32:
56:
727:
percent were continent at day and night during follow up. However, patients in this study who had intermediate-type bladders underwent adjuvant cystoplasty. Additionally, one study showed that there was no significant difference in success rates between artificial urinary sphincters and sling procedures, however patients tended to need more additional surgeries with the artificial sphincter versus a sling.
804:, and 15% of patients with stroke have neurogenic bladder. Dysfunction of the bladder is also frequently seen in patients with Spina Bifida, which affects 1 in 1000 births in the United States. It has been documented that about 61% of patients with Spina Bifida have some form of urinary incontinence. Around 70-80% of patients with spinal cord injury have degrees of bladder dysfunction.
160:
818:
the annual costs of routine care can range from $ 2,039.69 to $ 12,219.07, with lifetime costs reaching up to $ 112,774 when complications are considered. Catheters and absorbent aids are among the costliest categories of expenditure during routine care. More invasive and reconstructive treatments were found to be even more costly, with costs ranging from $ 18,057 to $ 55,873.
405:
628:
817:
The burden of neurogenic bladder dysfunction on individuals and health care systems is substantial, but the actual costs of care are less understood. A recent systematic review of the literature assessed the global costs associated with the current state of care for neurogenic bladder and found that
613:
There are various strategies to alter the interaction between the nerves and muscles of the bladder, including nonsurgical therapies (transurethral electrical bladder stimulation), minimally invasive procedures (sacral neuromodulation pacemaker), and operative (reconfiguration of sacral nerve root
479:
is a less-invasive study that can measure urine flow rate and use it to estimate detrusor strength and sphincter resistance. Urethral pressure monitoring is another less-invasive approach to assessing detrusor sphincter dyssynergia. These studies can be repeated at regular intervals, especially if
233:
or hypotonic bladder), the muscles of the bladder lose ability to contract normally. This can cause the inability to void urine even if the bladder is full and cause a large bladder capacity. The internal urinary sphincter can contract normally, however urinary incontinence is common. This type of
787:
The overall prevalence of neurogenic bladder is limited due to the broad range of conditions that can lead to urinary dysfunction. Neurogenic bladder is common with spinal cord injury and multiple sclerosis. Rates of some type of urinary dysfunction surpass 80% one year after spinal cord injury.
726:
have shown good term outcomes in adults and pediatric patients. An artificial urinary sphincter has three components: a control pump, an inflatable cuff that goes around the urethra, and a pressure regulating balloon. One study on 97 patients followed for a mean duration of 4 years found that 92%
458:
refers to the measurement of the pressure-volume relationship in the bladder. The bladder usually stores urine at low pressure and urination can be completed without a dramatic pressure rise. Damage to the kidneys is probable if the pressure rises above 40 cm of water during filling. Bladder
744:
Mitrofanoff using the appendix: The appendix is mobilized from the cecum, while still being connected to its blood source (mesentery). A catheter is passed through the appendix to ensure it is patent. The appendix is then connected to the bladder on one side and to the skin of the abdomen on the
570:
is a standard approach for patients with difficulty voiding (emptying) the bladder. For most patients, this can be accomplished with intermittent catherization which involves no surgery or permanently attached appliances. Intermittent catheterization involves using straight catheters (which are
242:
Mixed type of neurogenic bladder can cause a combination of the above presentations. In mixed type A, the bladder muscle is flaccid but the sphincter is overactive. This creates a large, low pressure bladder and inability to void, but does not carry as much risk for kidney damage as a spastic
740:
Mitrofanoff
Surgery: A surgery in which a conduit, such as the small intestine or appendix, is used to divert urine from a high pressure bladder to the skin to create a stoma, where the bladder can be catheterized via the stoma. This surgery is indicated in spina bifida, urethral strictures,
754:
Augmentation
Cytoplasty: A class of surgery in which a segment of intestine is used to increase the capacity of the bladder. This surgery is indicated in patients who have low capacity bladders, poorly compliant bladders, and overactive bladder that is refractory to medical treatment.
598:(Botox) can be used through two different approaches. For spastic neurogenic bladder, the bladder muscle (detrusor) can be injected which will cause it to be flaccid for 6–9 months. This prevents high bladder pressures and intermittent catherization must be used during this time.
