27:
1424:, the Central Political School of the CCP began to carry out the Rectification Campaign among its students. Massive numbers of party members were forced to write reports of confession and self-criticism. The Central General Study Committee ordered people to report on their daily habits and speech. This stage was known as the "Salvation Stage". The Salvation Stage was the extension of the Maoist anti-Trotskyist movement and the censorship of newcomers who had come from the areas governed by the Kuomintang. The Central Social Department took control of the movement and turned it into a mass persecution in 1943.
920:"notions of freedom, democracy, and individual liberation among Party intellectuals", establishing the concept of "the leader and the collective above all, and the individual as negligible." Mao first "drew on the support of the liberal intellectuals in the Party to encircle and suppress the Soviet faction", then reinstated the Soviet faction and used them to "to join with in suppressing the remnants (the liberal intellectuals) of the 'May Fourth' influence in the Party."
1356:, and later included Liu Shaoqi. This Committee temporarily replaced the politburo and secretariat, running daily operation for the CCP and making it one of the most powerful administrative bodies at that time. The Committee gave Mao the ability to exercise authoritarian power without being limited by elections and term limits. The earlier collective decision-making system of CCP center was abandoned, and Mao turned the government of Yan'an into his own dictatorship.
1007:
government and doubting its resolve in resisting the
Japanese, many new CCP volunteers were drawn by communist propaganda that portrayed the CCP as "the saviors of the nation", promising democracy and liberal reforms. As a result, hundreds of thousands of students, teachers, artists, writers, and journalists poured into Yan'an, seeking a revolutionary career. In Marxist classification these new recruits were of
1041:, the Academy of Marxism-Leninism, the Women's University, Yan'an University, and the Academy of the Nationality, as well as a number of special training programs. All veterans and new recruits had to be enrolled and educated in one of these institutions, in accordance with their previous training or their expertise, before they could be trusted with assignment to party and government positions.
1112:
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under "extraordinary pressure" to examine fully his or her most deeply held views, and to do so in the presence of the group. The individual then had to write a full "self-confession." Other group members isolated the individual during this process. Only when the confession was accepted would the person be drawn back into an accepted position in the group and in the larger society.
999:, and was at best supplemented by the intellectuals who trekked out to Yan'an to join the Party during the war against Japan. The Yan'an Rectification Campaign was also directed towards the indoctrination of older CCP personnel. "The Party chose to re-emphasize its basic principles during this period, in an evident determination to maintain its
1379:. In the Rescue Campaign, members would write about their own confessions, often pointing fingers at other members to save themselves from other people's false allegations toward them. The Rescue Campaign soon became a circular cycle of false guilt and fake reenactments sending many innocent people to death via needless witch hunts.
1337:, and any other senior leaders who supported Wang Ming. Mao forced these leaders to criticize each other and self-criticize in rounds of meetings. Every one of them wrote reports of confession and apologies for their mistakes. Those who had produced self-criticisms were later persecuted according to their own confessions.
1097:
These techniques of pressure, ostracism, and reintegration were particularly powerful in China, where the culture puts great value on "saving face", protecting one's innermost thinking, and above all, identifying with a group. Individuals put through thought reform later described it as excruciating.
963:
The Yan'an era had a profound effect on the CCP and its future fortunes. When the
Communists completed the Long March, the CCP was a relatively small band of less than 10,000 worn out troops from the south, displaced to an isolated and poor area in the hinterlands of northern China. By the end of the
836:
and the importance of Mao's alleged 'adaptation of communism to the conditions of China'. The
Rectification Campaign was successful in either convincing or coercing the other leaders of the CCP to support Mao. Because the CCP had overcome great odds to grow and develop during this period, the methods
1279:
During this preparatory phase, Mao used his political skills to consolidate his power base. By manipulating the political climate in Yan'an, Mao was able to break up the alliance of his opponents, most notably Zhang Guotao and the members of the 28 Bolsheviks, and to eliminate his rivals one by one.
