950:
1069:. It is not known if the extinct species migrated, but it is considered highly unlikely, as three of the extinct species were flightless. The situation with the New Zealand rock wren is an ornithological mystery, as they are thought to live above the snow line where obtaining food during the winter would be extremely difficult. Searches have found no evidence that they move altitudinally during the winter, but they are also absent from their normal territories. They may enter a state of
124:
2926:
2036:
2914:
102:
475:
indicate that the shortest distance between New
Zealand and those two continents was roughly 1,500 km (930 mi) at that time. New Zealand's minimum distance from Australia is a bit more today – some 1,700 km (1,100 mi) – whereas it is now at least 2,500 km (1,600 mi) from
1049:
After the wave of extinctions and range contractions caused by the arrival of mammals in New
Zealand, the New Zealand wrens have a much reduced range. The New Zealand rock wren is now restricted to the South Island and is declining in numbers. The range of the rifleman initially contracted with the
1040:
forest and podocarp-broadleaf forest, with the range of the bushwren also including coastal forest and scrub, particularly the
Stewart Island subspecies. Currently, the New Zealand rock wren is confined to alpine and subalpine zones (900–2500 m altitude) on the South Island. It is possible that the
432:
moved them to the oscines, but later studies, including the 1982 DNA-DNA hybridization study, suggested the family was a sister taxon to the suboscines and the oscines. This theory has proven most robust since then and the New
Zealand wrens might be the survivors of a lineage of passerines that was
973:
of the New
Zealand wrens is only known for the four species seen by European scientists. All these species have dull green and brown plumage and all except Lyall's wren have a prominent supercilium above the eye. The plumage of males and females were alike in Lyall's wren and the bushwren; the New
1271:
Worthy, Trevor H.; Hand, Suzanne J.; Nguyen, Jacqueline M. T.; Tennyson, Alan J. D.; Worthy, Jennifer P.; Scofield, R. Paul; Boles, Walter E.; Archer, Michael (2010). "Biogeographical and phylogenetic implications of an early
Miocene wren (Aves: Passeriformes: Acanthisittidae) from New Zealand".
1045:
in Cook Strait, but fossil evidence has shown the species was once widespread in both the North and South
Islands. The stout-legged wren was similarly found on both islands, but fossils of the long-billed wren have only been found in the South Island. Fossils of the long-billed wren are far less
1389:
Mitchell, Kieren J.; Wood, Jamie R.; Llamas, Bastien; McLenachan, Patricia A.; Kardailsky, Olga; Scofield, R. Paul; Worthy, Trevor H.; Cooper, Alan (September 2016). "Ancient mitochondrial genomes clarify the evolutionary history of New
Zealand's enigmatic acanthisittid wrens".
961:
New
Zealand wrens are tiny birds; the rifleman is the smallest of New Zealand's birds. Their length ranges from 7 to 10 cm and their weight ranges from as little as 5–7 g for the rifleman, to an estimated 50 g for the extinct
563:
It was also found that the split between Lyall's wren and other acanthisittids probably took place during the
Oligocene, over 30 million years ago, so acanthisittids must have survived the
3167:
309:, being restricted to alpine areas. Both the remaining species are poor fliers and four of the five extinct species are known or suspected to have been flightless. Along with the
408:
The taxonomy of the New Zealand wrens has been a subject of considerable debate since their discovery, although they have long been known to be an unusual family. In the 1880s,
286:, although only two species in two genera survive today. They are understood to form a distinct lineage within the passerines, but authorities differ on their assignment to the
1012:
of Lyall's wren also indicate flightlessness. Contemporary accounts of the Lyall's wrens on Stephens Island describe the species as scurrying on the ground rather than flying.
985:, the female is larger than the male. The female rifleman also exhibits other differences from the male, having a slightly more upturned bill than the male and a larger hind
978:
in its plumage and differences between the plumage of riflemen are pronounced, with the male having bright green upperparts and the female being duller and browner.
3067:
1644:
3093:
3172:
1541:
Verry, Alexander J. F.; Scarsbrook, Lachie; Scofield, R. Paul; Tennyson, Alan J. D.; Weston, Kerry A.; Robertson, Bruce C.; Rawlence, Nicolas J. (2019).