412:
The diagnosis of neurogenic bladder is made based on a complete history and physical examination and may require imaging and specialized studies. History should include information on the onset, duration, triggers, severity, other medical conditions and medications (including
463:, during which the bladder is artificially filled with a catheter and bladder pressures and detrusor activity are monitored. Patterns of involuntary detrusor activity as well as bladder flexibility, or compliance, can be evaluated. The most valuable test to test for
295:
Urine storage and elimination (urination) requires coordination between the bladder emptying muscle (detrusor) and the external sphincter of the bladder. This coordination can be disrupted by damage or diseases of the central nervous system, peripheral nerves or
538:
in the detrusor muscle. Its use is limited by side effects such as dry mouth, constipation and decreased sweating. Patients must also be monitored for newly-developed difficulty emptying the bladder, which may result from excessive effects of the drug.
758:
Ileocystoplasty (Most common): A segment of small intestine (ileum) is isolated and disconnected from the rest of the bowel. The rest of the bowel is reconnected. The removed segment is opened up and is attached to the bladder to increase bladder
748:
Yang-Monti
Mitrofanoff: A 2-3 cm segment of the small intestine (ileum) is used. The ileum is then mobilized to the bladder and connected to the bladder on one side and to the skin of the abdomen on the other side, creating a stoma using the
2373:
2358:
578:
Catheters are preferred over externally-applied pressure (such as with hands) or straining of the abdomen, even when these methods succeed in completely emptying the bladder. Those techniques can elevate the pressure inside the
212:
with high pressures in the bladder that can damage the kidneys. The bladder volume is usually smaller than normal due to increased muscle tone in the bladder. Spastic neurogenic bladder is usually caused by damage to the
688:(from the intestines, called "conduit") on the skin of the abdomen that bypasses the urethra to empty the bladder directly through the skin opening. Several techniques may be used. One technique is the
571:
usually disposable or single-use products) several times a day to empty the bladder. This can be done independently or with assistance. For people who are unable to use disposable straight catheters, a
144:, treatment depends on the nature of the underlying disease and can be managed with behavioral changes, medications, surgeries, or other procedures. The symptoms of neurogenic bladder, especially
741:
urogenital anomalies, and worsening bladder dysfunction that is refractory to medical treatment. Some providers have begun performing these surgery with a minimally invasive robot.
380:
Damage to the nerves that travel from the spinal cord to the bladder (peripheral nerves) can cause neurogenic bladder, usually the flaccid type. Nerve damage can be caused by
876:
Abedi, Aidin; Sayegh, Aref S.; Ha, Nhi T.; La, Riva Anibal; Perez, Laura C.; Kohli, Priya; Abedi, Armita; Jen, Rita P.; Ginsberg, David A.; Kreydin, Evgeniy I. (2022-10-01).
451:
study uses contrast dye to obtain images of the bladder both when it is full and after urination which can show changes in bladder shape consistent with neurogenic bladder.
1085:
Amarenco, Gerard; Sheikh Ismaël, Samer; Chesnel, Camille; Charlanes, Audrey; LE Breton, Frederique (Dec 2017). "Diagnosis and clinical evaluation of neurogenic bladder".
140:
or other neurodegenerative diseases. Neurogenic bladder can be diagnosed through a history and physical as well as imaging and more specialized testing. In addition to
1449:"The AdVance male sling as a minimally invasive treatment for intrinsic sphincter deficiency in patients with neurogenic bladder sphincter dysfunction: a pilot study"
1708:"Artificial urinary sphincter surgery in the special populations: neurological, revision, concurrent penile prosthesis and female stress urinary incontinence groups"
2484:
773:
Sling suspension in boys: A plane is created between the bladder neck/prostate and rectum to allow a sling to be passed through in order to assist with continence.
575:
allows continuous drainage of urine into a sterile drainage bag that is worn by the patient, but such catheters are associated with higher rates of complications.
776:
Sling suspension in girls: A plane is created between the bladder neck and anterior vaginal wall to allow a sling to be passed in order to assist with continence.
39:
A paraplegic patient with neurogenic bladder on regular ultrasound follow-up showing thickened bladder wall with trabeculations and sediments within the bladder.
730:
Bladder Neck
Closure is a major surgical procedure which can be a last resort treatment for incontinence, a Mitrofanoff stoma is necessary to empty the bladder.
287:
was previously a leading cause of mortality in patients with spinal cord injury but is now dramatically less common due to improvements in bladder management.
