200:) through socialist development of the North and violent reunification through liberation struggle in the South, due to the separate revolutionary ideology between Moscow and Beijing. For the North Vietnam, the close connection, promoted by geographical, historical and cultural links with China was much deeper than those with the Soviet Union. In this context, Vietnamese developments in the era of de-Stalinization had more connections with China than with the USSR. However, the Soviet Union continued to be considered by the Vietnamese communists as the ideological center of the world communist movement.
864:. Indeed, a South Vietnamese scholar argued that the intellectuals were "encouraged by the hope that they might use the resistance organization to assemble nationalist elements and to create a force which would actually tip the scales against the communists within the ranks of the resistance." Therefore, the dissent was originated from two disparate ideologies between the intellectuals and
473:
range of intellectuals and artists` grievances and was taken as evidence of the earliest cleavage between the party and intellectuals after the formation of the PRC. Hu Feng was arrested in July 1955, and the campaign against him broadened into a campaign to reeducate the masses and reinforce the official line. After Hu Feng's personal letters were published, there is no doubt that
458:
letters to the artists and writers; 2) establish an arts and letters association within the structure of army organization; 3) abolish the existing military regime insofar as it affects the artists and writers serving in the armed forces." In the same month, they proposed a political petition based on the above three requests, but the petition was rejected.
712:, ideological struggle, and hard labor. A re-education course was organized for nearly 500 writers and artists in January 1958, and from March to April 1958 the LDP Central Committee's Subcommittee for Arts and Letters organized a "study session" for some 304 writers, poets, and other cultural cadres, each of whom was forced to make a "self-criticism."
626:
Nhan Van distorted the truth, exaggerated facts, made up stories, sowed doubts and pessimism in our regime, our party and our government, and created an atmosphere of mistrust and division within our ranks: between soldiers and the army, between the people and the authorities, between the members and
959:
during the 1950s. The North
Vietnamese intended to maintain a neutral position under the influences from both China and Soviet Union because it could not afford to alienate either Moscow or Beijing. Nevertheless, since the Vietnamese communists were geographically, culturally and historically closer
250:
Both China and North
Vietnam were influenced by the currents of de-Stalinization during that time, while the North Vietnamese case suggests a more direct influence from China. With the criticism of de-Stalinization by Mao Zedong, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) pursued a high key official campaign
1347:
Vietnam: the politics of bureaucratic socialism - Page 165 Gareth Porter - 1993 "After hesitating for two years to act forcefully, the party closed Nhan Van in 1958, arrested the key group that published it, and compelled hundreds of writers, artists, and intellectuals to take a re-education course
472:
Hu Feng, a literary critic and longtime member of the
Chinese Communist Party, sent a letter to the central committee in July 1954 that criticized his grievances on the party's literary authority figures. Although he had no intention of challenging party authority, Hu Feng's action reflected a wide
203:
After the cancellation of prescribed 1956 nationwide election, both
Beijing and Moscow encouraged Ha Noi to continue its political and economic reconstruction within the North. While Chinese influence in the North Vietnamese political reforms should be considered in a totally different light. Three
825:
affair was seems like an interlude of North
Vietnamese political history, which did not last so long, but its legacy still impact on current Vietnamese society. It was the first and most formative event in political dissidence under the VCP's rule, and the issues raised by dissidents in the 1950s
703:
This above resumed liberalization lasted for almost one year and was finally ended in early 1958. On 6 January 1958 the politburo of the party issued the "Politburo
Resolution on Literary Affairs," demanding the expulsion of all "subversive elements" from literary organizations and requiring the
228:
voluntarily surrendered all their property to the state, in addition to serving the revolution. The twin notorious movements of the rectification campaign and the land reform cause serious damage not only on old structures in the village but on the party apparatus, which might have sowed chaos.
