1639:
1584:
1570:
146:
84:
43:
2422:
1673:
953:
is used in politics, education, science, and media. In
Nigeria, English is acquired through formal education. As English has been in contact with multiple different languages in Nigeria, Nigerian English has become much more prominent and is very similar to both
1665:
716:
were of West
African descent. The pronunciation and accents often differ a great deal, mainly due to the extremely heterogeneous mix of African languages present in the West Indies, but if written on paper or spoken slowly, the creole languages of the
441:
by different speakers, who may switch between these forms depending on the social setting. In the 2010s, a common orthography was developed for Pidgin which has been gaining significant popularity in giving the language a harmonized writing system.
962:, and it is often referred to as a group of different sub-varieties. Although there is not a formal description of Nigerian English, scholars agree that Nigerian English is a recognizable and unique variety of English.
473:
Nigerian Pidgin is commonly used throughout the country, but it has not been granted official status. Pidgin breaks the communication barrier between different ethnic groups and it is widely spoken throughout
Nigeria.
1693:
Esizimetor, D. O. (2009). What
Orthography for Naijá? Paper delivered at the Conference on Naijá organised by the Institut Français de Recherche en Afrique (IFRA), July 07–10, 2009, University of Ibadan Conference
684:
where most of its population speak it as their first language. There are accounts of pidgin being spoken first in colonial
Nigeria before being adopted by other countries along the West African coast.
1776:
887:
Being derived partly from the present day Edo/Delta area of
Nigeria, there are still some words left over from the Portuguese language in pidgin English (Portuguese ships traded slaves from the
1706:"The Effect of the Nigerian Pidgin English on the Academic Performance of University Students in Nigeria. Acase Study of National Open University of Nigeria Students in Benin Study Centre"
687:
While Pidgin is spoken by many, there are wide swathes of
Nigeria where Pidgin is not spoken or understood, especially among those without secular education in core northern parts —
2852:
787:
also meaning "you people"), display some of the interesting similarities between the
English pidgins and creoles of West Africa and the English pidgins and creoles of the
1746:
2482:
712:, share similarities to the various English-based Creoles found in the Caribbean. Linguists posit that this is because most of the enslaved that were taken to the
2444:
621:
at the beginning or middle of a sentence to mean: ‘’to know’’. For example; ‘’why you no go sabi the man?’’ means ‘’How can you say you do not know the man?’’
1768:
497:
Many of the 250 or more ethnic groups in
Nigeria can converse in the language, though many speakers will use words from their native tongues. For example:
817:
would be understood by both a speaker of Creole and a speaker of
Nigerian Pidgin to mean "We are in London" (although the Jamaican is more likely to say
1998:
2404:
2175:
2143:
2742:
2077:
2385:
Akande, Akinmade T.; Salami, Oladipo, eds. (25 October 2021). "Current Trends in Nigerian Pidgin English: A Sociolinguistic Perspective".
1315:
2435:
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1138:
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247:
229:
127:
70:
94:
2194:
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1169:
163:
56:
1145:
509:(pronounced 'sheh-bi') is often used at the start or end of an intonated sentence or question: "You are coming, right?" becomes
1377:
1232:
1738:
210:
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2468:
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1398:
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722:
316:
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situation, Nigerian Pidgin is mostly used in informal conversations. Nigerian Pidgin has no status as an official language.
721:
are for the most part mutually intelligible with the creole languages of West Africa. The presence of repetitive phrases in
182:
2867:
1176:
904:
2572:
2040:"The Relationship of Nigerian English and Nigerian Pidgin in Nigeria: Evidence from Copula Constructions in Ice-Nigeria"
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Most written texts in Nigerian Pidgin do not show any tonal markings, and do not reflect any lexical pitch differences.