2286:"Burden of illness the first year after diagnosed bladder dysfunction among people with spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis - a Danish register study"
447:
dilation. Trabeculated bladder on ultrasound indicates high risk of developing urinary tract abnormalities such as hydronephrosis and stones. A voiding
443:
imaging can give information on the shape of the bladder, post-void residual volume, and evidence of kidney damage such as kidney size, thickness or
714:
or urethral sphincterotomy are other surgical approaches that can reduce bladder pressures but require use of an external urinary collection device.
1824:"A comparative study between continent diversion and bladder neck closure versus continent diversion and bladder neck reconstruction in children"
673:
Surgical interventions may be pursued if medical approaches have been maximized. Surgical options depend on the type of dysfunction observed on
788:
Among patients with multiple sclerosis, 20–25% will develop neurogenic bladder although the type and severity bladder dysfunction is variable.
2646:
964:
283:
which may compromise kidney function. This is especially significant in spastic neurogenic bladder that leads to high bladder pressures.
2477:
1765:
Truzzi, José Carlos; Almeida, Fernando Gonçalves de; Sacomani, Carlos
Alberto; Reis, Joceara; Rocha, Flávio Eduardo Trigo (April 2022).
2731:
1137:
Schurch, Brigitte; Tawadros, Cécile; Carda, Stefano (2015). "Dysfunction of lower urinary tract in patients with spinal cord injury".
1154:
498:
may be necessary, especially if there is concern for an obstruction such as a tumor. The inside of the bladder can be visualized by
156:
There are different types of neurogenic bladder depending on the underlying cause. Many of these types may have similar symptoms.
878:"Health Care Economic Burden of Treatment and Rehabilitation for Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction: A Systematic Review"
689:
243:
bladder. Mixed type B is characterized by a flaccid external sphincter and a spastic bladder causing problems with incontinence.
1615:"The Artificial Urinary Sphincter in Patients with Spinal Cord Lesion: Description of a Modified Technique and Clinical Results"
116:, frequency, incontinence or difficulty passing urine. A range of diseases or conditions can cause neurogenic bladder including
31:
2470:
530:
medication. These are used for patients with over-active bladder muscles, who have lost the ability to hold their urine in.
514:, medications, surgeries or other procedures. The goals of treatment focus on preserving the structure and function of the
2575:
1663:
Singh, G.; Thomas, D. G. (February 1996). "Artificial urinary sphincter in patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction".
827:
602:
464:
341:
205:
396:. Peripheral nerves can also be damaged as a complication of major surgery of the pelvis, such as for removal of tumors.
723:
312:
Damage to the brain or spinal cord is the most common cause of neurogenic bladder. Damage to the brain can be caused by
1925:
Sager, Cristian; Barroso Jr., Ubirajara; Murillo B. Netto, José; Retamal, Gabriela; Ormaechea, Edurne (January 2022).
108:. There are multiple types of neurogenic bladder depending on the underlying cause and the symptoms. Symptoms include
184:. Unlike other forms of neurogenic bladder, it does not lead to high bladder pressures that can cause kidney damage.
770:
Sling: A class of surgery that is often done for patients who have paralyzed pelvic floors and urinary incontinence
495:
765:
Detrusorectomy: part of the detrusor muscle of the bladder is stripped away from the bladder to increase capacity.
2608:
234:
neurogenic bladder is caused by damage to the peripheral nerves that travel from the spinal cord to the bladder.
2661:
2580:
2388:
2284:
Buchter, Marie Lynge; Kjellberg, Jakob; Ibsen, Rikke; Sternhufvud, Catarina; Petersen, Birte (September 2022).
422:
297:
332:
or other neurodegenerative conditions. Bladder involvement is more likely if the damage is in the area of the
510:
Treatment depends on the type of neurogenic bladder and other medical problems. Treatment strategies include
433:(UTIs). Questionnaires can be helpful in quantifying symptom burden. In children it is important to obtain a
2656:
2543:
2535:
558:
can also reduce outlet resistance and allow complete emptying if there is adequate bladder muscle function.
430:
418:
329:
276:
264:
137:
77:
64:
1927:"Management of neurogenic bladder dysfunction in children update and recommendations on medical treatment"
535:
389:
345:
325:
133:
101:
1614:
762:
Stomach, cecum, and sigmoid colon have been used for augmentation, however it is much less commonly used.