457:
In
February 1955, about thirty writers and artists in the army drafted a resolution to the party's central committee "demanding the abolition of the General Political Bureau`s leadership over arts and letters in the army.", which included three demands: "1) hand over the leadership of arts and
279:
and Hu Feng, and it should not be a surprise that when Tran Dan was purged and arrested in
February 1956, six months after Hu Feng was imprisoned, the rationale for some cadres involved in the arrest was "China has Hu Feng, perhaps we also have a Hu Feng." Tran Dan‘s arrest marked the start of
241:
province in
November 1956. Although the chaos occurred in the countryside, the whole country was in disorder. Many urban intellectuals who had been mobilized by the party to participate in the campaigns stoked the atmosphere of dissent in North Vietnam. Moreover, the fact that those series of
227:
campaign modeled on China's was also put into action from 1953 to 1956. This alarmed many intellectuals because most had ties to the landlord classes more or less. Since many intellectuals were labeled "class enemies", a new label of "progressive personalities" was created for them if they
834:
is still sensitive to present Hanoi, it could not be neglect because it continues as a rallying point for those who demand the party reopen the matter and rehabilitate the victims. Third, this affair also can be a bridge for the new generation of artists and intellectuals to link to their
751:, a famous poet and composer, had been subjected. On the second day, it was the artists' turn to speak. On the third day, Truong Chinh declared that the intellectuals' complaints were justified, but he instructed the participants not to publish anything about the debate in the press. The
963:
Therefore, according to this interpretation, although Nhan Van Giai Pham affair was shaped by the current of de-Stalinization and the
Hundred Flowers Movement from eastern bloc and China during the 1950s, it still tried to find an independent way to deal with such political struggles.
570:
were permitted to publish, along with many other private publications that rallied dissenting intellectuals and flooded news-stands, symbolized a unique time of liberalization was represented. In an attempt to influence these publishing ventures and to stop the wave of criticism, the
132:(VWP) faced two fundamental tasks: to reconstruct the north and to unify the south. To rebuild the north, the VWP leadership continued to look to China for assistance and China immediately began to offer aid to help the DRV. But the reconstruction efforts in the DRV following the
537:
Domestically, a similarly liberal atmosphere dominated the Tenth Plenum of the VWP in September during which party leaders "correction of errors" of the land reform and called for a revival of "democratic rights" and the "people`s freedom." after that, many issues of
492:-led insurgent campaign significantly frustrated the intellectuals who naively believed that their contribution to the revolution had won the party's trust, and thus prepared the ground for the intellectuals` more radical challenge to the party the following year.
525:
and the Chinese Double-Hundred policy had immediate impact upon the relationship between Vietnamese intellectuals and the party. and allowed Vietnamese intellectuals the space to vigorously voice their concerns. The Soviet first deputy premier went to Beijing and
960:
to the Chinese Communist Party, and since Moscow demonstrated further inclination to avoid a confrontation with the United States after 1954 Geneva Accords, the voices within the VWP calling for a Vietnamese move closer to Beijing in its ideological orientation.
177:
denouncing the crimes of Stalin in Feb 1956. The uprisings in Eastern bloc later that year brought this era of high de-Stalinization which inspired and stimulated not only the Soviet bloc, but many intellectuals within Chinese and North Vietnamese state-party.
900:
fails to appreciate the "reform Communist" character of its agenda. Moreover, when examined within a broader transnational context—one marked by the emergence of loosely connected reformist movements throughout the Communist world in the 1950s inspired by
565:
At the August 1956 Conference of the Vietnamese Literary Association, intellectuals openly demanded greater freedom, just as their counterparts in China and the Soviet Union were doing at that time. In September, five issues of the independent journal
743:. Of the intellectuals present, the young poet Lê Đạt expressed particularly sharp criticism of the regime's intolerant cultural policies in general, and of To Huu and Hoai Thanh in particular. Among others, he condemned the imprisonment of the poet
259:
himself. Following a year during which intellectuals were encouraged to air in public grievances about the party and its policies, the CCP abruptly reversed course again. In 1957, it shut down the Hundred Flowers movement and launched an
204:
in particular political movements were causing widespread discontent in North Vietnam which were all resulted from DRV's imitation of the Chinese model, including the rectification campaign, the land reform and the correction of errors.
884:`s connection with China was more obviously than with the Eastern Europe. It was looked upon China as its inspiration and paragon, and it went through a saddlelike course which at some points corresponded to the circumstances in China.
875:
from the orthodox interpretation is its close connection with China. Abuza (2001) stated that both the rectification campaign and the land reform campaign modeled on China, and Chinese logistical support was very necessary to
172:
promoted by political elites, and the growth of agitation throughout the Eastern bloc on the part of workers, intellectuals, and students. This course was the so-called Liberalization, which accelerated in the wake of
691:("studies"), but such criticism never led to an orchestrated press campaign or forced the writers to be silent. In short, the cultural atmosphere in North Vietnam for most of 1957 was mild and tolerant at least.
