259:
83:
58:
31:
320:, and as the individuals mature, they start to consume larger crustaceans and small fish. When reaching maturity, they consume larger fish and the leftover fish from predators and commercial fishing. Mature skates no longer eat crustaceans that once were the majority their diet when they were younger. This change of diet is also seen in the skate species
353:
mammals, especially seals, are known to feed on other species of skate, so the assumption that New
Zealand marine mammals would do the same is not unrealistic. Skates are part of seals' diets, though this may be underestimated in the data, as skates do not have bony parts that are easily identified
273:
Smooth skates are the largest known skates in the world and can weigh up to 70 kg at maturity. Their length has been reported up to 2.4 m. The smooth skate has a dark grey upper side with darker grey to black spots and an underside that is lighter grey to white in color. Some adults have small
269:
males grow up to 93 cm in pelvic length (PL). PL is a measure from the tip of the animalsā snout to the outer margin of the pelvic fins. Contrasting the males, the female smooth skates grow to a larger size around 112 cm PL. The largest recorded female smooth skate measured 158 cm
293:
is found at shorelines to depths of roughly 1200 m below sea level, although it is rare to find them exceeding depths of 800 m. This species inhabits soft seafloor areas on the continental shelf and its upper slope: they are most numerous on the mid-outer continental shelf.
360:
Fishing has an impact on New
Zealand smooth skate populations, so humans act as predators. New Zealand smooth skate is often caught as bycatch in the commercial fishing industry targeting hoki.
313:) and scavenge for food eating dead fish and scraps from larger predators No difference exists between the diet of the individuals regarding the depth of the water or the sex of the individual.
316:
Though no change in the diet is seen between sex and depth, a change in diet occurs with maturity of the fish. When the fish are young, most of their diet is made up of small
289:
to New
Zealand. They are found in the coastal waters of New Zealand's North, South and Stewart Islands, and are also found in the Snares Islands shelf and Chatham Rise.
567:
Barbini, S (2016). "Big fish (and a smallish skate) eat small fish: diet variation and trophic level of
Sympterygia acuta, a mediumāsized skate high in the food web".
1331:
1370:
771:
1447:
1457:
305:
lives in the dermal zone near the sea bed. The feeding habits of smooth skates have been researched specifically and results have shown the effects of the
1305:
373:
369:
1344:
274:
prickles or whiskers on their snouts or noses. Smooth skates are commonly mistaken for rough skates, but are larger in size and lighter in color.
1393:
645:
Swain, D (2009). "Assessing threats to species at risk using stageāstructured stateāspace models: mortality trends in skate populations".
764:
729:
334:
is largely made up of shrimp, prawns, and fish coming from 17 different families. The most common of these species were found to be
1419:
1462:
1349:
1039:
715:
Duffy, Clinton A. J.; Francis, Malcolm; Dunn, M. R.; Finucci, Brit; Ford, Richard; Hitchmough, Rod; Rolfe, Jeremy (2018).
716:
1179:
1109:
757:
258:
1266:
1253:
909:
606:"Spatial distribution of fishes in a Northwest Atlantic ecosystem in relation to risk of predation by a marine mammal"
1375:
1199:
1129:
1029:
929:
510:
372:
classified the New
Zealand smooth skate as "Not Threatened" with the qualifier "Conservation Dependent" under the
1019:
82:
809:
338:, a deepwater cod species, and many different species of discarded fish from the commercial fishing industry.
999:
1221:
1139:
1119:
1009:
959:
919:
218:
1271:
1169:
197:
879:
1424:
1385:
989:
979:
969:
949:
432:
1149:
1089:
1079:
869:
819:
47:
1099:
899:
889:
306:
77:
536:"The Taxonomy of New Zealand Skates (Suborder Rajoidea), with descriptions of three new species"
1336:
1452:
1406:
1279:
1159:
1069:
939:
829:
735:
725:
697:
662:
627:
492:
1411:
1258:
1059:
839:
689:
654:
617:
584:
576:
547:
484:
427:
322:
1362:
357:
Predation on skate egg cases by gastropods has been recorded to affect some skate species.
