1027:
3915:
1071:, fishermen have noticed a significant increase in the quantity of fish. A sudden increase in primary productivity causes spikes in fish populations which leads to more oxygen being utilized. It is the continued deoxygenation of the water that then causes a decline in fish populations. These effects can begin in estuaries and have a wide effect on the surrounding water bodies. In turn, this can decrease fishing industry sales in one area and across the country. Production in 2016 from recreational and commercial fishing contributes billions of dollars to the United States' gross domestic product (GDP). A decrease in production within this industry can affect any of the 1.7 million people the fishing industry employs yearly across the United States.
4611:
924:
615:). Formation of barrier beaches partially encloses the estuary, with only narrow inlets allowing contact with the ocean waters. Bar-built estuaries typically develop on gently sloping plains located along tectonically stable edges of continents and marginal sea coasts. They are extensive along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the U.S. in areas with active coastal deposition of sediments and where tidal ranges are less than 4 m (13 ft). The barrier beaches that enclose bar-built estuaries have been developed in several ways:
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1205:. They are also threatened by sewage, coastal settlement, land clearance and much more. Estuaries are affected by events far upstream, and concentrate materials such as pollutants and sediments. Land run-off and industrial, agricultural, and domestic waste enter rivers and are discharged into estuaries. Contaminants can be introduced which do not disintegrate rapidly in the marine environment, such as
1018:, which are another potential ecosystem in estuaries. An increase in nitrogen causes an increase in shoot growth and a decrease in root growth. Weaker root systems cause a mangrove tree to be less resilient in seasons of drought, which can lead to the death of the mangrove. This shift in above ground and below ground biomass caused by eutrophication could hindered plant success in these ecosystems.
1080:
small experience strong seasonal variation in their fish communities. In winter, the fish community is dominated by hardy marine residents, and in summer a variety of marine and anadromous fishes move into and out of estuaries, capitalizing on their high productivity. Estuaries provide a critical habitat to a variety of species that rely on estuaries for life-cycle completion. Pacific
Herring (
469:, meaning tide. There have been many definitions proposed to describe an estuary. The most widely accepted definition is: "a semi-enclosed coastal body of water, which has a free connection with the open sea, and within which seawater is measurably diluted with freshwater derived from land drainage". However, this definition excludes a number of coastal water bodies such as coastal lagoons and
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waters deeper than that may remain stagnant for a very long time, so there is only an occasional exchange of the deep water of the estuary with the ocean. If the sill depth is deep, water circulation is less restricted, and there is a slow but steady exchange of water between the estuary and the ocean. Fjord-type estuaries can be found along the coasts of
1050:. Eutrophication reduced the oxygen levels in their habitats so greatly that whitefish eggs could not survive, causing local extinctions. However, some animals, such as carnivorous fish, tend to do well in nutrient-enriched environments and can benefit from eutrophication. This can be seen in populations of bass or pikes.
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population that has been almost wiped out by overfishing. Oysters filter these pollutants, and either eat them or shape them into small packets that are deposited on the bottom where they are harmless. Historically the oysters filtered the estuary's entire water volume of excess nutrients every three
540:
Drowned river valleys are also known as coastal plain estuaries. In places where the sea level is rising relative to the land, sea water progressively penetrates into river valleys and the topography of the estuary remains similar to that of a river valley. This is the most common type of estuary in
837:
Inverse estuaries occur in dry climates where evaporation greatly exceeds the inflow of freshwater. A salinity maximum zone is formed, and both riverine and oceanic water flow close to the surface towards this zone. This water is pushed downward and spreads along the bottom in both the seaward and
775:
In this type of estuary, river output greatly exceeds marine input and tidal effects have minor importance. Freshwater floats on top of the seawater in a layer that gradually thins as it moves seaward. The denser seawater moves landward along the bottom of the estuary, forming a wedge-shaped layer
667:
or rock bars form sills that restrict water flow. In the upper reaches of the estuary, the depth can exceed 300 m (1,000 ft). The width-to-depth ratio is generally small. In estuaries with very shallow sills, tidal oscillations only affect the water down to the depth of the sill, and the
2242:
Descroix, Luc; Sané, Yancouba; Thior, Mamadou; Manga, Sylvie-Paméla; Ba, Boubacar Demba; Mingou, Joseph; Mendy, Victor; Coly, Saloum; Dièye, Arame; Badiane, Alexandre; Senghor, Marie-Jeanne; Diedhiou, Ange-Bouramanding; Sow, Djiby; Bouaita, Yasmin; Soumaré, Safietou; Diop, Awa; Faty, Bakary; Sow,
1079:
Estuaries are incredibly dynamic systems, where temperature, salinity, turbidity, depth and flow all change daily in response to the tides. This dynamism makes estuaries highly productive habitats, but also make it difficult for many species to survive year-round. As a result, estuaries large and
788:
As tidal forcing increases, river output becomes less than the marine input. Here, current induced turbulence causes mixing of the whole water column such that salinity varies more longitudinally rather than vertically, leading to a moderately stratified condition. Examples include the
603:
Bar-built estuaries are found in a place where the deposition of sediment has kept pace with rising sea levels so that the estuaries are shallow and separated from the sea by sand spits or barrier islands. They are relatively common in tropical and subtropical locations.
1046:, containing a majority of commercial fish catch, making the impacts of eutrophication that much greater within estuaries. Some specific estuarine animals feel the effects of eutrophication more strongly than others. One example is the whitefish species from the
1066:
Eutrophication can affect many marine habitats which can lead to economic consequences. The commercial fishing industry relies upon estuaries for approximately 68 percent of their catch by value because of the great biodiversity of this ecosystem. During an
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discharges nutrients into estuaries. With human activities, land run-off also now includes the many chemicals used as fertilizers in agriculture as well as waste from livestock and humans. Excess oxygen-depleting chemicals in the water can lead to
3252:
García-Alonso, J.; Lercari, D.; Araujo, B.F.; Almeida, M.G.; Rezende, C.E. (2017). "Total and extractable elemental composition of the intertidal estuarine biofilm of the Río de la Plata: Disentangling natural and anthropogenic influences".
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that is thinner as it approaches land. As a velocity difference develops between the two layers, shear forces generate internal waves at the interface, mixing the seawater upward with the freshwater. An examples of a salt wedge estuary is
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and to live in a more stable sedimental environment. However, large numbers of bacteria are found within the sediment which has a very high oxygen demand. This reduces the levels of oxygen within the sediment often resulting in partially
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reflect areas of the estuary impacted by human activities, and over time may shift the basic composition of the ecosystem, and the reversible or irreversible changes in the abiotic and biotic parts of the systems from the bottom up.
3443:
Noman, Md. Abu; Mamunur, Rashid; Islam, M. Shahanul; Hossain, M. Belal (2018). "Spatial and seasonal distribution of
Intertidal Macrobenthos with their biomass and functional feeding guilds in the Naf River estuary, Bangladesh".
1005:
vegetation dominates the salt marsh landscape. Excess nutrients allow the plants to grow at greater rates in above ground biomass, however less energy is allocated to the roots since nutrients is abundant. This leads to a lower
895:
variation can cause problems for life forms. Nutrient-rich sediment from human-made sources can promote primary production life cycles, perhaps leading to eventual decay removing the dissolved oxygen from the water; thus
556:
The width-to-depth ratio of these estuaries is typically large, appearing wedge-shaped (in cross-section) in the inner part and broadening and deepening seaward. Water depths rarely exceed 30 m (100 ft).
