302:, the larval sand flounder begins its life with an eye on each side of its head and a round body shape, swimming upright through the midwater. As it grows out of this larval stage entering the juvenile stage one eye moves to the right side leaving the other blind and it takes on a flat diamond shape swimming flat/parallel to the ground. On the right side, the fish is a greenish brown dark colour or grey with faint mottling and on the left side (the side it lies on without eyes) it is white. The average length of an adult sand flounder is 25ā35 cm with the maximum being 45 cm. In the day time, they lie on the seabed camouflaged almost perfectly in sand or mud; they have special pigment cells on their skin that can change colour to match their background, their protruding blue-green eyes being their only giveaway. They swim in a flowing style with an undulating movement of the side fins and when threatened by predators their tail is used for propulsion. Technically the adult swims on its side with the continuous dorsal fin fringing one edge of its diamond shaped body and its extended anal fin on the other. It has no swim bladder and only leaves the seabed for courtship and spawning activities.
389:
migrate from shallow waters (0-50m) in spring and summer to deeper waters (50-100m) in autumn and winter. Male R. plebeia are smaller than female R. plebeia, maturing at a length of 10 cm, but can grow to 15ā17 cm. The females grow faster, with mature size being 16ā20 cm long, but they grow to 23ā24 cm by age two. By age of three, female sand flounders grow to an average size of 30 cm. The average life span of flounder is three to four years. This equates to being able to have two years of spawning.
42:
380:, and at this stage of its development the cartilage above the left eye is absorbed and the eye begins to move from the side of the head, until it is next to the right eye. The unusual, twisted shape of the mouth of the sand flounder is due to the movement of the skull and bones as the left eye migrates to the right side of the body. While this slow process is occurring, the sand flounder begins to grow out to the side and flatten, losing its rounded shape. This
86:
61:
407:
their marginal fins throwing up a shower of sand or mud which lands on them and makes them almost undetectable. In saying this sand flounders still get preyed on, some predators include tope, spined dogfish, Maori chief, ling and toadfish. In a study done in the Avon-Heathcote
Estuary they found that sand flounder were hosts of many different parasites including
458:
there is no current conservation effort to try save sand flounder, but as it is one of the most important commercial fishes in New
Zealand ongoing research on the harvest levels and population numbers of this species is needed to make sure that they do not leave the Least Concern class and so that they know if they do, conservation efforts can be made.
397:
The sand flounder feeds off a yolk-sac attached to its under surface until they are capable of fending for themselves. As an adult it is adapted to feed best at night on sand or mud. They are ambush predators, going unnoticed by camouflage and then attacking their prey when it comes near. They eat a
453:
became a major location for flounder fishing in the 20th
Century. Recreational fishers catch the fish usually in beach seines, setnets or with spears. Commercially sand flounder are fished by trawl and setnet. Sand flounder is very easy to cook and there are many ways to cook and serve it depending
457:
As of the 21st
Century, sand flounder numbers are decreasing. There is currently no evidence to show that the decline is rapid and they are still common in areas where they are found. Because of this, they have been classed as Least Concern on the red list category and criteria. For these reasons,
355:
attached to their underside, providing nutrients to the fish until it is large enough to feed itself. At this stage, they are less than a half a centimetre in length. They have an eye on each side of their head and swim upright, as most fish do. As sand flounders grow they begin utilising external
327:
They prefer coastal areas and are found in waters up to 50m deep but rarely deeper. They can be found in harbours, inlets, bays and open water. They are common on mudflats but seem to have no preference of bottom substrate as they are also found on sand, clay, pebbles and gravel bottoms. They also
406:
Sand flounder are a very important commercial fish in New
Zealand which means that humans are a predominant predator for them. Flat fishes including the sand flounder are good at camouflage which allows them to hide well from any predators. They are good at it because when they settle they wiggle
388:
The juvenile R. plebeia migrate to the shallow water of the estuaries and mudflats where they remain until they mature at two years old. Once R. plebeia reach a mature age and size, they migrate to deeper water of around 30 to 50 metres deep to spawn. After this first migration, they continue to
318:
Sand flounder are endemic to New
Zealand. New Zealand sand flounder is found in a majority of coastal waters around New Zealand. Its largest population is found at Tasman Bay and on the East Coast of the South Island. Around New Zealand they can be found in harbours, inlets, bays and open water.
