1628:
1573:
1559:
135:
73:
32:
2411:
1662:
942:
is used in politics, education, science, and media. In
Nigeria, English is acquired through formal education. As English has been in contact with multiple different languages in Nigeria, Nigerian English has become much more prominent and is very similar to both
1654:
705:
were of West
African descent. The pronunciation and accents often differ a great deal, mainly due to the extremely heterogeneous mix of African languages present in the West Indies, but if written on paper or spoken slowly, the creole languages of the
430:
by different speakers, who may switch between these forms depending on the social setting. In the 2010s, a common orthography was developed for Pidgin which has been gaining significant popularity in giving the language a harmonized writing system.
951:, and it is often referred to as a group of different sub-varieties. Although there is not a formal description of Nigerian English, scholars agree that Nigerian English is a recognizable and unique variety of English.
462:
Nigerian Pidgin is commonly used throughout the country, but it has not been granted official status. Pidgin breaks the communication barrier between different ethnic groups and it is widely spoken throughout
Nigeria.
1682:
Esizimetor, D. O. (2009). What
Orthography for Naijá? Paper delivered at the Conference on Naijá organised by the Institut Français de Recherche en Afrique (IFRA), July 07–10, 2009, University of Ibadan Conference
673:
where most of its population speak it as their first language. There are accounts of pidgin being spoken first in colonial
Nigeria before being adopted by other countries along the West African coast.
1765:
876:
Being derived partly from the present day Edo/Delta area of
Nigeria, there are still some words left over from the Portuguese language in pidgin English (Portuguese ships traded slaves from the
1695:"The Effect of the Nigerian Pidgin English on the Academic Performance of University Students in Nigeria. Acase Study of National Open University of Nigeria Students in Benin Study Centre"
676:
While Pidgin is spoken by many, there are wide swathes of
Nigeria where Pidgin is not spoken or understood, especially among those without secular education in core northern parts —
2841:
776:
also meaning "you people"), display some of the interesting similarities between the
English pidgins and creoles of West Africa and the English pidgins and creoles of the
1735:
2471:
701:, share similarities to the various English-based Creoles found in the Caribbean. Linguists posit that this is because most of the enslaved that were taken to the
2433:
610:
at the beginning or middle of a sentence to mean: ‘’to know’’. For example; ‘’why you no go sabi the man?’’ means ‘’How can you say you do not know the man?’’
1757:
486:
Many of the 250 or more ethnic groups in
Nigeria can converse in the language, though many speakers will use words from their native tongues. For example:
806:
would be understood by both a speaker of Creole and a speaker of
Nigerian Pidgin to mean "We are in London" (although the Jamaican is more likely to say
1987:
2393:
2164:
2132:
2731:
2066:
2374:
Akande, Akinmade T.; Salami, Oladipo, eds. (25 October 2021). "Current Trends in Nigerian Pidgin English: A Sociolinguistic Perspective".
1304:
2424:
2262:
2464:
1284:
1127:
2200:
236:
218:
116:
59:
83:
2183:
1249:
1158:
152:
45:
1134:
498:(pronounced 'sheh-bi') is often used at the start or end of an intonated sentence or question: "You are coming, right?" becomes
1366:
1221:
1727:
199:
2480:
2457:
2321:
1387:
935:
711:
305:
156:
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situation, Nigerian Pidgin is mostly used in informal conversations. Nigerian Pidgin has no status as an official language.
710:
are for the most part mutually intelligible with the creole languages of West Africa. The presence of repetitive phrases in
171:
2856:
1165:
893:
2561:
2029:"The Relationship of Nigerian English and Nigerian Pidgin in Nigeria: Evidence from Copula Constructions in Ice-Nigeria"
1547:
Most written texts in Nigerian Pidgin do not show any tonal markings, and do not reflect any lexical pitch differences.