882:
of tributary rivers to 3.4% at the estuary mouth. At any one point, the salinity will vary considerably over time and seasons, making it a harsh environment for organisms. Sediment often settles in intertidal
520:
flowing from rivers and streams. The pattern of dilution varies between different estuaries and depends on the volume of freshwater, the tidal range, and the extent of evaporation of the water in the estuary.
891:, so vegetation based habitat is not established. Sediment can also clog feeding and respiratory structures of species, and special adaptations exist within mudflat species to cope with this problem. Lastly,
3148:
Gill, Jennifer A.; Norris, Ken; Potts, Peter M.; Gunnarsson, Tómas Grétar; Atkinson, Philip W.; Sutherland, William J. (2001). "The buffer effect and large-scale population regulation in migratory birds".
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Some major rivers that run through deserts historically had vast, expansive estuaries that have been reduced to a fraction of their former size, because of dams and diversions. One example is the
645:
Fjords were formed where
Pleistocene glaciers deepened and widened existing river valleys so that they become U-shaped in cross-sections. At their mouths there are typically rocks, bars or
303:
epoch with the flooding of river-eroded or glacially scoured valleys when the sea level began to rise about 10,000–12,000 years ago. Estuaries are typically classified according to their
2946:
Lellis-Dibble, K.A. (2008). "Estuarine Fish and
Shellfish Species in US commercial and Recreational Fisheries: Economic Value as an Incentive to Protect and Restore Estuarine Habitat".
663:. These U-shaped estuaries typically have steep sides, rock bottoms, and underwater sills contoured by glacial movement. The estuary is shallowest at its mouth, where terminal glacial
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1746:
2887:
Vonlanthen, P., Bittner, D., Hudson A.G., et al. (2012). Eutrophication causes speciation reversal in whitefish adaptive radiations. Nature. 482, 337-362. DOI: 10.1038/nature0824.
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limitation instead of nitrogen limitation. Estuaries can be severely impacted by an unbalanced phosphorus cycle, as phosphorus interacts with nitrogen and silica availability.
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often results in plant death but the impacts do not end there. Plant death alters the entire food web structure which can result in the death of animals within the afflicted
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With an abundance of nutrients in the ecosystem, plants and algae overgrow and eventually decompose, which produce a significant amount of carbon dioxide. While releasing CO
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1997:
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may not be perennial, the connection to the sea may be closed for part of the year and tidal influence may be negligible". This broad definition also includes
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1084:) are known to lay their eggs in estuaries and bays, surfperch give birth in estuaries, juvenile flatfish and rockfish migrate to estuaries to rear, and
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effects on the movement of water which can have important impacts on the ecosystem and waterflow. The seawater entering the estuary is diluted by the
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2564:
Deegan, Linda A.; Johnson, David Samuel; Warren, R. Scott; Peterson, Bruce J.; Fleeger, John W.; Fagherazzi, Sergio; Wollheim, Wilfred M. (2012).
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building up of offshore bars by wave action, in which sand from the seafloor is deposited in elongated bars parallel to the shoreline,
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2073:"Can navigation locks be used to help migratory fishes with poor swimming performance pass tidal barrages? A test with lampreys"
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engulfment of mainland beach ridges (ridges developed from the erosion of coastal plain sediments around 5000 years ago) due to
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Tidal mixing forces exceed river output, resulting in a well-mixed water column and the disappearance of the vertical salinity
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5359:
5017:
4556:
3408:
Jakobsen, F.; Azam, M.H.; Mahboob-Ul-Kabir, M. (2002). "Residual Flow in the Meghna
Estuary on the Coastline of Bangladesh".
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1921:
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or four days. Today that process takes almost a year, and sediment, nutrients, and algae can cause problems in local waters.
1218:
2410:
Howarth, Robert; Chan, Francis; Conley, Daniel J; Garnier, Josette; Doney, Scott C; Marino, Roxanne; Billen, Gilles (2011).
3091:"Evidence of connectivity between juvenile and adult habitats for mobile marine fauna: An important component of nurseries"
1252:
For example, Chinese and
Russian industrial pollution, such as phenols and heavy metals, has devastated fish stocks in the
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in estuaries in temperate zones. During a eutrophication event, biogeochemical feedback decreases the amount of available
221:
5024:
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327:, although some of these water bodies do not strictly meet the above definition of an estuary and could be fully saline.
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1898:
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reworking of sediment discharge from rivers by a wave, current, and wind action into beaches, overwash flats, and dunes,
2901:
Jeppesen, Erik; Peder Jensen, Jens; Søndergaard, Martin; Lauridsen, Torben; Junge
Pedersen, Leif; Jensen, Lars (1997),
6483:
5086:
4571:
3577:
2355:"Nitrogen as the limiting nutrient for eutrophication in coastal marine ecosystems: Evolving views over three decades"
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into the water and atmosphere, these organisms are also intaking all or nearly all of the available oxygen creating a
752:
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923:
6739:
6568:
5490:
4659:
3879:
3065:"Seasonal abundance, composition and productivity of the littoral fish assemblage in Upper Newport Bay, California"
476:
A more comprehensive definition of an estuary is "a semi-enclosed body of water connected to the sea as far as the
408:
5865:
5509:
4187:
4081:
1933:
1600:
1585:
2827:"Patterns of fish use in urban estuaries: Engineering maintenance schedules to protect broader seascape habitat"
2412:"Coupled biogeochemical cycles: eutrophication and hypoxia in temperate estuaries and coastal marine ecosystems"
858:
Estuary type varies dramatically depending on freshwater input, and is capable of changing from a wholly marine
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1276:. This can result in reductions in water quality, fish, and other animal populations. Overfishing also occurs.
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are key primary producers in estuaries. They move with the water bodies and can be flushed in and out with the
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and resulting in the breaching of the ridges and flooding of the coastal lowlands, forming shallow lagoons,
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140:
2903:"Top-down control in freshwater lakes: The role of nutrient state, submerged macrophytes and water depth"
700:
These estuaries are formed by subsidence or land cut off from the ocean by land movement associated with
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Of the thirty-two largest cities in the world in the early 1990s, twenty-two were located on estuaries.
870:
The most important variable characteristics of estuary water are the concentration of dissolved oxygen,
814:
2966:"Compensatory Responses of Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus under Different Feed-Deprivation Regimes"
1610:
2772:"Fine-scale movement and assimilation of carbon in saltmarsh and mangrove habitat by resident animals"
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and phosphorus, creating conditions where harmful algal blooms can persist. Given the now off-balance
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2423:
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2178:
Wolanski, E. (1986). "An evaporation-driven salinity maximum zone in
Australian tropical estuaries".
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in the vegetation below ground which destabilizes the banks of the marsh causing increased rates of
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Bamol Ali; Machu, Eric; Montoroi, Jean-Pierre; Andrieu, Julien; Vandervaere, Jean-Pierre (2020).
1991:
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412:
2629:"Rapid shoreward encroachment of salt marsh cordgrass in response to accelerated sea-level rise"
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are a type of ecosystem in some estuaries that have been negatively impacted by eutrophication.
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41:
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have various methods to control or conform to the shifts in salt concentrations and are termed
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2019:
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in Mexico, historically covered with marshlands and forests, but now essentially a salt flat.
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Such toxins can accumulate in the tissues of many species of aquatic life in a process called
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117:
2469:
Morales-Williams, Ana M.; Wanamaker, Alan D.; Williams, Clayton J.; Downing, John A. (2021).
1880: – Fish that inhabit the sea between the shoreline and the edge of the continental shelf
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Silva, Sergio; Lowry, Maran; Macaya-Solis, Consuelo; Byatt, Barry; Lucas, Martyn C. (2017).
