438:
accounted for merely by sex differences in height and weight, and that once global brain size is taken into account, there remain numerous regional sex differences in both directions. A 2022 follow-up meta-analysis led by Alex DeCasien analyzed the studies from both Eliot and
Williams, concluding that "The human brain shows highly reproducible sex differences in regional brain anatomy above and beyond sex differences in overall brain size" and that these differences are of a "small-moderate effect size." A review from 2006 and a meta-analysis from 2014 found that some evidence from brain morphology and function studies indicates that male and female brains cannot always be assumed to be identical from either a structural or functional perspective, and some brain structures are
462:, where male frontal lobes are 1% larger than those of females. As the 19th century progressed, scientists began researching sexual dimorphisms in the brain significantly more. Until recent decades, scientists knew of several structural sexual dimorphisms of the brain, but they did not think that sex had any impact on how the human brain performs daily tasks. Through molecular, animal, and neuroimaging studies, a great deal of information regarding the differences between male and female brains and how much they differ in regards to both structure and function has been uncovered.
638:
female, the overall difference in these attributes decreased after adjusting for overall brain volume, except the cortical thickness in females, which increased. Given that cortical complexity and cortical features have had some evidence of positive correlation with intelligence, researchers postulated that these differences might have evolved for females to compensate for smaller brain size and equalize overall cognitive abilities with males, though the reason for environmental selection of that trait is unknown.
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in the brain found sexually dimorphic areas of the brain in both volume and density. When synthesized, these differences show that volume increases for males tend to be on the left side of systems, while females generally see greater volume in the right hemisphere. On the other hand, a previous 2008
563:
of males led to an advantage in mental rotations. The results found by the researches support the notion that gender differences in spatial abilities arose during human evolution such that both sexes cognitively and neurologically developed to behave adaptively. However, the effect of socialization
1133:
The gonadal hormone testosterone is an androgenic, or masculinizing, hormone that is synthesized in both the male testes and female ovaries, at a rate of about 14,000 ÎĽg/day and 600 ÎĽg/day, respectively. Testosterone exerts organizational effects on the developing brain, many of which are mediated
743:
Emotional expression, understanding, and behavior appears to vary between males and females. A 2012 review concluded that males and females have differences in the processing of emotions. Males tend to have stronger reactions to threatening stimuli and that males react with more physical violence.
735:
size or function. A 2017 review of amygdala volume studies found that there was a raw size difference, with males having a 10% larger amygdala, however, because male brains are larger, this finding was found to be misleading. After normalizing for brain size, there was no significant difference in
645:
by testing the men and women on verbal-numerical reasoning and reaction time in separate groups. It was found that the group of men slightly outperformed the women in both the verbal-numerical reasoning and reaction time tests. Subsequently, the researchers tested to what extent the differences in
554:
The gender difference in spatial ability was found to be attributed to morphological differences between male and female brains. The parietal lobe is a part of the brain that is recognized to be involved in spatial ability, especially in 2d- and 3d mental rotation. Researchers at the
University of
437:
led by Lise Eliot found that sex accounted for 1% of the brain's structure or laterality, finding large group-level differences only in total brain volume. A subsequent 2021 led by
Camille Michèle Williams contradicted Eliot's conclusions, finding that sex differences in total brain volume are not
706:
may differ between the sexes, with men often being said to have a more lateralized brain. This is often attributed to differences in "left-" and "right-" brained abilities. One factor that contributes support to the idea that there is a sex difference in brain lateralization is that men are more
637:
and cortical complexity in females before, and after adjusting for overall brain volume. In contrast, surface area, brain volume and fractional anisotropy was found to be greater in males before, and after adjusting for overall brain volume. Despite attributes remaining greater for both male and
612:
Males and females differ in some aspects of their brains, notably the overall difference in size, with men having larger brains on average (between 8% and 13% larger), but a relationship between brain volume or density and brain function is not established. Additionally, there are differences in
1082:
Estradiol influences cognitive function, specifically by enhancing learning and memory in a dose-sensitive manner. Too much estrogen can have negative effects by weakening performance of learned tasks as well as hindering performance of memory tasks; this can result in females exhibiting poorer
755:
atrophy is associated with a variety of psychiatric disorders that have higher prevalence in females. Additionally, there are differences in memory skills between males and females which may suggest a difference in the hippocampal volume (HCV). A 2016 meta-analysis of volume differences found a
608:
has defended the neuroscience of sex differences against charges of neurosexism, arguing that "Fine's neurosexism allegation is the mistaken blurring of science with politics," adding that "you can be a scientist interested in the nature of sex differences while being a clear supporter of equal
576:
of existing literature found that sex accounted for 1% of the brain's structure or laterality, finding large group-level differences only in total brain volume. A 2022 follow-up meta-analysis refuted these finding based on methodological flaws, and concluded that "The human brain shows highly
1101:(β-EP), an endogenous opioid peptide, has been found to decrease (in varying amounts/brain region) post ovariectomy in female rats within the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and pituitary gland. Such a change in β-EP levels could be the cause of mood swings, behavioral disturbances, and
879:
The significance of these differences lies both in the lateralization (males having more volume in the left hemisphere and females having more volume in the right hemisphere) and the possible uses of these findings to explore differences in neurological and psychiatric conditions.