520:
and Khrushchev's Secret Speech raised the prospect that a period of liberalization was forthcoming. Indeed, the international circumstances had turned favorable to the intellectuals during this stage. Both the
235:" in October the same year. Nevertheless, official acknowledgement of land reform errors could not prevent, or perhaps generated further discord in the countryside, such as a violent peasant rebellion in
242:
movements were inspired by Maoist that stimulated other unpopular policies of the new regime that contributed to a belief that the Vietnamese revolution was a misplaced enthusiasm for the Chinese model.
522:
814:. The government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam recognized and bestowed many of those writers and poets in the late 1990s and 2000s (decade) with many state awards, often posthumously.
708:
and physical labor. This resolution was followed by suspension of the publication of Van indefinitely and assigned artists and cultural cadres to a three-stage "struggle class" that involved
144:
from the north to the south from July 1954 to May 1955. The mass migration added to the social disorder generated by the other contemporary political reforms and compressionin North Vietnam.
516:
was arrested, and until late November 1956. In particular from August to November 1956, the movement experienced its golden age. The coincidence of the publication of the first issue of
1173:
Cheng, Yinghong (December 2004). "Beyond Moscow-Centric Interpretation: An Examination of the China Connection in Eastern Europe and North Vietnam during the Era of De-Stalinization".
939:
reform Communism may be found in shared patterns of official language and argumentation as well as in a common repertoire of political positions and cultural references. In addition,
651:
quickly passed away by the early 1957. For the reasons that remain vague (which possibly related to the ongoing Hundred Flowers campaign in China), the party-state stopped its anti-
215:(CCP) leadership in Beijing. With the introduction of Chinese military aid came the massive influx of Chinese-styled institutions, reforms and advisors. A massive organizational
759:
intended to publish a special issue about the Hungarian events, whereupon the authorities banned the paper, and adopted a tougher attitude toward intellectual dissidence.
1460:
599:
ended. Instead,the Viet Minh began to strike back against the intellectuals by publishing editorials and commentaries and even "letters from audiences" to condemn
766:, having hesitated for two years, finally shut down the organization, closed the office, and arrested key participants. Some were imprisoned and others sent to
830:
is a reference point for those who want political reform, the restoration of intra-party democratization, and greater intellectual freedom. Secondly, although
731:
On October 21–23, 1956, a delegation composed of 40 writers and artists discussed the questions of intellectual freedom with such prominent party cadres as
485:, the most influential Vietnamese dissident magazine. As a result, Tran Dan was also arrested in February 1956, six month later than Hu Feng's imprisoned.
683:
quickly rallied. Influenced by the end of the Hundred Flowers movement and the onset of the anti-rightist campaign in China during July 1957 in some way,
465:, a soldier-poet who became disenchanted with Maoist cultural policy following a two-month study tour to China in late 1954. as we can see that, however,
920:. Between the rejectionists and the true believers was a much larger group of Viet Minh intellectuals who came to express their disappointment during
1465:
943:`s kinship with a moderate version of reform Communism is evident in its leaders` insistent expression of fidelity to the VWP and Marxism–Leninism.
755:
of October 23 (and particularly the Soviet invasion of November 4) put an end to North Vietnam's short-lived intellectual "thaw". The editors of
1470:
1024:(9780295988504) - Page 68 2008 "..and from 1956 to 1958 with cultural opposition in the form of the ill-fated Nhân Văn–Giai Phẩm movement ..."
607:
by accusing them of breaking the law for failing to deposit three copies of the journal with the Central Press Office prior to publication.
1011:
Page 253 2002 "... in the dissident Nhân văn–Giai phẩm Affair, Phan Khôi's involvement with the Research Committee was exceedingly brief."
255:
in 1955. But, in a stunning reversal, it launched the famous liberal Hundred Flowers movement the following year with the eulogizing of
1416:
Kim N.B. Ninh, A World Transformed: the Politics of Culture in Revolutionary Vietnam,1945-1965, Then University of Michigan Press,2002
583:. Nevertheless, in that period, the DRV held a provisional tolerate official stance toward the directness of the writers and artists.