275:
Neurogenic bladder can cause hydronephrosis (swelling of a kidney due to a build-up of urine), recurrent
204:
do not work together and are usually tightly contracted at the same time. This phenomenon is also called
2708:
2585:
2548:
601:
Botox can also be injected into the external sphincter to paralyze a spastic sphincter in patients with
357:
337:
141:
2042:
Langer, Sophie; Radtke, Christine; Györi, Eva; Springer, Alexander; Metzelder, Martin L. (March 2019).
2693:
2651:
2563:
1324:"Ultrasound findings of the urinary tract in patients with spinal cord injury: a study of 1005 cases"
434:
280:
256:
181:
145:
55:
2698:
2377:
2044:"Bladder augmentation in children: current problems and experimental strategies for reconstruction"
1822:
De Troyer, Bart; Van Laecke, Erik; Groen, Luitzen A.; Everaert, Karel; Hoebeke, Piet (2011-04-01).
515:
201:
300:. This includes any condition that impairs bladder signaling at any point along the path from the
2703:
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1823:
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1304:
1236:
988:
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321:
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121:
117:
109:
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2615:
2553:
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2313:
2305:
2266:
2248:
2207:
2189:
2145:
2127:
2081:
2063:
2021:
2003:
1964:
1946:
1907:
1889:
1843:
1804:
1786:
1747:
1729:
1688:
1680:
1642:
1634:
1595:
1577:
1538:
1520:
1468:
1447:
Groen, LA; Spinoit, AF; Hoebeke, P; Van Laecke, E; De Troyer, B; Everaert, K (November 2012).
1429:
1411:
1353:
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1228:
1220:
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1110:
1102:
1056:
970:
960:
897:
877:
847:
837:
681:
381:
260:
209:
44:
1392:"Detrusor sphincter dyssynergia: a review of physiology, diagnosis, and treatment strategies"
2297:
2256:
2238:
2197:
2181:
2135:
2117:
2071:
2055:
2011:
1995:
1954:
1938:
1897:
1879:
1835:
1794:
1778:
1737:
1719:
1672:
1626:
1585:
1569:
1528:
1510:
1460:
1419:
1403:
1335:
1280:
1271:
Sripathi, Venkataramani; Mitra, Aparajita (2017-07-01). "Management of
Neurogenic Bladder".
1210:
1142:
1094:
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889:
685:
472:
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711:
595:
584:
580:
527:
511:
414:
369:
252:
197:
113:
97:
1573:
1497:
Ludwikowski, Barbara M.; Bieda, Jan-Christoph; Lingnau, Anja; González, Ricardo (2019).
1407:
534:
is a common anti-cholinergic medication used to reduce bladder contractions by blocking
454:
Urodynamic studies are an important component of the evaluation for neurogenic bladder.
2382:
2261:
2226:
2202:
2169:
2140:
2105:
2076:
2043:
2016:
1999:
1983:
1959:
1926:
1902:
1867:
1799:
1766:
1742:
1707:
1590:
1557:
1533:
1498:
1424:
1391:
1146:
1051:
1024:
717:
696:
or a portion of the ileum ('Yang-Monti' conduit) are used to create the diversion. The
572:
393:
365:
284:
81:
73:
1942:
1782:
2725:
2671:
2494:
2325:
1676:
1322:
Güzelküçük, Ü; Demir, Y; Kesikburun, S; Aras, B; Yaşar, E; Tan, A K (February 2015).
1215:
1198:
909:
705:
555:
353:
1480:
1365:
1308:
2688:
2676:
2666:
2439:
1240:
1098:
989:"Neurogenic Bladder: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment - Urology Care Foundation"
801:
653:
476:
361:
317:
129:
69:
2301:
2106:"Augmentation cystoplasty: Contemporary indications, techniques and complications"
408:
Cystourethrograph showing bladder obstruction with dilation of urethra and bladder
2450:
2393:
1839:
1630:
1558:"Management options for sphincteric deficiency in adults with neurogenic bladder"
180:. This can cause reduced sensation of bladder fullness, low capacity bladder and
2681:
2515:
2462:
2423:
1866:
Veeratterapillay, Rajan; Morton, Helen; Thorpe, AndrewC; Harding, Chris (2013).
893:
551:
540:
214:
177:
2404:
2168:
de Jong, Tom P. V. M.; Chrzan, Rafal; Klijn, Aart J.; Dik, Pieter (June 2008).