384:
makes swimming as the larval sand flounder was able to difficult and exhausting. The now juvenile sand flounders sink to the bottom and begin swimming as adult flatfish do, by undulating their side fins and for rapid acceleration, use their tail.
328:
can be found in estuaries. When they are juveniles they are found in sheltered inshore areas such as estuaries, mudflats and sand flats where they will stay for around two years. They also prefer a temperate climate.
398:
variety of bottom-dwelling invertebrates such as crabs, brittlestars, shrimps, worms, whitebait, shellfish and tiny fishes located by touch and vision. They also ingest mud detritus and seaweed while feeding.
375:
The extra nutrients they receive from these new food sources enables them to grow to around one and a half centimetres by the time they are three weeks old. Above each eye of the sand flounder is a bar of
449:
Flounders were considered one of the most delicious species of New
Zealand fish by early European settlers. The fish was so popular that even by the 1860s, populations were noted to have declined. The
430:, valued for its taste and abundance in shallow estuaries. PÄtiki were typically caught by dragging nets across harbours in the daytime, or by spear fishing at night. Areas famous for flounder include
344:
found sand flounder lay between 100,000 and 500,000 eggs when spawning. The variation in the number of eggs laid was attributed to the difference in size of the female laying the eggs.
454:
on preferences. At its simplest, it can be served beautifully after washing, drenching in flour and frying each side in a medium hot pan with oil/butter until the skin is crisp.
415:
which were both found in less than one percent of fish sampled. They found trematode's in 24% of the sand flounder, Hedruris spinigera in 6%, and fungal patches on 13%.
1381:
1420:
847:
1497:
1507:
768:
Webb B.F. Webb (1973) Fish populations of the AvonāHeathcote
Estuary (Breeding and Gonad Maturity) New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
1355:
1394:
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period. In the north, it has a long spawning period from March to
December. In the south, spawning largely occurs in the spring. A study in the
1443:
614:
840:
820:
794:
1469:
1512:
1399:
1115:
695:
McDowall R.M. (1976) The Role of
Estuaries in the Life Cycles of Fishes in New Zealand. New Zealand Ecological Society 26.
1255:
1185:
833:
197:
305:
The New Zealand sand flounder can be distinguished from other flounder species in New Zealand by its yellow underside.
1329:
985:
431:
777:
Enderby, J., & Enderby, T. (2012). Know Your New Zealand Fishes. (B. O'Flaherty, Ed.) New Holland Publishers Ltd.
85:
1425:
1275:
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1125:
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1075:
1297:
1215:
1195:
1085:
1035:
995:
1334:
1245:
180:
955:
1502:
1474:
1435:
1065:
1055:
1045:
1025:
219:
759:
D.H. Graham (1939) Food of the Fishes of Otago Harbour and Adjacent Sea Royal Society of New Zealand
543:
Graham, D. H. (1953). A Treasury of New Zealand Fish. Wellington: Hutcheson, Bowman and Stewart Ltd.
1225:
1165:
1155:
945:
895:
498:
50:
41:
1175:
975:
965:
586:
Paul, L., & Moreland, J. (1993). Handbook of New Zealand Marine Fishes. Auckland: Reed Books.
206:
80:
1386:
750:
Manikiam J.S. Manikiam (1969) A Guide to Flatfishes (Order Heterosomata) of New Zealand Tuatara
443:
1456:
1235:
1145:
1015:
905:
816:
610:
347:
After a period of time dependent on the temperature of the water (usually around a week), the
269:
1461:
1412:
1135:
915:
676:
620:
577:
Doak, W. (2003). Sea Fishes of New Zealand. (B. O'Flaherty, Ed.) New Holland Publishers Ltd.
