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253:, is a person who tends or prefers to be active late at night and into the early morning, and to sleep and wake up later than is considered normal; night owls often work or engage in recreational activities late into the night (in some cases, until around dawn), and sleep until relatively late in the day.
426:
underpins the difference between early and late chronotypes, or early birds and night owls. While it has been suggested that circadian rhythms may change over time, including dramatic changes that turn a morning lark to a night owl or vice versa, evidence for familial patterns of early or late
300:
While staying up after dark was considered a negative trait, this changed in 17th and 18th century Europe (and subsequently spread beyond) due to the development and implementation of artificial lighting: more domestic lights, added street lighting, and adaptation by the royal and upper social
407:, with most people being typical, some people having a small or moderate tendency to be a night owl, and a few having an extreme tendency to be a night owl. An individual's own tendency can change over time and is influenced by multiple factors, including:
347:
Night owls have often been blamed for unpunctuality or attitude problems. Employers, however, have begun to learn to increase productivity by respecting body clocks through flexible working hours, while the Danish "B-Society" of night owls and the
American
463:
Many businesses that operate in the evening or at night need employees at all levels, from entry-level employees to managers to skilled staff, whenever they are open. For example, most hospitals employ many types of workers around the clock:
1063:
Walker, R. J., Christopher, A. N., Wieth, M. B., & Buchanan, J. (2015). Personality, time-of-day preference, and eating behavior: The mediational role of morning-eveningness. Personality and
Individual Differences, 77,
451:
Night owls tend to thrive in careers that do not require working in the early morning. People who want to work in the evening are often employed at restaurants, hotels, entertainment venues, retail stores, and some
417:
the environment the person lives in, except for the patterns of light they are exposed to through seasonal changes as well as through lifestyle (such as spending the day indoors and using electric lights in the
1251:
Walker, R. J., Kribs, Z. D., Christopher, A. N., Shewach, O. R., & Wieth, M. B. (2014). Age, the Big Five, and time-of-day preference: A mediational model. Personality and
Individual Differences, 56,
1925:
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The night-owl pattern is more prevalent in men than in women. Night-owls are more likely to be single than in long-term relationships. A study done in 2013 suggests that they also more commonly possess
1385:
1092:"Night Owl Women are Similar to Men in Their Relationship Orientation, Risk-taking Propensities, and Cortisol Levels: Implications for the Adaptive Significance and Evolution of Eveningness"
355:
Some research has found that night owls are more intelligent and creative and more likely to get high-paying jobs than larks, or morning persons. A study among 1,000 adolescents by the
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as opposed to an owl – which is someone who tends to begin sleeping at a time that is considered early and also wakes early. Researchers traditionally use the terms
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A night owl who sleeps Most of the day and comes to life in the late afternoon, Fischer often tele phones his friends at 4 A.M. wanting to talk.
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Usually, people who are night owls stay awake past midnight, and extreme night owls may stay awake until just before or even after dawn.
588:
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Roenneberg, Till; Kuehnle, Tim; Juda, Myriam; Kantermann, Thomas; Allebrandt, Karla; Gordijn, Marijke; Merrow, Martha (December 2007).
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1835:"The Vulture Transcript: Fran Lebowitz on Sarah Palin, Keith Richards, Her Side Career As a Law & Order Judge, and Much More"
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classes. The introduction of chocolate, coffee and tea, and cafes that stayed open through dawn, became part of the new culture.
1501:
835:
Horne JA, Östberg O (1976). "A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms".
802:
785:
2120:
755:, "Arcadia and Harry were both creatures of the night. They managed to appear oddly stylish at one-thirty in the morning."
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the person's age, with teenagers and young adults tending to be night owls more than young children or elderly people, and
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song "The Night Owls": "Be strong, find the heart of a night owl falling/Stay up till dawn until the night is gone"
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Sandy maintained the house, tiptoeing around until three o'clock in the afternoon, Hunter's usual waking hour.
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344:. Night owls who work the day shift often have difficulties adapting to standard daytime working hours.
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Industries that tend to be less favorable to night owls include farming, construction, education, and
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1854:"Vladimir Putin's hard-core daily routine includes hours of swimming, late nights, and no alcohol"
1386:"Daily Rituals: Marcel Proust, Franz Kafka, and other artists who did great work in the wee hours"
367:
performance, and they tend to have unhealthier eating habits, as well as higher rates of smoking.