2603:
2558:
2520:
2510:
2445:
2367:
2185:
2059:
1284:
531:
499:
484:
468:
460:
440:
429:). Urinary symptoms may include frequency, urgency, incontinence or recurrent
385:
159:
2309:
2252:
2193:
2131:
2122:
2067:
2007:
1950:
1893:
1884:
1790:
1733:
1684:
1638:
1581:
1524:
1415:
1349:
1292:
1224:
1164:
1106:
974:
518:, and on improving the quality of life for patients with neurogenic bladder.
2434:
2285:
1515:
642:
404:
301:
105:
2317:
2270:
2211:
2149:
2085:
2025:
1968:
1911:
1847:
1808:
1751:
1724:
1646:
1599:
1542:
1472:
1433:
1357:
1300:
1232:
1172:
1114:
1060:
901:
2243:
1692:
1041:
953:
Corcos, Jacques; Ginsberg, David; Karsenty, Gilles, eds. (3 August 2015).
701:
638:
567:
2350:
1340:
1323:
2595:
1199:"Diagnosing detrusor sphincter dyssynergia in the neurological patient"
491:
49:
1499:"Surgical Management of Neurogenic Sphincter Incompetence in Children"
1464:
700:
and ascending colon can also be used to create a pouch accessible for
2502:
2362:
954:
543:
is a longer acting anticholinergic that may have fewer side effects.
444:
313:
304:
center in the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves and the bladder.
173:
125:
1868:"Reconstructing the lower urinary tract: The Mitrofanoff principle"
1141:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 130. pp. 247–267.
251:
Neurogenic bladder can cause a range of urinary symptoms including
697:
403:
158:
2104:
Veeratterapillay, Rajan; Thorpe, AndrewC; Harding, Chris (2013).
1556:
Myers, Jeremy B.; Mayer, Erik N.; Lenherr, Sara (February 2016).
583:
of the bladder and cause additional bladder dysfunction, or even
172:
Uninhibited bladder is usually due to damage to the brain from a
333:
2466:
336:. Damage to the spinal cord can be caused by traumatic injury,
16:
Bladder disorder due to disease or injury of the nervous system
621:
1767:"Neurogenic bladder – concepts and treatment recommendations"
1613:
Bersch, Ulf; Göcking, Konrad; Pannek, Jürgen (2009-03-01).
938:
Suskind, Anne M. (2020). "Chapter 28: Neurogenic
Bladder".
263:). The first sign of bladder dysfunction may be recurrent
2290:
483:
Evaluation of kidney function through blood tests such as
1087:
European
Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine
196:
or hyper-reflexive bladder), the muscle of the bladder (
1197:
Bacsu, Chasta-Dawne; Chan, Lewis; Tse, Vincent (2012).
649:
163:
Urinary bladder and urethra (red) with ureters (green)
2170:"Treatment of the neurogenic bladder in spina bifida"
480:
symptoms worsen or to measure response to therapies.
2340:
2639:
2594:
2534:
2501:
2414:
2344:
148:, can severely degrade a person's quality of life.
63:
43:
24:
554:can improve the squeezing ability of the bladder.
1982:Fuchs, Molly E.; DaJusta, Daniel G. (June 2020).
104:or peripheral nerves involved in the control of
526:The first-line therapy for most patients is an
2225:Dorsher, Peter T.; McIntosh, Peter M. (2012).
796:In the United States, 40-90% of patients with
2478:
192:In spastic neurogenic bladder (also known as
8:
2485:
2471:
2463:
2341:
54:
21:
2260:
2242:
2201:
2139:
2121:
2075:
2015:
1958:
1901:
1883:
1798:
1741:
1723:
1589:
1532:
1514:
1423:
1339:
1214:
1139:Neurology of Sexual and Bladder Disorders
1050:
1040:
100:problems due to disease or injury of the
720:may be used in both adults and children
942:(19th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
859:
471:simultaneously with external sphincter
372:can also result in neurogenic bladder.
206:detrusor external sphincter dyssynergia
2163:
2161:
2159:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2037:
2035:
2647:Urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome
1861:
1859:
1857:
1658:
1656:
1492:
1490:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
940:Smith & Tanagho's General Urology
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
92:, often called by the shortened term
7:
1266:
1264:
1262:
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1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1192:
1190:
1188:
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1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1080:
1078:
1076:
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1072:
1070:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
546:For urinary retention, cholinergics
1574:10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2015.12.11
1562:Translational Andrology and Urology
1408:10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2016.01.08
1396:Translational Andrology and Urology
2000:10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2020.99.03
1147:10.1016/B978-0-444-63247-0.00014-6
956:Textbook of the neurogenic bladder
229:In flaccid bladder (also known as
14:
2048:Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift
1943:10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2020.0989
1783:10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2021.0098
1677:10.1046/j.1464-410x.1996.85515.x
1273:The Indian Journal of Pediatrics
1216:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11042.x
1023:Dorsher PT, McIntosh PM (2012).