493:
230:
925:
450:
427:
935:
475:
147:
127:
646:
Munroe T.A. (2010) | Rhombosolea plebeia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010
1491:
1407:
1265:
865:
825:
790:
484:
70:
65:
17:
435:
381:
341:
681:
664:
439:
665:"Spawning and Fecundity of two flounder species in the Hauraki gulf, New Zealand"
1368:
279:
274:
157:
1320:
442:, including the diamond-shaped pÄtikitiki weaving pattern and in designs for
624:
377:
97:
1342:
1314:
875:
803:
369:
352:
337:
299:
137:
117:
1347:
526:
A Guide Book to New Zealand Commercial Fish Species 2007 Revised Edition
336:
The geographic location of the New Zealand sand flounder determines its
1360:
607:
Secrets of the Sea: The Story of New Zealand's Native Sea Creatures
357:
1373:
365:
348:
107:
1291:
568:
Paul, L. (1997). Marine Fishes of New Zealand. Auckland: Reed Books.
361:
723:
Coastal Fishes of New Zealand, Identification, Biology, Behaviour
524:
Banks, D.; Crysell, S.; Garty, J.; Paris, S.; Selton, P. (2007).
1448:
1295:
829:
815:, (William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1982)
290:
New Zealand dab, pÄtiki, diamond, tinplate, square flounder.
552:
Paul, L. (1986). New Zealand Fishes. Auckland: Reed Books.
351:
sand flounder hatches. Larval sand flounders have a large
669:
New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
1304:
609:. HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. pp. 84ā89.
813:Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand
499:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T154914A4666185.en
841:
8:
528:. New Zealand: Seafood Industry Council Ltd.
282:in shallow waters down to depths of 100 m.
1292:
848:
834:
826:
716:
714:
712:
710:
704:Torres A. Rhombosolea plebeia summary page
658:
656:
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652:
59:
40:
31:
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466:
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7:
1436:edb57bdf-3356-4d66-9753-fb33feca2839
1498:IUCN Red List least concern species
485:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1508:Endemic marine fish of New Zealand
856:Endemic marine fish of New Zealand
605:Vennell, Robert (5 October 2022).
438:. Flounders are a common motif in
402:Predators, parasites, and diseases
364:, and as they grow further, small
25:
413:Heteracanthocephalus peltorhamphi
811:Tony Ayling & Geoffrey Cox,
738:A Treasury of New Zealand Fishes
84:
1:
1140:Peltorhamphus novaezeelandiae
1116:New Zealand slender clingfish
682:10.1080/00288330.1973.9515454
1256:Spotted estuary smooth-hound
1186:New Zealand urchin clingfish
910:Fiordichthys slartibartfasti
986:New Zealand black angelfish
432:Lake Ellesmere / Te Waihora
1529:
1276:Yellow-and-black triplefin
1230:Coelorinchus aspercephalus
1206:Oblique-swimming triplefin
1106:New Zealand sand stargazer
1060:Trachelochismus pinnulatus
1006:New Zealand blueback sprat
725:. Craig Potton Publishing.
426:is a traditional food for
35:New Zealand sand flounder
1110:Crapatalus novaezelandiae
1096:New Zealand sand flounder
900:Cephaloscyllium isabellum
861:
260:New Zealand sand flounder
212:
205:
186:
179:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
1280:Forsterygion flavonigrum
1126:New Zealand smooth skate
793:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1200:Aplodactylus etheridgii
1076:New Zealand rough skate
1070:Acanthoclinus littoreus
740:. A.H. & A.W. Reed.
492:: e.T154914A115251972.
227:Bowenia novaezealandiae
1513:Fish described in 1843
1240:Crapatalus angusticeps
1216:Prickly deep-sea skate
1210:Forsterygion maryannae
1196:Notchheaded marblefish
1160:Notoclinus fenestratus
1120:Gastrocyathus gracilis
1086:New Zealand sand diver
1036:New Zealand damselfish
996:New Zealand black goby
960:Gastroscyphus hectoris
930:Kathetostoma giganteum
474:Munroe, T.A. (2017) .