1384:
1246:
1239:
791:, as does the presence of words and phrases that are identical in the languages on both sides of the Atlantic, such as
189:
2521:
1879:
1405:
1356:
1275:
912:
324:
1030:
109:
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in which, given a word there may be only one high tone, or one sequence thereof in opposition to one low sequence";
2526:
2426:
1951:
1419:
1306:
1104:
1090:
737:, which means "complete" in the Yoruba language. Repetitious phrases are also present in Nigerian Pidgin, such as
156:
105:
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1253:
196:
2599:
1969:
1713:
1544:
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1194:
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1097:
178:
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846:
2251:
2714:
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1204:
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on lexemes, especially for questions. One rival suggestion is that Nigerian Pidgin "is something of a
2831:
2728:
2610:
1990:
1666:"GUIDE TO STANDARD NAIJÁ ORTHOGRAPHY. An NLA Harmonized Writing System for Common Naijá Publications"
1607:
1131:
803:
62:
2649:
2643:
613:
2454:
2668:
2587:
2069:
1434:
1072:
1008:
987:
868:
2039:
2221:
Akhimien, Eronmonsele Pius (1 November 2004). "The use of 'How are you?' in Nigerian society".
2673:
2663:
2582:
2577:
2432:
2400:
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2328:
2304:
2296:
2238:
2207:
2139:
2061:
1921:
1871:
1035:
1020:
625:
Nigerian Pidgin also varies from place to place. Dialects of Nigerian Pidgin may include the
592:
equivalent to the English term "my boss or my mentor", has been adopted from the Yoruba word
203:
2811:
2768:
2448:
2392:
2355:
2288:
2260:
2230:
2051:
1913:
1861:
1589:
1445:. Additionally, monosyllabic high-tone words shift into a high falling tone before a pause.
1003:
955:
950:
405:
31:
2821:
2778:
2734:
2720:
2709:
2699:
2694:
2629:
2623:
2618:
2604:
2536:
2516:
2439:
1371:
1042:
1025:
959:
757:
626:
561:
515:
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486:
409:
308:
2797:
1575:
1392:
888:
598:
450:
435:
345:
17:
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Variations of what this article refers to as "Nigerian Pidgin" are also spoken across
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2505:
2073:
1917:
1901:
1597:
776:
674:
650:
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584:
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414:
1946:
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However, this has been contested by subsequent linguists, due to variance in pitch
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298:
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145:
2274:"A Basic Description and Analytic Treatment of Noun Clauses in Nigerian Pidgin"
1583:
733:(sickly) mirror the presence of such phrases in West African languages such as
2546:
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2056:
1631:
1602:
1565:
1413:
1343:
859:
692:
642:
2367:
2300:
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2138:. Varieties of English. Berlin, New York: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 55–66.
2131:
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1925:
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979:
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381:
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1626:
1441:, and the low tone, though typically left unmarked, can be written with a
1437:, having a high tone and a low tone. The high tone can be written with an
915:, brought to West Africa through Portuguese pidgin. An English cognate is
813:
is found in both Caribbean Creole and Nigerian Pidgin English. The phrase
372:
2826:
2783:
2264:
662:
462:
438:
2386:
2381:
Ernest Edjeren. 2009. "Single Language: The Soul Of Nations' Prosperity"
775:– West African Pidgin (meaning "you people", a word that comes from the
2817:
2791:
1084:
850:
708:
Nigerian Pidgin, along with the various pidgin and creole languages of
670:
638:
634:
419:
281:
2168:, pp. 177–200, Mensah, Eyo, Ukaegbu, Eunice and Nyong, Benjamin.
917:
478:
431:
2134:. In Mesthrie, Rajend; Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.).
1965:
1866:
1705:
112:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
2323:
Mafeni, Bernard (1971). "Nigerian Pidgin". In Spencer, John (ed.).
546:, equivalent to the English term "you people", has been adopted as
2635:
983:
867:(Nigerian Pidgin for "poke" or "stab") which corresponds with the
658:
630:
458:
454:
1991:"Pidgin english origin - english pidgins include nigerian pidgin"
2464:
1902:"Empowering Nigerian Pidgin: a challenge for status planning?"