382:
97:, there was a hardening of attitudes. After those two major journals were closed down, their political associates were imprisoned or
1248:
327:
group consisted of the dissident North Vietnamese intellectuals from 1955–58. This group was led by Phan Khôi, a revolutionary from
190:
greatly complicated North Vietnam's reconstruction after the First indochina War and the path toward reunification. By the 1950s,
220:
477:
was exposed to the materials related to Hu Feng's letter, and later his friends acknowledged the connection between Hu Feng and
647:, closed other publishing houses and confiscated the copies of previous issues. But the storm of political condemnation toward
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journals, there was an insurgent campaign waged within the army to loosen censorship imposed on military writers and artists.
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1335:
394:
667:`s case, this new stage was characterized by a mixture of official moderate repression and tolerance toward the leaders of
1127:
Peter Zinoman (2011). "Nhan Van-Giai Pham and Vietnamese "Reform Communism" in the 1950s: A Revisionist Interpretation".
783:
752:
336:
224:
141:
129:
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Lien-Hang T. Nguyen (2006) stated that neither totally imitated to Chinese models, nor had affinity with Eastern bloc,
916:
and others for the sake of higher career positions in cultural bureaucracy of DRV chose to become "true believers" to
767:
709:
418:
98:
1389:
New York: Praeger, (1964). Intro. by P. J. Honey. 8vo. Black cloth, stamped in gilt. xv, 252 p. 1st American ed.
1065:
Nguyen, Lien-Hang T. (2006). "The War Politburo:North Vietnam's Diplomatic and Political Road to the Tet Offensive".
386:
1510:
1505:
1500:
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763:
1399:
McHale, Shawn. Vietnamese Marxism, Dissent, and the Politics of Postcolonial Memory: Tran Duc Thao, 1946-1993.
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983:
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119:
94:
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predecessors` past. Finally, how the regime responds to this event, even today, tells much about the state of
591:
After the Soviet suppression of the Hungarian revolt in early November 1956 and the outbreak of rural riot in
402:
232:
905:
comes off as a relatively restrained effort to "save" Vietnamese Communism by transforming it from within.
618:
was seized. The campaign featured the contemporary publications to denunciate the movement. The entry from
1434:
931:
after the death of Stalin from mid-1950 by the revisionist historians. Affinities and congruences between
715:
In the end, four dissenters were expelled from the Union of Arts and Literature and others, such as poets
261:
216:
791:
426:
156:
affair may be located in the ups and downs of reform and repression that dominated political life in the
1305:
956:
128:
with prestige and authority in Northern halve of Vietnam. After the close of the Geneva Conference, the
705:
237:
231:
In August 1956, the party admitted serious problems with the land reform, and it launched a period of "
928:
370:, was published in March, 1956. By December 1956, they had published two issues (Fall and Spring) of
861:
264:" designed to root out and punish intellectuals who had exposed themselves during the previous year.
197:
732:
675:("literature") appeared as the organ of the newly formed Writers` Association. Under the banner of
344:
133:
77:
60:
40:
723:, were suspended. And 300 of the 476 people reeducated in the same year were writers and artists.
1429:
1190:
635:
as "reactionary" political agenda. After more than a month of such campaign, on 18 December, the
340:
744:
398:
268:
1419:
Qiang Zhai, China and the Vietnam Wars,1950-1975, The University of North Carolina Press, 2000
1244:
1240:
390:
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187:
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86:
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978:
909:
836:
332:
169:
852:
From the orthodox point of view, Zachary Abuza (2001) considered that the intellectuals in
406:
1317:
740:
1413:
Zachary Abuza, Renovating Politics in Contemporary Vietnam, Lynne Rienner Publishers,2011
1360:
Mao Zedong, Selected Works, Vol.3 (Peking: Honai Foreign Language Publishing House, 1975)
1336:
https://www.academia.edu/6097481/Political_and_Economic_Crisis_in_North_Vietnam_1955_-_56
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as a "dissident" movement, the revisionist viewpoint suggests that the standard view of
93:. Following a loosening of political restrictions with some similarities to the Chinese
771:
600:
576:
671:
and their ongoing activities within the public domain. In May, a new literary weekly,
328:
1454:
1233:
1194:
410:
165:
48:
534:
was released from prison, mainly because of the change in international atmosphere.