1014:
The process of indoctrination extended even to the cadres who had survived the Long March and "proven their revolutionary credibility." All Party members were reeducated with the newly established "Mao Zedong
Thought" in order to ensure their high compliance with the new leadership and the new party
1427:
Thousands of people, especially those new members who came from areas governed by KMT, were purged, kept in custody, censored, mentally and physically tortured, and occasionally executed. Many of them were labeled as "spies of the
Kuomintang" or "anti party activists". Not only were they themselves
1023:
The Yan'an rectification saw Mao consolidate his position of preeminence in the CCP. To do this he undertook a "thought-reform campaign" from 1942 to 1944. The effort was partly a reflection of Mao's wish to eradicate Soviet influence. Under the conditions of independently operating
Communist areas
1374:
The third phase of the
Rectification Campaign lasted from October 1943 to 1944 or April 1945, depending on sources. It is generally known as the "Summing up party history" phase. Senior leaders restudied party history and attempted to reach agreements on major issues by admitting to "errors". The
1093:
Under the guidance of a group leader, an individual, as part of a larger "study group", would study
Marxist documents to understand "key principles," and then relate those principles to their own lives in a "critical, concrete, and thoroughgoing way". Other members of the group put the individual
983:
The mostly young volunteers who arrived in Yan'an after the Long March were "vital to Mao because they were relatively well educated, and he needed competent administrators to staff his future regime." Most of the Long
Marchers and rural recruits from within the Communist bases were illiterate
1006:
The Yan'an
Rectification Campaign improved the discipline, education, and organization of the membership of the CCP. Having lost many veterans before and during the Long March, the CCP found new sources of recruits among urban youth, students, and intellectuals. Alienated from the Nationalist
1359:
From February 1942 to October 1943, the Rectification Campaign reached its peak. Mao gave the lecture "Improving the Party Work Style and Thought" in the opening ceremony at the Central Party School. The lecture "Against Party Stereotype-Writing" in the cadre party of Yan'an in February 1942
987:
A large number of the young volunteers congregated in Yan'an, the capital of Mao's Communist Party. By the time Mao Zedong started his drive to "condition" them, around 40,000 had arrived. Most were in their late teens and early twenties, had joined the CCP in territories controlled by the
1089:
During the Yan'an Rectification Campaign, more sophisticated techniques of thought control were used than had been previously attempted in China. Relying on criticism, self-criticism, "struggle", confession, and the content of the Marxist doctrine, these methods were heavily influenced by
988:
Nationalists, and later departed to Yan'an. They were excited at reaching what was called a "revolutionary Mecca." One young volunteer described his feeling: "At last we saw the heights of Yenan City. We were so excited we wept. We cheered from our truck... We started to sing the "
908:, have focused on the political nature of the Rectification Movement. Modern scholars have increasingly viewed the movement as being initiated by Mao in order to ensure his status as paramount leader of the CCP. According to Gao, the Rectification Movement had four purposes:
912:
To end the veneration of "Party intellectuals who had studied in the Soviet Union and those who had been educated abroad or through "standard" education within China", ultimately forming the new fashion: "Being well-read was wrong-headed, and ignorance of the classics was
1409:, a journalist and intellectual known for his belief in "democracy and science." Wang wrote an essay denouncing the hierarchy, bureaucracy, and inegalitarian distribution of resources in Yan'an. The essay irritated Mao greatly, and Wang was labeled a
841:
in 1949, Mao repeatedly used some of the tactics that had been successful in Yan'an whenever he felt the need to monopolize political power. To a large extent, the Yan'an Rectification Campaign began with the "systematic remolding of human minds."