1373:
1235:
1228:
780:, as does the presence of words and phrases that are identical in the languages on both sides of the Atlantic, such as
178:
2510:
1868:
1394:
1345:
1264:
901:
313:
1019:
98:
1540:
in which, given a word there may be only one high tone, or one sequence thereof in opposition to one low sequence";
2515:
2415:
1940:
1408:
1295:
1093:
1079:
726:, which means "complete" in the Yoruba language. Repetitious phrases are also present in Nigerian Pidgin, such as
145:
94:
2851:
1242:
185:
2588:
1958:
1702:
1533:
1352:
2737:
2520:
1183:
1113:
1100:
1086:
167:
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1627:
1518:
1505:
1492:
1479:
1466:
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1002:
835:
2240:
2703:
2667:
1820:
1537:
1193:
1048:
1039:
1536:
on lexemes, especially for questions. One rival suggestion is that Nigerian Pidgin "is something of a
2820:
2717:
2599:
1979:
1655:"GUIDE TO STANDARD NAIJÁ ORTHOGRAPHY. An NLA Harmonized Writing System for Common Naijá Publications"
1596:
1120:
792:
51:
2638:
2632:
602:
2443:
2657:
2576:
2058:
1423:
1061:
997:
976:
857:
2028:
2210:
Akhimien, Eronmonsele Pius (1 November 2004). "The use of 'How are you?' in Nigerian society".
2662:
2652:
2571:
2566:
2421:
2389:
2352:
2317:
2293:
2285:
2227:
2196:
2128:
2050:
1910:
1860:
1024:
1009:
614:
Nigerian Pidgin also varies from place to place. Dialects of Nigerian Pidgin may include the
581:
equivalent to the English term "my boss or my mentor", has been adopted from the Yoruba word
192:
2800:
2757:
2437:
2381:
2344:
2277:
2249:
2219:
2040:
1902:
1850:
1578:
1434:. Additionally, monosyllabic high-tone words shift into a high falling tone before a pause.
992:
944:
939:
394:
20:
2810:
2767:
2723:
2709:
2698:
2688:
2683:
2618:
2612:
2607:
2593:
2525:
2505:
2428:
1360:
1031:
1014:
948:
746:
615:
550:
504:
490:
475:
398:
297:
2786:
1564:
1381:
877:
587:
439:
424:
334:
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Variations of what this article refers to as "Nigerian Pidgin" are also spoken across
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1906:
1890:
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765:
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However, this has been contested by subsequent linguists, due to variance in pitch
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435:
287:
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134:
2263:"A Basic Description and Analytic Treatment of Noun Clauses in Nigerian Pidgin"
1572:
722:(sickly) mirror the presence of such phrases in West African languages such as
2535:
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2045:
1620:
1591:
1554:
1402:
1332:
848:
681:
631:
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2127:. Varieties of English. Berlin, New York: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 55–66.
2120:
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1615:
1430:, and the low tone, though typically left unmarked, can be written with a
1426:, having a high tone and a low tone. The high tone can be written with an
904:, brought to West Africa through Portuguese pidgin. An English cognate is
802:
is found in both Caribbean Creole and Nigerian Pidgin English. The phrase
361:
2815:
2772:
2253:
651:
451:
427:
2375:
2370:
Ernest Edjeren. 2009. "Single Language: The Soul Of Nations' Prosperity"
764:– West African Pidgin (meaning "you people", a word that comes from the
2806:
2780:
1073:
839:
697:
Nigerian Pidgin, along with the various pidgin and creole languages of
659:
627:
623:
408:
270:
2157:, pp. 177–200, Mensah, Eyo, Ukaegbu, Eunice and Nyong, Benjamin.
906:
467:
420:
2123:. In Mesthrie, Rajend; Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.).
1954:
1855:
1694:
101:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
2312:
Mafeni, Bernard (1971). "Nigerian Pidgin". In Spencer, John (ed.).
535:, equivalent to the English term "you people", has been adopted as
2624:
972:
856:(Nigerian Pidgin for "poke" or "stab") which corresponds with the
647:
619:
447:
443:
1980:"Pidgin english origin - english pidgins include nigerian pidgin"
2453:
1891:"Empowering Nigerian Pidgin: a challenge for status planning?"