936:
575:, which was an official weekly newspaper for literature and the arts, published a "
542:
appeared, along with other independent journals came out intermittently, including
157:
90:
655:
campaign, and no one arrested or fired among all those targeted in this campaign.
381:
Among intellectuals that joined the group around the two journals were the lawyer
367:
316:
1445:
1283:
A World Transformed: The Politics of Culture in Revolutionary Vietnam, 1945-1965
973:
1373:
Cent fleurs ecloses dans la nuit du Vietnam. Communisme et dissidence 1954–1956
164:
throughout the turbulent years of the 1950s. Most significant was the death of
105:
was linked to "reactionary" political projects by North Vietnamese government.
17:
748:
414:
256:
927:
On the other hand, this affair has been highly related to global currents of
1440:
1078:
348:
223:, and thousands of cadres were purged. Almost at the same time, a two-phase
124:
1330:
Balázs Szalontai, Political and Economic Crisis in North Vietnam, 1955-56.
1022:
The Ironies of Freedom: Sex, Culture, and Neoliberal Governance in Vietnam.
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in April 1956 in order to introduce the new Soviet line. In the same month
275:
magazine in 1955. Then the party was aware of the close connection between
1186:
211:
made an official visit to China to sign a military aid agreement with the
1396:. Berkeley, Los Angeles and Oxford: University of California Press, 1993.
1358:
Nhu Phong (May 1943). "Talks at the yenan Forum on Literature and Art".
908:
Peter Zinoman (2001) insisted that the intellectuals were all from late
807:
331:. Most of these intellectuals had participated in the movement against
252:
603:
elements. In the meanwhile, government began to harass the editors of
51:
in the late 1950s. Two periodicals were established during that time,
1348:
and undertake self-criticism regarding their "bourgeois viewpoints. "
917:
810:
reforms in the late 1980s, many of the imprisoned intellectuals were
787:
136:
underwent many trials and tribulations. The 1954 Geneva Accords on
627:
non-members of the party, and even between leaders and the masses.
312:
192:
161:
196:
faced two different modes of revolution: peaceful reunification (
1334:, Vol. 5, Issue 4 (November 2005), pp. 395-426. Downloadable at
770:(Vietnamese: trại học tập cải tạo) and others made to undertake
461:
The leading figure of this dissenting intellectual campaign was
1387:
From Colonialism to Communism: A Case History of North Vietnam
912:, during the 1950s, some disenchanted intellectuals abandoned
622:
reflected the high degree of belligerence of the campaign:
508:
was most liberal from the appearance of the first issue of
1045:. The University of North Carolina Press. pp. 69, 91.
892:
Different from the orthodox viewpoint which characterizes
1009:
Postcolonial Vietnam: New Histories of the National Past
122:
marked the end of anti-French struggle and provided the
1382:. Mặt trận Bảo vệ Tự do Văn hoá xuất bản. Saigon 1959.
663:
Same as the second stage of the movement following the
639:
Administrative Committee suspended the two journals of
27:
Late-1950s North Vietnamese cultural-political movement
1285:. The University of Michigan Press. pp. 121–162.
880:
during the 1950s. Yinghong Cheng (2004) insists that
271:
was inspired and encouraged by Hu Feng and published
267:
Same way in North Vietnam, a Vietnamese intellectual
955:was actually intertwined with the deterioration of
186:During the Cold War, the Sino-Soviet relations and
469:was in China at the height of the Hu Feng crisis.
85:), many issues of which were published demanding
631:At the same time, the campaign also labeled the
1441:Bài Phong trào Nhân Văn Giai Phẩm của Thụy Khuê
1403:Vol. 61, No. 1 (February 2002), pp. 14–18.
856:were a group of dissidents who were joined the
1296:Hoa Mai, ed. (1956). "The "Nhan-Van" Affair".