849:
475:
Forman, J (2012). "Diet and scavenging habits of the smooth skate
Dipturus innominatus".
859:
335:
134:
124:
409:
309:
industry on this species' feeding habits. Smooth skates are bottom-feeding predators (
1441:
1357:
1189:
789:
749:
718:
Conservation status of New
Zealand chondrichthyans (chimaeras, sharks and rays), 2016
693:
488:
418:
350:
67:
62:
30:
1284:
552:
535:
310:
237:
214:
164:
1318:
680:
Hoff, G (2009). "Skate
Bathyraja spp. egg predation in the eastern Bering Sea".
346:
Little information is known on the predation, parasites, and diseases affecting
247:
1244:
739:
317:
154:
622:
605:
94:
701:
666:
631:
496:
1292:
1238:
799:
286:
242:
174:
144:
114:
1297:
1310:
589:
580:
327:
which follows a very similar diet pattern to New
Zealand smooth skate.
658:
1323:
104:
1215:
724:. Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation. p. 10.
257:
1398:
1219:
753:
403:
401:
399:
397:
395:
393:
391:
389:
1228:
41:caught off the southern coast of the North Island
433:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T41799A116736852.en
765:
8:
540:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
1216:
772:
758:
750:
56:
29:
20:
621:
588:
551:
431:
374:New Zealand Threat Classification System
385:
470:
7:
1386:6ab00c38-720a-49f4-81cb-aae51a200729
468:
466:
464:
462:
460:
458:
456:
454:
452:
450:
1448:IUCN Red List least concern species
511:"Dipturus innominatus summary page"
419:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1458:Endemic marine fish of New Zealand
780:Endemic marine fish of New Zealand
250:at depths between 15 and 1,300 m.
14:
354:when seal stomachs are surveyed.
694:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.02137.x
489:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03255.x
408:Finucci, B.; Kyne, P.M. (2018).
81:
553:10.1080/03036758.1974.10419402
1:
1064:Peltorhamphus novaezeelandiae
1040:New Zealand slender clingfish
368:In June 2018 the New Zealand
16:Species of cartilaginous fish
1180:Spotted estuary smooth-hound
1110:New Zealand urchin clingfish
834:Fiordichthys slartibartfasti
534:Garrick, J; Paul, L (1974).
910:New Zealand black angelfish
1479:
1200:Yellow-and-black triplefin
1154:Coelorinchus aspercephalus
1130:Oblique-swimming triplefin
1030:New Zealand sand stargazer
984:Trachelochismus pinnulatus
930:New Zealand blueback sprat
370:Department of Conservation
1034:Crapatalus novaezelandiae
1020:New Zealand sand flounder
824:Cephaloscyllium isabellum
785:
610:Journal of Animal Ecology
262:Drawing by Dr Tony Ayling
203:
196:
78:Scientific classification
76:
54:
45:
37:
28:
24:New Zealand smooth skate
23:
1204:Forsterygion flavonigrum
1050:New Zealand smooth skate
230:New Zealand smooth skate
1124:Aplodactylus etheridgii
1000:New Zealand rough skate
994:Acanthoclinus littoreus
682:Journal of Fish Biology
647:Ecological Applications
623:10.1111/1365-2656.12391
477:Journal of Fish Biology
1463:Fish described in 1974
1164:Crapatalus angusticeps
1140:Prickly deep-sea skate
1134:Forsterygion maryannae
1120:Notchheaded marblefish
1084:Notoclinus fenestratus
1044:Gastrocyathus gracilis
1010:New Zealand sand diver
960:New Zealand damselfish
920:New Zealand black goby
884:Gastroscyphus hectoris
854:Kathetostoma giganteum
426:: e.T41799A116736852.