626:
30:
1984:"Robotics in Pediatric Urology"
364:. Spinal cord compression from
2571:Neurogenic bladder dysfunction
2451:Neurogenic bladder dysfunction
1099:10.23736/S1973-9087.17.04992-9
641:format but may read better as
603:detrusor sphincter dyssynergia
465:detrusor sphincter dyssynergia
90:Neurogenic bladder dysfunction
25:Neurogenic bladder dysfunction
1:
2576:Bladder sphincter dyssynergia
2302:10.1080/14737167.2022.2054804
828:Bladder sphincter dyssynergia
745:other side, creating a stoma.
724:Artificial Urinary Sphincters
342:meningitis-retention syndrome
1840:10.1016/j.jpurol.2010.03.011
1828:Journal of Pediatric Urology
1631:10.1016/j.eururo.2008.03.046
1453:Neurourology and Urodynamics
459:pressure can be measured by
217:above the level of the 10th
894:10.1097/JU.0000000000002862
490:Imaging of the pelvis with
437:and developmental history.
132:, peripheral nerve damage,
2748:
1712:Asian Journal of Andrology
1665:British Journal of Urology
800:, 37-72% of patients with
496:magnetic resonance imaging
2732:Urinary bladder disorders
2609:Non-gonococcal urethritis
2186:10.1007/s00467-008-0780-7
2110:Indian Journal of Urology
2060:10.1007/s10354-018-0645-z
1988:International Braz J Urol
1931:International Braz J Urol
1872:Indian Journal of Urology
1771:International Braz J Urol
1390:Stoffel, John T. (2016).
1285:10.1007/s12098-017-2356-7
376:Peripheral nervous system
259:or difficulty urinating (
38:
29:
2662:Retroperitoneal fibrosis
2581:Vesicointestinal fistula
2123:10.4103/0970-1591.120114
1885:10.4103/0970-1591.120113
431:urinary tract infections
423:alpha-adrenergic agonist
421:, diuretics, sedatives,
419:calcium channel blockers
298:autonomic nervous system
277:urinary tract infections
265:urinary tract infections
78:urinary tract infections
2657:Urinary tract infection
1516:10.3389/fped.2019.00097
1503:Frontiers in Pediatrics
735:Pediatric Surgical Care
650:converting this section
536:M3 muscarinic receptors
330:multiple system atrophy
138:multiple system atrophy
1725:10.4103/aja.aja_128_19
409:
390:vitamin B12 deficiency
308:Central nervous system
208:(DESD). This leads to
164:
102:central nervous system
2586:Vesicoureteral reflux
2549:Interstitial cystitis
993:www.urologyhealth.org
548:(muscarinic agonists)
467:(DESD) is to perform
407:
358:cauda equina syndrome
338:demyelinating disease
162:
142:symptomatic treatment
2694:Urinary incontinence
2652:Obstructive uropathy
2564:Hemorrhagic cystitis
2227:"Neurogenic Bladder"
2174:Pediatric Nephrology
1706:Chung, Eric (2020).
1025:"Neurogenic bladder"
487:should be obtained.
257:urinary incontinence
182:urinary incontinence
2244:10.1155/2012/816274
2231:Advances in Urology
1341:10.1038/sc.2014.201
1042:10.1155/2012/816274
1029:Advances in Urology
808:Society and culture
677:, and may include:
516:upper urinary tract
427:alpha 1 antagonists
326:Parkinson's disease
134:Parkinson's disease
2621:Urethral stricture
2526:Ureteric stricture
2415:External resources
1209:(Suppl 3): 31–34.
882:Journal of Urology
843:Spinal cord injury
833:Multiple sclerosis
798:multiple sclerosis
682:Urinary Diversion:
675:urodynamic testing
652:, if appropriate.