1769:"Why Prince Charles Said 'God Don Butta My Bread!' In Nigeria"
970:
Nigerian Pidgin, like many pidgins and creoles, has a simpler
482:
139:
77:
36:
2170:"Chapter 6: Towards a working orthography of Nigerian Pidgin"
1823:
2344:"Creolization of Nigerian Pidgin English: A progress report"
2646:(Franch Guiana and Suriname; English and Portuguese based)
899:
means "to know" or "to know how to", just as "to know" is
752:
Furthermore, the use of words of West African origin in
837:(lit. "we are in London"). Other similarities, such as
680:
Nigerian Pidgin is most widely spoken in the oil state
101:
2174:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFAkande_&_Salami2021 (
1824:"MANIAC | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary"
1670:
IFRA-Nigeria - French Institute for Research in Africa
2259:(Doctoral Thesis). Università degli studi di Padova.
2108:
2106:
937:, which mean "small" and "small child" respectively.
555:
2445:
A Dictionary of Nigerian English (circulation draft)
2433:
University of Puerto Rico, Nigerian Pidgin materials
2761:
2687:
2565:
2558:
2498:
2165:
637:dialect that has majorly influenced large parts of
379:
363:
358:
342:
305:
287:
277:
262:
170:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2342:Shnukal, Anna; Marchese, Lynell (1 January 1983).
857:, akin to the standard-English pejorative/epithet
1732:
1730:
829:meaning the same thing and pronounced similarly:
653:dialect that has elements of the mixed tribes in
606:at the end of an intonated sentence or question:
554:in Nigerian Pidgin means "You people are crazy."
2038:Florence Agbo, Ogechi; Plag, Ingo (2020-12-11).
616:
481:launched a search interface in Pidgin. In 2017,
2125:
2123:
2121:
577:, meaning "please." For example, the sentence
2476:
8:
699:Relationship to other languages and dialects
568:with the same meaning as in Nigerian Pidgin.
530:
524:
518:
504:
2853:English-based pidgins and creoles of Africa
2272:Ihemere, Kelechukwu U. (31 December 2006).
1664:Ofulue, Christine I.; Esizimetor, David O.
601:
422:. The language is sometimes referred to as
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2562:
2483:
2469:
2461:
825:.) The word originates from the Igbo word
587:
572:
541:
259:
2388:Current Trends in Nigerian Pidgin English
2055:
1865:
248:Learn how and when to remove this message
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
128:Learn how and when to remove this message
2097:
2018:
1799:"BBC Pidgin service launched in Nigeria"
1651:
1555:is attested in the intonational system.
1447:
1433:Nigerian Pidgin has been described as a
1332:
997:
1619:
2112:
610:means "You don't want to come, right?"
2391:. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
1779:from the original on 27 February 2023
1704:Fitimi, Prince; Ojitobome, Afinotan.
7:
2327:. London: Longman. pp. 95–112.
2132:"Nigerian Pidgin English: phonology"
1900:Igboanusi, Herbert (February 2008).
673:varieties that draws influence from
645:dialect that has its influence from
168:adding citations to reliable sources
2325:The English language in West Africa
1767:Gharib, Malaka (20 November 2018).
895:means "do you know how to do it?".
879:used in other West Indian islands.
2136:4 Africa, South and Southeast Asia
1858:Éducation et sociétés plurilingues
1852:Frances Ayenbi, Oti (2014-06-01).
929:" comes from the Portuguese words
841:(Nigerian Pidgin for "child") and
25:
2281:Nordic Journal of African Studies
1418:
1404:
1397:
1383:
1376:
1362:
1355:
1314:
1305:
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1274:
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1144:
1137:
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1123:
1110:
1103:
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1058:
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903:in Portuguese. (According to the
883:Connection to Portuguese language
833:(literally "meat is in pot") and
52:This article has multiple issues.
2420:
2130:Elugbe, Ben (10 December 2008).
1918:10.1111/j.1467-971X.2008.00536.x
1854:"Language regression in Nigeria"
1637:
1582:
1568:
754:Surinamese Creole (Sranan Tongo)
144:
82:
41:
2455:Introduction to Nigerian Pidgin
2080:from the original on 2021-01-29
2001:from the original on 2021-05-21
1972:from the original on 2022-05-13
1882:from the original on 2021-12-27
1834:from the original on 2021-05-21
1805:from the original on 2023-09-22
1749:from the original on 2018-08-01
1716:from the original on 2022-05-13
1676:from the original on 2023-01-01
704:Similarity to Caribbean Creoles
566:Sranantongo (Surinamese Creole)
489:to provide services in Pidgin.
155:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
2492:English-based creole languages
581:means "Please leave me alone".
523:(another variant of the words
27:English-based creole languages
1:
2632:(French Guiana and Suriname)
1945:Salikoko Sangol Mufwene,
905:monogenetic theory of pidgins
795:(I'm going to tell them) and
2638:(French Guiana and Suriname)
2235:10.1016/j.pragma.2004.02.003
1411:
1403:
1396:
1382:
1375:
1361:
1354:
2193:Faraclas, Nicholas (1996).
2044:Journal of Language Contact
1743:Language Contact Manchester
913:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
325:West African Pidgin English
108:the claims made and adding
2884:
2253:Copulas in Nigerian Pidgin
1737:Goglia, Francesco (2010).
1391:
1370:
1349:
875:, and also corresponds to
821:and the Surinamese way is
745:meaning "disgusting", and
560:has also found its way to
301:: 116 million (2020)
29:
2057:10.1163/19552629-bja10023
1739:"Nigerian Pidgin English"
1417:
1322:
1320:
1300:
1289:
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1221:
1219:
1209:
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1189:
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1079:
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1002:
434:, a creole, dialect or a
272:
267:
2166:Akande & Salami 2021
1511:Roman Catholic 'father'
741:meaning "clear vision",
430:. It can be spoken as a
30:Not to be confused with
2447:; Blench, Roger. 2005 (
2250:Mazzoli, Maria (2013).
1952:Encyclopædia Britannica
665:influenced by sizeable
556:
453:, in countries such as
18:Nigerian Pidgin English
2743:San Andrés–Providencia
2457:(University of Hawaii)
2293:10.53228/njas.v15i3.29
1485:Roman Catholic priest
845:(used in islands like
617:
602:
588:
573:
542:
531:
525:
519:
505:
404:in scholarship, is an
2832:Torres Strait Islands
2397:10.1515/9781501513541
2360:10.1075/eww.4.1.03shn
2223:Journal of Pragmatics
1549:pitch-accent language
2868:Languages of Nigeria
2769:Australian Aborginal
2762:Asia and the Pacific
2611:Afro-Seminole Creole
2429:at Wikimedia Commons
1995:meisten-verliebt.com
1964:Emmaolu, Akinsanya.
1608:Languages of Nigeria
1453:(tones fully marked)
978:language. It has 23
911:was a basic word in
608:you no wan come, ba?
164:improve this article
2573:Antigua and Barbuda
2549:(Equatorial Guinea)
2100:, pp. 248–249.
1966:"THE EFFECT OF THE"
749:meaning "garbage".
2806:(Papua New Guinea)
2438:2020-08-04 at the
2348:English World-Wide
1537:sixpence (5 kobo)
869:Trinidadian creole
511:Ṣebi you dey come?
93:possibly contains
2840:
2839:
2800:(Solomon Islands)
2757:
2756:
2425:Media related to
2406:978-1-5015-1354-1
2229:(11): 2055–2058.