926:
To build up Party ideology and organization by using "the Communist Party's theory of inner-Party struggle", employing "ideological persuasion and coercion to forge an ideal Communist 'New Man' who combined loyalty and obedience with a fighting
1292:(1928), the 28 Bolsheviks began to take control of the CCP with the help of the Comintern. To gain the support of those who might potentially oppose him, Mao labeled his rivals as comrades who were supporting the wrong cause. This rejection of
1044:
At the end of the Yan'an Rectification Campaign the CCP had developed an operational set of principles and practices that differed greatly from the centralized, functionally specialized, hierarchical, command-oriented approach imposed by
1024:
and incessant warfare, Mao could not rely on discipline alone to guarantee obedience in the CCP ranks. In order to ensure the Party's obedience to his orders, Mao developed the techniques of the Rectification Campaign to implement ææłæčé
1217:
with his speech "Reform in Learning, the Party and Literature." A book entitled "Documents of the Rectification Campaign" was published and circulated internally. This book included essays including Mao's "Combat Liberalism" and
1036:
The CCP established numerous schools, formulating a new type of educational system. Among these schools were the Anti-Japanese Military and Political University, the Lu Xun Academy of the Arts, the Northwest Public School, the
892:
principles of party organization to the thousands of new members who had joined the CCP during its expansion after 1937. A second, equally important aspect of the movement was the elimination of the blind imitation of
1098:
The resulting changes in views were not permanent, but the experience overall seriously affected the lives of those who went through it. The CCP used these same types of techniques on millions of Chinese after 1949.
1364:
Why must there be a revolutionary party? There must be a revolutionary party because our enemies still exist, and furthermore there must not be only an ordinary revolutionary party but a Communist revolutionary
980:, the Long March. With only a few original members of the CCP surviving until the end of the Yan'an period, the Party as of the mid-1940s consisted of 90% peasants recruited from the base areas of north China.
947:
and unable to intervene, Mao seized the opportunity in Yan'an to "go to work" on his Party and "mold it into an unquestioning machine" in preparation for the all-out civil war against the Nationalists under
624:
59:
1225:
In July and August 1942 the CCP issued the decision for "Research and Analysis" and "Improvement of Party Membership." The leading team for the campaign was established with Mao as director and
1900:
1252:. Before the Rectification Campaign Mao's contribution to the revolution in rural areas, and even his status as a senior leader, was doubted by other members of the CCP, including
1011:
origin. Their enthusiasm and various sorts of expertise were useful for the revolution, but only after they had undergone a thorough political reeducation and ideological reform.
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Some CCP members thought Mao would also accept genuine criticism and spoke their true feelings of anger over hierarchy and inequality in Yan'an. The most famous came from
709:
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One group was labeled "dogmatists," comprising Wang Ming, the 28 Bolsheviks, and those who had studied abroad and were deeply influenced by foreign theories, including
2000:
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interpreted the aim and policy of the movement in full detail â the event included thousands of cadres from the party. In this lecture, Mao Zedong declared:
26:
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estimated that more than 10,000 were killed in the "rectification" process, as the CCP made efforts to attack intellectuals and replace the culture of the
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512:
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arguments made him appear politically and mentally superior to his political enemies. Mao categorized his rivals, or potential rivals, into two groups.
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These became deeply held values of the CCP, and years later became central to the party's mythology that reminisced about the success of the Yan'an era.
139:
1049:
in the Soviet Union. In what some authors have labeled the "Yan'an complex," the CCP emphasized a combination of qualities that can be summed up as:
881:(1934â1935). The area was known as a territory of camaraderie without corruption, though the Rectification Movement essentially changed everything.
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1229:
deputy director. In 1942 the CCP had 800,000 members, of which only a small group of approximately 150 members usually made all major decisions.
1028:"thought reform" or "ideological transformation". Mao's tactics often included isolating and attacking dissenting individuals in "study groups."
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The legacies of the Yan'an Rectification Movement proved fundamental to the subsequent history of the Chinese Communist Party, according to
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The preparatory phase of the Rectification Campaign lasted from May 1941 to February 1942. The Campaign began on February 1, 1942, under
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1386:. Wang Ming was one of the main members singled out and forced to confess to having "errors." Wang was set up by his former friend
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Mao set up the Central General Study Committee to be in charge of the movement. This committee was run by Mao's close allies
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901:), and "empiricism". Mao emphasized that the campaign aimed at "rectifying mistaken ideas" and not the people who held them.
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Modern research by Chinese and Western scholars, in particular the interpretation of history professor Gao Hua in his work "
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According to official CCP sources, the purpose of the Rectification Campaign was to give a basic grounding in the
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ideology. In order to secure his power, Mao supported his political authority with ethical and moral rhetoric.
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Lifton, Robert J. (November 1956). "Thought Reform of Chinese Intellectuals: A Psychiatric Evaluation".