629:
percentage, this ratio is directly related to brain size, and some argue these sex differences in gray and white matter percentage are caused by the average size difference between men and women. Others argue that these differences partly remain after controlling for brain volume.
365:
1116:
is a steroid hormone synthesized in both male and female brains. It contains characteristics found in the chemical nucleus of both estrogen and androgen hormones. As a female sex hormone, progesterone is more significant in females than in males. During the
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higher HCV in males without correcting for total brain size. However, after adjusting for individual differences and total brain volume, they found no significant sex difference, despite the expectation that women may have larger hippocampus volume.
646:
performance was mediated by the varying attributes of the male and female brain (e.g. surface area) using two mixed sample groups. In verbal-numerical reasoning tests, surface area and brain volume mediated performance by >82% in both groups, and
739:
In terms of activation, there is no difference in amygdala activation across sex. Differences in behavioral tests may be due to potential anatomical and physiological differences in the amygdala across sexes rather than activation differences.
493:
pressures on females during competition with other females in mate selection. Recognition of social cues was an advantageous characteristic, because it ultimately maximized offspring and was therefore selected for during evolution.
577:
reproducible sex differences in regional brain anatomy above and beyond sex differences in overall brain size" and that these differences were of a "small-to-moderate effect size." In another study, men were found to have a total
596:, and Cordula Nitsch dispute the existence of significant sex differences in the brain, arguing that innate differences in the neurobiology of women and men have not been conclusively identified due to factors such as alleged
956:. Although the same brain networks are used for working memory, specific regions are sex-specific. Sex differences were evident in other networks, as women also tend to have higher activity in the prefrontal and
481:
Females show enhanced information recall compared to males. This may be due to the fact that females have a more intricate evaluation of risk–scenario contemplation, based on a
547:
say that differences between men and women on some tasks that require spatial skills are largely eliminated after both groups play a video game for only a few hours. Although
1074:, hippocampus, and frontal cortex, indicating the estrogen plays a role in brain development. Gonadal hormone receptors have also been found in the basal fore-brain nuclei.
3216:
3073:
3041:
2310:
Sommer IE, Aleman A, Somers M, Boks MP, Kahn RS (April 2008). "Sex differences in handedness, asymmetry of the planum temporale and functional language lateralization".
288:
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According to certain studies, men on average have one standard deviation higher spatial intelligence quotient than women. This domain is one of the few where clear
999:, may be due in part, along with societal exposure to stressors and the coping strategies that are available to women, to underlying sex-based brain differences.
724:
2396:
Sergerie K, Chochol C, Armony JL (2008). "The role of the amygdala in emotional processing: a quantitative meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies".
1125:
phase to inhibit luteinizing hormones, such as oxytocin absorption. In men, increased progesterone has been linked to adolescents with suicidal ideation.
2116:
Nisbett RE, Aronson J, Blair C, Dickens W, Flynn J, Halpern DF, Turkheimer E (February 2012). "Intelligence: New findings and theoretical developments".
425:
is the study of characteristics that separate brains of different sexes. Psychological sex differences are thought by some to reflect the interaction of
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regions, such as the anterior cingulate, bilateral amygdala, and right hippocampus, while men tend to have a distributed network spread out among the
351:
200:
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Tan A, Ma W, Vira A, Marwha D, Eliot L (January 2016). "The human hippocampus is not sexually-dimorphic: Meta-analysis of structural MRI volumes".
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Structurally, adult male brains are on average 11–12% heavier and 10% bigger than female brains. Though statistically there are sex differences in
245:
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volumes mediated performance by >27%, but the other attributes all mediated performance by smaller percentages (<15.3%), particularly mean
2746:
Homberg JR, Kozicz T, Fernandez G (April 2017). "Large-scale network balances in the transition from adaptive to maladaptive stress responses".
818:(superior division). Larger volumes in females were most pronounced in areas in the right hemisphere related to language in addition to several
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1093:, or natural menopause cause fluctuating and decreased estrogen levels in women. This in turn can "attenuate the effects" of endogenous
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In terms of density, there were also differences between the sexes. Males tended to have a denser left amygdala, hippocampus, insula,
144:
119:
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310:
536:. This hormone may have helped mothers remember the location of distant food sources so they could better nurture their offspring.
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Many similarities and differences in structure, neurotransmitters, and function have been identified, but some academics, such as
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250:
193:
139:
63:
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Marner L, Nyengaard JR, Tang Y, Pakkenberg B (July 2003). "Marked loss of myelinated nerve fibers in the human brain with age".
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length of 176 000 km at the age of 20, whereas in women the total length was 149 000 km (approx. 15% less).
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Marwha D, Halari M, Eliot L (February 2017). "Meta-analysis reveals a lack of sexual dimorphism in human amygdala volume".
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Feng J, Spence I, Pratt J (2016-05-06). "Playing an Action Video Game
Reduces Gender Differences in Spatial Cognition".
1052:
283:
178:
105:
75:
68:
1218:"Dump the "dimorphism": Comprehensive synthesis of human brain studies reveals few male-female differences beyond size"
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3942:
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101:
1850:"Sex differences in the human brain: a roadmap for more careful analysis and interpretation of a biological reality"
1308:"Sex differences in the human brain: a roadmap for more careful analysis and interpretation of a biological reality"
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40:
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337:
278:
1609:"Does men's advantage in mental rotation persist when real three-dimensional objects are either felt or seen?"