1979:
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1244:: a geological record of human activities of the last century. The elemental composition of
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has also contributed to the formation of these estuaries. There are only a small number of
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with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open
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209:
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102:
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87:
1974:
Pritchard, D. W. (1967). "What is an estuary: physical viewpoint". In Lauf, G. H. (ed.).
1941: – A water wave traveling upstream a river or narrow bay because of an incoming tide
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load. There is extreme spatial variability in salinity, with a range of near-zero at the
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3162:
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3005:
Fay, Gavin; DePiper, Geret; Steinback, Scott; Gamble, Robert J.; Link, Jason S. (2019).
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Lovelock, Catherine E.; Ball, Marilyn C.; Martin, Katherine C.; C. Feller, Ilka (2009).
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2825:
Waltham, Nathan J.; McCann, Jack; Power, Trent; Moore, Matt; Buelow, Christina (2020).
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1947: – Volume of water in an estuary or inlet between mean high tide and mean low tide
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features or to water-circulation patterns. They can have many different names, such as
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4359:
3889:
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3829:
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3642:
3391:"สัณฐานชายฝั่ง - ระบบฐานข้อมูลทรัพยากรทางทะเลและชายฝั่ง กรมทรัพยากรทางทะเลและชายฝั่ง"
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may lead to excessive nutrients from sewage and animal wastes; pollutants including
284:, and to fluvial influences such as flows of freshwater and sediment. The mixing of
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by Arctic
Network for the Support of the Indigenous Peoples of the Russian Arctic
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Seasonal fish and invertebrate communities in three northern
California estuaries
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elongation of barrier spits from the erosion of headlands due to the action of
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which are extremely difficult to colonize. No points of attachment exist for
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3225:
Branch, George (1999). "Estuarine vulnerability and ecological impacts".
3089:
Gillanders, BM; Able, KW; Brown, JA; Eggleston, DB; Sheridan, PF (2003).
2565:
2218:& Hall, S.M. (2014): Spencer Gulf: Geological setting and evolution.
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or the salt intrusion limit and receiving freshwater runoff; however the
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meaning tidal inlet of the sea, which in itself is derived from the term
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17:
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1983:
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As ecosystems, estuaries are under threat from human activities such as
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These estuaries are semi-isolated from ocean waters by barrier beaches (
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has been seen to negatively impact many plant communities in estuarine
974:, which is more harmful for vulnerable coastal regions like estuaries.
705:
689:
664:
660:
650:
269:
3288:"Indigenous Peoples of the Russian North, Siberia and Far East: Nivkh"
2446:
2261:
2245:"Inverse Estuaries in West Africa: Evidence of the Rainfall Recovery?"
2244:
1912: – List of navigable rivers, canals, estuaries, lakes, and firths
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3007:"Economic and Ecosystem Effects of Fishing on the Northeast US Shelf"
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489:
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316:
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175:
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3339:. US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from
1168:
A primary source of food for many organisms on estuaries, including
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conditions, which can be further exacerbated by limited water flow.
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Two of the main challenges of estuarine life are the variability in
809:. The freshwater-seawater boundary is eliminated due to the intense
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provides high levels of nutrients both in the water column and in
273:
265:
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36:
3565:
The Estuary Guide (Based on experience and R&D within the UK)
1953: – Type of land area that is flooded or saturated with water
1889: – Scottish word used for various coastal inlets and straits
1186:
Ecosystem service § Estuarine and coastal ecosystem services
653:, which have the effects of modifying the estuarine circulation.
636:, with the spits growing in the direction of the littoral drift.
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environments and maritime environments and are an example of an
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659:-type estuaries are formed in deeply eroded valleys formed by
558:
535:
308:
261:
2155:
Ecology of Estuaries. Volume I: Physical and Chemical Aspects
1978:. A.A.A.S. Publ. Vol. 83. Washington, DC. pp. 3–5.
5876:
735:
system causing the inundation of the lower reaches of the
272:. Estuaries are subject both to marine influences such as
2528:
Selman, Mindy; Sugg, Zachary; Greenhalgh, Suzie (2008).
2016:
The Estuarine Ecosystem: Ecology, Threats and Management
1930: – Silt deposition landform at the mouth of a river
2566:"Coastal eutrophication as a driver of salt marsh loss"
1882:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1874: – Reducing pH values in coastal marine ecosystems
838:
landward direction. Examples of an inverse estuary are
541:
temperate climates. Well-studied estuaries include the
2705:"Nutrient Enrichment Increases Mortality of Mangroves"
504:
having a connection to the open sea through which the
2909:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 151–164,
762:"Salt wedge" redirects here. Not to be confused with
927:
Processes that nitrogen undergo in estuarine systems
6611:
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6438:
6385:
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1153:. Their productivity is largely dependent upon the
780:and Mandovi estuary in Goa during monsoon period.
731:, which was formed by the crustal movements of the
3308:
919:Effects of eutrophication on biogeochemical cycles
829:are examples of vertically homogeneous estuaries.
461:The word "estuary" is derived from the Latin word
1157:of the water. The main phytoplankton present are
27:Partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water
2627:Donnelly, Jeffrey P.; Bertness, Mark D. (2001).
1895: – River estuary lagoon in Black Sea region
1747:Iguape-Cananéia-Paranaguá estuary lagoon complex
3204:. New York: Harper Collins College Publishers.
2948:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
2633:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1918: – Network of 30 protected areas in the US
6479:A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia
2330:Marine Ecology. Processes, Systems and Impacts
1022:Effects of eutrophication on estuarine animals
939:. These feedbacks also increase the supply of
370:from sewage inputs; and diking or damming for
6564:Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board
6489:Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type
5892:
5517:
4667:
3875:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
3585:
2770:Guest, Michaela A.; Connolly, Rod M. (2005).
2225:Royal Society of South Australia Inc. p. 21.
1054:Effects of eutrophication on human activities
978:Effects of eutrophication on estuarine plants
512:. The effects of tides on estuaries can show
229:
8:
2353:Howarth, Robert W.; Marino, Roxanne (2006).
1095:use estuaries as migration corridors. Also,
5848:List of rivers that have reversed direction
3940:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
2531:Eutrophication and Hypoxia in Coastal Areas
908:Implications of eutrophication on estuaries
264:. Estuaries form a transition zone between
6503:
5918:
5899:
5885:
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5502:
4674:
4660:
4652:
4256:
4137:
4124:
3622:
3608:
3592:
3578:
3570:
2471:"Eutrophication Drives Extreme Seasonal CO
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
1996:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1176:from the settlement of the sedimentation.
299:Most existing estuaries formed during the
236:
222:
47:
3124:
3114:
3052:(M.S. thesis). Humboldt State University.
3022:
2981:
2964:Gao, Yang; Lee, Jeong-Yeol (2012-12-30).
2852:
2746:
2728:
2670:
2652:
2445:
2435:
2378:
2260:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2096:
2009:
2007:
1866:Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation
747:Classification based on water circulation
2416:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
2211:
2209:
716:from eustatic sea-level rise during the
3547:"Habitats: Estuaries – Characteristics"
3311:Marine Pollution: Diagnosis and Therapy
1969:
1967:
1963:
727:produced estuaries; one example is the
174:
153:
130:
72:
50:
6584:Meadowview Biological Research Station
6516:Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands
3537:Animated documentary on Chesapeake Bay
2278:"Oceanography Notes Ch. 12: Estuaries"
1989:
1901: – A list of estuaries in England
3337:"Oyster Reefs: Ecological importance"
2959:
2957:
2941:
2939:
2896:
2894:
2882:
2880:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2332:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2112:Kunneke, J. T.; Palik, T. F. (1984).
2018:. New York: Oxford University Press.