1758:"Why Prince Charles Said 'God Don Butta My Bread!' In Nigeria"
959:
Nigerian Pidgin, like many pidgins and creoles, has a simpler
471:
128:
66:
25:
2159:"Chapter 6: Towards a working orthography of Nigerian Pidgin"
1812:
2333:"Creolization of Nigerian Pidgin English: A progress report"
2635:(Franch Guiana and Suriname; English and Portuguese based)
888:
means "to know" or "to know how to", just as "to know" is
741:
Furthermore, the use of words of West African origin in
826:(lit. "we are in London"). Other similarities, such as
669:
Nigerian Pidgin is most widely spoken in the oil state
90:
2163:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFAkande_&_Salami2021 (
1813:"MANIAC | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary"
1659:
IFRA-Nigeria - French Institute for Research in Africa
2248:(Doctoral Thesis). Università degli studi di Padova.
2097:
2095:
926:, which mean "small" and "small child" respectively.
544:
2434:
A Dictionary of Nigerian English (circulation draft)
2422:
University of Puerto Rico, Nigerian Pidgin materials
2750:
2676:
2554:
2547:
2487:
2154:
626:dialect that has majorly influenced large parts of
368:
352:
347:
331:
294:
276:
266:
251:
159:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2331:Shnukal, Anna; Marchese, Lynell (1 January 1983).
846:, akin to the standard-English pejorative/epithet
1721:
1719:
818:meaning the same thing and pronounced similarly:
642:dialect that has elements of the mixed tribes in
595:at the end of an intonated sentence or question:
543:in Nigerian Pidgin means "You people are crazy."
2027:Florence Agbo, Ogechi; Plag, Ingo (2020-12-11).
605:
470:launched a search interface in Pidgin. In 2017,
2114:
2112:
2110:
566:, meaning "please." For example, the sentence
2465:
8:
688:Relationship to other languages and dialects
557:with the same meaning as in Nigerian Pidgin.
519:
513:
507:
493:
2842:English-based pidgins and creoles of Africa
2261:Ihemere, Kelechukwu U. (31 December 2006).
1653:Ofulue, Christine I.; Esizimetor, David O.
590:
411:. The language is sometimes referred to as
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2551:
2472:
2458:
2450:
814:.) The word originates from the Igbo word
576:
561:
530:
248:
2377:Current Trends in Nigerian Pidgin English
2044:
1854:
237:Learn how and when to remove this message
219:Learn how and when to remove this message
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
2086:
2007:
1788:"BBC Pidgin service launched in Nigeria"
1640:
1544:is attested in the intonational system.
1436:
1422:Nigerian Pidgin has been described as a
1321:
986:
1608:
2101:
599:means "You don't want to come, right?"
2380:. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
1768:from the original on 27 February 2023
1693:Fitimi, Prince; Ojitobome, Afinotan.
7:
2316:. London: Longman. pp. 95–112.
2121:"Nigerian Pidgin English: phonology"
1889:Igboanusi, Herbert (February 2008).
662:varieties that draws influence from
634:dialect that has its influence from
157:adding citations to reliable sources
2314:The English language in West Africa
1756:Gharib, Malaka (20 November 2018).
884:means "do you know how to do it?".
868:used in other West Indian islands.
2125:4 Africa, South and Southeast Asia
1847:Éducation et sociétés plurilingues
1841:Frances Ayenbi, Oti (2014-06-01).
918:" comes from the Portuguese words
830:(Nigerian Pidgin for "child") and
14:
2270:Nordic Journal of African Studies
1407:
1393:
1386:
1372:
1365:
1351:
1344:
1303:
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1133:
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1060:
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1038:
892:in Portuguese. (According to the
872:Connection to Portuguese language
822:(literally "meat is in pot") and
41:This article has multiple issues.
2409:
2119:Elugbe, Ben (10 December 2008).