263:
1184:Mustelus lenticulatus
1170:Smooth deep-sea skate
1114:Dellichthys morelandi
1094:Tetronarce fairchildi
874:Grahamichthys radiata
814:Histiobranchus bruuni
810:Bruun's cutthroat eel
261:
1259:Dipturus_innominatus
1230:Dipturus innominatus
1194:Notolabrus celidotus
1144:Brochiraja spinifera
1104:Colistium nudipinnis
1054:Dipturus innominatus
990:New Zealand rockfish
980:New Zealand lumpfish
970:New Zealand flathead
950:New Zealand catshark
914:Parma alboscapularis
412:Dipturus innominatus
234:Dipturus innominatus
207:Dipturus innominatus
39:Dipturus innominatus
1174:Brochiraja asperula
1150:Rough-head whiptail
1090:New Zealand torpedo
1080:New Zealand topknot
1024:Rhombosolea plebeia
954:Bythaelurus dawsoni
820:Draughtsboard shark
794:Alertichthys blacki
364:Conservation status
330:The diet of mature
189:D. innominatus
48:Conservation status
1100:New Zealand turbot
974:Bembrops morelandi
944:Colistium guntheri
934:Sprattus antipodum
904:Pempheris adspersa
900:New Zealand bigeye
890:Longsnout pipefish
880:Hector's clingfish
864:Notolabrus cinctus
581:10.1111/maec.12273
307:commercial fishing
264:
1435:
1434:
1407:Open Tree of Life
1222:Taxon identifiers
1213:
1212:
1160:Slender stargazer
1074:Sprattus muelleri
1070:New Zealand sprat
1014:Tewara cranwellae
940:New Zealand brill
830:Fiordland brotula
804:Parapercis colias
659:10.1890/08-1699.1
604:Swain, D (2015).
323:Sympterygia acuta
298:Diet and foraging
278:Range and habitat
226:
225:
71:
1470:
1428:
1427:
1415:
1414:
1402:
1401:
1389:
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1379:
1378:
1366:
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1352:
1340:
1339:
1327:
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1314:
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1301:
1300:
1288:
1287:
1275:
1274:
1262:
1261:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1217:
1060:New Zealand sole
1004:Dipturus nasutus
964:Chromis dispilus
924:Gobiopsis atrata
894:Leptonotus norae
870:Graham's gudgeon
844:Hyporhamphus ihi
774:
767:
760:
751:
744:
743:
723:
712:
706:
705:
677:
671:
670:
653:(5): 1347ā1364.
642:
636:
635:
625:
616:(5): 1286ā1298.
601:
595:
594:
592:
564:
558:
557:
555:
531:
525:
524:
522:
521:
507:
501:
500:
483:(5): 1546ā1562.
472:
445:
444:
442:
440:
435:
405:
209:
86:
85:
65:
60:
59:
33:
21:
1478:
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1471:
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1438:
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1410:
1405:
1397:
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1361:
1356:
1348:
1343:
1335:
1330:
1322:
1317:
1309:
1304:
1296:
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1283:
1278:
1270:
1265:
1257:
1252:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1224:
1214:
1209:
850:Giant stargazer
781:
778:
748:
747:
732:
721:
714:
713:
709:
679:
678:
674:
644:
643:
639:
603:
602:
598:
566:
565:
561:
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532:
528:
519:
517:
509:
508:
504:
474:
473:
448:
438:
436:
407:
406:
387:
382:
366:
348:D. innominatus.
344:
300:
280:
256:
246:, found around
222:
211:
205:
192:
80:
72:
61:
57:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1476:
1474:
1466:
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1455:
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1433:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1416:
1403:
1390:
1380:
1367:
1354:
1341:
1328:
1315:
1302:
1289:
1276:
1263:
1250:
1234:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1197:
1187:
1177:
1167:
1157:
1147:
1137:
1127:
1117:
1107:
1097:
1087:
1077:
1067:
1057:
1047:
1037:
1027:
1017:
1007:
997:
987:
977:
967:
957:
947:
937:
927:
917:
907:
897:
887:
877:
867:
860:Girdled wrasse
857:
847:
837:
827:
817:
807:
797:
786:
783:
782:
779:
777:
776:
769:
762:
754:
746:
745:
730:
707:
688:(1): 250ā269.