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in mammals and is also a characteristic hormone of nursing mothers. Studies have found that oxytocin improves
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meta-analysis found that the difference between male and female brain lateralization was not significant.
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likely to be left-handed. However, it is unclear whether this is due to a difference in lateralization.
544:
396:
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that connect the temporal poles and mass intermedia that connects the thalami is also larger in women.
650:
mediated performance far less, by 7.1% and 5.4% in each group. In reaction time tests, total brain and
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Korol DL (November 2004). "Role of estrogen in balancing contributions from multiple memory systems".
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780:
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3272:
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2037:, Nitsch C (2009). "On sex/gender related similarities and differences in fMRI language research".
2001:
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521:
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of females led to a disadvantage in mental rotations, and that the larger surface areas of the
489:. For example, the ability to recall information better than males most likely originated from
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4363:
4140:
4135:
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2007:
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The ideas of differences between the male and female brains have circulated since the time of
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85:
3569:
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3441:
3299:
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2923:
Sexualized Brains: Scientific
Modeling of Emotional Intelligence from a Cultural Perspective
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2835:
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2604:
2563:
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1966:
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992:
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787:
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There are behavioral differences between males and females that may suggest a difference in
601:
533:
490:
2459:
1517:
675:
while females have significantly larger proportionate volumes to total brain volume in the
551:
had claimed women are more "visually dependent" than men, this has recently been disputed.
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4200:
4165:
4074:
3962:
3856:
3812:
3792:
3665:
3381:
3360:
3115:
2265:
2102:
1801:"Sex Differences in Parietal Lobe Morphology: Relationship to Mental Rotation Performance"
1157:
1118:
1094:
1071:
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861:
684:
414:
260:
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1564:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
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3782:
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2643:
2619:
2592:
2568:
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1971:
1946:
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1849:
1825:
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1307:
1098:
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672:
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451:
364:
320:
2050:
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17:
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3617:
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3365:
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2965:. Levine, Jon E. (6th, New ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
2502:
2366:
2282:
Sex differences in the adult human brain: Evidence from 5,216 UK Biobank participants
2030:
1997:
1760:
1741:
1683:
1172:
1097:. Opioid peptides are known to play a role in emotion and motivation. The content of
1086:
1066:
Steroid hormones have several effects on brain development as well as maintenance of
965:
957:
945:
846:
819:
783:
589:
585:
560:
556:
548:
2892:
2767:
2714:
2518:
2475:
2425:
2409:
2066:
1928:
1742:"Multisensory determinants of orientation perception: task-specific sex differences"
1443:
1391:
1283:
1234:
1217:
4094:
3395:
3372:
3003:
The gendered brain: The new neuroscience that shatters the myth of the female brain
2382:
2339:
2323:
1962:
1947:"Evolving Knowledge of Sex Differences in Brain Structure, Function, and Chemistry"
1785:
1699:
1113:
1044:
1020:
893:
772:
662:
651:
622:
459:
455:
374:
27:
Characteristics of the brain that differentiate the male brain and the female brain
2759:
2227:
983:
hypothesized that women's higher susceptibility to stress-prone diseases such as
764:
A 2014 meta-analysis found (where differences were measured) some differences in
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4145:
4089:
3927:
3712:
3411:
3230:
2998:
1816:
1102:
1067:
901:
889:
826:
765:
752:
711:
626:
597:
392:
232:
2194:
2177:
1866:
1324:
641:
Researchers further analyzed the differences in brain volume, surface area and
564:
and environment on the difference in spatial ability is still open for debate.
4180:
4175:
3892:
3627:
3167:
2876:
2805:
2659:
2003:
Delusions of Gender: How Our Minds, Society, and
Neurosexism Create Difference
1070:
throughout adulthood. Estrogen receptors have been found in the hypothalamus,
961:
873:
854:
609:
opportunities and a firm opponent of all forms of discrimination in society."
517:
2559:
1769:
1636:
1243:
912:
males. Some trans women have also shown a female-typical central part of the
3842:
2980:
2840:
2823:
1266:
1139:
1122:
1090:
1028:
949:
937:
909:
865:
838:
723:
509:
2884:
2849:
2732:
2677:
2628:
2577:
2510:
2467:
2417:
2374:
2331:
2137:
2058:
1980:
1920:
1885:
1834:
1777:
1726:
1713:
Witkin HA, Lewis HB, Hertzman M, Machover K, Meissner PB, Wapner S (1954).
1691:
1644:
1593:
1575:
1536:
1461:
1383:
1343:
1292:
1251:
671:, it has been found that males have larger and longer planum temporale and
433:, and social learning on brain development throughout the lifespan. A 2021
3019:
2695:
2203:
2178:"Brain development, gender and IQ in children: A volumetric imaging study"
1544:
1502:
1477:
Sex
Differences in the Brain - the Relation Between Structure and Function
1267:"Sex differences in the brain are not reduced to differences in body size"
822:
structures such as the right insular cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus.
771:
The findings included females having more grey matter volume in the right
613:
activation patterns that suggest anatomical or developmental differences.
4294:
4054:
3759:
2696:"Gender differences in working memory networks: a BrainMap meta-analysis"
1024:
1016:
973:
905:
857:
bilateral VIIb, VIIIa and Crus I lobes, left VI and right Crus II lobes.