966:. The excess carbon in the form of CO
525:Classification based on geomorphology
7:
3410:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
3255:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
2832:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
2180:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
2014:McLusky, D. S.; Elliott, M. (2004).
1240:environments, such as estuaries and
1165:which are abundant in the sediment.
986:A salt marsh with wood storks wading
931:Nitrogen is often the lead cause of
914:Eutrophication § Coastal waters
334:from a variety of factors including
6579:Irish Peatland Conservation Council
4203:Oceanic physical-biological process
4065:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
3446:Journal of Oceanology and Limnology
3046:Osborn, Katherine (December 2017).
1916:National Estuarine Research Reserve
1868: – U.S. nonprofit organization
862:to any of the other estuary types.
5370:Integrated coastal zone management
3549:. www.onr.navy.mil. Archived from
387:New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary
25:
3227:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
1905:List of estuaries of South Africa
1411:Puerto Princesa Underground River
1014:. A similar phenomenon occurs in
6704:
6703:
6692:
5861:
5860:
5486:
5485:
5023:
5016:
4636:
4635:
4623:
4609:
4241:
3913:
3730:Colored dissolved organic matter
2380:10.4319/lo.2006.51.1_part_2.0364
2223:Natural History of Spencer Gulf.
2121:U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep
1843:
1829:
1815:
1801:
1787:
559:Examples of this type of estuary
58:
6745:Environmental impact of fishing
6075:Flooded grasslands and savannas
5557:Drainage system (geomorphology)
4075:Latin America and the Caribbean
2114:"Tampa Bay environmental atlas"
1259:Estuaries tend to be naturally
1190:Marine ecosystem § Threats
553:along the Dutch-German border.
5567:Strahler number (stream order)
5468:Region of freshwater influence
4557:Ecological values of mangroves
4100:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
3307:Gerlach, Sebastian A. (1981).
3095:Marine Ecology Progress Series
2970:Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
1922:Region of freshwater influence
1256:and damaged its estuary soil.
1099:bird populations, such as the
970:can lead to low pH levels and
508:enters with the rhythm of the
1:
6750:Coastal and oceanic landforms
6599:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust
6589:Society of Wetland Scientists
5230:Large-scale coastal behaviour
5062:Beaches in estuaries and bays
3239:10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01732-2
2534:. World Resources Institute.
2157:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
2098:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.02.027
1860:Beaches in estuaries and bays
1042:. Estuaries are hotspots for
947:, estuaries can be driven to
350:and the filling of wetlands.
6214:Peatland, mire, and quagmire
4577:Marine conservation activism
4562:Fisheries and climate change
3202:Introduction to Oceanography
2915:10.1007/978-94-011-5648-6_17
2730:10.1371/journal.pone.0005600
2328:Kaiser; et al. (2005).
2307:. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema.
2200:10.1016/0272-7714(86)90065-X
1899:List of estuaries of England
1075:Implications for marine life
6484:National Wetlands Inventory
4572:Human impact on marine life
4449:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
3685:Aquatic population dynamics
3488:"พื้นที่ชุ่มน้ำในประเทศไทย"
3011:Frontiers in Marine Science
1715:(Christchurch, New Zealand)
962:environment and unbalanced
753:Estuarine water circulation
692:, New Zealand, and Norway.
423:A crowded estuary mouth in
6776:
6569:Delta Waterfowl Foundation
3517:"The Amazon River Estuary"
3275:10.1016/j.ecss.2016.12.018
2854:10.1016/j.ecss.2020.106729
2499:10.1007/s10021-020-00527-2
2359:Limnology and Oceanography
1924: – Coastal sea region
1668:New York-New Jersey Harbor
1314:Estuário do Espírito Santo
1236:. They also accumulate in
1183:
911:
768:
761:
750:
596:
533:
500:. An estuary is a dynamic
29:
6687:
6506:
5856:
5481:
5014:
4603:
4259:
4239:
4188:Marine primary production
4136:
4123:
4082:List of marine ecoregions
3911:
3621:
3607:
3466:10.1007/s00343-019-8063-7
2796:10.1007/s10452-005-0442-9
1934:Shell growth in estuaries
1586:Estuary of Saint Lawrence
407:Estuary mouth located in
360:polychlorinated biphenyls
6548:Wetland indicator status
5175:Coastal biogeomorphology
4434:Coastal biogeomorphology
4429:Marine coastal ecosystem
3063:Allen, Larry G. (1982).
3024:10.3389/fmars.2019.00133
2475:Flux in Lake Ecosystems"
866:Physiochemical variation
593:Lagoon-type or bar-built
252:is a partially enclosed
32:Estuary (disambiguation)
6259:Freshwater swamp forest
5680:River channel migration
4342:Paradox of the plankton
4153:Diel vertical migration
4047:Freshwater swamp forest
3765:GIS and aquatic science
3613:General components and
2153:Kennish, M. J. (1986).
2050:. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
1872:Estuarine acidification
1862: – Type of beaches
1641:Mississippi River Delta
1415:Waeru River Estuary of
1280:once had a flourishing
1062:Commercial fishing boat
817:. The lower reaches of
6594:Wetlands International
6365:List of wetland plants
5610:Bar (river morphology)
5072:Coastal morphodynamics
4168:Large marine ecosystem
3860:Shoaling and schooling
3430:10.1006/ecss.2001.0929
2654:10.1073/pnas.251209298
2077:Ecological Engineering
2048:Estuarine Ecohydrology
1713:Avon Heathcote Estuary
1561:Columbia River Estuary
1063:
1031:
1030:Example of a whitefish
987:
928:
764:Salt wedging (geology)
458:
447:
432:
416:
400:
389:
330:Many estuaries suffer
45:
6239:Salt pannes and pools
5792:Erosion and tectonics
5787:Degradation (geology)
5463:Physical oceanography
4587:Marine protected area
4514:Salt pannes and pools
4289:Marine larval ecology
4264:Census of Marine Life
4148:Deep scattering layer
4105:San Francisco Estuary
4070:Africa and Madagascar
3895:Underwater camouflage
3675:Aquatic biomonitoring
3615:freshwater ecosystems
2983:10.5657/fas.2012.0305
2046:Wolanski, E. (2007).
1407:Narmada river estuary
1184:Further information:
1103:, rely on estuaries.
1061:
1029:
985:
926:
912:Further information:
696:Tectonically produced
530:Drowned river valleys
453:
439:Estuary mouth of the
438:
422:
406:
395:
385:
40:
5813:Deposition (geology)
5540:Large-scale features
5292:Submergent coastline
5245:Marine transgression
5200:Discordant coastline
5185:Concordant coastline
4322:Marine bacteriophage
4284:Marine invertebrates
3315:. Berlin: Springer.
3200:Ross, D. A. (1995).
2276:Tomczak, M. (2000).
1417:Chanthaburi Province
1290:Colorado River Delta
1272:and the creation of
1130:. Many animals also
561:in the U.S. are the
374:or water diversion.
280:, and the influx of
30:For other uses, see
6699:Wetlands portal
6330:Constructed wetland
5915:Types and landforms
5396:Coastal engineering
4198:Ocean fertilization
4007:Trophic state index
3965:Lake stratification
3695:Aquatic respiration
3458:2019JOL....37.1010N
3422:2002ECSS...55..587J
3267:2017ECSS..187...53G
3163:2001Natur.412..436G
3107:2003MEPS..247..281G
2845:2020ECSS..23806729W
2788:2005AqEco..38..599G
2721:2009PLoSO...4.5600L
2645:2001PNAS...9814218D
2639:(25): 14218–14223.