1041:
species was once present in the North Island, although this has never been proven. Lyall's wren was once thought to have been restricted to the tiny
3041:
1032:. Prior to the arrival of humans in New Zealand (about 1280 CE), they had a widespread distribution across both the North and South Islands and on
3080:
3162:
1481:
1331:
294:(the two suborders that between them make up the Passeriformes). More recent studies suggest that they form a third, most ancient, suborder
966:. The New Zealand rock wren (and probably the bushwren) weighs between 14 and 22 g and the extinct long-billed wren weighed around 30 g.
539:, which had one species, the long-billed wren. A mitochondrial DNA study in 2016 resolved much of the phylogeny, though the placement of
1543:"Who, Where, What, Wren? Using Ancient DNA to Examine the Veracity of Museum Specimen Data: A Case Study of the New Zealand Rock Wren (
1637:
1467:
1274:
1094:
Ericson, Per G. P.; Christidis, Les; Cooper, Alan; Irestedt, Martin; Jackson, Jennifer; Johansson, Ulf S.; Norman, Janette A. (2002).
452:
is extremely rare and unevenly distributed in Passeriformes), they are not required by present theories to have been distinct in the
1586:
1505:
298:
and have no living close relatives at all. They are called "wrens" because of similarities in appearance and behaviour to the true
1220:
Cooper, A.; Cooper, R.A. (1995). "The Oligocene bottleneck and New Zealand biota: genetic record of a past environmental crisis".
2796:
2519:
1024:
and restricted to the main and offshore islands of New Zealand; they have not been found on any of the outer islands such as the
1000:. Three species are thought to have lost the power of flight: the stout-legged wren, the long-billed wren and Lyall's wren. The
479:
The extant species are closely related and thought to be descendants of birds that survived a genetic bottleneck caused by the
1466:
Gill, B.J. (2004). "Family Acanthisittidae (New Zealand wrens)". In Josep, del Hoyo; Andrew, Elliott; David, Christie (eds.).
2747:
2742:
2737:
912:
892:
877:
357:
353:
349:
240:
3085:
1077:
of the Americas or a number of Australian passerines) during at least part of the winter, but this has not yet been proved.
123:
1630:
1042:
381:
2904:
555:, and that the stout legged wrens must have evolved from a gracile-legged ancestor, and the paper suggested placing the
523:, includes the New Zealand rock wren and the recently extinct bushwren. Some authorities have retained Lyall's wren in
3002:
949:
2867:
1941:
1151:
Per G P Ericson; Seraina Klopfstein; Martin Irestedt; Jacqueline M T Nguyen; Johan A A Nylander (15 January 2014).
3098:
2708:
1157:
3157:
2720:
2287:
2275:
392:
became extinct after the arrival of Europeans in 1895 and 1972 respectively. Of the two remaining species, the
2826:
2340:
2328:
2076:
1577:
Fuller, E. (2002). Foreword; Extinct Birds pp.11–69 in del Hoyo J., Elliott A. & Christie D.A. (2004).
2942:
2838:
2600:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2129:
1982:
1065:
Like all New Zealand passerines, the New Zealand wrens are sedentary and are not thought to undertake any
1033:
3129:
3007:
2879:
2703:
2698:
2588:
2432:
2304:
2263:
1905:
867:
397:
306:
110:
1425:
1046:
common than those of the other species, in fact, its bones are the rarest fossil finds in New Zealand.
992:
The New Zealand wrens evolved in the absence of mammals for many millions of years and the family was
329:
pair bonds to raise their young, laying their eggs in small nests in trees or amongst rocks. They are
3108:
3028:
2989:
2980:
2529:
2214:
1842:
1741:
1669:
1653:
1598:
Michelsen-Heath, Sue; Peter G. Gaze (2007). "Changes in abundance and distribution of the rock wren (
1360:
1283:
726:
535:) was originally split into two species, but more recent research disputes this. The final genus was
480:
204:
305:
New Zealand wrens are mostly insectivorous foragers of New Zealand's forests, with one species, the
2659:
2647:
2112:
2100:
2064:
1765:
1096:"A Gondwanan origin of passerine birds supported by DNA sequences of the endemic New Zealand wrens"
981:
Both the New Zealand rock wren and the rifleman also show sexual dimorphism in size; unusually for
326:
321:, they are the only passerines known to have lost the ability to fly. Of the species for which the
310:
1050:
felling of forests for agriculture, but it has also expanded its range of habitats by moving into
2930:
2806:
2801:
2622:
2573:
2563:
2178:
2052:
1994:
1859:
1854:
1813:
1753:
1441:
1299:
1253:
1237:
1115:
648:
564:
489:
118:
3134:
2757:
1473:
1347:
Milliner, P.R.; T. Worthy (1991). "Contributions to New Zealand's Late Quaternary avifauna. II,
2035:
1498:
Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 5: Tyrant-flycatchers to Chats.