811:
732:
497:
486:
430:
383:
2609:
2550:
2229:
Sex
Differences in the Human Brain, their Underpinnings and Implications
4195:
1627:
1608:
1167:
1040:
842:
529:
525:
2938:
Suicide in Men: How Men Differ from Women in Expressing their Distress
2644:"A Review of the Status of Brain Structure Research in Transsexualism"
1912:
876:, among other areas. Females tended to have denser left frontal pole.
2593:"Transgender Associations and Possible Etiology: A Literature Review"
2129:
1036:
917:
578:
505:
2176:
Reiss AL, Abrams MT, Singer HS, Ross JL, Denckla MB (October 1996).
2081:
1375:
2293:
1715:
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722:
363:
426:
405:
48:
3023:
520:
pathway, oxytocin plays a role in the enhancement of long-term
920:(INAH-3), looking at the number of neurons found within each.
2441:"A review on sex differences in processing emotional signals"
1479:. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 61. pp. 361–74.
1428:"A meta-analysis of sex differences in human brain structure"
2082:"Delusions of gender - 'neurosexism', biology and politics"
1043:, respectively. Sex hormone production is regulated by the
1362:
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interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus number 3
814:
and precuneus; the left parahippocampal gyrus and lateral
1740:
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1518:"Sexual dimorphism of the human brain: myth and reality"
995:
is theorized to be overactive and to interfere with the
932:
networks composed of both middle frontal gyri, the left
2940:. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas. p. 61.
2925:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. p. 213.
1265:
Williams CM, Peyre H, Toro R, Ramus F (November 2021).
1560:"Multifaceted origins of sex differences in the brain"
454:
philosophers around 850 BC. In 1854, German anatomist
4388:
1799:
Koscik T, Moser DJ, Andreasen NC, Nopoulos P (2008).
825:
Males had more grey matter volume in both amygdalae,
1426:, Lombardo MV, Tait RJ, Suckling J (February 2014).
4221:
4103:
3992:
3985:
3883:
3758:
3626:
3550:
3452:
3258:
3251:
3114:
2822:Genazzani AR, Pluchino N, Luisi S, Luisi M (2007).
2642:Guillamon A, Junque C, GĂłmez-Gil E (October 2016).
1211:
1209:
1138:following its conversion to estrogen by the enzyme
1083:performance of such tasks when compared to males.
2790:(5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
2232:(Journal review series). ISSN. Elsevier Science.
892:neurological differentiation were focused on the
1216:Eliot L, Ahmed A, Khan H, Patel J (2021-06-01).
2694:Hill AC, Laird AR, Robinson JL (October 2014).
1940:
1938:
555:Iowa found that the thicker grey matter in the
2781:
2779:
2777:
2305:
2303:
2025:
2023:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
928:Both males and females have consistent active
3035:
2534:"Brain Lateralization and Cognitive Capacity"
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
345:
8:
2936:Lester D, Gunn JF, Quinnett P, eds. (2014).
2817:
2815:
2689:
2687:
524:, which is a change in strength between two
3989:
3255:
3042:
3028:
3020:
1945:Cosgrove KP, Mazure CM, Staley JK (2007).
1109:Progesterone and the male and female brain
352:
338:
31:
2839:
2722:
2667:
2618:
2608:
2567:
2549:
2193:
1970:
1875:
1865:
1824:
1759:
1673:
1626:
1583:
1451:
1333:
1323:
1282:
1233:
896:and amygdala regions of the brain. Using
4206:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
1422:Ruigrok AN, Salimi-Khorshidi G, Lai MC,
1357:
1355:
1353:
1271:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
1222:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
1121:, progesterone increases just after the
4395:
2824:"Estrogen, cognition and female ageing"
1992:
1990:
1525:Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology
1205:
908:that were larger in size than those of
270:
164:
100:
55:
39:
2748:Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences
2460:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.12.022
2398:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
2261:
2251:
2098:
2087:
1432:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
979:A 2017 review from the perspective of
532:that lasts for minutes or longer, and
3698:Psychological effects of Internet use
1607:Robert M, Chevrier E (October 2003).
7:
2591:Saleem F, Rizvi SW (December 2017).
1901:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
1168:Puberty § Neurohormonal process
884:Transgender studies on brain anatomy
458:discovered a size difference in the
3678:Digital media use and mental health
2865:Neurobiology of Learning and Memory
1163:Neuroscience and sexual orientation
914:bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
727:The amygdala (red) in a human brain
658:(mediating <3% of performance).
3309:Automatic and controlled processes
2439:Kret ME, De Gelder B (June 2012).
2155:. Los Angeles: SAGE. p. 343.
2153:Encyclopedia of Gender and Society
904:were found to have female-typical
849:, areas in the left posterior and
25:
3718:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
2921:Ulshöfer G, Karafyllis N (2008).
2051:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.03.005
736:size of the amygdala across sex.
4410:
4398:
4369:
4356:
4344:
4343:
3743:Mobile phones and driving safety
2910:. World Almanac Education Group.
2503:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.08.050
2367:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.12.021
2288:. Cerebral cortex. p. 6-7.