1907:10.1111/j.1467-971X.2008.00536.x
1843:"Language regression in Nigeria"
1626:
1571:
1557:
743:Surinamese Creole (Sranan Tongo)
133:
71:
30:
2444:Introduction to Nigerian Pidgin
2069:from the original on 2021-01-29
1990:from the original on 2021-05-21
1961:from the original on 2022-05-13
1871:from the original on 2021-12-27
1823:from the original on 2021-05-21
1794:from the original on 2023-09-22
1738:from the original on 2018-08-01
1705:from the original on 2022-05-13
1665:from the original on 2023-01-01
693:Similarity to Caribbean Creoles
555:Sranantongo (Surinamese Creole)
478:to provide services in Pidgin.
144:needs additional citations for
49:or discuss these issues on the
2481:English-based creole languages
570:means "Please leave me alone".
512:(another variant of the words
16:English-based creole languages
1:
2621:(French Guiana and Suriname)
1934:Salikoko Sangol Mufwene,
894:monogenetic theory of pidgins
784:(I'm going to tell them) and
2627:(French Guiana and Suriname)
2224:10.1016/j.pragma.2004.02.003
1400:
1392:
1385:
1371:
1364:
1350:
1343:
2182:Faraclas, Nicholas (1996).
2033:Journal of Language Contact
1732:Language Contact Manchester
902:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
314:West African Pidgin English
97:the claims made and adding
2875:
2242:Copulas in Nigerian Pidgin
1726:Goglia, Francesco (2010).
1380:
1359:
1338:
864:, and also corresponds to
810:and the Surinamese way is
734:meaning "disgusting", and
549:has also found its way to
290:: 116 million (2020)
18:
2046:10.1163/19552629-bja10023
1728:"Nigerian Pidgin English"
1406:
1311:
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423:, a creole, dialect or a
261:
256:
2155:Akande & Salami 2021
1500:Roman Catholic 'father'
730:meaning "clear vision",
419:. It can be spoken as a
19:Not to be confused with
2436:; Blench, Roger. 2005 (
2239:Mazzoli, Maria (2013).
1941:Encyclopædia Britannica
654:influenced by sizeable
545:
442:, in countries such as
2732:San Andrés–Providencia
2446:(University of Hawaii)
2282:10.53228/njas.v15i3.29
1474:Roman Catholic priest
834:(used in islands like
606:
591:
577:
562:
531:
520:
514:
508:
494:
393:in scholarship, is an
2821:Torres Strait Islands
2386:10.1515/9781501513541
2349:10.1075/eww.4.1.03shn
2212:Journal of Pragmatics
1538:pitch-accent language
2857:Languages of Nigeria
2758:Australian Aborginal
2751:Asia and the Pacific
2600:Afro-Seminole Creole
2418:at Wikimedia Commons
1984:meisten-verliebt.com
1953:Emmaolu, Akinsanya.
1597:Languages of Nigeria
1442:(tones fully marked)
967:language. It has 23
900:was a basic word in
597:you no wan come, ba?
153:improve this article
2562:Antigua and Barbuda
2538:(Equatorial Guinea)
2089:, pp. 248–249.
1955:"THE EFFECT OF THE"
738:meaning "garbage".
2795:(Papua New Guinea)
2427:2020-08-04 at the
2337:English World-Wide
1526:sixpence (5 kobo)
858:Trinidadian creole
500:Ṣebi you dey come?
82:possibly contains
2829:
2828:
2789:(Solomon Islands)
2746:
2745:
2414:Media related to
2395:978-1-5015-1354-1
2218:(11): 2055–2058.
2185:"Nigerian Pidgin"
2134:978-3-11-020842-9
1817:back.carthousa.tk
1624:(26th ed., 2023)
1530:
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1415:
1414:
1315:
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824:anyi di na london
804:We dey foh London
650:(particularly in
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168:"Nigerian Pidgin"
127:
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84:original research
64:
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2852:Nigerian English
2801:Ngatikese Creole
2738:Turks and Caicos
2596:(United States)
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2438:Internet Archive
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1448:English Meaning
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940:Nigerian English
936:Caribbean Creole
930:Nigerian English
880:). For example,
782:Me a go tell dem
712:Caribbean Creole
609:
594:
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534:
523:
517:
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389:, also known as
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99:inline citations
75:
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34:
33:
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21:Nigerian English
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2768:Hawaiian Pidgin
2742:
2710:Limonese Creole
2699:Jamaican Patois
2694:Jamaican Maroon
2672:
2602:(United States)
2543:
2497:(Sierra Leone)
2483:
2478:
2429:Wayback Machine
2416:Nigerian Pidgin
2406:
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2300:
2299:on 10 June 2007
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2008:Faraclas (1996)
2006:
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1643:, Introduction.