2196:"Nigerian Pidgin"
2145:978-3-11-020842-9
1828:back.carthousa.tk
1635:(26th ed., 2023)
1541:
1540:
1426:
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1326:
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835:anyi di na london
815:We dey foh London
661:(particularly in
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214:
179:"Nigerian Pidgin"
138:
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95:original research
75:
16:(Redirected from
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2863:Nigerian English
2812:Ngatikese Creole
2749:Turks and Caicos
2607:(United States)
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2511:Aku (The Gambia)
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2449:Internet Archive
2424:
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2303:. Archived from
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1459:English Meaning
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951:Nigerian English
947:Caribbean Creole
941:Nigerian English
891:). For example,
793:Me a go tell dem
723:Caribbean Creole
620:
605:
591:
576:
559:
545:
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522:
508:
400:, also known as
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110:inline citations
86:
85:
78:
67:
45:
44:
37:
32:Nigerian English
21:
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2878:
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2872:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2779:Hawaiian Pidgin
2753:
2721:Limonese Creole
2710:Jamaican Patois
2705:Jamaican Maroon
2683:
2613:(United States)
2554:
2508:(Sierra Leone)
2494:
2489:
2440:Wayback Machine
2427:Nigerian Pidgin
2417:
2407:
2384:
2372:
2370:
2341:
2335:
2322:
2313:
2311:
2310:on 10 June 2007
2307:
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2098:Faraclas (1996)
2096:
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2083:
2081:
2037:
2036:
2025:
2019:Faraclas (1996)
2017:
2013:
2004:
2002:
1989:
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1984:
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1944:
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1906:World Englishes
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1658:
1654:, Introduction.
1652:Faraclas (1996)
1650:
1646:
1636:
1627:Nigerian Pidgin
1625:
1621:
1616:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1452:
1431:
1331:
1015:
996:
968:
960:British English
945:Similar to the
943:
893:you sabi do am?
885:
823:Wi de na London
758:Jamaican Patois
706:
701:
669:populace); and
562:Jamaican patois
550:. For example,
495:
487:BBC News Pidgin
471:
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273:Naijá (languej)
263:Nigerian Pidgin
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2287:(3): 296–313.
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2050:(2): 351–388.
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2011:
1997:(in Finnish).
1982:
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1801:. 2017-08-21.
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705:
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831:anu di na ofe
828:
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786:
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766:Bajan dialect
763:
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748:
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736:
732:
729:(gossip) and
728:
724:
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696:
694:
690:
685:
683:
678:
676:
675:Igbo language
672:
668:
664:
660:
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652:
651:Port Harcourt
648:
647:Bini language
644:
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636:
632:
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619:
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415:lingua franca
411:
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223:
220:December 2014
212:
209:
205:
202:
198:
195:
191:
188:
184:
181: –
180:
176:
175:Find sources:
169:
165:
159:
158:
153:This article
151:
147:
142:
141:
132:
129:
121:
118:December 2014
111:
107:
103:
97:
96:
91:This article
89:
80:
79:
74:
72:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2814:(Micronesia)
2731:(Nicaragua)
2723:(Costa Rica)
2658:Sranan Tongo
2541:
2387:
2371:. Retrieved
2354:(1): 17–26.
2351:
2347:
2324:
2312:. Retrieved
2305:the original
2284:
2280:
2252:
2226:
2222:
2202:. New York:
2195:
2187:Bibliography
2161:
2149:. Retrieved
2135:
2093:
2082:. Retrieved
2047:
2043:
2021:, p. 3.
2014:
2003:. Retrieved
1994:
1985:
1974:. Retrieved
1959:
1950:
1941:
1929:. Retrieved
1912:(1): 68–82.
1909:
1905:
1895:
1884:. Retrieved
1857:
1847:
1836:. Retrieved
1827:
1818:
1807:. Retrieved
1793:
1781:. Retrieved
1772:
1762:
1751:. Retrieved
1742:
1718:. Retrieved
1710:Academia.edu
1709:
1699:
1689:
1678:. Retrieved
1669:
1659:
1647:
1630:
1622:
1557:
1542:
1456:Tone pattern
1451:Pidgin Word
1443:grave accent
1439:acute accent
1432:
1031:Labial-velar
969:
944:
934:
930:
922:
916:
908:
900:
896:
892:
886:
876:
872:
864:
858:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
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796:
792:
784:
780:
772:
768:
761:
751:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
707:
686:
679:
667:Niger Deltan
655:Rivers State
624:
607:
593:
579:Biko free me
578:
551:
547:
510:
496:
476:
472:
444:
427:
423:
413:
412:spoken as a
401:
397:
396:
380:
329:
244:
226:
217:
207:
200:
193:
186:
174:
162:Please help
157:verification
154:
124:
115:
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
2737:(Nicaragua)
2588:Saint Kitts
2522:West Africa
2113:Mafeni 1971
1783:27 February
1524:young maid
1286:Approximant
976:superstrate
710:West Africa
689:Gombe State
682:Niger Delta
552:Una dey mad
436:decreolised
2847:Categories
2788:Melanesia
2745:(Colombia)
2660:(Suriname)
2652:(Suriname)
2644:Saramaccan
2626:(Suriname)
2583:Montserrat
2547:Pichinglis
2334:0582522153
2151:26 October
2084:2021-11-30
2005:2021-05-21
1976:2021-12-27
1886:2021-12-27
1838:2021-05-21
1809:2019-04-28
1753:2018-07-17
1720:2021-02-09
1680:2017-02-06
1632:Ethnologue
1614:References
1603:Pichinglis
1545:intonation
994:Consonants
986:, and two
980:consonants
927:pickaninny
860:pickaninny
847:St.Vincent
799:(let us).