1761:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07199.x
1747:European Journal of Neuroscience
1684:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01990.x
47:
3646:Computer-mediated communication
2715:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.06.008
2410:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.12.002
1444:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.12.004
1284:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.015
1235:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.026
1129:Testosterone and the male brain
633:Researchers also found greater
423:neuroscience of sex differences
3923:Empathising–systemising theory
3226:female intrasexual competition
3163:Evolutionarily stable strategy
2324:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.01.003
1963:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.03.001
1153:Biology and sexual orientation
1063:(GnRH) from the hypothalamus.
1061:gonadotropin-releasing hormone
1055:(FSH), whose release from the
985:post-traumatic stress disorder
241:age disparity in relationships
1:
4283:Standard social science model
3336:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis
2961:Hadley ME, Levine JE (2007).
1558:McCarthy MM (February 2016).
1485:10.1016/S0079-6123(08)64447-7
1193:Causes of gender incongruence
1178:Sex differences in psychology
1078:Estrogen and the female brain
1035:synthesized primarily in the
568:Male and female brain anatomy
4131:Missing heritability problem
3723:Social aspects of television
3346:Evolution of nervous systems
3314:Computational theory of mind
2760:10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.11.003
1516:Hofman MA, Swaab DF (1991).
1364:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
1053:follicle-stimulating hormone
888:Early postmortem studies of
868:, and areas of the right VI
541:sex differences in cognition
516:. Through activation of the
4377:Evolutionary biology portal
2648:Archives of Sexual Behavior
1817:10.1016/j.bandc.2008.09.004
1188:The NeuroGenderings Network
1015:, or sex hormones, include
964:, portions of the superior
600:, methodological flaws and
543:appear. Researchers at the
4454:
4338:Evolutionary psychologists
4211:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
4126:Human–animal communication
3838:Ovulatory shift hypothesis
3688:Imprinted brain hypothesis
3656:Human–computer interaction
2906:Funk and Wagnalls (2018).
1867:10.1186/s13293-022-00448-w
1854:Biology of Sex Differences
1325:10.1186/s13293-022-00448-w
1312:Biology of Sex Differences
1183:Sexually dimorphic nucleus
1105:in post menopausal women.
981:large-scale brain networks
898:magnetic resonance imaging
768:levels between the sexes.
683:, the hippocampus and the
668:Progress in Brain Research
500:is a hormone that induces
477:Sexual selection in humans
474:
4438:Sex differences in humans
4332:
4258:Environmental determinism
4229:Cultural selection theory
4116:Evolutionary epistemology
4030:evolutionary neuroscience
3703:Rank theory of depression
3205:Parent–offspring conflict
3057:
2877:10.1016/j.nlm.2004.07.006
2828:Human Reproduction Update
2660:10.1007/s10508-016-0768-5
1003:Neurochemical differences
997:executive control network
989:major depressive disorder
691:and fiber numbers in the
466:Evolutionary explanations
41:Sex differences in humans
4151:Cultural group selection
4035:Biocultural anthropology
3728:Societal impacts of cars
3661:Media naturalness theory
3351:Fight-or-flight response
2532:Rogers LJ (2021-07-03).
2195:10.1093/brain/119.5.1763
800:anterior cingulate gyrus
710:A 2014 meta-analysis of
677:superior temporal cortex
604:. Clinical psychologist
4433:Behavioral neuroscience
4351:Evolutionary psychology
4315:Sociocultural evolution
4156:Dual inheritance theory
3613:Personality development
3074:Theoretical foundations
3051:Evolutionary psychology
946:superior parietal lobes
851:anterior cingulate gyri
4273:Social constructionism
4268:Psychological nativism
4243:Biological determinism
4191:Recent human evolution
4186:Punctuated equilibrium
4009:Behavioral epigenetics
4004:evolutionary economics
3973:Variability hypothesis
3918:Emotional intelligence
3651:Engineering psychology
3341:Evolution of the brain
2097:Cite journal requires
2039:Brain Research Reviews
1614:Memory & Cognition
1576:10.1098/rstb.2015.0106
1537:10.1055/s-0029-1211113
728:
665:journal review series
418:
201:Emotional intelligence
64:Sexual differentiation
18:Neural masculinization
4300:Multilineal evolution
4263:Nature versus nurture
4222:Theoretical positions
4070:Functional psychology
4065:Evolutionary medicine
4040:Biological psychiatry
3748:Texting while driving
3738:Lead–crime hypothesis
3598:Cognitive development
3583:Caregiver deprivation
3094:Gene selection theory
2841:10.1093/humupd/dml042
2703:Biological Psychology
2118:American Psychologist
1951:Biological Psychiatry
1661:Psychological Science
1089:, surgeries inducing
954:middle temporal gyrus
726:
545:University of Toronto
367:
4253:Cultural determinism
4060:Evolutionary biology
4045:Cognitive psychology
3993:Academic disciplines
3641:Cognitive ergonomics
3608:Language acquisition
3588:Childhood attachment
3401:Wason selection task
3295:Behavioral modernity
3084:Cognitive revolution
3067:Evolutionary thought
2788:Endocrine physiology
831:parahippocampal gyri
189:Emotional expression
4320:Unilineal evolution
4085:Population genetics
3870:Sexy son hypothesis
3808:Hormonal motivation
3788:Concealed ovulation
3329:Dual process theory
3200:Parental investment
2610:10.7759/cureus.1984
2551:10.3390/ani11071996
2279:Ritchie SJ (2018).