2590:10.1038/nature11533
2582:2012Natur.490..388D
2491:2021Ecosy..24..434M
2428:2011FrEE....9...18H
2371:2006LimOc..51..364H
2365:(1part2): 364–376.
2303:Day, J. H. (1981).
2192:1986ECSS...22..415W
2089:2017EcEng.102..291S
1606:Indian River Lagoon
1446:Dnieper-Bug Estuary
1101:black-tailed godwit
1034:Across all biomes,
972:ocean acidification
904:zones can develop.
842:, South Australia,
771:Saltwater intrusion
6543:Salt marsh die-off
6461:Salt marsh dieback
6370:List of fen plants
6209:Palustrine wetland
6110:Intertidal wetland
6105:Interdunal wetland
5843:Sediment transport
5797:River rejuvenation
5770:Regional processes
5365:Coastal management
5205:Emergent coastline
4876:Intertidal wetland
4779:Continental margin
4464:Intertidal wetland
4459:Intertidal ecology
4327:Marine prokaryotes
4269:Deep-sea community
4163:Iron fertilization
4086:Specific examples
4012:Upland and lowland
3930:Freshwater biology
3795:Microbial food web
3705:Aquatic toxicology
3648:Aquatic adaptation
3601:Aquatic ecosystems
3492:wetland.onep.go.th
3366:myanmarholiday.com
3343:on October 3, 2008
3293:2009-08-07 at the
3116:10.3354/meps247281
2284:on 7 December 2006
1837:Environment portal
1646:Lake Pontchartrain
1611:Laguna de Términos
1114:. Many species of
1064:
1032:
988:
929:
741:San Joaquin rivers
684:, eastern Canada,
676:region of western
634:longshore currents
459:
448:
433:
417:
413:Northern Territory
401:
390:
190:Hydrothermal vents
141:Surface microlayer
46:
6740:Coastal geography
6717:
6716:
6619:Aquatic ecosystem
6607:
6606:
6526:Ramsar Convention
6353:
6352:
6335:Converted wetland
6277:Peat swamp forest
6140:Inland salt marsh
5874:
5873:
5675:River bifurcation
5499:
5498:
5327:Wave-cut platform
5240:Marine regression
4784:Continental shelf
4774:Coastal waterfall
4683:Coastal geography
4649:
4648:
4630:Oceans portal
4599:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4474:Hydrothermal vent
4410:
4409:
4299:Seashore wildlife
4130:Marine ecosystems
4119:
4118:
4115:
4114:
3885:Thermal pollution
3850:Ramsar Convention
3790:Microbial ecology
3750:Fisheries science
3690:Aquatic predation
3211:978-0-673-46938-0
3157:(6845): 436–438.
2924:978-94-010-6382-1
2907:Shallow Lakes '95
2576:(7420): 388–392.
2541:978-1-56973-681-4
2314:978-90-6191-205-7
2305:Estuarine Ecology
2262:10.3390/w12030647
2164:978-0-8493-5892-0
2057:978-0-444-53066-0
2025:978-0-19-852508-0
1910:List of waterways
1691:San Francisco Bay
1631:Long Island Sound
1502:Southampton Water
778:Mississippi River
733:San Andreas Fault
729:San Francisco Bay
482:freshwater inflow
427:near the city of
246:
245:
118:Continental shelf
16:(Redirected from
6767:
6707:
6706:
6697:
6696:
6695:
6679:Will-o'-the-wisp
6612:Related articles
6504:
6304:Whitewater river
6254:Coniferous swamp
6135:Freshwater marsh
6028:Clearwater river
5944:Blackwater river
5919:
5901:
5894:
5887:
5878:
5864:
5863:
5605:Avulsion (river)
5533:River morphology
5526:
5519:
5512:
5503:
5489:
5488:
5250:Raised shoreline
5225:Ingression coast
5220:Graded shoreline
5195:Cuspate foreland
5027:
5020:
4971:Submarine canyon
4831:Freshwater marsh
4676:
4669:
4662:
4653:
4639:
4638:
4632:
4628:
4627:
4618:
4616:Lakes portal
4614:
4613:
4612:
4582:Marine pollution
4274:Deep-water coral
4257:
4245:
4178:Marine chemistry
4138:
4125:
4042:Freshwater marsh
3935:Freshwater biome
3917:
3633:Acoustic ecology
3623:
3609:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3571:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3525:
3524:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3494:. Archived from
3484:
3478:
3477:
3452:(3): 1010–1023.
3440:
3434:
3433:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3368:. Archived from
3358:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3314:
3304:
3298:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3171:10.1038/35086568
3145:
3139:
3138:
3128:
3118:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3072:Fishery Bulletin
3069:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3026:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2985:
2961:
2952:
2951:
2943:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2898:
2889:
2884:
2875:
2874:
2856:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2750:
2732:
2700:
2685:
2684:
2674:
2656:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2561:
2546:
2545:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2449:
2439:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2382:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2280:. Archived from
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2239:
2233:
2213:
2204:
2203:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2150:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2118:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2043:
2030:
2029:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1995:
1987:
1971:
1883:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1726:(Sydney Harbour)
1663:Newport Back Bay
1658:Narragansett Bay
893:dissolved oxygen
811:turbulent mixing
795:Narragansett Bay
682:British Columbia
678:Washington state
651:glacial deposits
305:geomorphological
238:
231:
224:
103:Seagrass meadows
98:Mangrove forests
74:Coastal habitats
62:
48:
21:
6775:
6774:
6770:
6769:
6768:
6766:
6765:
6764:
6760:Aquatic ecology
6755:Bodies of water
6720:
6719:
6718:
6713:
6693:
6691:
6683:
6603:
6574:Ducks Unlimited
6552:
6511:Clean Water Act
6493:
6471:Classifications
6465:
6434:
6381:
6349:
6313:
6264:Mangrove forest
5910:
5905:
5875:
5870:
5852:
5833:Helicoidal flow
5801:
5765:
5732:
5704:
5620:Channel pattern
5592:Alluvial rivers
5586:
5582:River sinuosity
5535:
5530:
5500:
5495:
5477:
5453:Intertidal zone
5379:
5346:
5235:Longshore drift
5180:Coastal erosion
5151:
5111:
5047:Beach evolution
5028:
5022:
5021:
5012:
4699:Anchialine pool
4685:
4680:
4650:
4645:
4622:
4621:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4591:
4552:Coral bleaching
4538:
4519:Seagrass meadow
4416:Marine habitats
4406:
4380:Coral reef fish
4346:
4332:Marine protists
4308:
4246:
4237:
4208:Ocean turbidity
4183:Marine food web
4132:
4111:
4053:
3992:River ecosystem
3945:Freshwater fish
3918:
3909:
3715:Bioluminescence
3700:Aquatic science
3617:
3603:
3598:
3556:
3554:
3545:
3533:
3528:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3501:
3499:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3375:
3373:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3346:
3344:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3295:Wayback Machine
3286:
3282:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3212:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2963:
2962:
2955:
2945:
2944:
2937:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2900:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2776:Aquatic Ecology
2769:
2768:
2764:
2702:
2701:
2688:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2563:
2562:
2549:
2542:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2285:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2214:
2207:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2152:
2151:
2140:
2130:
2128:
2116:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2045:
2044:
2033:
2026:
2013:
2012:
2005:
1988:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1881:
1851:Wetlands portal
1849:
1844:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1778:
1774:Rio de la Plata
1752:Lagoa dos Patos
1738:
1719:Gippsland Lakes
1709:
1539:Albemarle Sound
1535:
1527:Western Scheldt
1492:Shannon Estuary
1466:Gironde estuary
1437:
1351:
1304:
1298:
1234:bioaccumulation
1192:
1182:
1163:dinoflagellates
1082:Clupea pallasii
1077:
1056:
1024:
1016:mangrove swamps
980:
969:
957:
921:
916:
910:
868:
856:
848:Casamance River
835:
803:
786:
784:Partially mixed
773:
767:
760:
755:
749:
698:
643:
609:barrier islands
601:
595:
538:
532:
527:
445:Yachats, Oregon
380:
242:
210:Marine sediment
146:Epipelagic zone
88:Intertidal zone
68:
52:Marine habitats
42:Río de la Plata
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6773:
6771:
6763:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6722:
6721:
6715:
6714:
6712:
6711:
6701:
6688:
6685:
6684:
6682:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6649:Drainage basin
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6615:
6613:
6609:
6608:
6605:
6604:
6602:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6560:
6558:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6539:
6538:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6507:
6501:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6475:
6473:
6467:
6466:
6464:
6463:
6458:
6456:Paludification
6453:
6448:
6442:
6440:
6436:
6435:
6433:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6416:
6415:
6410:
6408:Sapric or muck
6405:
6395:
6389:
6387:
6386:Soil mechanics
6383:
6382:
6380:
6379:
6372:
6367:
6361:
6359:
6355:
6354:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6321:
6319:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6285:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6165:
6164:
6163:
6162:
6157:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6130:Brackish marsh
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6061:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6019:
6018:
6008:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5925:
5923:
5916:
5912:
5911:
5906:
5904:
5903:
5896:
5889:
5881:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5868:
5857:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5838:Playfair's law
5835:
5830:
5825:
5823:Exner equation
5820:
5815:
5809:
5807:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5773:
5771:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5763:
5761:Current ripple
5758:
5753:
5748:
5742:
5740:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5714:
5712:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5690:Slip-off slope
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5640:Meander cutoff
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5596:
5594:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5552:Drainage basin
5549:
5547:Alluvial plain
5543:
5541:
5537:
5536:
5531:
5529:
5528:
5521:
5514:
5506:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5493:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5398:
5393:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5356:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5161:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5132:
5127:
5121:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5038:
5036:
5030:
5029:
5015:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4744:Brackish marsh
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4724:Barrier island
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4695:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4656:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4633:
4619:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4548:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4420:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4370:Saltwater fish
4367:
4365:Marine reptile
4362:
4356:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4337:Marine viruses
4334:
4329:
4324:
4318:
4316:
4314:Microorganisms
4310:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4304:Wild fisheries
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4260:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4218:Thorson's rule
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4173:Marine biology
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4144:
4142:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4084:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4032:Brackish marsh
4029:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3960:Lake ecosystem
3957:
3952:
3950:Hyporheic zone
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3800:Microbial loop
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3745:Eutrophication
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3725:Cascade effect
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3653:Aquatic animal
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3629:
3627:
3619:
3618:
3612:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3543:
3532:
3531:External links
3529:
3527:
3526:
3508:
3479:
3435:
3416:(4): 587–597.
3400:
3382:
3362:"Dawei(Tavoy)"
3353:
3328:
3322:978-0387109404
3321:
3299:
3280:
3244:
3217:
3210:
3192:
3140:
3081:
3055:
3038:
2997:
2976:(4): 305–311.
2953:
2935:
2923:
2890:
2876:
2817:
2782:(4): 599–609.
2762:
2686:
2619:
2547:
2540:
2520:
2485:(2): 434–450.
2472:
2461:
2437:10.1890/100008
2402:
2345:
2339:978-0199249756
2338:
2320:
2313:
2295:
2268:
2234:
2205:
2186:(4): 415–424.
2170:
2163:
2138:
2104:
2063:
2056:
2031:
2024:
2003:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:Estuarine fish
1875:
1869:
1863:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1840:
1826:
1812:
1798:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:São Marcos Bay
1758:
1749:
1744:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1721:
1716:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1681:North Carolina
1675:including the
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1576:Drake's Estero
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1552:Chesapeake Bay
1549:
1547:North Carolina
1534:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1512:Thames Estuary
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1487:Severn Estuary
1484:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1461:Firth of Forth
1458:
1456:Firth of Clyde
1453:
1448:
1443:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1311:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1278:Chesapeake Bay
1181:
1178:
1128:osmoregulators
1124:osmoconformers
1076:
1073:
1055:
1052:
1036:eutrophication
1023:
1020:
991:Eutrophication
979:
976:
967:
955:
945:nitrogen cycle
933:eutrophication
920:
917:
909:
906:
867:
864:
855:
852:
834:
831:
802:
799:
791:Chesapeake Bay
785:
782:
759:
756:
748:
745:
697:
694:
642:
639:
638:
637:
630:
627:sea level rise
623:
620:
594:
591:
567:Chesapeake Bay
547:United Kingdom
543:Severn Estuary
534:Main article:
531:
528:
526:
523:
379:
376:
352:Eutrophication
258:brackish water
244:
243:
241:
240:
233:
226:
218:
215:
214:
213:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
179:
178:
172:
171:
170:
169:
164:
156:
155:
151:
150:
149:
148:
143:
135:
134:
128:
127:
126:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
77:
76:
70:
69:
63:
55:
54:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6772:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6727:
6725:
6710:
6702:
6700:
6690:
6689:
6686:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6659:Riparian zone
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6616:
6614:
6610:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6557:Organizations
6555:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6537:
6534:
6533:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6496:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6472:
6468:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6443:
6441:
6437:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6414:
6413:Tropical peat
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6384:
6378:
6377:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6356:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6316:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6294:Várzea forest
6292:
6290:
6287:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6271:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6152:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6017:
6014:
6013:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5984:Polygonal bog
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5956:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5920:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5902:
5897:
5895:
5890:
5888:
5883:
5882:
5879:
5867:
5859:
5858:
5855:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5818:Water erosion
5816:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5804:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5768:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5739:
5735:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5711:
5710:Bedrock river
5707:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5670:Riparian zone
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5615:Braided river
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5527:
5522:
5520:
5515:
5513:
5508:
5507:
5504:
5492:
5484:
5483:
5480:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5458:Littoral zone
5456:
5454:
5451:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5391:Bulkhead line
5389:
5388:
5386:
5382:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5353:
5349:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5332:Wave shoaling
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5307:Surge channel
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5170:Cliffed coast
5168:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5097:Shingle beach
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5026:
5019:
5009:
5008:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4769:Coastal plain
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4677:
4672:
4670:
4665:
4663:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4642:
4634:
4631:
4626:
4620:
4617:
4606:
4605:
4602:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4524:Sponge ground
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4489:Marine biomes
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4390:Demersal fish
4388:
4386:
4385:Deep-sea fish
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4360:Marine mammal
4358:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4244:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4126:
4122:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3916:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3890:Trophic level
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3855:Sediment trap
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3830:Phytoplankton
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3680:Aquatic plant
3678:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3643:Anoxic waters
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3590:
3588:
3583:
3581:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3566:
3563:
3553:on 2009-05-17
3552:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3498:on 2019-02-09
3497:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3439:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3404:
3401:
3396:
3395:km.dmcr.go.th
3392:
3386:
3383:
3372:on 2020-07-31
3371:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3313:
3312:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3284:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3248:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3218:
3213:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3144:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3082:
3078:(4): 769–790.