511:
The relationships between genera and species were formerly poorly understood. The extant genus
3116:
3015:
2850:
2821:
2811:
2784:
2671:
2415:
2376:
2134:
1876:
1864:
1830:
1801:
1789:
1729:
1681:
1582:
1501:
1477:
1407:
1327:
1245:
1194:
1176:
1133:
1021:
975:
963:
543:
was unresolved due to lack of DNA testing due to the rarity of its remains. It was found that
438:
421:
268:
3072:
3121:
2884:
2855:
2774:
2688:
2444:
2427:
2006:
1717:
1558:
1433:
1399:
1368:
1291:
1229:
1202:
1184:
1166:
1123:
1107:
1029:
939:
497:
409:
377:
257:
448:
As no evidence indicates passerines were flightless when they arrived on New Zealand (that
2779:
2393:
2316:
1893:
1025:
954:
838:
664:
516:
472:
393:
227:
2752:
2124:
821:
604:
445:
origin of passerines is highly disputed and tends to be rejected in more recent studies.
373:
361:
221:
2994:
1364:
1287:
2610:
2490:
2461:
2449:
2151:
1917:
1189:
1152:
1128:
1095:
1066:
461:
420:(and gave the family the name Xenicidae). Later, they were thought to be closer to the
365:
330:
318:
3151:
2583:
2578:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2485:
1517:
1445:
1059:
936:
905:
494:
59:
1303:
1257:
400:
is restricted to the alpine areas of the South Island and is considered vulnerable.
3020:
2918:
2762:
2605:
2473:
2352:
2226:
2088:
1953:
1777:
1372:
747:
548:
3054:
2974:
2568:
2403:
2190:
1403:
1074:
997:
385:
272:
34:
460:
some 55 million years ago, the acanthisittids' ancestors likely arrived in the
2816:
2364:
2292:
1705:
1295:
1051:
1037:
341:
79:
44:
2965:
2231:
1469:
Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 9. Cotingas to Pipits and Wagtails
1180:
1062:. It also enters other human-modified habitat when it adjoins native forest.
2502:
2202:
1929:
1563:
1542:
993:
982:
568:
484:
468:
465:
457:
442:
369:
334:
325:
is known, they are drab-coloured birds with brown-green plumage. They form
291:
265:
175:
135:
84:
1977:
1888:
1825:
1437:
1411:
1233:
1198:
1171:
1137:
1111:
1249:
1206:
1153:"Dating the diversification of the major lineages of Passeriformes (Aves)"
2959:
2725:
1001:
931:
858:
700:
487:, when most of New Zealand was under water. The earliest known fossil is
453:
449:
434:
389:
345:
314:
276:
155:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
2018:
1622:
1119:
1009:
1005:
970:
851:
429:
425:
413:
322:
287:
279:
233:
89:
64:
1579:
Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 7. Jamacars to Woodpeckers.
101:
1965:
1693:
1241:
1070:
145:
3059:
3046:
2936:
948:
417:
283:
1222:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
1100:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
333:
and like all New Zealand passerines, are, for the most part, are
2683:
2146:
1055:
986:
412:
assigned the New Zealand wrens to the suboscines related to the
340:
Like many New Zealand birds, New Zealand wrens suffered several
299:
165:
2940:
1626:
2693:
2236:
3033:
1351:, a new genus and species of wren (Aves: Acanthisittidae)".
1326:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 424–427.
527:
as well, but it is often afforded its own monotypic genus,
376:
became extinct on the main islands and survived only as a
396:
is still common in both the North and South Islands. The
344:
after the arrival of humans in New Zealand. Of the seven
1496:
Higgins P.J., Peter J.M & Steele W.K. (Eds) (2001).
2902:
1004:
of these species have massively reduced keels in the
302:(Troglodytidae) but are not members of that family.
2949:
2638:
2518:
2392:
2167:
2043:
1660:
1036:. The range of the rifleman and bushwren included
3168:Higher-level bird taxa restricted to New Zealand
1322:Worthy, Trevor H.; Richard N. Holdaway (2002).