1848:DeCasien A (2022).
1805:Brain and Cognition
1306:DeCasien A (2022).
1049:luteinizing hormone
853:, and areas in the
693:anterior commissure
522:synaptic plasticity
483:prefrontal cortical
91:Scientific measures
35:Part of a series on
4278:Social determinism
4161:Fisher's principle
4121:Great ape language
4111:Cultural evolution
4080:Philosophy of mind
3913:Division of labour
3875:Westermarck effect
3823:Mating preferences
3733:Distracted driving
3467:Literary criticism
3324:Domain specificity
3304:modularity of mind
2786:Molina PE (2018).
2151:O'Brien J (2009).
1628:10.3758/BF03196134
1570:(1688): 20150106.
1142:within the brain.
1136:estrogen receptors
1057:anterior pituitary
796:parietal operculum
729:
656:cortical thickness
648:cortical thickness
643:cortical thickness
635:cortical thickness
440:sexually dimorphic
419:
211:Gender empathy gap
4386:
4385:
4364:Psychology portal
4328:
4327:
4171:Hologenome theory
4141:Unit of selection
4136:Primate cognition
4050:Cognitive science
3981:
3980:
3852:Sexual attraction
3828:Mating strategies
3593:Cinderella effect
3523:Moral foundations
3427:Visual perception
3319:Domain generality
3288:Facial expression
3236:Sexual dimorphism
3195:Natural selection
3141:Hamiltonian spite
3012:978-1-84792-475-9
2972:978-0-13-187606-4
2947:978-0-398-08794-4
2797:978-1-260-01936-0
2497:(Pt A): 350–366.
2239:978-0-444-53631-0
2162:978-1-4129-0916-7
2013:978-0-393-06838-2
1913:10.1002/cne.10714
1754:(10): 1899–1907.
1494:978-0-444-80532-4
1434:(Meta-analysis).
1059:is stimulated by
788:pars triangularis
661:According to the
606:Simon Baron-Cohen
362:
361:
296:Gender inequality
16:(Redirected from
4445:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4394:
4373:
4360:
4347:
4346:
3990:
3986:Related subjects
3773:Adult attachment
3300:Cognitive module
3256:
3243:Social selection
3217:Costly signaling
3212:Sexual selection
3099:Modern synthesis
3044:
3037:
3030:
3021:
3016:
2985:
2984:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2843:
2819:
2810:
2809:
2783:
2772:
2771:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2726:
2700:
2691:
2682:
2681:
2671:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2622:
2612:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2571:
2553:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2448:Neuropsychologia
2445:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2307:
2298:
2297:
2287:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2263:
2259:
2257:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2226:Savic I (2010).
2223:
2208:
2207:
2197:
2188:(5): 1763–1774.
2173:
2167:
2166:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2130:10.1037/a0026699
2113:
2107:
2106:
2100:
2095:
2093:
2085:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2027:
2018:
2017:
2006:. W. W. Norton.
1994:
1985:
1984:
1974:
1942:
1933:
1932:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1879:
1869:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1828:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1763:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1677:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1630:
1621:(7): 1136–1145.
1604:
1598:
1597:
1587:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1522:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1455:
1419:
1396:
1395:
1359:
1348:
1347:
1337:
1327:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1286:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1237:
1213:
1033:steroid hormones
1013:Gonadal hormones
993:salience network
972:, and bilateral
816:occipital cortex
792:planum temporale
602:publication bias
579:myelinated fiber
534:long-term memory
491:sexual selective
471:Sexual selection
412:
403:
390:
381:
372:
354:
347:
340:
326:equality paradox
321:Sociolinguistics
125:Mental disorders
51:
32:
21:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4411:
4409:
4399:
4397:
4389:
4387:
4382:
4324:
4310:Neoevolutionism
4217:
4201:Species complex
4166:Group selection
4104:Research topics
4099:
4075:Neuropsychology
3977:
3963:Substance abuse
3885:Sex differences
3879:
3793:Coolidge effect
3754:
3666:Neuroergonomics
3631:
3622:
3546:
3448:
3382:Folk psychology
3263:
3247:
3117:
3110:
3053:
3048:
3013:
3005:. Bodley Head.
3001:(28 Feb 2019).
2997:
2994:
2992:Further reading
2989:
2988:
2973:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2821:
2820:
2813:
2798:
2785:
2784:
2775:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2698:
2693:
2692:
2685:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2443:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2309:
2308:
2301:
2285:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2260:
2250:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2225:
2224:
2211:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2096:
2086:
2080:Baron-Cohen S.
2079:
2078:
2074:
2029:
2028:
2021:
2014:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1675:10.1.1.392.9474
1668:(10): 850–855.