449:cystourethrography
410:
322:multiple sclerosis
247:Signs and symptoms
231:lower motor neuron
219:thoracic vertebrae
202:urethral sphincter
194:upper motor neuron
165:
122:multiple sclerosis
118:spinal cord injury
110:overactive bladder
94:neurogenic bladder
2719:
2718:
2631:Urethral caruncle
2616:Urethral syndrome
2460:
2459:
1465:10.1002/nau.21256
1203:BJU International
966:978-1-4822-1555-7
848:Urinary retention
838:Pseudodyssynergia
692:stoma, where the
671:
670:
261:urinary retention
210:urinary retention
87:
86:
19:Medical condition
2739:
2493:Diseases of the
2487:
2480:
2473:
2464:
2342:
2330:
2329:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2264:
2246:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2205:
2165:
2154:
2153:
2143:
2125:
2101:
2090:
2089:
2079:
2039:
2030:
2029:
2019:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1962:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1905:
1887:
1863:
1852:
1851:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1802:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1745:
1727:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1660:
1651:
1650:
1619:European Urology
1610:
1604:
1603:
1593:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1536:
1518:
1494:
1485:
1484:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1427:
1387:
1370:
1369:
1343:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1268:
1245:
1244:
1218:
1194:
1177:
1176:
1134:
1119:
1118:
1082:
1065:
1064:
1054:
1044:
1020:
1003:
1002:
1000:
999:
985:
979:
978:
950:
944:
943:
935:
914:
913:
873:
666:
663:
657:
648:You can help by
630:
629:
622:
485:serum creatinine
473:electromyography
415:anticholinergics
279:, and recurrent
128:, brain injury,
59:
58:
34:
22:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2635:
2626:Meatal stenosis
2590:
2530:
2497:
2491:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2410:
2409:
2353:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2167:
2166:
2157:
2103:
2102:
2093:
2041:
2040:
2033:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1865:
1864:
1855:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1662:
1661:
1654:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1496:
1495:
1488:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1389:
1388:
1373:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1270:
1269:
1248:
1196:
1195:
1180:
1157:
1136:
1135:
1122:
1084:
1083:
1068:
1022:
1021:
1006:
997:
995:
987:
986:
982:
967:
952:
951:
947:
937:
936:
917:
875:
874:
861:
856:
824:
815:
810:
794:
785:
737:
718:Urethral slings
712:Urethral stents
702:catheterization
667:
661:
658:
647:
631:
627:
620:
611:
609:Neuromodulation
596:Botulinum toxin
593:
591:Botulinum Toxin
581:detrusor muscle
564:
562:Catheterization
528:anticholinergic
524:
512:catheterization
508:
402:
378:
370:spinal stenosis
366:herniated disks
349:
310:
293:
273:
253:urinary urgency
249:
240:
227:
190:
170:
154:
114:urinary urgency
98:urinary bladder
53:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2745:
2743:
2735:
2734:
2724:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2691:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2600:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2554:Hunner's ulcer
2551:
2540:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2467:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2442:
2431:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2396:
2385:
2370:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:Classification
2338:
2337:External links
2335:
2332:
2331:
2296:(6): 919–926.
2276:
2217:
2180:(6): 889–896.
2155:
2116:(4): 322–327.
2091:
2054:(3–4): 61–70.
2031:
1994:(3): 322–327.
1974:
1917:
1878:(4): 316–321.
1853:
1834:(2): 209–212.
1814:
1777:(2): 220–243.
1757:
1698:
1671:(2): 252–255.
1652:
1625:(3): 687–695.
1605:
1568:(1): 145–157.
1548:
1486:
1439:
1402:(1): 127–135.
1371:
1334:(2): 139–144.
1314:
1279:(7): 545–554.
1246:
1178:
1155:
1120:
1093:(6): 975–980.
1066:
1004:
980:
965:
945:
915:
888:(4): 773–783.
858:
857:
855:
852:
851:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
823:
820:
814:
811:
809:
806:
793:
790:
784:
781:
780:
779:
778:
777:
774:
768:
767:
766:
763:
760:
752:
751:
750:
746:
736:
733:
732:
731:
728:
721:
715:
709:
684:Creation of a
669:
668:
634:
632:
625:
619:
616:
610:
607:
592:
589:
573:Foley catheter
563:
560:
556:Alpha blockers
523:
520:
507:
504:
401:
398:
394:genital herpes
377:
374:
347:
309:
306:
292:
289:
285:Kidney failure
272:
269:
248:
245:
239:
236:
226:
223:
189:
186:
169:
166:
153:
152:Classification
150:
85:
84:
82:hydronephrosis
74:kidney failure
67:
61:
60:
47:
41:
40:
36:
35:
27:
26:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2744:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2672:Bladder stone
2670:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2495:urinary tract
2488:
2483:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1459:(8): 1284–7.
