of Algiers
1568:
1505:
1420:
1343:
1325:
1283:
1197:
1186:
1107:Seven Years' War
1080:Queen Anne's War
957:
942:
935:
928:
919:
912:
911:
909:
908:
893:
887:
886:
875:
869:
855:
849:
842:
836:
832:
826:
823:
817:
814:text on Internet
804:
798:
781:
740:"New Laws" <
716:
714:
713:
698:
530:Diego de Almagro
504:
497:
493:
490:
484:
453:
445:
360:ambiguous laws.
355:Causes and goals
265:
258:
254:
251:
245:
214:
206:
122:
115:
111:
108:
102:
100:
59:
35:
27:
21:
18:New Laws of 1542
3405:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3309:
3285:Old inquisition
3197:
3182:
3092:
3065:
3021:Trinidad (1797)
2991:La Noche Triste
2979:
2975:San Juan (1797)
2925:San Juan (1595)
2862:
2751:
2591:Notable battles
2586:
2552:Martín de Ursúa
2483:
2414:Alonso de Ojeda
2384:Juan de la Cosa
2369:Pinzón brothers
2352:
2323:John of Austria
2298:Martín de Goiti
2276:
2216:
2197:
2141:
2094:
2075:
1987:
1983:Terra Australis
1978:Río de la Plata
1923:Castilla de Oro
1909:
1851:
1847:Río de la Plata
1809:
1790:
1749:
1708:
1704:Santa Hermandad
1668:
1649:
1645:Terra Australis
1636:
1625:
1592:Spanish Morocco
1573:
1562:
1553:Northern Taiwan
1514:
1499:
1470:Río de la Plata
1425:
1414:
1348:
1347:Central America
1337:
1319:
1288:
1277:
1221:Crown of Aragon
1202:
1191:
1176:
1092:Bourbon Reforms
962:
951:
946:
916:
915:
906:
904:
895:
894:
890:
877:
876:
872:
856:
852:
843:
839:
833:
829:
824:
820:
805:
801:
782:
778:
773:
751:
749:Further reading
711:
709:
701:
695:
676:
653:
626:
603:
562:
534:Gonzalo Pizarro
522:
505:
494:
488:
485:
470:
454:
443:
357:
310:
305:
275:Leyes de Burgos
266:
255:
249:
246:
231:
215:
204:
196:Gonzalo Pizarro
188:Viceroy of Peru
130:
123:
112:
106:
103:
60:
58:
48:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3403:
3401:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3322:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3101:Canary Islands
3097:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2955:Túpac Amaru II
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2900:Bogotá savanna
2897:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2808:Spanish Armada
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2702:White Mountain
2699:
2697:Cape Celidonia
2694:
2692:English Armada
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2469:Juan Fernández
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2444:Diego Columbus
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2272:Army of Africa
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2252:Spanish Armada
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2153:Manila galleon
2149:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2106:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1821:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1680:
1678:
1670:
1669:
1667:Administration
1666:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1588:Western Sahara
1584:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1486:Banda Oriental
1467:
1453:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1301:Coastal Alaska
1293:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
973:
967:
964:
963:
960:
953:
952:
949:Spanish Empire
947:
945:
944:
937:
930:
922:
914:
913:
888:
870:
858:James Lockhart
850:
837:
827:
818:
799:
775:
774:
772:
769:
768:
767:
750:
747:
746:
745:
738:
731:
717:
699:
693:
674:
663:Joseph Pérez.
661:
652:
649:
648:
647:
645:Spanish Empire
642:
637:
632:
625:
622:
602:
599:
561:
558:
521:
518:
507:
506:
457:
455:
448:
442:
439:
438:
437:
427:
420:
417:
414:
356:
353:
352:
351:
347:
336:
333:
324:
321:
318:
309:
306:
304:
301:
268:
267:
218:
216:
209:
203:
200:
128:
125:
124:
39:
37:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3402:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3365:1542 in Spain
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3355:Colonial Peru
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3236:Tapada limeña
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3193:
3189:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3088:
3084:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2828:Montes Claros
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2768:Vienna (1529)
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2497:Hernán Cortés
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2489:Conquistadors
2486:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2459:Juan de Ayala
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2313:Duke of Savoy
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2208:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2112:Dollar (Peso)
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2086:
2072:
2071:Santo Domingo
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1948:New Andalusia
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1895:Santo Domingo
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1819:Viceroyalties
1816:
1812:
1805:
1801:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1660:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1632:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1569:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1506:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1424:South America
1421:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1344:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1309:Spanish Texas
1306:
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62:Find sources:
56:
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40:This article
38:
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3330:Encomenderos
3211:Architecture
3106:The Americas
2970:Newfoundland
2960:Túpac Katari
2950:Cuerno Verde
2885:Tenochtitlan
2717:Valenciennes
2474:Luis Fajardo
2343:Blas de Lezo
2288:Duke of Alba
2168:Spanish Road
2006:Buenos Aires
1915:Governorates
1684:Ayuntamiento
1677:Organization
1142:Carlist Wars
1014:
990:Italian Wars
905:. Retrieved
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760:The Americas
759:
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710:. Retrieved
706:
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606:
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586:encomenderos
585:
582:encomenderos
581:
574:encomenderos
573:
564:Although in
563:
548:
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512:
510:
495:
486:
471:Please help
459:
433:
429:
423:
411:encomenderos
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373:encomenderos
372:
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364:
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343:
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328:
317:by the law).