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managers for each of the main hospital wards or activities, including janitorial supervisors and
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waking would seem to contradict this, and individual changes are likely on a smaller scale.
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1981:
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wrote: "Blessed are the owls, for they shall inherit the mystery and magic of the night."
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tests, which often serve as a proxy for intelligence. However, they lag behind larks in
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Some night owls have a preference or habit for staying up late, or stay up to work the
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737:, "to be alive is to be watchful", a military metaphor for keeping watch in the night.
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1917:"Barack Obama: The nocturnal habits of America's 'night guy' president revealed"
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advocate more school and workplace flexibility for the post-agricultural world.
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817:– environmental factors, such as bright light, that reinforce sleep–wake cycles
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a genetic predisposition, which can cause the tendency to run in families,
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782:– the study of sleep cycles and other time-dependent biological systems
505:. Many employees in these industries start work before 7:00 a.m.
364:
2046:
The Little River Band All-Time
Greatest Hits 1990 CEMA Special Markets
318:
1466:"I studied the sleep habits of some of the world's greatest writers"
108:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
371:
308:
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Sleep deprivation impacts night owls and early risers differently
1621:. Burlington, CA: Centre for Libertarian Studies. p. xi.
326:
135:
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329:. Most owls sleep during the day and hunt for food at night.
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businesses. Night owls who work the night shift may work in
1719:
Outlaw
Journalist: The Life and Times of Hunter S. Thompson
370:
Some night owls who have great difficulty adopting desired
443:, with extreme morning and evening types on the far ends.
2126:
Intelligence and
Creativity in Night Owls vs. Early Birds
1404:"11 Bizarre Sleeping Habits Of Highly Successful People"
1343:"Career Outlook: Careers for night owls and early birds"
1150:"New Study Suggests Night Owls Have Psychopathic Traits"
904:
902:
359:
found that night owls scored higher than early birds on
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in animal behavior. In several countries, especially in
158:
97:
1998:
Delphi
Complete Works of Pliny the Elder (Illustrated)
976:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.
26:"B-person" redirects here. For personality type, see
1897:"EXCLUSIVE: Inside Prince's Secret Midnight Outings"
1812:"Fischer's Friends Wonder if He'll Play Chess Again"
864:"Late Sleepers in Denmark Rally for Societal Change"
382:may help to shift sleep rhythms for the night owl.
1915:
1023:"Night Owl and Early Bird Teens Think Differently"
969:
1774:Buried Dreams: Inside the Mind of a Serial Killer
256:The opposite of a night owl is an early bird – a
1177:Roenneberg, Till; Merrow, Martha (23 May 2016).
288:, in contrast to an early riser being called an
710:
435:A 2007 survey of over 55,000 people found that
154:of the claims made in this article is disputed.
1873:"Travolta turns night owl to protect privacy"
1488:"New Files Show Adolf Hitler's Daily Routine"
909:Benjamin Schwarz (April 2012). "Night Owls".
793:– the inability to fall asleep or stay asleep
325:The term is derived from nocturnal habits of
8:
2128:with several references to different studies
1595:"Authors' sleep patterns & productivity"
1422:"Authors' sleep patterns & productivity"
2064:Careers for Night Owls and Other Insomniacs
1273:"Epidemiology of the human circadian clock"
709:adaptation) So, we'll go no more a roving:
468:non-medical staff such as security guards,
403:The tendency to be a night owl exists on a
67:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1676:"A Midnight Conversation with Van Cliburn"
1441:"Maybe your sleep problem isn't a problem"
1298:11370/65d6f03a-88cd-405c-a067-4afbc1b9ba9d
177:. Relevant discussion may be found on the
1490:. CBS News. Associated Press. 2010-10-29.
1296:
1202:
1125:
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215:Learn how and when to remove this message
197:Learn how and when to remove this message
124:Learn how and when to remove this message
1566:Miles Gone Bye: A Literary Autobiography
1380:
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1048:IF YOU WANT TO GET AHEAD, BE A NIGHT OWL
1075:Seasonal Affective Disorder for Dummies
827:
16:Person who tends to stay awake at night
1179:"The Circadian Clock and Human Health"
513:A list of famous night owls includes:
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797:Morningness–eveningness questionnaire
7:
1810:Harold C. Schonberg (June 4, 1973).
963:
961:
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284:, one who stays up late is called a
1073:Laura H. Smith/Charles H. Elliott,
716:Though the heart be still as loving
1871:Elsworth, Catherine (2007-06-13).