1641:Faraclas (1996)
1639:
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1616:Nigerian Pidgin
1614:
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1441:
1420:
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1004:
985:
957:
949:British English
934:Similar to the
932:
882:you sabi do am?
874:
812:Wi de na London
747:Jamaican Patois
695:
690:
658:populace); and
551:Jamaican patois
539:. For example,
484:
476:BBC News Pidgin
460:
399:creole language
387:Nigerian Pidgin
376:
360:
353:
338:
333:
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319:Nigerian Pidgin
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262:Naijá (languej)
252:Nigerian Pidgin
243:
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2404:External links
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2276:(3): 296–313.
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2091:
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2039:(2): 351–388.
2012:
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1986:(in Finnish).
1971:
1945:
1927:
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1804:
1790:. 2017-08-21.
1779:
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820:anu di na ofe
817:
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771:
767:
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755:Bajan dialect
752:
748:
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739:
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733:
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725:
721:
718:(gossip) and
717:
713:
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679:
674:
672:
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665:
664:Igbo language
661:
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653:
649:
645:
641:
640:Port Harcourt
637:
636:Bini language
633:
629:
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621:
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404:lingua franca
400:
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212:
209:December 2014
201:
198:
194:
191:
187:
184:
180:
177:
173:
170: –
169:
165:
164:Find sources:
158:
154:
148:
147:
142:This article
140:
136:
131:
130:
121:
118:
110:
107:December 2014
100:
96:
92:
86:
85:
80:This article
78:
69:
68:
63:
61:
54:
53:
48:
47:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
2803:(Micronesia)
2720:(Nicaragua)
2712:(Costa Rica)
2647:Sranan Tongo
2530:
2376:
2360:. Retrieved
2343:(1): 17–26.
2340:
2336:
2313:
2301:. Retrieved
2294:the original
2273:
2269:
2241:
2215:
2211:
2191:. New York:
2184:
2176:Bibliography
2150:
2138:. Retrieved
2124:
2082:
2071:. Retrieved
2036:
2032:
2010:, p. 3.
2003:
1992:. Retrieved
1983:
1974:
1963:. Retrieved
1948:
1939:
1930:
1918:. Retrieved
1901:(1): 68–82.
1898:
1894:
1884:
1873:. Retrieved
1846:
1836:
1825:. Retrieved
1816:
1807:
1796:. Retrieved
1782:
1770:. Retrieved
1761:
1751:
1740:. Retrieved
1731:
1707:. Retrieved
1699:Academia.edu
1698:
1688:
1678:
1667:. Retrieved
1658:
1648:
1636:
1619:
1611:
1546:
1531:
1445:Tone pattern
1440:Pidgin Word
1432:grave accent
1428:acute accent
1421:
1020:Labial-velar
958:
933:
923:
919:
911:
905:
897:
889:
885:
881:
875:
865:
861:
853:
847:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
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785:
781:
773:
769:
761:
757:
750:
740:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
696:
675:
668:
656:Niger Deltan
644:Rivers State
613:
596:
582:
568:Biko free me
567:
540:
536:
499:
485:
465:
461:
433:
416:
412:
402:
401:spoken as a
390:
386:
385:
369:
318:
233:
215:
206:
196:
189:
182:
175:
163:
151:Please help
146:verification
143:
113:
104:
81:
57:
50:
44:
43:Please help
40:
2726:(Nicaragua)
2577:Saint Kitts
2511:West Africa
2102:Mafeni 1971
1772:27 February
1513:young maid
1275:Approximant
965:superstrate
699:West Africa
678:Gombe State
671:Niger Delta
541:Una dey mad
425:decreolised
2836:Categories
2777:Melanesia
2734:(Colombia)
2649:(Suriname)
2641:(Suriname)
2633:Saramaccan
2615:(Suriname)
2572:Montserrat
2536:Pichinglis
2323:0582522153
2140:26 October
2073:2021-11-30
1994:2021-05-21
1965:2021-12-27
1875:2021-12-27
1827:2021-05-21
1798:2019-04-28
1742:2018-07-17
1709:2021-02-09
1669:2017-02-06
1621:Ethnologue
1603:References
1592:Pichinglis
1534:intonation
983:Consonants
975:, and two
969:consonants
916:pickaninny
849:pickaninny
836:St.Vincent
788:(let us).