314:
296:
284:humanitarian
273:
271:
256:
247:
232:Please help
220:
192:encomenderos
191:
186:, the first
182:
177:encomenderos
175:
155:
151:Leyes Nuevas
150:
149:
141:
139:
113:
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
49:Please help
44:verification
41:
3345:1542 in law
3178:Philippines
3143:El Salvador
2763:Capo d'Orso
2647:St. Quentin
2622:Rome (1527)
2281:Strategists
2031:Guadalajara
1958:New Navarre
1953:New Castile
1938:La Luisiana
1890:Puerto Rico
1880:Philippines
1837:New Granada
1527:Philippines
1488:(Uruguay),
1484:(Bolivia),
1434:New Granada
1374:Puerto Rico
1320: [
1190:Territories
1010:Encomiendas
591:encomiendas
434:encomendero
365:encomiendas
344:encomiendas
340:encomiendas
308:Main points
3324:Categories
2848:Somosierra
2838:Manila Bay
2712:Nördlingen
2652:Gravelines
2132:Columnario
2104:Currencies
2021:Concepción
1993:Audiencias
1968:New Toledo
1933:La Florida
1766:Corregidor
1730:Papal bull
1635:Antarctica
1543:Micronesia
1000:Golden Age
907:2020-04-20
771:References
712:2008-11-03
611:encomienda
549:encomienda
489:March 2019
430:Encomienda
424:encomienda
395:encomienda
390:encomienda
381:Isabella I
369:encomienda
250:March 2019
107:March 2019
77:newspapers
66:"New Laws"
3153:Nicaragua
3131:Guatemala
3041:Pichincha
3026:Chacabuco
2965:Pensacola
2910:Mataquito
2890:Cajamarca
2871:New World
2843:Trafalgar
2747:Alhucemas
2627:Landriano
2612:Comuneros
2598:Old World
2542:Joan Orpí
2262:Royalists
2036:Guatemala
1963:New Spain
1900:Venezuela
1875:Guatemala
1832:New Spain
1827:Columbian
1720:Exequatur
1620:Cape Juby
1474:Argentina
1297:New Spain
1231:Gibraltar
995:Habsburgs
566:New Spain
460:does not
221:does not
3163:Colombia
3148:Honduras
3061:Asomante
3046:Ayacucho
3036:Carabobo
3011:Curalaba
2788:Ceresole
2682:Gembloux
2642:Mühlberg
2357:Mariners
2215:Military
2137:Doubloon
2122:Maravedí
2066:Santiago
1973:Paraguay
1699:Germania
1539:Caroline
1494:Malvinas
1478:Paraguay
1438:Colombia
1380:Trinidad
1247:Sardinia
1087:Bourbons
624:See also
513:New Laws
303:Contents
297:New Laws
142:New Laws
3295:Asiento
3266:Mustang
3126:Yucatán
3121:Chiapas
3001:Tucapel
2833:Passaro
2783:Algiers
2773:Preveza
2742:Tetouan
2737:Vitoria
2727:Bitonto
2667:Antwerp
2662:Lepanto
2617:Bicocca
2093:Economy
2016:Charcas
2011:Caracas
1905:Yucatán
1776:Regidor
1761:Alcalde
1689:Cabildo
1596:Tripoli
1535:Mariana
1482:Charcas
1458:(Peru,
1442:Ecuador
1405:Bonaire
1400:Curazao
1385:Jamaica
1313:Florida
785:Spanish
651:Sources
481:removed
466:sources
441:Effects
329:tamames
315:Indians
242:removed
227:sources
202:Origins
174:by the
146:Spanish
91:scholar
3273:Castas
3031:Boyacá
3006:Guiana
2996:Iguape
2920:Recife
2858:Mactan
2853:Annual
2818:Rocroi
2813:Leiden
2798:Djerba
2732:Bailén
2687:Ostend
2672:Azores
2267:Legión
2232:Tercio
2225:Armies
2127:Escudo
2056:Panamá
2051:Mexico
2046:Manila
2001:Bogotá
1786:Vecino
1781:Syndic
1612:Béjaïa
1572:Africa
1558:Tidore
1446:Panama
1410:Belize
1317:Mexico
1243:Sicily
1239:Naples
1201:Europe
722:dellas
691:
670:
660:, 2001
601:Legacy
570:Mexico
350:Crown.
93:
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3168:Chile
3136:Petén
3111:Aztec
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2905:Penco
2895:Cusco
2823:Downs
2803:Tunis
2722:Ceuta
2707:Breda
2657:Malta
2637:Tunis
2632:Pavia
2146:Trade
2061:Quito
2026:Cusco
1865:Chile
1600:Tunis
1547:Palau
1464:Chile
1395:Aruba
1390:Haiti
1324:]
1253:Milan
1211:Spain
744:>.
737:>.
568:(now
545:Quito
98:JSTOR
84:books
3173:Inca
3116:Maya
3051:Guam
2984:Lost
2756:Lost
2677:Mons
2117:Real
2041:Lima
1928:Cuba
1870:Cuba
1842:Perú
1618:and
1616:Ifni
1608:Oran
1531:Guam
1460:Acre
1456:Peru
1366:Cuba
1245:and
860:and
689:ISBN
668:ISBN
609:the
543:and
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528:and
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