1657:
1656:
1652:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1495:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1421:
1420:
1399:
1376:10.1038/nrn1909
1361:
1360:
1351:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1158:Neuroplasticity
1148:
1131:
1119:menstrual cycle
1111:
1095:opioid peptides
1080:
1072:pituitary gland
1010:
1005:
991:, in which the
952:, and the left
934:cingulate gyrus
926:
886:
762:
750:
721:
701:
673:Sylvian fissure
619:
592:, Sven Haller,
570:
485:control of the
479:
473:
468:
448:
417:
415:Pituitary gland
410:
408:
401:
399:
388:
386:
379:
377:
370:
358:
145:substance abuse
120:Life expectancy
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4451:
4449:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4419:
4407:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4367:
4354:
4341:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4231:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4015:
4006:
3996:
3994:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3889:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3854:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3764:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3693:Mind-blindness
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3637:
3635:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3567:
3562:
3556:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3493:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3458:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3388:
3386:theory of mind
3379:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3297:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3269:
3267:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3219:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3153:Baldwin effect
3150:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3011:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2971:
2953:
2946:
2928:
2913:
2898:
2855:
2811:
2796:
2773:
2738:
2683:
2654:(7): 1615–48.
2634:
2583:
2524:
2481:
2454:(7): 1211–21.
2431:
2388:
2345:
2312:Brain Research
2299:
2294:10.1101/123729
2271:
2262:|journal=
2238:
2209:
2168:
2161:
2143:
2124:(2): 130–159.
2108:
2099:|journal=
2072:
2019:
2012:
1986:
1934:
1891:
1840:
1811:(3): 451–459.
1791:
1732:
1705:
1650:
1599:
1550:
1508:
1493:
1467:
1438:(100): 34–50.
1397:
1349:
1298:
1257:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1130:
1127:
1110:
1107:
1079:
1076:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
930:working memory
925:
924:Brain networks
922:
885:
882:
847:temporal poles
835:cingulate gyri
808:Heschl's gyrus
804:insular cortex
761:
758:
749:
746:
720:
717:
704:Lateralization
700:
699:Lateralization
697:
618:
615:
594:Sigrid Schmitz
574:meta-synthesis
569:
566:
514:spatial memory
472:
469:
467:
464:
447:
444:
435:meta-synthesis
409:
400:
387:
378:
369:
360:
359:
357:
356:
349:
342:
334:
331:
330:
329:
328:
323:
318:
316:Social support
313:
311:Social capital
308:
303:
298:
293:
292:
291:
281:
273:
272:
268:
267:
266:
265:
264:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
214:
213:
203:
198:
197:
196:
186:
181:
173:
172:
162:
161:
160:
159:
154:
153:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
122:
117:
109:
108:
98:
97:
96:
95:
94:
93:
83:
78:
73:
72:
71:
58:
57:
53:
52:
44:
43:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4450:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4418:
4408:
4406:
4396:
4392:
4379:
4378:
4372:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4359:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4305:Neo-Darwinism
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4290:Functionalism
4288:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4248:Connectionism
4246:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4238:indeterminism
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3988:
3984:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3958:Schizophrenia
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3943:Mental health
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3818:Mate guarding
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3778:Age disparity
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3708:Schizophrenia
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3633:Mental health
3629:
3628:Human factors
3625:
3619:
3618:Socialization
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3578:paternal bond
3575:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3443:
3442:NaĂŻve physics
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3408:Motor control
3406:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3366:Ophidiophobia
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3356:Arachnophobia
3354:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3283:Display rules
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3185:Kin selection
3183:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3079:Adaptationism
3077:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3040:
3038:
3033:
3031:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3014:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2964:
2963:Endocrinology
2957:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2929:
2924:
2917:
2914:
2909:
2902:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2871:(3): 309–23.
2870:
2866:
2859:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2834:(2): 175–87.
2833:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2603:(12): e1984.
2602:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2404:(4): 811–30.
2403:
2399:
2392:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2283:
2275:
2272:
2267:
2255:
2241:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2091:
2083:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1957:(8): 847–55.
1956:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1907:(2): 144–52.
1906:
1902:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1654:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1531:(2): 161–70.
1530:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1424:Baron-Cohen S
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1370:(6): 477–84.
1369:
1365:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1173:Rett syndrome
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1087:Ovariectomies
1084:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1031:), which are
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1002:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
977:
975:
971:
967:
966:parietal lobe
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
923:
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
883:
881:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
784:frontal gyrus
782:
778:
774:
769:
767:
759:
757:
754:
747:
745:
741:
737:
734:
725:
718:
716:
713:
708:
705:
698:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:
664:
659:
657:
653:
649:
644:
639:
636:
631:
628:
624:
616:
614:
610:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
590:Anelis Kaiser
587:
586:Cordelia Fine
582:
580:
575:
567:
565:
562:
561:parietal lobe
558:
557:parietal lobe
552:
550:
549:Herman Witkin
546:
542:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
492:
488:
484:
478:
470:
465:
463:
461:
457:
453:
452:Ancient Greek
445:
443:
441:
436:
432:
428:
424:
416:
407:
398:
394:
385:
376:
368:Human brain.