3077:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3056:
3051:
3050:
3042:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2926:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2821:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2524:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2465:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2346:
2341:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2296:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2269:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2231:9780959662764
2228:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2105:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1841:
1838:
1832:
1827:
1824:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1809:Oceans portal
1804:
1799:
1796:
1795:Rivers portal
1785:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1736:South America
1735:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1673:Pamlico Sound
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1636:Miramichi Bay
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1596:Galveston Bay
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1556:Hampton Roads
1553:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1533:North America
1532:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1507:Tagus Estuary
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1422:Yangtze River
1420:
1418:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1390:Kraburi River
1388:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1330:Lake St Lucia
1328:
1326:
1325:Gabon Estuary
1323:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:Phytoplankton
1144:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:invertebrates
1117:
1113:
1112:sedimentation
1109:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1060:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1048:European Alps
1045:
1041:
1037:
1028:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
984:
977:
975:
973:
965:
961:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
925:
918:
915:
907:
905:
903:
899:
894:
890:
886:
881:
877:
873:
865:
863:
861:
853:
851:
849:
845:
841:
832:
830:
828:
824:
823:Raritan River
820:
816:
812:
808:
800:
798:
796:
792:
783:
781:
779:
772:
765:
757:
754:
746:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
695:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
666:
662:
658:
654:
652:
648:
640:
635:
631:
628:
624:
621:
618:
617:
616:
614:
610:
605:
600:
592:
590:
588:
584:
580:
579:Galveston Bay
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
554:
552:
548:
544:
537:
529:
524:
522:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
474:
472:
468:
464:
456:
452:
446:
442:
441:Yachats River
437:
430:
426:
421:
414:
410:
405:
398:
394:
388:
384:
377:
375:
373:
372:flood control
369:
365:
364:radionuclides
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
340:deforestation
337:
333:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
239:
234:
232:
227:
225:
220:
219:
217:
216:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
200:Demersal zone
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
182:
181:
180:
177:
173:
168:
165:
163:
160:
159:
158:
157:
152:
147:
144:
142:
139:
138:
137:
136:
133:
132:Ocean surface
129:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
83:Littoral zone
81:
80:
79:
78:
75:
71:
66:
65:Mattole River
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
43:
39:
33:
19:
6653:
6644:List of bogs
6499:Conservation
6430:Ombrotrophic
6374:
6345:Water-meadow
6269:
6080:Grass valley
6070:Flood-meadow
6033:Cypress dome
5964:Cataract bog
5939:Beach meadow
5572:River valley
5561:
5322:Volcanic arc
5210:Feeder bluff
5117:River mouths
5082:Raised beach
5077:Pocket beach
5005:
4976:Tidal island
4966:Strand plain
4911:Natural arch
4810:
4544:Conservation
4453:
4395:Pelagic fish
4375:Coastal fish
4279:Marine fungi
4017:Water garden
3900:Water column
3845:Productivity
3820:Pelagic zone
3780:Macrobenthos
3770:Hydrobiology
3740:Ecohydrology
3555:. Retrieved
3551:the original
3520:
3511:
3500:. Retrieved
3496:the original
3491:
3482:
3449:
3445:
3438:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3394:
3385:
3374:. Retrieved
3370:the original
3365:
3356:
3345:. Retrieved
3341:the original
3331:
3310:
3302:
3283:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3201:
3195:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3098:
3094:
3084:
3075:
3071:
3058:
3048:
3041:
3014:
3010:
3000:
2973:
2969:
2947:
2928:, retrieved
2906:
2836:
2830:
2820:
2779:
2775:
2765:
2715:(5): e5600.
2712:
2708:
2636:
2632:
2622:
2573:
2569:
2530:
2523:
2482:
2478:
2464:
2422:(1): 18–26.
2419:
2415:
2405:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2329:
2323:
2304:
2298:
2286:. Retrieved
2282:the original
2271:
2252:
2248:
2237:
2222:
2219:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2154:
2129:. Retrieved
2124:
2120:
2107:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2047:
2015:
1984:1969.3/24383
1975:
1823:Water portal
1768:São José Bay
1761:Mearim River
1756:Lagoon Mirim
1742:Amazon River
1730:Spencer Gulf
1724:Port Jackson
1696:Sarasota Bay
1626:Lake Merritt
1616:Laguna Madre
1591:Fraser River
1571:Delaware Bay
1497:Solway Firth
1428:Yenisei Gulf
1396:Meghna River
1379:Hangzhou Bay
1342:Pungwe River
1336:Orange River
1319:Gambia River
1287:
1258:
1251:
1231:
1227:heavy metals
1196:
1193:
1180:Human impact
1167:
1145:
1105:
1081:
1078:
1065:
1044:biodiversity
1033:
999:Salt marshes
989:
964:oxygen cycle
953:
930:
869:
857:
854:Intermittent
844:Saloum River
840:Spencer Gulf
836:
819:Delaware Bay
815:eddy effects
804:
787:
774:
725:tectonically
699:
655:
644:
611:and barrier
606:
602:
575:Mid-Atlantic
571:Delaware Bay
563:Hudson River
555:
539:
498:tidal creeks
494:river mouths
475:
466:
462:
460:
455:Amazon River
368:hydrocarbons
356:heavy metals
336:soil erosion
332:degeneration
329:
298:
282:saline water
249:
247:
205:Benthic zone
167:Oceanic zone
162:Pelagic zone
123:Neritic zone
108:Kelp forests
92:
6669:Telmatology
6664:River delta
6531:Ramsar site
6521:Marsh organ
6420:Hydric soil
6299:Vernal pool
6282:Shrub swamp
6150:Tidal marsh
5979:Plateau bog
5969:Coastal bog
5959:Blanket bog
5777:Aggradation
5728:Plunge pool
5695:Stream pool
5685:River mouth
5577:River delta
5473:River plume
5287:Steep coast
5260:Rocky shore
5255:Rip current
5135:River delta
5107:Wash margin
5102:Storm beach
5092:Shell beach
5057:Beach wrack
5052:Beach ridge
5042:Beach cusps
4991:Tied island
4981:Tidal marsh
4704:Archipelago
4529:Sponge reef
4504:Rocky shore
4499:Oyster reef
4469:Kelp forest
4352:Vertebrates
4252:Marine life
4228:Viral shunt
4193:Marine snow
4095:Maharashtra
4002:Stream pool
3905:Zooplankton
3825:Photic zone
3785:Meiobenthos
3638:Algal bloom
3233:(12): 499.
3101:: 281–295.
2288:30 November
2131:January 12,
2083:: 291–302.
1945:Tidal prism
1928:River delta
1686:Puget Sound
1677:Outer Banks
1621:Lake Borgne
1543:Outer Banks
1471:Golden Horn
1451:Exe Estuary
1441:Dee Estuary
1367:Dawei River
1361:Adyar River
1308:Congo River
1265:land runoff
1203:overfishing
1069:algal bloom
880:tidal limit
850:, Senegal.
674:Puget Sound
577:coast, and
551:Ems Dollard
518:fresh water
478:tidal limit
415:, Australia
348:overfishing
344:overgrazing
113:Coral reefs
6724:Categories
6629:Bog butter
6325:Bog garden
6318:Artificial
6289:Wet meadow
6155:High marsh
6145:Salt marsh
6048:Fen-meadow
6016:Alder carr
5999:Upland bog
5994:String bog
5989:Raised bog
5828:Hack's law
5782:Base level
5723:Knickpoint
5650:Oxbow lake
5630:Floodplain
5401:Grain size
5375:Submersion
5352:Management
5337:Wind fetch
5297:Surf break
5215:Flat coast
5145:regressive
4931:Salt marsh
4789:Coral reef
4509:Salt marsh
4444:Coral reef
4233:Whale fall
4213:Photophore
4090:Everglades
4058:Ecoregions
3997:Stream bed
3970:Macrophyte
3923:Freshwater
3755:Food chain
3668:Water bird
3557:2009-11-17
3521:etai's web
3502:2019-02-07
3376:2019-06-14
3347:2008-01-16
2930:2022-04-20
2839:: 106729.