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Yan'an era, however, the CCP's forces had grown to nearly 2.8 million members, and it governed nineteen
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1857:"Yenan Rectification Movement: Mao Tse-Tung's Big Push Toward Charismatic Leadership During 1941â1942"
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foundations in the midst of all the changes brought about by the war-time shift to the united front."
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employed in Yan'an were looked upon in reverence during Mao's later years. After the founding of the
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How the Red Sun Rose: The Origins and Development of the Yan'an Rectification Movement, 1930â1945
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One of the members crucial to carrying out the Rectification Movement was the secret police boss
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How the Red Sun Rose: The Origins and Development of the Yan'an Rectification Movement, 1930â1945
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How the Red Sun Rose: The Origin and Development of the Yan'an Rectification Movement, 1930â1945
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The Rectification Campaign was officially launched in 1942. Since the 4th Plenum Meeting of
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Throughout the Rectification Campaign, Yan'an was not seriously threatened by either the
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To theorize the concept of "peasants as the principal force of the Chinese Revolution"
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with that of the CCP. The rectification movement is regarded by many as the origin of
820:'s paramount role within the CCP, especially from 1942 to 1944, and the adoption of a
2300:
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1838:
1727:
1413:. Wang was arrested by the Central Social Department, modeled off the Soviet Union's
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1253:
1249:
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Party membership was strongly shaped by the devastation of the final battles for the
100:
877:, the area was also difficult to attack. CCP members mostly arrived there after the
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peasants. It was these more recent volunteers who were Mao's primary "target".
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960:, whose treatment of Mao has been regarded as flawed by some China scholars.)
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that was expected to follow the defeat of the Japanese. (This is according to
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Foreign Broadcast Information Service. No ISBN. Text digitised March 5, 2007.
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models, obedience to Soviet directives (mostly communicated to China via the
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1943 portion of the campaign included a "Rescue Campaign" that focused on
1062:
stress on developing and maintaining close ties with the local population;
1059:
a strong preference for officials whose leadership spans a range of areas;
995:
The Party's leadership, however, reflected the CCP's origins south of the
2192:
Chinese-Soviet Relations, 1937â1945: The Diplomacy of Chinese Nationalism
2135:
1353:
1306:
1257:
1000:
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1583:
Creating the "New Man": From Enlightenment Ideals to Socialist Realities
1538:
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1334:
1310:
1136: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1830:
1313:. The other group was labeled "empiricists", whose members included
832:
as guiding ideologies. This move formalised Mao's deviation from the
829:
776:
2069:
19:"Cheng Feng" redirects here. For the women's basketball player, see
2021:
Brandt, Conrad; Schwartz, Benjamin I.; Fairbank, John King (1952).
968:
that contained a population of nearly one hundred million people.
25:
1414:
1232:
Although Mao took charge of the leadership of the CCP after the
606:
41:
1105:
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had not experienced the same turmoil and hostilities as other
1053:
decentralized rule with flexibility allowed to local leaders;
1681:
China Report: Political, Sociological and Military Affairs.
2124:
Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise
1065:
focus on egalitarianism and simple living among officials.
2105:
2103:
1428:
humiliated, but also their family members and relatives.
1240:, he was still one among many senior leaders, including
793:(CCP) from 1942 to 1945. The movement took place in the
1729:
Pacific Century: The Emergence of Modern Pacific Asia
1693:
Fairbank, John K.; Feuerwerker, Albert, eds. (1986).
1090:contemporary Soviet practices of "thought reform".
1056:
the importance of ideology in keeping cadres loyal;
847:United States Joint Publications Research Service
1443:List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
1079:Thought reform in the People's Republic of China
16:1942â45 Chinese Communist Party political effort
1679:US Joint Publication Research Service. (1979).
1649:Governing China: From Revolution Through Reform
1362:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
2284:. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press.
1533:. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press.
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8:
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1527:Hua, Gao; Mosher, Stacy; Jian, Guo (2018).
1453:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
2023:A Documentary History of Chinese Communism
1697:(1 ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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60:
46:
38:
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2181:
2179:
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1801:(1995). "Yan'an Communism Reconsidered".
1767:Revolutionary Discourse in Mao's Republic
1764:Apter, David Ernest; Saich, Tony (1994).