749:, such as
682:Yobe State
632:Benin City
603:Portuguese
482:Variations
417:Vernacular
179:newspapers
91:improve it
46:improve it
2816:Singapore
2793:Tok Pisin
2783:(Vanuatu)
2548:Caribbean
2357:0172-8865
2290:1459-9465
2232:0378-2166
2193:Routledge
2063:226299218
2055:1877-1491
1915:0883-2919
1865:1127-266X
1542:downdrift
1216:Fricative
1145:Affricate
963:than the
961:phonology
955:Phonology
924:pequenino
910:.) Also,
844:St. Kitts
778:Caribbean
736:doti-doti
732:yama-yama
728:koro-koro
720:pyaa-pyaa
708:Caribbean
703:New World
466:In 2011,
371:Glottolog
355:ISO 639-3
95:verifying
52:talk page
2807:Pitcairn
2773:Malaysia
2724:Rama Cay
2706:(Panama)
2658:Trinidad
2584:Barbados
2567:Anguilla
2516:Cameroon
2425:Archived
2303:14 April
2067:Archived
1988:Archived
1959:Archived
1869:Archived
1821:Archived
1792:Archived
1766:Archived
1736:Archived
1703:Archived
1663:Archived
1551:See also
1361:High-mid
1005:alveolar
998:Alveolar
971:, seven
945:American
714:such as
652:Ajegunle
474:started
452:Cameroon
428:acrolect
378:nige1257
310:Atlantic
2811:Norfolk
2781:Bislama
2684:Bahamas
2677:Western
2639:Matawai
2589:Grenada
2555:Eastern
2531:Nigeria
2526:Liberia
2362:13 June
1938:at the
1920:12 June
1683:Centre.
1487:father
1461:father
1382:Low-mid
1074:Plosive
1025:Glottal
1010:Palatal
920:pequeno
840:Antigua
786:make we
724:bam-bam
660:Onitsha
628:Nigeria
624:Ughelli
409:Nigeria
407:across
397:-based
395:English
271:Nigeria
193:scholar
89:Please
2689:Belize
2653:Tobago
2619:Ndyuka
2613:Kwinti
2608:Guyana
2594:Gullah
2506:Merico
2488:Africa
2392:
2355:
2320:
2288:
2230:
2199:
2131:
2061:
2053:
1913:
1863:
1519:/sísì/
1506:/sìsí/
1493:/fàdá/
1480:/fádá/
1467:/bábà/
1454:/bàbá/
1318:Vowels
993:Labial
973:vowels
852:) and
832:pikney
793:copula
616:Sapele
574:Yoruba
505:Yorùbá
491:Yorùbá
468:Google
458:Status
450:, and
421:pidgin
195:
188:
181:
174:
166:
2787:Pijin
2625:Aluku
2521:Ghana
2297:(PDF)
2266:(PDF)
2246:(PDF)
2189:(PDF)
2059:S2CID
1418:Tones
1340:Close
1328:Front
1032:Nasal
1015:Velar
1003:Post-
977:tones
912:pikin
907:savvy
898:sabir
890:saber
866:chook
860:word
854:chook
828:pikin
774:unuwa
768:word
758:wunna
716:su-su
648:Lagos
620:Warri
588:Hausa
560:Igbo
448:Ghana
444:Benin
413:Pijin
391:Naijá
342:Latin
257:Naija
200:JSTOR
186:books
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