1458:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1156:9780444632470
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1005:
994:
990:
984:
981:
976:
972:
968:
962:
959:. CRC Press.
958:
957:
949:
946:
941:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
916:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
860:
853:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
825:
821:
819:
812:
807:
805:
803:
799:
791:
789:
782:
775:
772:
771:
769:
764:
761:
757:
756:
753:
747:
743:
742:
739:
738:
734:
729:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
706:Indiana pouch
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
680:
679:
678:
676:
665:
662:February 2024
656:is available.
655:
651:
645:
644:
640:
635:This section
633:
624:
623:
617:
615:
608:
606:
604:
599:
597:
590:
588:
587:the bladder.
586:
582:
576:
574:
569:
561:
559:
557:
553:
549:
544:
542:
537:
533:
529:
521:
519:
517:
513:
505:
503:
501:
497:
493:
488:
486:
481:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
457:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
406:
399:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
375:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
354:syringomyelia
351:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
307:
305:
303:
299:
290:
288:
286:
282:
281:kidney stones
278:
271:Complications
270:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
246:
244:
237:
235:
232:
224:
222:
220:
216:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
187:
185:
183:
179:
175:
167:
161:
157:
151:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
83:
79:
75:
71:
70:Kidney stones
68:
66:
65:Complications
62:
57:
51:
48:
46:
42:
37:
33:
28:
23:
2689:Malakoplakia
2677:Kidney stone
2667:Urolithiasis
2570:
2444:
2433:
2422:
2398:
2387:
2372:
2357:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2177:
2173:
2113:
2109:
2051:
2047:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1937:(1): 31–51.
1934:
1930:
1920:
1875:
1871:
1831:
1827:
1817:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1718:(1): 45–50.
1715:
1711:
1701:
1668:
1664:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1565:
1561:
1551:
1506:
1502:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1399:
1395:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1276:
1272:
1206:
1202:
1138:
1090:
1086:
1032:
1028:
996:. Retrieved
992:
983:
955:
948:
939:
885:
881:
816:
802:Parkinsonism
795:
786:
783:Epidemiology
672:
659:
654:Editing help
636:
612:
600:
594:
577:
565:
545:
525:
509:
489:
482:
477:Uroflowmetry
453:
439:
411:
379:
368:, tumor, or
362:spina bifida
318:brain tumors
311:
294:
274:
250:
241:
228:
191:
171:
155:
146:incontinence
130:spina bifida
96:, refers to
93:
89:
88:
2682:Renal colic
2516:Ureterocele
2424:MedlinePlus
1328:Spinal Cord
690:Mitrofanoff
552:bethanechol
541:Tolterodine
522:Medications
456:Urodynamics
215:spinal cord
178:brain tumor
168:Uninhibited
2604:Urethritis
2559:Trigonitis
2521:Megaureter
2511:Ureteritis
2446:Patient UK
2400:DiseasesDB
1035:: 816274.
998:2023-02-03
854:References
749:intestine.
614:anatomy).
532:Oxybutynin
500:cystoscopy
469:cystometry
461:cystometry
441:Ultrasound
386:alcoholism
350:deficiency
2435:eMedicine
2326:247497943
2310:1744-8379
2253:1687-6369
2194:0931-041X
2132:0970-1591
2068:0043-5341
2008:1677-6119
1951:1677-6119
1894:0970-1591
1791:1677-6119
1734:1008-682X
1685:0007-1331
1639:0302-2838
1582:2223-4691
1525:2296-2360
1416:2223-4691
1350:1362-4393
1293:0973-7693
1225:1464-410X
1165:0072-9752
1107:1973-9095
975:913086594
910:251160234
792:Incidence
759:capacity.
566:Use of a
506:Treatment
400:Diagnosis
346:vitamin B
302:urination
106:urination
45:Specialty
2726:Category
2709:Overflow
2544:Cystitis
2440:med/3176
2318:35296209
2271:22400020
2237:: 1–16.
2212:18350321
2150:24235795
2086:30084093
2026:31961623
1969:33861059
1912:24235794
1848:20488754
1809:34156189
1752:31793444
1647:18394784
1600:26904420
1543:30984720
1481:27097259
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