1196:Learn how and when to remove this message
2312:Campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1260:, and intellectuals such as Zhou Enlai,
729:Manchuria and Inner Mongolia (1931â1936)
670:Manchuria, Korea, and Taiwan (1894â1895)
30:Group photo of some participants of the
2222:Student Nationalism in China, 1924â1949
1759:
1757:
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1749:
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1673:
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1276:as one of the CCP's preferred leaders.
1085:Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party
816:. These included the consolidation of
2327:Persecution of intellectuals in China
1886:
1884:
1850:
1848:
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7:
1933:Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China
1522:
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1134:adding citations to reliable sources
992:", and Russia's Motherland March.'"
1874:10.1111/j.1746-1049.1971.tb00463.x
1438:Yan'an Forum on Literature and Art
865:In the 1930s the remote region of
32:Yan'an Forum on Literature and Art
14:
2255:Yan'an Rectification Movement
1222:'s "How to be a Good Communist."
1290:6th National Congress of the CCP
1272:, Mao was not recognized by the
1110:
972:Remolding of the volunteer corps
855:Mao Zedong's cult of personality
710:German Pacific possesions (1914)
2003:from the original on 2015-09-24
1903:from the original on 2020-07-14
1145:"Yan'an Rectification Movement"
1121:needs additional citations for
801:centered on the remote city of
685:Manchuria and Korea (1904â1905)
1989:Hamish McDonald (2005-10-08).
1695:The Cambridge History of China
781:
772:
764:
85:1931â1937 (pre-war skirmishes)
1:
2031:10.4159/harvard.9780674734050
1991:"A Swan's Little Book of Ire"
805:. Although it was during the
757:Yan'an Rectification Movement
2269:Resources in other libraries
2057:The Journal of Asian Studies
2025:. Harvard University Press.
1646:Lieberthal, Kenneth (2004).
1402:became a well known victim.
1587:University of Hawai'i Press
1398:also made self criticisms.
513:North Burma and West Yunnan
2343:
1815:10.1177/009770049502100102
1082:
1076:
839:People's Republic of China
634:Military campaigns of the
18:
2264:Resources in your library
2109:Lieberthal (2003), p. 47.
1996:The Sydney Morning Herald
1855:Tokuda, Noriyuki (1971).
1703:10.1017/chol9780521243384
1617:Lieberthal (2003), p. 46.
1489:from its transliteration.
873:territories. Situated in
675:Liaodong Peninsula (1895)
645:
135:Pacification of Manchukuo
81:
2190:Garver, John W. (1988).
2122:; Qiao, Kunyuan (2022).
1861:The Developing Economies
1772:Harvard University Press
1726:Borthwick, Mark (1998).
1581:Cheng, Yinghong (2009).
1463:Hundred Flowers Campaign
1420:Under the leadership of
1417:, and beheaded in 1947.
807:Second Sino-Japanese War
782:YĂĄn'Än ZhÄngfÄng YĂčndĂČng
744:Asia-Pacific (1941â1945)
72:Second Sino-Japanese War
2196:Oxford University Press
1274:Communist International
899:Communist International
799:revolutionary base area
791:Chinese Communist Party
739:French Indochina (1940)
21:Cheng Feng (basketball)
1367:
1032:Operational principles
566:West HenanâNorth Hubei
35:
2128:Yale University Press
1083:Further information:
29:
2219:Li, Lincoln (1994).
2136:10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k
2120:Marquis, Christopher
1930:Chang, Jung (2008).
1897:Modern China Studies
1130:improve this article
1039:Central Party School
1539:10.2307/j.ctvbtzp48
1448:Cultural Revolution
1268:. Unlike his rival
939:. With the Soviets
851:May Fourth Movement
769:traditional Chinese
715:Siberia (1918â1922)
493:Sichuan (cancelled)
2307:Massacres in China
2278:Gao, Hua. (2000).
1938:Simon and Schuster
1656:. pp. 45â48.
1589:. pp. 59â70.