672:
637:
596:
575:(2): 283ā293.
569:Marine Ecology
559:
546:(3): 345ā377.
526:
502:
446:
384:
383:
381:
378:
365:
362:
343:
340:
332:D. innominatus
299:
296:
291:D. innominatus
283:D. innominatus
279:
276:
267:D. innominatus
255:
252:
224:
223:
212:
201:
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186:
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180:
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172:
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162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
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142:
138:
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135:Elasmobranchii
132:
128:
127:
125:Chondrichthyes
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
74:
73:
55:
52:
51:
46:
43:
42:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1475:
1464:
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1454:
1451:
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1443:
1426:
1421:
1417:
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1387:
1381:
1377:
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1355:
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1320:
1316:
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1303:
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1281:
1277:
1273:
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1240:
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1235:
1233:
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1223:
1218:
1205:
1201:
1198:
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1178:
1175:
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1148:
1145:
1141:
1138:
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1131:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1111:
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1101:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1085:
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1071:
1068:
1065:
1061:
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1055:
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1038:
1035:
1031:
1028:
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1008:
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828:
825:
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795:
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790:Alert pigfish
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761:
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741:
737:
733:
731:9781988514628
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328:
326:
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314:
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308:
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303:D innominatus
297:
295:
292:
288:
284:
277:
275:
271:
268:
260:
253:
251:
249:
245:
244:
240:of the genus
239:
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198:Binomial name
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75:
69:
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63:Least Concern
53:
49:
44:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1229:
1203:
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1173:
1163:
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518:. Retrieved
514:
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437:. Retrieved
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141:Superorder:
38:
18:
1319:iNaturalist
590:11336/45279
439:19 November
318:crustaceans
254:Description
248:New Zealand
1442:Categories
740:1042901090
520:2017-05-16
380:References
155:Rajiformes
131:Subclass:
342:Predation
183:Species:
101:Kingdom:
95:Eukaryota
1453:Dipturus
1337:10146984
1293:FishBase
1245:Q3756260
1239:Wikidata
800:Blue cod
702:20735537
667:19688940
632:25976520
515:FishBase
497:22497396
243:Dipturus
176:Dipturus
161:Family:
145:Batoidea
115:Chordata
111:Phylum:
105:Animalia
91:Domain:
68:IUCN 3.1
1376:1036015
1311:2420164
840:Garfish
311:benthic
287:endemic
236:) is a
221:, 1974)
215:Garrick
171:Genus:
165:Rajidae
151:Order:
121:Class:
66: (
1425:271549
1412:449394
1399:271549
1383:NZOR:
1350:564180
1190:Spotty
738:
728:
700:
665:
630:
495:
351:Marine
217:&
1420:WoRMS
1363:41799
1332:IRMNG
1324:99404
1298:13145
1285:36R3Q
1272:53104
722:(PDF)
238:skate
1394:OBIS
1371:NCBI
1358:IUCN
1345:ITIS
1306:GBIF
1267:BOLD
736:OCLC
726:ISBN
698:PMID
663:PMID
628:PMID
493:PMID
441:2021
424:2018
336:hoki
270:PL.
228:The
219:Paul
1280:CoL
1254:AFD
690:doi
655:doi
618:doi
585:hdl
577:doi
548:doi
485:doi
428:doi
285:is
1444::
1422::
1409::
1396::
1373::
1360::
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1334::
1321::
1308::
1295::
1282::
1269::
1256::
1241::
734:.
696:.
686:74
684:.
661:.
651:19
649:.
626:.
614:84
612:.
608:.
583:.
573:37
571:.
542:.
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