1515:Carpenter, Humphrey (2014-03-04).
1090:Maestripieri, Dario (2014-01-01).
232:A Young Man Reading by Candlelight
14:
1439:Williams, Alex (25 August 2018).
48:This article has multiple issues.
1914:Buncombe, Andrew (2 July 2016).
718:And the moon be still as bright.
140:
78:
37:
1995:Elder, Pliny the (2015-08-29).
1928:from the original on 2022-06-21
1755:"FZ: Drowning in the News Bath"
1347:U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
803:Munich Chronotype Questionnaire
786:Circadian rhythm sleep disorder
56:or discuss these issues on the
1948:"On the Cover: Marilyn Manson"
1238:Jeff Belanger/Kirsten Dalley,
886:"Late risers unite in Denmark"
884:Morris, Chris (14 June 2007).
475:medical staff such as nurses,
1:
1674:Rogers, Mary (May 18, 1997).
1549:. HarperCollins. p. 103.
1521:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
1341:Torpey, Elka (October 2015).
862:James, Kyle (1 March 2007).
712:So we'll go no more a roving
376:delayed sleep phase disorder
2011:Quoted in Rubinstein p. 211
1518:J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography
422:The genetic make-up of the
350:Start School Later movement
104:the claims made and adding
2178:
1972:West, Kanye (2016-01-09).
1724:W. W. Norton & Company
1615:The Irrepressible Rothbard
1289:10.1016/j.smrv.2007.07.005
1240:The Nightmare Encyclopedia
1109:10.1177/147470491401200111
374:and waking times may have
25:
21:Night Owl (disambiguation)
18:
1852:Cain, Áine (2018-07-16).
1650:"Castro: his last battle"
1204:10.1016/j.cub.2016.04.011
539:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
1684:Fort Worth Star-Telegram
1612:Rothbard, JoAnn (2000).
1096:Evolutionary Psychology
424:circadian timing system
2035:The Complete Insomniac
1277:Sleep Medicine Reviews
968:Greene, Gayle (2008).
742:Robert Louis Stevenson
720:
714:So late into the night
322:
321:, are often nocturnal.
238:
2024:(Penguin 2004) p. 258
1225:Philip Lee Williams,
312:
230:
2121:Sleep Discrimination
2093:Simon & Schuster
1974:"KANYE WEST Twitter"
1694:on November 20, 2012
357:University of Madrid
165:its references and
159:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
2037:(London 1974) p. 19
2033:Hilary Rubinstein,
1841:. 23 November 2010.
1561:Buckley, William F.
1195:2016CBio...26.R432R
1050:" by Roger Dobson;
441:normal distribution
361:inductive reasoning
175:support the article
2020:Jayne Ann Krentz,
2001:. Delphi Classics.
1571:Regnery Publishing
1543:Harrison Salisbury
1445:The New York Times
931:www.dictionary.com
888:. BBC News Channel
696:In popular culture
624:Hunter S. Thompson
458:emergency services
323:
239:
89:possibly contains
28:Type B personality
2083:McCullough, David
1788:978-1-857-02084-7
1737:978-0-393-06192-5
1189:(10): R432–R443.
915:. pp. 82–83.
912:Atlantic Magazine
767:Little River Band
760:Hilary Rubinstein
549:Winston Churchill
524:E. T. A. Hoffmann
439:tend to follow a
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169:any that are not
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91:original research
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1980:. Archived from
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1392:. 18 April 2013.