1481:Also known as the
1458:Canidrome massacre
830:Mao Zedong Thought
822:party constitution
814:Kenneth Lieberthal
785:) was a political
761:simplified Chinese
283:Yellow River flood
197:Railway Operation
36:
2250:Library resources
2232:978-0-7914-1749-2
2205:978-0-19-536374-6
2145:978-0-300-26883-6
2040:978-0-674-73029-8
1947:978-1-4391-0649-5
1781:978-0-674-76780-5
1739:978-0-8133-4355-6
1712:978-1-139-05480-5
1663:978-0-393-92492-3
1596:978-0-8248-3074-8
1548:978-962-996-822-9
1377:group retribution
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1205:
1198:
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834:Moscow party line
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680:China (1899â1901)
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459:Yunnan-Burma Road
397:Hundred Regiments
169:Marco Polo Bridge
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1234:Zunyi Conference
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826:Marxist-Leninism
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363:Winter Offensive
260:North-East Henan
191:Sihang Warehouse
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1009:petit bourgeois
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950:Chiang Kai-shek
875:northwest China
863:
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734:China (1937â45)
705:Tsingtao (1914)
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641:
637:Empire of Japan
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389:ZaoyangâYichang
328:SuixianâZaoyang
174:BeipingâTianjin
113:Nenjiang Bridge
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2225:. SUNY Press.
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2013:
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1899:(in Chinese).
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1077:Main article:
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1026:sÄ«xiÇng gÇizĂ o
1020:
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990:Internationale
978:Jiangxi Soviet
973:
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886:Marxist theory
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824:that endorsed
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2126:. New Haven:
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1977:0-8050-6638-1
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1893:""滶ćźæŽéŁ"äžäžȘäșșćŽæ"
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1397:
1396:Zhang Wentian
1393:
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1266:28 Bolsheviks
1263:
1259:
1255:
1254:Xiang Zhongfa
1251:
1250:Zhang Wentian
1247:
1243:
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1235:
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1227:Wang Jiaxiang
1223:
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1146:
1142:
1141:Find sources:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1119:This section
1117:
1113:
1108:
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1047:Joseph Stalin
1042:
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1016:
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997:Yangtze River
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922:
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916:To purge the
915:
913:commendable."
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795:Yan'an Soviet
792:
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787:mass movement
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698:TaishĆ period
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678:
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673:
671:
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665:Ryukyu (1879)
663:
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655:Taiwan (1874)
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101:Lytton Report
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63:
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33:
28:
22:
2317:Maoist China
2294:
2279:
2254:
2221:
2214:
2191:
2154:j.ctv3006z6k
2123:
2114:
2064:(1): 75â88.
2061:
2055:
2049:
2022:
2016:
2005:. Retrieved
1994:
1984:
1968:
1932:
1905:. Retrieved
1896:
1864:
1860:
1806:
1803:Modern China
1802:
1799:Selden, Mark
1766:
1728:
1721:
1694:
1688:
1680:
1654:W. W. Norton
1648:
1613:
1582:
1528:
1486:
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1426:
1419:
1404:
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1373:
1363:
1358:
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1300:
1293:
1287:
1278:
1238:Zhang Guotao
1231:
1224:
1212:
1192:
1186:January 2018
1183:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1140:
1128:Please help
1123:verification
1120:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1068:
1043:
1035:
1025:
1022:
1013:
1005:
994:
986:
982:
975:
962:
958:Jon Halliday
945:Nazi Germany
937:Nationalists
930:
903:
883:
864:
844:
811:
780:
756:
754:
722:ShĆwa period
720:
719:
696:
695:
690:Korea (1910)
649:Meiji period
647:
570:
556:
547:4th Changsha
538:
537:
530:
511:
504:
485:
453:3rd Changsha
451:
446:2nd Changsha
444:
439:South Shanxi
437:
430:
418:
395:
394:
387:
369:West Suiyuan
361:
347:
342:1st Changsha
340:
326:
319:
288:
281:
245:
231:
220:Pingxingguan
212:
185:2nd Shanghai
183:
130:1st Shanghai
1969:Mao: A Life
1809:(1): 8â44.