860:out of patriotism, not a love or supporter of
659:The second liberal period (Feb.1957-Dec.1957)
8:
1430:Hoàng Văn Chí: Trăm Hoa Đua Nở Trên Đất Bắc
1235:Renovating Politics in Contemporary Vietnam
587:Incomplete repression (Nov.1956-early 1957)
182:Impact of the imitation from Chinese models
687:, was harshly criticized in an article in
339:, they became disillusioned and started a
251:against independent intellectuals such as
780:Hundreds of Flowers Blooming in the North
512:in February 1956, although shortly after
1446:Mở lại hồ sơ vụ Nhân văn Giai phẩm - RFA
1043:China & The Vietnam Wars, 1950-1975
1000:
311:("humanities") paper was 27 Hang Khay,
47:) was a cultural-political movement in
1435:"Từ Nguyễn Hữu Đang đến Phạm Hồng Sơn"
1313:
1303:
614:was launched after the sixth issue of
1239:. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp.
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7:
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1036:
1034:
1032:
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366:("Works of Spring"), also edited by
610:A more aggressive campaign against
219:was launched to study the Chinese
25:
246:Hundred Flowers Movement in China
175:Nikita Khrushchev's Secret Speech
168:in 1953, the rise of currents of
704:education of intellectuals with
1466:Political repression in Vietnam
1375:. Paris: Jacques Bertoin, 1991.
796:The New Class in North Vietnam
774:. The event was publicised by
747:, and the harassment to which
1:
1471:Political and cultural purges
1067:Journal of Vietnamese Studies
45:Phong Trào Nhân Văn-Giai Phẩm
1401:The Journal of Asian Studies
1380:Trăm hoa đua nở trên đất Bắc
784:Congress of Cultural Freedom
782:), published in 1959 by the
776:Trăm Hoa Đua Nở Trên Đất Bắc
307:The official address of the
148:The Rise of de-Stalinization
1129:Journal of Cold War Studies
335:. After the first phase of
152:The key global preludes of
1527:
762:On December 15, 1956, the
481:in a cartoon published in
101:. Moreover, the agenda of
1461:Nhân Văn–Giai Phẩm affair
888:Revisionist point of view
843:Different Interpretations
826:remain unchanged. First,
446:Prior to the founding of
130:Vietnamese Workers' Party
1175:Journal of World History
984:Hundred Flowers Movement
554:(Criticism newsletter),
442:Prelude (late 1954-1955)
319:, and its secretary was
95:Hundred Flowers Campaign
1281:Ninh, Kim N.B. (2002).
1231:Abuza, Zachary (2001).
1079:10.1525/vs.2006.1.1-2.4
595:, the liberal stage of
213:Chinese Communist Party
989:1954 Geneva Conference
848:Orthodox point of view
681:Nhan Van and Giai Pham
629:
540:Nhan Van and Giai Pham
262:anti-rightist campaign
217:rectification campaign
44:
1491:1958 in North Vietnam
1486:1957 in North Vietnam
1481:1956 in North Vietnam
1476:1955 in North Vietnam
1394:Understanding Vietnam
1298:The "Nhan-Van" Affair
1187:10.1353/jwh.2005.0125
957:Sino-Soviet relations
947:Other interpretations
790:, and in the West by
624:
362:The first edition of
188:conflicts in ideology
140:facilitated enormous
1020:Thu-Hương Nguyễn-Võ
753:Hungarian revolution
504:The second stage of
233:correction of errors
221:1942 Yan`an campaign
198:peaceful coexistence
1437:của Tưởng Năng Tiến
1371:Boudarel, Georges,
1041:Qiang Zhai (2000).
1007:Patricia M. Pelley
871:Another feature of
806:After the start of
546:(Hundred flowers),
500:(Feb.1956-Nov.1956)
374:and five issues of
134:First Indochina War
120:1954 Geneva Accords
114:1954 Geneva Accords
109:Historical Contexts
1392:Jamieson, Neil L.