456:. As unequivocal Passeriformes are known from
1638:
1426:"Stephens Island Rockwren (Traversia lyalli)"
1317:
1315:
1313:
8:
2888:
2871:
2859:
2842:
2830:
2788:
2766:
2729:
2712:
2675:
2663:
2651:
2626:
2614:
2592:
2555:
2533:
2506:
2494:
2477:
2465:
2453:
2436:
2419:
2407:
2380:
2368:
2356:
2344:
2332:
2320:
2308:
2296:
2279:
2267:
2255:
2218:
2206:
2194:
2182:
2155:
2138:
2116:
2104:
2092:
2080:
2068:
2056:
2022:
2010:
1998:
1986:
1969:
1957:
1945:
1933:
1921:
1909:
1897:
1880:
1868:
1846:
1834:
1817:
1805:
1793:
1781:
1769:
1757:
1745:
1733:
1721:
1709:
1697:
1685:
1673:
1353:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
2937:
1645:
1631:
1623:
433:isolated when New Zealand broke away from
428:. Sibley's 1970 study comparing egg-white
100:
20:
1562:
1384:
1382:
1188:
1170:
1127:
504:is thought to be more closely related to
360:became extinct after the arrival of the
2909:
1086:
1518:"Rock wren | New Zealand Birds Online"
368:. They are known to science only from
1602:) in the South Island, New Zealand".
1472:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp.
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1392:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
348:species, only two survive today. The
7:
3109:441b3026-20ad-4f42-bb61-aad60b5600e5
1500:Oxford University press, Melbourne.
719:
692:
639:
632:
596:
589:
581:
574:
3173:Taxa named by Carl Jakob Sundevall
1551:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
1275:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
14:
519:, and the other surviving genus,
275:. They were represented by seven
2924:
2912:
2797:North Island little spotted kiwi
2034:
122:
974:Zealand rock wren shows slight
531:. The stout-legged wren (genus
2748:North Island stout-legged wren
2743:South Island stout-legged wren
1373:10.1080/03036758.1991.10431406
913:Long-billed wren (New Zealand)
893:South Island stout-legged wren
878:North Island stout-legged wren
508:than to other Acanthisittids.
354:North Island stout-legged wren
350:South Island stout-legged wren
1:
113:remains a scientific mystery
3163:Endemic birds of New Zealand
1349:Dendroscansor decurvirostris
917:Dendroscansor decurvirostris
213:Extant and subfossil genera
1404:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.05.038
884:(possibly conspecific with
464:from Australia or the then-
372:remains. At the same time,
3189:
2868:New Zealand owlet-nightjar
1942:South Island oystercatcher
1020:The New Zealand wrens are
957:are larger than the males.
2709:Auckland Island merganser
2032:
1581:Barcelona:Lynx Edicions.
1324:The Lost World of the Moa
1296:10.1080/02724631003618033
1158:BMC Ecology and Evolution
809:Recent genera and species
743:
724:
717:
697:
690:
662:
644:
637:
630:
601:
594:
587:
579:
217:
212:
119:Scientific classification
117:
108:
99:
23:
2721:Chatham Island merganser
2288:Northern royal albatross
2276:New Zealand storm petrel
1522:www.nzbirdsonline.org.nz
1016:Distribution and habitat
925:Fossil genus and species
404:Taxonomy and systematics
109:The winter range of the
2341:South Island saddleback
2329:North Island saddleback
2305:Orange-fronted parakeet
2077:North Island brown kiwi
1564:10.3389/fevo.2019.00496
388:. Lyall's wren and the
245:Fossil genus, see text
2889:
2872:
2860:
2843:
2831:
2789:
2767:
2730:
2713:
2676:
2664:
2652:
2627:
2615:
2593:
2556:
2534:
2507:
2495:
2478:
2466:
2454:
2437:
2420:
2408:
2381:
2369:
2357:
2345:
2333:
2321:
2309:
2297:
2280:
2268:
2256:
2252:New Zealand fairy tern
2219:
2207:
2195:
2183:
2156:
2139:
2117:
2105:
2093:
2081:
2069:
2057:
2023:
2011:
1999:
1987:
1983:Variable oystercatcher
1970:
1958:
1946:
1934:
1922:
1910:
1898:
1881:
1869:
1847:
1835:
1818:
1806:
1794:
1782:
1770:
1758:
1746:
1734:
1722:
1710:
1698:
1686:
1674:
1438:10.2173/bow.stiwre1.01
1234:10.1098/rspb.1995.0150
1172:10.1186/1471-2148-14-8
1112:10.1098/rspb.2001.1877
1034:Stewart Island/Rakiura
958:
3130:Paleobiology Database
2880:New Zealand musk duck
2827:Scarlett's shearwater
2704:South Island adzebill
2699:North Island adzebill
2589:Erect-crested penguin
2433:Chatham oystercatcher
2264:New Zealand king shag
1906:New Zealand rock wren
1054:of introduced exotic
952:
868:New Zealand rock wren
751:– stout-legged wrens
515:has one species, the
398:New Zealand rock wren
307:New Zealand rock wren
111:New Zealand rock wren
2530:Antipodean albatross
2520:Subantarctic islands
1843:New Zealand dotterel
1742:Double-banded plover
1654:Birds of New Zealand
1600:Xenicus gilviventris
1545:Xenicus gilviventris
872:Xenicus gilviventris
843:Acanthisitta chloris
731:Xenicus gilviventris
727:New Zealand rockwren
669:Acanthisitta chloris
481:marine transgression
441:(Mya), though a pre-
2839:North Island takahē
2714:rakiraki maungahuka
2660:New Zealand bittern
2648:South Island piopio
2601:Reischek's parakeet
2247:South Island kōkako
2242:North Island kōkako
2130:South Island takahē
2113:Yellow-eyed penguin
2101:Southern brown kiwi
2065:Little spotted kiwi
1365:1991JRSNZ..21..179M
1288:2010JVPal..30..479W
311:long-legged bunting
2807:South Island snipe
2802:North Island snipe
2623:Subantarctic snipe
2574:Campbell albatross
2564:Antipodes parakeet
2508:kawau o rangihaute
2179:Black-fronted tern
2053:Great spotted kiwi
1995:White-fronted tern
1860:North Island robin
1855:South Island robin
1814:Long-tailed cuckoo
1754:New Zealand falcon
1430:Birds of the World
1058:, principally the
959:
932:Kuiornis indicator
649:Kuiornis indicator
565:Oligocene drowning
490:Kuiornis indicator
3145:
3144:
3117:Open Tree of Life
2943:Taxon identifiers
2900:
2899:
2851:New Zealand goose
2672:New Zealand quail
2416:Chatham albatross
2135:Fiordland penguin
1877:Paradise shelduck
1865:New Zealand scaup
1802:Sacred kingfisher
1790:Grey-faced petrel
1682:Black-billed gull
1483:978-84-87334-69-6
1333:978-0-253-34034-4
1228:(1362): 293–302.
1106:(1488): 235–241.
976:sexual dimorphism
964:stout-legged wren
805:
804:
796:
795:
787:
786:
778:
777:
769:
768:
760:
759:
679:
678:
619:
618:
439:million years ago
254:New Zealand wrens
250:
249:
208:
191:
24:New Zealand wrens
3180:
3138:
3137:
3125:
3124:
3112:
3111:
3102:
3101:
3089:
3088:
3076:
3075:
3063:
3062:
3050:
3049:
3037:
3036:
3024:
3023:
3011:
3010:
2998:
2997:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2938:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2908:
2892:
2885:New Zealand swan
2875:
2863:
2846:
2834:
2792:
2770:
2738:Long-billed wren
2733:
2716:
2679:
2667:
2655:
2630:
2618:
2596:
2559:
2537:
2510:
2498:
2481:
2469:
2457:
2445:Chatham parakeet
2440:
2428:Chatham gerygone
2423:
2411:
2384:
2372:
2360:
2348:
2336:
2324:
2312:
2300:
2283:
2271:
2259:
2222:
2210:
2198:
2186:
2159:
2142:
2120:
2108:
2096:
2084:
2072:
2060:
2038:
2026:
2014:
2002:
1990:
1973:
1961:
1949:
1937:
1925:
1913:
1901:
1884:
1872:
1850:
1838:
1821:
1809:
1797:
1785:
1773:
1761:
1749:
1737:
1725:
1718:Buff-banded rail
1713:
1701:
1689:
1677:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1624:
1612:
1611:
1595:
1589:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1514:
1508:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1463:
1450:
1449:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1319:
1308:
1307:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1192:
1174:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1131:
1091:
1030:Kermadec Islands
940:St Bathans fauna
897:Xenicus yaldwyni
886:Xenicus yaldwyni
863:Xenicus longipes
826:Traversia lyalli
720:
705:Xenicus longipes
693:
640:
633:
609:Traversia lyalli
597:
590:
585:Acanthisittidae
582:
575:
571:is given below:
551:with respect to
498:St Bathans fauna
358:long-billed wren
282:in four or five
203:
189:
127:
126:
104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3158:Acanthisittidae
3148:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3133:
3128:
3120:
3115:
3107:
3105:
3097:
3092:
3084:
3079:
3071:
3066:
3058:
3053:
3045:
3040:
3032:
3027:
3019:
3014:
3006:
3001:
2995:Acanthisittidae
2993:
2988:
2981:Acanthisittidae
2979:
2978:
2973:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2951:Acanthisittidae
2945:
2935:
2925:
2923:
2913:
2911:
2903:
2901:
2896:
2780:Waitaha penguin
2775:Chatham penguin
2640:
2634:
2522:
2514:
2396:
2394:Chatham Islands
2388:
2317:Red-billed gull
2310:kākāriki karaka
2171:
2169:
2163:
2045:
2039:
2030:
1662:
1656:
1651:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1576:
1572:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1526:
1524:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1465:
1464:
1453:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1321:
1320:
1311:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1043:Stephens Island
1026:Chatham Islands
1018:
1008:and the flight
996:the ability to
947:
927:
811:
806:
797:
788:
779:
770:
761:
680:
620:
559:species within
473:Plate tectonics
406:
382:Stephens Island
262:Acanthisittidae
244:
237:
231:
225:
202:
200:Acanthisittidae
188:
121:
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
30:Miocene–present
29:
28:
25:
17:
16:Family of birds
12:
11:
5:
3186:
3184:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3150:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3126:
3113:
3103:
3090:
3077:
3064:
3051:
3038:
3025:
3012:
2999:
2986:
2971:
2955:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2934:
2933:
2921:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2882:
2877:
2865:
2853:
2848:
2836:
2824:
2822:Imber's petrel
2819:
2814:
2812:Forbes's snipe
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2785:Eyles' harrier
2782:
2777:
2772:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2723:
2718:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2669:
2657:
2644:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2620:
2611:Snares penguin
2608:
2603:
2598:
2594:tawaki nana hī
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2526:
2524:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2500:
2491:Magenta petrel
2488:
2483:
2471:
2462:Chatham pigeon
2459:
2450:Chatham petrel
2447:
2442:
2430:
2425:
2413:
2400:
2398:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2374:
2362:
2350:
2338:
2326:
2314:
2302:
2290:
2285:
2273:
2261:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2212:
2200:
2188:
2175:
2173:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2149:
2144:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2110:
2098:
2086:
2074:
2062:
2049:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2016:
2004:
1992:
1980:
1975:
1963:
1951:
1939:
1927:
1918:Shining cuckoo
1915:
1903:
1891:
1886:
1874:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1840:
1828:
1823:
1811:
1799:
1787:
1775:
1763:
1751:
1739:
1727:
1715:
1703:
1691:
1679:
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1620:
1619:External links
1617:
1614:
1613:
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1489:
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1451:
1417:
1378:
1359:(2): 179–200.
1339:
1332:
1309:
1282:(2): 479–498.