1605:j.ctt6wqzq7
1557:j.ctvbtzp48
1407:Wang Shiwei
1400:Wang Shiwei
1323:Peng Dehuai
1303:Liu Bocheng
1019:Rise of Mao
789:led by the
479:Yenangyaung
420:South Henan
414:South Anhui
355:Kunlun Pass
253:Taierzhuang
2301:Categories
2162:1348572572
2007:2007-04-04
1907:2020-07-29
1891:He, Fang.
1732:. Avalon.
1497:References
1487:Cheng Feng
1411:Trotskyist
1384:Kang Sheng
1342:Kang Sheng
1315:Zhou Enlai
1295:ad hominem
1242:Zhou Enlai
1220:Liu Shaoqi
1215:Mao Zedong
1156:newspapers
966:base areas
954:Jung Chang
918:May Fourth
879:Long March
861:Background
818:Mao Zedong
572:West Hunan
524:Mount Song
506:West Hubei
426:West Hubei
301:Wenxi fire
296:Wanjialing
145:Great Wall
2170:253067190
2094:144589833
2078:0021-9118
1867:: 83â99.
1839:145316369
1823:0097-7004
1483:Zhengfeng
1422:Peng Zhen
1370:Phase III
1350:Peng Zhen
1346:Li Fuchun
1331:Li Weihan
1319:Ren Bishi
1270:Wang Ming
1262:Qu Qiubai
1246:Wang Ming
519:Myitkyina
499:1943â1945
382:1940â1942
277:Chongqing
163:1937â1939
108:Jiangqiao
91:Manchuria
2001:Archived
1901:Archived
1432:See also
1354:Gao Gang
1307:Zuo Quan
1284:Phase II
1264:and the
1258:Li Lisan
1001:Leninist
933:Japanese
927:spirit."
890:Leninist
871:mainland
552:Hengyang
432:Shanggao
321:Nanchang
239:Massacre
2086:2941547
1392:Jiangxi
1335:Deng Fa
1327:Chen Yi
1311:Zhu Rui
1209:Phase I
1170:scholar
935:or the
592:Taihoku
585:Air War
578:Guangxi
540:Ichi-Go
532:Changde
474:Toungoo
464:Tachiao
265:Lanfeng
233:Nanking
214:Taiyuan
155:Suiyuan
118:Jinzhou
34:, 1942.
2288:
2252:about
2229:
2202:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2142:
2092:
2084:
2076:
2037:
1975:
1944:
1837:
1831:189281
1829:
1821:
1778:
1736:
1709:
1660:
1603:
1593:
1555:
1545:
1365:party.
1352:, and
1309:, and
1172:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1143:
941:at war
895:Soviet
867:Yan'an
803:Yan'an
779::
777:pinyin
773:滶ćźæŽéąšéć
771::
765:滶ćźæŽéŁèżćš
763::
469:Oktwin
374:Wuyuan
334:Swatow
313:Hainan
308:Canton
247:Xuzhou
225:Xinkou
179:Chahar
123:Harbin
96:Mukden
2166:S2CID
2150:JSTOR
2090:S2CID
2082:JSTOR
1835:S2CID
1827:JSTOR
1601:JSTOR
1553:JSTOR
1469:Notes
1388:Bo Gu
1177:JSTOR
1163:books
943:with
290:Wuhan
2286:ISBN
2227:ISBN
2200:ISBN
2158:OCLC
2140:ISBN
2074:ISSN
2035:ISBN
1973:ISBN
1942:ISBN
1819:ISSN
1776:ISBN
1734:ISBN
1707:ISBN
1658:ISBN
1591:ISBN
1543:ISBN
1415:OGPU
1248:and
1149:news
956:and
888:and
845:The
828:and
797:, a
755:The
272:Amoy
150:Rehe
2132:doi
2066:doi
2027:doi
1869:doi
1811:doi
1699:doi
1535:doi
1485:or
1132:by
2303::
2198:.
2194:.
2178:^
2164:.
2156:.
2148:.
2138:.
2130:.
2102:^
2088:.
2080:.
2072:.
2062:16
2060:.
2033:.
1999:.
1993:.
1971:.
1956:^
1940:.
1936:.
1916:^
1895:.
1883:^
1863:.
1859:.
1847:^
1833:.
1825:.
1817:.
1807:21
1805:.
1790:^
1774:.
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