1316:has generic name (
941:Nhan Van Giai Pham
933:Nhan Van Giai Pham
922:Nhan Van Giai Pham
903:Nhan Van Giai Pham
901:de-Stalinization--
898:Nhan Van-Giai Pham
894:Nhan Van Giai Pham
882:Nhan Van-Giai Pham
873:Nhan Van Giai Pham
854:Nhan Van Giai Pham
832:Nhan Van Giai Pham
828:Nhan Van Giai Pham
823:Nhan Van-Giai Pham
697:Nhan Van-Giai Pham
669:Nhan Van-Giai Pham
653:Nhan Van Giai Pham
649:Nhan Van-Giai Pham
633:Nhan Van Giai Pham
612:Nhan Van-Giai Pham
605:Nhan Van-Giai Pham
597:Nhan Van-Giai Pham
558:(Creativity), and
523:Twentieth Congress
506:Nhan Van-Giai Pham
498:Nhan Van-Giai Pham
496:The golden age of
364:Giai Pham Mùa xuân
356:Giai phẩm Mùa xuân
341:political movement
333:French colonialism
303:journal, 1955-1956
282:Nhan Van Giai Pham
154:Nhan Van-Giai Pham
138:Nhan Van-Giai Pham
103:Nhân Văn-Giai Phẩm
78:[zaːjfə᷉m]
33:Nhân Văn-Giai Phẩm
1511:Conflicts in 1958
1506:Conflicts in 1957
1501:Conflicts in 1956
1496:Conflicts in 1955
768:re-education camp
383:Nguyễn Mạnh Tường
345:political freedom
315:. Its editor was
89:, creativity and
87:freedom of speech
16:(Redirected from
1518:
1364:
1363:
1355:
1349:
1345:
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1332:Cold War History
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979:De-Stalinization
929:reform communism
837:political reform
798:(Saigon, 1964).
706:Marxism–Leninism
679:the authors for
552:Tap san phe binh
437:Giai phẩm Period
170:de-Stalinization
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61:[ɲənvan]
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550:(Speak truth),
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488:The failure of
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419:Nguyễn Hữu Đang
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1306:cite journal
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1073:(1–2): 6–8.
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818:Significance
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733:Trường Chinh
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710:re-education
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387:Đặng Văn Ngữ
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91:human rights
83:Masterpieces
82:
69:
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52:
36:
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29:
1314:|last=
974:Vietnam War
695:The end of
391:Đào Duy Anh
337:land reform
225:land reform
209:Ho Chi Minh
74:Vietnamese:
57:Vietnamese:
1455:Categories
995:References
699:(Jan.1958)
581:Hoai Thanh
411:Quang Dũng
407:Phùng Quán
389:, scholar
343:demanding
257:Mao Zedong
207:In 1950s,
142:emigration
99:reeducated
66:Humanities
41:Vietnamese
1195:154045289
953:Viet Minh
914:Viet Minh
878:Viet Minh
866:Viet Minh
862:communism
858:Viet Minh
737:Xuân Thủy
645:Giai Pham
593:Quynh Luu
518:Giai Pham
510:Giai Pham
452:Giai Phẩm
435:Nhân Văn-
403:Hoàng Cầm
372:Giai Phẩm
368:Phan Khôi
349:democracy
329:Quảng Nam
317:Phan Khôi
293:Giai phẩm
125:Viet Minh
70:Giai Phẩm
1362:: 69–98.
1135:(1): 66.
968:See also
924:period.
757:Nhan Van
745:Trần Dần
717:Tran Dan
665:Tran Dan
641:Nhan Van
620:Cuu quoc
616:Nhan Van
573:Van Hghe
568:Nhan Van
556:Sang tao
548:Noi that
544:Tram hoa
532:Tran Dan
514:Tran Dan
490:Tran Dan
483:Nhan Van
479:Tran Dan
475:Tran Dan
467:Tran Dan
463:Tran Dan
448:Nhân Văn
399:Trần Dần
397:, poets
376:Nhân Văn
325:Nhân Văn
321:Tran Duy
309:Nhân Văn
301:Nhân Văn
295:Journals
289:Nhân Văn
284:affair.
277:Tran Dan
273:Nhan Van
269:Tran Dan
53:Nhân Văn
808:Doi Moi
749:Văn Cao
727:Arrests
689:Hoc Tap
560:Dai moi
415:Văn Cao
253:Hu Feng
238:Nghe An
1300:: 159.
1247:
1193:
918:Maoism
788:Saigon
741:Tố Hữu
739:, and
721:Le Dat
423:Lê Đạt
323:. The
193:Ha Noi
68:) and
37:affair
1243:–58.
1191:S2CID
637:Hanoi
579:" of
528:Hanoi
385:, Dr
313:Hanoi
162:China
1318:help
1245:ISBN
935:and
719:and
643:and
450:and
347:and
291:and
160:and
118:The
30:The
1183:doi
1075:doi
794:in
786:in
685:Van
677:Van
673:Van
1457::
1310::
1308:}}
1304:{{
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