1263:
1212:
1143:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1038:southern beech
1017:
1014:
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613:
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600:
595:
593:
588:
586:
580:
578:
573:
462:Late Paleocene
405:
402:
380:population on
366:Polynesian rat
319:Canary Islands
248:
247:
215:
214:
210:
209:
197:
193:
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26:
15:
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3017:
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2906:
2891:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2856:Finsch's duck
2854:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
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2719:
2715:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2689:Haast's eagle
2687:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2637:
2629:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2584:Campbell teal
2582:
2580:
2579:Campbell shag
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2557:tētē kākāriki
2553:
2552:Auckland teal
2550:
2548:
2547:Auckland shag
2545:
2543:
2542:Auckland rail
2540:
2536:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2509:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2486:Chatham snipe
2484:
2480:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2439:
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2378:
2375:
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2366:
2363:
2359:
2354:
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2347:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2315:
2311:
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2303:
2299:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2170:endemic birds
2166:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2070:kiwi pukupuku
2066:
2063:
2059:
2054:
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1931:
1928:
1924:
1923:pīpīwharauroa
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1916:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1892:
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1700:
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1694:Brown creeper
1692:
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1506:0-19-553244-9
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1101:
1097:
1090:
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1080:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1060:Monterey pine
1057:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
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995:
990:
988:
984:
979:
977:
972:
967:
965:
956:
951:
944:
942:
941:
938:
937:Early Miocene
934:
933:
924:
918:
914:
910:
909:
908:
907:
906:Dendroscansor
902:
898:
894:
890:
887:
883:
882:Xenicus jagmi
879:
875:
873:
869:
866:
864:
860:
856:
855:
854:
853:
848:
844:
840:
837:
836:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
818:
817:
813:
812:
808:
801:
800:
792:
791:
783:
782:
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764:
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749:
741:
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736:
733:
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728:
722:
721:
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710:
707:
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702:
695:
694:
688:
687:
684:
683:
675:
674:
671:
670:
666:
660:
659:
656:
655:
652:
651:
650:
642:
641:
635:
634:
628:
627:
624:
623:
615:
614:
611:
610:
606:
599:
598:
592:
591:
584:
583:
577:
576:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
541:Dendroscansor
538:
537:Dendroscansor
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
509:
507:
503:
499:
496:
495:Early Miocene
492:
491:
486:
482:
477:
474:
470:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
403:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
317:, one of the
316:
312:
308:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
278:
274:
270:
267:
263:
259:
255:
246:
243:
242:
241:Dendroscansor
236:
235:
230:
229:
224:
223:
216:
211:
206:
201:
198:
195:
194:
190:Wolters, 1977
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
176:Passeriformes
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
125:
120:
116:
112:
107:
103:
98:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
2950:
2763:Laughing owl
2758:Chatham kākā
2753:Lyall's wren
2606:Snares snipe
2474:Chatham shag
2353:Shore plover
2227:Foveaux shag
2152:Blue penguin
2089:Okarito kiwi
1954:Spotted shag
1882:pūtangitangi
1778:Grey warbler
1607:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1578:
1573:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1536:
1525:. Retrieved
1521:
1512:
1497:
1492:
1468:
1429:
1420:
1395:
1391:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1323:
1279:
1273:
1266:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1162:
1156:
1146:
1103:
1099:
1089:
1075:hummingbirds
1064:
1048:
1019:
991:
980:
968:
960:
930:
928:
916:
904:
896:
885:
881:
871:
862:
850:
842:
834:Acanthisitta
833:
825:
822:Lyall's wren
815:
748:Pachyplichas
746:
744:
730:
725:
704:
698:
668:
663:
647:
645:
608:
605:Lyall's wren
602:
560:
557:Pachyplichas
556:
553:Pachyplichas
552:
549:paraphyletic
544:
540:
536:
533:Pachyplichas
532:
528:
524:
520:
513:Acanthisitta
512:
510:
506:Acanthisitta
505:
501:
488:
478:
476:Antarctica.
447:
407:
374:Lyall's wren
339:
304:
296:Acanthisitti
295:
261:
253:
251:
239:
232:
228:Acanthisitta
226:
220:
218:
199:
186:Acanthisitti
185:
18:
3055:iNaturalist
2975:Wikispecies
2931:New Zealand
2873:ruru hinapō
2569:Bounty shag
2404:Black robin
2191:Black stilt
2024:ngutuparore
1988:tōrea pango
1899:tītipounamu
1848:tūturiwhatu
1723:moho-pererū
1610:(2): 71–78.
1398:: 295–304.
1052:plantations
945:Description
483:during the
386:Cook Strait
342:extinctions
273:New Zealand
3152:Categories
2861:manutahora
2817:Snipe-rail
2731:mātuhituhi
2377:Yellowhead
2365:Stitchbird
2293:Otago shag
2281:takahikare
2168:Endangered
2044:Flightless
1959:pārekareka
1771:pīwakawaka
1706:Brown teal
1527:2022-04-20
1081:References
1073:(like the
1067:migrations
983:passerines
327:monogamous
292:suboscines
266:passerines
264:) of tiny
182:Suborder:
2616:pokotiwha
2503:Pitt shag
2358:tūturuatu
2322:tarāpunga
2269:kawau tūī
2203:Blue duck
2184:tarapiroe
2012:pōpokotea
2007:Whitehead
1930:Silvereye
1446:242322758
1207:Q28659354
1181:1471-2148
1002:skeletons
935:from the
816:Traversia
569:cladogram
529:Traversia
493:from the
485:Oligocene
469:Antarctic
466:temperate
458:Australia
450:apomorphy
443:Paleogene
422:ovenbirds
370:subfossil
335:sedentary
222:Traversia
205:Sundevall
142:Kingdom:
136:Eukaryota
2960:Wikidata
2726:Bushwren
2628:tutukiwi
2257:tara-iti
2215:Fernbird
2172:(flying)
1971:miromiro
1911:pīwauwau
1894:Rifleman
1836:pīhoihoi
1783:riroriro
1759:kārearea
1747:pohowera
1730:Dabchick
1687:tarāpuka
1675:korimako
1670:Bellbird
1604:Notornis
1432:. 2020.