760:, such as
693:Yobe State
643:Benin City
614:Portuguese
493:Variations
428:Vernacular
190:newspapers
102:improve it
57:improve it
2827:Singapore
2804:Tok Pisin
2794:(Vanuatu)
2559:Caribbean
2368:0172-8865
2301:1459-9465
2243:0378-2166
2204:Routledge
2074:226299218
2066:1877-1491
1926:0883-2919
1876:1127-266X
1553:downdrift
1227:Fricative
1156:Affricate
974:than the
972:phonology
966:Phonology
935:pequenino
921:.) Also,
855:St. Kitts
789:Caribbean
747:doti-doti
743:yama-yama
739:koro-koro
731:pyaa-pyaa
719:Caribbean
714:New World
477:In 2011,
382:Glottolog
366:ISO 639-3
106:verifying
63:talk page
2818:Pitcairn
2784:Malaysia
2735:Rama Cay
2717:(Panama)
2669:Trinidad
2595:Barbados
2578:Anguilla
2527:Cameroon
2436:Archived
2314:14 April
2078:Archived
1999:Archived
1970:Archived
1880:Archived
1832:Archived
1803:Archived
1777:Archived
1747:Archived
1714:Archived
1674:Archived
1562:See also
1372:High-mid
1016:alveolar
1009:Alveolar
982:, seven
956:American
725:such as
663:Ajegunle
485:started
463:Cameroon
439:acrolect
389:nige1257
321:Atlantic
2822:Norfolk
2792:Bislama
2695:Bahamas
2688:Western
2650:Matawai
2600:Grenada
2566:Eastern
2542:Nigeria
2537:Liberia
2373:13 June
1949:at the
1931:12 June
1694:Centre.
1498:father
1472:father
1393:Low-mid
1085:Plosive
1036:Glottal
1021:Palatal
931:pequeno
851:Antigua
797:make we
735:bam-bam
671:Onitsha
639:Nigeria
635:Ughelli
420:Nigeria
418:across
408:-based
406:English
282:Nigeria
204:scholar
100:Please
2700:Belize
2664:Tobago
2630:Ndyuka
2624:Kwinti
2619:Guyana
2605:Gullah
2517:Merico
2499:Africa
2403:
2366:
2331:
2299:
2241:
2210:
2142:
2072:
2064:
1924:
1874:
1530:/sísì/
1517:/sìsí/
1504:/fàdá/
1491:/fádá/
1478:/bábà/
1465:/bàbá/
1329:Vowels
1004:Labial
984:vowels
863:) and
843:pikney
804:copula
627:Sapele
585:Yoruba
516:Yorùbá
502:Yorùbá
479:Google
469:Status
461:, and
432:pidgin
206:
199:
192:
185:
177:
2798:Pijin
2636:Aluku
2532:Ghana
2308:(PDF)
2277:(PDF)
2257:(PDF)
2200:(PDF)
2070:S2CID
1429:Tones
1351:Close
1339:Front
1043:Nasal
1026:Velar
1014:Post-
988:tones
923:pikin
918:savvy
909:sabir
901:saber
877:chook
871:word
865:chook
839:pikin
785:unuwa
779:word
769:wunna
727:su-su
659:Lagos
631:Warri
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