1260:Mustelus lenticulatus
1246:Smooth deep-sea skate
1190:Dellichthys morelandi
1170:Tetronarce fairchildi
950:Grahamichthys radiata
890:Histiobranchus bruuni
886:Bruun's cutthroat eel
807:. March 2006 version.
446:; traditional kites.
434:and the mouth of the
356:food sources such as
238:Rhombosolea thompsoni
1270:Notolabrus celidotus
1220:Brochiraja spinifera
1180:Colistium nudipinnis
1130:Dipturus innominatus
1066:New Zealand rockfish
1056:New Zealand lumpfish
1046:New Zealand flathead
1026:New Zealand catshark
990:Parma alboscapularis
721:Francis, M. (2012).
18:New Zealand flounder
1306:Rhombosolea plebeia
1250:Brochiraja asperula
1226:Rough-head whiptail
1166:New Zealand torpedo
1156:New Zealand topknot
1100:Rhombosolea plebeia
1030:Bythaelurus dawsoni
896:Draughtsboard shark
870:Alertichthys blacki
797:Rhombosolea plebeia
736:Graham, D. (1956).
663:Colman, J. (1973).
478:Rhombosolea plebeia
424:Rhombosolea piebeia
323:Habitat preferences
265:Rhombosolea plebeia
190:Rhombosolea plebeia
51:Conservation status
1176:New Zealand turbot
1050:Bembrops morelandi
1020:Colistium guntheri
1010:Sprattus antipodum
980:Pempheris adspersa
976:New Zealand bigeye
966:Longsnout pipefish
956:Hector's clingfish
940:Notolabrus cinctus
419:In a human context
1485:
1484:
1457:Open Tree of Life
1298:Taxon identifiers
1289:
1288:
1236:Slender stargazer
1150:Sprattus muelleri
1146:New Zealand sprat
1090:Tewara cranwellae
1016:New Zealand brill
906:Fiordland brotula
880:Parapercis colias
616:978-1-77554-179-0
409:Nerocila orbignyi
393:Diet and foraging
270:righteye flounder
256:
255:
250:
242:
234:
223:
216:Apsetta thompsoni
138:Pleuronectiformes
74:
16:(Redirected from
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1136:New Zealand sole
1080:Dipturus nasutus
1040:Chromis dispilus
1000:Gobiopsis atrata
970:Leptonotus norae
946:Graham's gudgeon
920:Hyporhamphus ihi
850:
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784:Other references
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249:Richardson, 1843
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246:Rhombus plebeius
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926:Giant stargazer
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451:Kaipara Harbour
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278:, found around
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172:R. plebeia
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28:
27:Species of fish
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936:Girdled wrasse
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791:Froese, Rainer
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743:
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675:(1ā2): 21ā43.
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128:Actinopterygii
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866:Alert pigfish
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821:0-00-216987-8
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241:(Kyle, 1901)
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1503:Rhombosolea
1369:iNaturalist
360:spores and
298:Like other
294:Description
280:New Zealand
275:Rhombosolea
159:Rhombosolea
1492:Categories
625:Q114871191
462:References
332:Life cycle
198:Richardson
444:manu aute
440:MÄori art
378:cartilage
166:Species:
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
1387:10913371
1343:FishBase
1321:Q2513367
1315:Wikidata
876:Blue cod
804:FishBase
621:Wikidata
505:26 March
370:plankton
353:yolk sac
338:spawning
300:flatfish
207:Synonyms
144:Family:
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
1426:1203428
1361:2409312
916:Garfish
358:seaweed
268:) is a
200:, 1843)
154:Genus:
134:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
1475:282601
1462:273737
1449:282601
1433:NZOR:
1413:154914
1400:172953
1374:111766
1266:Spotty
819:
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366:shrimp
349:larval
233:, 1873
222:, 1901
1470:WoRMS
1382:IRMNG
1348:12950
1335:72443
428:MÄori
362:algae
314:Range
231:Haast
1444:OBIS
1421:NCBI
1408:IUCN
1395:ITIS
1356:GBIF
1330:BOLD
817:ISBN
611:ISBN
507:2018
490:2010
411:and
368:and
258:The
220:Kyle
677:doi
494:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