1412:27261250
1304:85994536
1258:29890825
1203:Wikidata
1199:24422673
1165:(1): 8.
1138:11839192
1010:feathers
955:riflemen
859:Bushwren
839:Rifleman
701:Bushwren
665:Rifleman
561:Xenicus.
517:rifleman
502:Kuiornis
471:coasts.
454:Mesozoic
435:Gondwana
430:proteins
426:antbirds
416:and the
414:cotingas
394:rifleman
390:bushwren
364:and the
346:Holocene
315:Tenerife
277:Holocene
196:Family:
156:Chordata
152:Phylum:
146:Animalia
132:Domain:
2966:Q537702
2905:Portals
2790:kērangi
2665:kaoriki
2639:Extinct
2455:ranguru
2106:tokoeka
2019:Wrybill
1870:pāpango
1819:koekoeā
1766:Fantail
1557:: 496.
1474:464–474
1361:Bibcode
1284:Bibcode
1250:8587872
1190:3917694
1129:1690883
1120:3067912
1028:or the
1022:endemic
1006:sternum
971:plumage
953:Female
903:Genus †
852:Xenicus
814:Genus †
545:Xenicus
525:Xenicus
521:Xenicus
384:in the
331:diurnal
323:plumage
288:oscines
280:species
269:endemic
234:Xenicus
172:Order:
162:Class:
3135:166853
3122:901940
3106:NZOR:
3086:557351
3073:101624
2832:ōiruki
2768:whēkau
2677:koreke
2653:piopio
2409:karure
2298:Matapo
2220:mātātā
2157:kororā
2140:tawaki
2125:Kākāpō
1966:Tomtit
1935:tauhou
1889:Pūkeko
1826:Kererū
1807:kōtare
1735:weweia
1711:pāteke
1699:pipipi
1661:Common
1585:
1504:
1480:
1444:
1410:
1330:
1302:
1256:
1248:
1240:
1205:
1197:
1187:
1179:
1136:
1126:
1118:
1071:torpor
994:losing
849:Genus
832:Genus
437:82–85
418:pittas
410:Forbes
378:relict
356:, and
284:genera
258:family
256:are a
207:, 1872
3099:38633
3068:IRMNG
3021:622R4
3008:91329
2919:Birds
2890:poūwa
2641:birds
2535:Toroa
2523:birds
2496:tāiko
2479:papua
2467:parea
2438:tōrea
2421:toroa
2397:birds
2382:mōhua
2346:tīeke
2334:tīeke
2118:hoiho
2082:roroa
2058:roroa
2046:birds
1947:tōrea
1831:Pipit
1663:birds
1442:S2CID
1300:S2CID
1254:S2CID
1242:50321
1238:JSTOR
1116:JSTOR
1056:pines
362:Māori
313:from
300:wrens
3094:NCBI
3081:ITIS
3060:7252
3047:7098
3042:GBIF
3034:7577
3003:BOLD
2844:moho
2684:Huia
2370:hihi
2232:Kākā
2208:whio
2196:kakī
2147:Weka
2094:rowi
2000:tara
1583:ISBN
1502:ISBN
1478:ISBN
1408:PMID
1328:ISBN
1246:PMID
1195:PMID
1177:ISSN
1134:PMID
987:claw
969:The
567:. A
547:was
424:and
252:The
166:Aves
35:PreꞒ
3029:EoL
3016:CoL
2990:ADW
2694:Moa
2237:Kea
1978:Tūī
1559:doi
1434:doi
1400:doi
1396:102
1369:doi
1292:doi
1230:doi
1226:261
1185:PMC
1167:doi
1124:PMC
1108:doi
1104:269
998:fly
290:or
271:to
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