366:
355:
350:
348:
343:
341:
336:
335:
333:
332:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
290:
287:
286:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
275:
274:
269:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
238:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
212:
209:
208:
207:
204:
202:
199:
195:
192:
191:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
176:
175:
174:
171:
167:
163:
158:
155:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
140:schizophrenia
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
127:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
112:
111:
110:
107:
103:
99:
92:
89:
88:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
70:
67:
66:
65:
62:
61:
60:
59:
54:
50:
46:
45:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
4375:
4362:
4349:
4336:
4095:Sociobiology
3953:Neuroscience
3952:
3933:Intelligence
3479:Anthropology
3432:Color vision
3417:Multitasking
3396:Flynn effect
3391:Intelligence
3373:Folk biology
3116:Evolutionary
3002:
2962:
2956:
2937:
2931:
2922:
2916:
2908:Progesterone
2907:
2901:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2831:
2827:
2787:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2706:
2702:
2651:
2647:
2637:
2600:
2596:
2586:
2541:
2537:
2527:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2451:
2447:
2434:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2315:
2311:
2281:
2274:
2243:. Retrieved
2228:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2152:
2146:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2090:cite journal
2075:
2045:(2): 49–59.
2042:
2038:
2033:, Haller S,
2002:
1954:
1950:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1751:
1745:
1735:
1717:. New York:
1714:
1708:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1618:
1612:
1602:
1567:
1563:
1553:
1528:
1524:
1511:
1476:
1470:
1435:
1431:
1367:
1363:
1315:
1311:
1301:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1225:
1221:
1132:
1114:Progesterone
1112:
1085:
1081:
1065:
1045:gonadotropic
1021:testosterone
1011:
978:
948:, the right
936:, the right
927:
900:(MRI), some
894:hypothalamic
887:
878:
859:
833:, posterior
824:
773:frontal pole
770:
763:
751:
742:
738:
730:
709:
702:
681:Broca's area
666:
663:neuroscience
660:
652:white matter
640:
632:
623:white matter
620:
611:
583:
571:
553:
538:
496:
480:
460:frontal lobe
456:Emil Huschke
449:
422:
420:
375:Hypothalamus
218:Intelligence
166:Neuroscience
165:
115:Autoimmunity
29:
4234:Determinism
4146:Coevolution
4090:Primatology
3928:Gender role
3833:Orientation
3713:Screen time
3570:Affectional
3552:Development
3231:Mate choice
3158:By-products
3126:Adaptations
3089:Cognitivism
2544:(7): 1996.
2361:: 282–294.
1277:: 509–511.
1228:: 667–697.
1103:hot flashes
1099:β-endorphin
1068:homeostasis
968:, the left
940:, the left
916:(BSTc) and
902:trans women
890:transgender
864:, putamen,
829:, anterior
766:grey matter
760:Grey matter
753:Hippocampus
748:Hippocampus
712:grey matter
689:midsagittal
627:gray matter
598:neurosexism
502:contraction
393:Hippocampus
289:in the U.S.
233:Neurosexism
157:Stroke care
76:In research
4427:Categories
4417:Psychology
4405:Philosophy
4181:Population
4176:Lamarckism
4022:behavioral
4000:Behavioral
3948:Narcissism
3893:Aggression
3683:Hypophobia
3673:Depression
3560:Attachment
3542:Universals
3506:Psychology
3484:Biological
3472:Musicology
3462:Aesthetics
3361:Basophobia
3168:Exaptation
3146:Reciprocal
2806:1026417940
2491:NeuroImage
2355:NeuroImage
2245:2021-12-26
2120:(Review).
2041:(Review).
1953:(Review).
1200:References
962:cerebellum
874:cerebellum
855:cerebellum
827:hippocampi
518:MAP kinase
475:See also:
301:Leadership
246:attraction
237:Sexuality
228:Narcissism
194:Aggression
170:psychology
135:depression
86:Dimorphism
81:Physiology
4026:cognitive
4018:Affective
3903:Cognition
3857:Sexuality
3843:Pair bond
3603:Education
3260:Cognition
3178:Inclusive
3118:processes
3106:Criticism
2754:: 27–32.
2709:: 18–29.
2560:2076-2615
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2264:ignored (
2254:cite book
2035:Schmitz S
1860:(1): 43.
1770:1460-9568
1670:CiteSeerX
1637:0090-502X
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1244:0149-7634
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1123:ovulatory
1091:menopause
1051:(LH) and
1047:hormones
1029:estradiol
1027:(such as
1025:estrogens
1019:(such as
1017:androgens
950:claustrum
938:precuneus
910:cisgender
866:claustrum
839:precuneus
510:lactation
284:Education
271:Sociology
179:Cognition
69:disorders
4295:Memetics
4055:Ethology
4013:genetics
3848:Physical
3813:Jealousy
3768:Activity
3574:maternal
3530:Religion
3518:Morality
3496:Language
3377:taxonomy
3190:Mismatch
3136:Cheating
3131:Altruism
2999:Rippon G
2981:70929277
2893:19893375
2885:15464412
2850:17135285
2768:53161342
2733:25042764
2678:27255307
2629:29503778
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1384:16688123
1344:35883159
1293:34520800
1252:33621637
1146:See also
1134:through
1008:Hormones
974:thalamus
942:inferior
906:putamina
862:pallidum
777:inferior
733:amygdala
719:Amygdala
498:Oxytocin
487:amygdala
431:hormones
384:Amygdala
306:Religion
261:jealousy
102:Medicine
4391:Portals
4196:Species
3968:Suicide
3803:Fantasy
3783:Arousal
3565:Bonding
3454:Culture
3278:Display
3265:Emotion
3173:Fitness
3062:History
2724:4157091
2669:4987404
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2538:Animals
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810:; both
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3252:Areas
2889:S2CID
2764:S2CID
2699:(PDF)
2515:S2CID
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