2479:Ecosystems
2447:1813/60819
2255:(3): 647.
2216:Gostin, V.
1959:References
1939:Tidal bore
1653:Mobile Bay
1581:East River
1554:including
1541:including
1373:Gulf of Ob
1355:Amur River
1274:dead zones
1254:Amur River
1211:pesticides
1086:anadromous
995:ecosystems
949:phosphorus
827:New Jersey
801:Well-mixed
769:See also:
758:Salt wedge
751:See also:
737:Sacramento
714:Inundation
710:landslides
641:Fjord-type
597:See also:
587:Gulf Coast
585:along the
573:along the
463:aestuarium
378:Definition
290:freshwater
195:Cold seeps
154:Open ocean
6730:Estuaries
6451:Hydrosere
6439:Processes
6425:Marsh gas
6270:Myristica
6160:Low marsh
5974:Kermi bog
5949:Bofedales
5929:Backswamp
5806:Mechanics
5655:Point bar
5645:Mouth bar
5600:Anabranch
5360:Accretion
5342:Wind wave
5302:Surf zone
5157:Processes
5130:Mouth bar
5087:Recession
5067:Beachrock
4986:Tide pool
4916:Peninsula
4804:cliff-top
4691:Landforms
4534:Tide pool
4439:Cold seep
4223:Upwelling
3987:Rheotaxis
3980:Fish pond
3955:Limnology
3880:Substrate
3865:Siltation
3735:Dead zone
3261:: 53–61.
3126:2440/1877
3033:2296-7745
2992:2234-1749
2871:216460098
2863:0272-7714
2804:1386-2588
2739:1932-6203
2663:0027-8424
2598:0028-0836
2515:220856626
2507:1432-9840
2456:1540-9295
2389:0024-3590
1992:cite book
1976:Estuaries
1701:Tampa Bay
1601:Great Bay
1522:Unterelbe
1402:Naf River
1384:Hàn River
1261:eutrophic
1199:pollution
1155:turbidity
1136:predation
1134:to avoid
1097:migratory
1089:salmonids
1003:Cordgrass
860:embayment
706:volcanoes
686:Greenland
599:Mouth bar
583:Tampa Bay
514:nonlinear
506:sea water
502:ecosystem
397:River Exe
185:Seamounts
176:Sea floor
93:Estuaries
18:Estuaries
6709:Category
6639:Bog-wood
6634:Bog iron
6624:Bog body
6446:Halosere
6398:Histosol
6393:Acrotelm
6376:Sphagnum
6234:Reed bed
6179:Moorland
6058:Rich fen
6053:Poor fen
5908:Wetlands
5866:Category
5751:Antidune
5738:Bedforms
5625:Cut bank
5491:Category
5317:Undertow
5270:Sea foam
5265:Sea cave
5165:Blowhole
5007:Windwatt
4866:Headland
4714:Avulsion
4641:Category
4567:HERMIONE
4484:Mangrove
4294:Seagrass
3840:Pleuston
3835:Plankton
3815:Particle
3760:Food web
3474:92734488
3291:Archived
3179:11473317
3135:24866466
2812:20771999
2757:19440554
2709:PLOS ONE
2681:11724926
2606:23075989
2397:18144068
1781:See also
1566:Coos Bay
1517:The Wash
1296:Examples
1263:because
1242:bay muds
1207:plastics
1174:detritus
1170:bacteria
1108:salinity
1093:lampreys
941:nitrogen
885:mudflats
876:sediment
872:salinity
821:and the
807:gradient
718:Holocene
702:faulting
665:moraines
661:glaciers
549:and the
471:brackish
301:Holocene
294:sediment
286:seawater
256:body of
6735:Geodesy
6674:Turbary
6654:Estuary
6229:Pothole
6219:Pocosin
6184:Mudflat
6023:Ciénega
6006:Callows
5922:Natural
5700:Thalweg
5635:Meander
5562:Estuary
5441:shingle
5421:granule
5406:boulder
5384:Related
5280:peresyp
5190:Current
5125:Debouch
5034:Beaches
5001:Waituna
4996:Tombolo
4906:Mudflat
4901:Machair
4891:Isthmus
4811:Estuary
4754:Channel
4494:Mudflat
4454:Estuary
4424:Bay mud
4402:Seabird
4158:f-ratio
4141:General
4022:Wetland
3810:Neuston
3775:Hypoxia
3720:Biomass
3710:Benthos
3626:General
3454:Bibcode
3418:Bibcode
3263:Bibcode
3187:4308197
3159:Bibcode
3103:Bibcode
2841:Bibcode
2784:Bibcode
2748:2679148
2717:Bibcode
2641:Bibcode
2614:4414196
2578:Bibcode
2487:Bibcode
2424:Bibcode
2367:Bibcode
2188:Bibcode
2127:(15): 3
2085:Bibcode
1951:Wetland
1707:Oceania
1483:Estuary
1430:Estuary
1424:estuary
1404:Estuary
1398:Estuary
1392:Estuary
1386:Estuary
1375:Estuary
1369:Estuary
1363:Estuary
1357:Estuary
1344:Estuary
1338:Estuary
1332:Estuary
1321:Estuary
1310:Estuary
1270:hypoxia
1246:biofilm
1238:benthic
1223:phenols
1219:dioxins
1159:diatoms
1012:erosion
1008:biomass
960:hypoxic
898:hypoxic
833:Inverse
690:Iceland
545:in the
490:lagoons
457:estuary
431:, India
425:Paravur
399:estuary
317:lagoons
313:harbors
270:ecotone
254:coastal
250:estuary
67:estuary
44:estuary
6244:Slough
6199:Pakihi
6189:Muskeg
6115:Kettle
6085:Guelta
5718:Canyon
5665:Rapids
5660:Riffle
5431:pebble
5426:gravel
5416:cobble
4961:Strait
4941:Skerry
4896:Lagoon
4881:Island
4836:Fundus
4739:Bodden
4479:Lagoon
3805:Nekton
3663:Mammal
3658:Insect
3472:
3319:
3208:
3185:
3177:
3151:Nature
3133:
3031:
2990:
2921:
2869:
2861:
2810:
2802:
2755:
2745:
2737:
2679:
2669:
2661:
2612:
2604:
2596:
2570:Nature
2538:
2513:
2505:
2454:
2395:
2387:
2336:
2311:
2229:
2161:
2054:
2022:
1476:Humber
1435:Europe
1302:Africa
1282:oyster
1215:furans
1188:, and
1141:anoxic
1132:burrow
937:silica
902:anoxic
708:, and
672:, the
670:Alaska
569:, and
496:, and
486:fjords
473:seas.
467:aestus
429:Kollam
409:Darwin
325:sounds
321:inlets
6340:Swale
6309:Yaéré
6272:swamp
6249:Swamp
6204:Palsa
6194:Oasis
6174:Misse
6125:Marsh
6095:Igapó
6090:Hamun
6065:Flark
6038:Dambo
5934:Bayou
5312:Swash
5275:Shoal
4956:Stack
4946:Sound
4936:Shoal
4886:Islet
4871:Inlet
4861:Hapua
4826:Fjord
4821:Fjard
4816:Firth
4764:Coast
4759:Cliff
4734:Bight
4709:Atoll
3870:Spawn
3470:S2CID
3183:S2CID
3131:JSTOR
3068:(PDF)
2867:S2CID
2808:S2CID
2672:64662
2610:S2CID
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