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866:. Deutsche Welle
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837:Int J Chronobiol
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749:Jayne Ann Krentz
619:Arturo Toscanini
594:Charles Bukowski
579:J. R. R. Tolkien
534:Gustave Flaubert
503:public utilities
313:Owls, like this
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735:Vita vigila est
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599:Murray Rothbard
574:H. P. Lovecraft
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2060:Louise Miller
2058:
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152:verifiability
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2016:
2007:
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1982:the original
1977:
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1956:. Retrieved
1954:. 2007-05-17
1951:
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1930:. Retrieved
1921:
1909:
1891:
1880:. Retrieved
1876:
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1829:
1821:
1815:
1805:
1779:Bantam Books
1773:
1763:
1749:
1741:
1718:
1708:
1696:. Retrieved
1689:the original
1682:
1669:
1658:. Retrieved
1656:. 2008-02-19
1654:the Guardian
1653:
1644:
1632:. Retrieved
1614:
1607:
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1470:. Retrieved
1460:
1448:. Retrieved
1444:
1434:
1416:
1398:
1350:. Retrieved
1346:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1261:Klein, p. 21
1257:
1247:
1242:(2005) p. 83
1239:
1234:
1229:(2006) p. 41
1226:
1221:
1186:
1182:
1158:. Retrieved
1156:. 2015-03-20
1154:ScienceAlert
1153:
1144:
1099:
1095:
1077:(2007) p. 73
1074:
1069:
1059:
1051:
1042:
1030:. Retrieved
1026:
1013:
1008:Klein, p. 33
1004:
971:
953:(2008) p. 20
950:
945:
934:. Retrieved
930:
921:
910:
890:. Retrieved
879:
868:. Retrieved
857:
840:
836:
830:
752:
734:
733:, he states
729:
711:
669:Barack Obama
604:Fidel Castro
569:Adolf Hitler
512:
500:
462:
450:
434:
421:
402:
389:
369:
354:
346:
339:
336:
324:
299:
289:
285:
278:nocturnality
268:for the two
265:
261:
255:
250:
246:
242:
240:
231:
211:
193:
184:
157:Please help
149:
120:
111:
88:
64:
57:
51:
50:Please help
47:
1769:Cahill, Tim
1027:Smithsonian
927:"Night owl"
629:Frank Zappa
614:Van Cliburn
609:Glenn Gould
589:Frank Meyer
564:Franz Kafka
529:George Sand
495:head nurses
485:pharmacists
437:chronotypes
342:night shift
282:Scandinavia
270:chronotypes
266:eveningness
262:morningness
2141:Categories
2095:. p.
1958:2018-03-11
1932:19 January
1882:2016-03-07
1726:. p.
1698:August 18,
1660:2018-04-19
1502:"At Night"
1352:2018-04-06
1160:2023-08-15
936:2018-07-21
892:2009-11-01
870:2009-11-01
822:References
705:poem (and
703:Lord Byron
689:Kanye West
584:Mao Zedong
477:paramedics
431:Prevalence
393:dark triad
386:Psychology
378:. Morning
274:diurnality
249:or simply
173:or do not
98:improve it
53:improve it
2070:J. Dunlap
1771:(1993) .
1599:ShortList
1468:. Insider
1426:shortList
1307:1087-0792
1118:1474-7049
972:Insomniac
815:Zeitgeber
809:Nightlife
634:Bob Dylan
554:Carl Jung
418:evening).
305:Etymology
243:night owl
179:talk page
163:verifying
102:verifying
59:talk page
2085:(1992).
2072:et al.,
1926:Archived
1797:12421532
1716:(2008).
1563:(2004).
1545:(1992).
1323:11628329
1315:17936039
1252:170–174.
1213:27218855
1136:24566433
1127:10481026
996:85817911
791:Insomnia
774:See also
405:spectrum
395:traits.
372:sleeping
365:academic
290:A-person
286:B-person
187:May 2022
171:reliable
167:removing
114:May 2022
1978:Twitter
1839:Vulture
1634:6 April
1472:10 June
1450:10 June
1408:SF Gate
1191:Bibcode
849:1027738
765:In the
701:In the
399:Factors
296:History
96:Please
2103:
2088:Truman
2078:(2004)
2066:(2002)
1795:
1785:
1734:
1625:
1577:
1525:
1321:
1313:
1305:
1211:
1134:
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1116:
1064:13–17.
1032:4 June
994:
984:
847:
805:(MCTQ)
664:Prince
487:, and
319:Poland
2157:Night
2147:Sleep
1692:(PDF)
1679:(PDF)
1619:(PDF)
1390:Slate
1319:S2CID
799:(MEQ)
2101:ISBN
1952:Spin
1934:2018
1793:OCLC
1783:ISBN
1732:ISBN
1700:2009
1636:2024
1623:ISBN
1575:ISBN
1523:ISBN
1474:2022
1452:2022
1311:PMID
1303:ISSN
1209:PMID
1132:PMID
1114:ISSN
1034:2021
992:OCLC
982:ISBN
951:Time
845:PMID
740:For
327:owls
276:and
264:and
258:lark
150:The
2097:508
1728:104
1293:hdl
1285:doi
1199:doi
1122:PMC
1104:doi
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317:in
272:or
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