832:. The solution found by R. L. Taylor and H. E. Haring of the Bell Labs was based on experience with ceramics. They ground down tantalum to a powder, pressed this powder into a cylindrical form and then sintered the powder particles into a pellet ("slug") at high temperatures, between 1500 and 2000 °C, under vacuum conditions. These first sintered tantalum capacitors used a non-solid electrolyte not consistent with the concept of solid state electronics. 1952 a targeted search in the Bell Labs for a solid electrolyte by D. A. McLean and F. S. Power led to the invention of manganese dioxide as a solid electrolyte for a sintered tantalum capacitor.
390:
378:
1061:, load life or useful life of electrolytic capacitors is a special characteristic of non-solid electrolytic capacitors, especially non-solid aluminum electrolytic capacitors. Their liquid electrolyte can evaporate over time, leading to wear-out failures. Solid niobium capacitors with manganese dioxide electrolyte have no wear-out mechanism, so the constant failure rate lasts up to the point when all capacitors have failed. They don't have a life time specification like non-solid aluminum electrolytic capacitors.
402:
846:
22:
1329:
1184:
194:
190:
in the West, with major capacitor manufacturers taking interest in the late 1990s. The materials and processes used to produce niobium capacitors are essentially the same as for tantalum capacitors. Rising tantalum prices in 2000 and 2001 encouraged the development of niobium electrolytic capacitors with manganese dioxide and polymer electrolytes, which have been available since 2002.
155:
969:
825:) used this phenomenon for an idea of a polarized "Electric liquid capacitor with aluminum electrodes". In 1896 Pollak obtained a patent for the first electrolytic capacitor. The first tantalum electrolytic capacitors with wound tantalum foils and non-solid electrolyte were developed in 1930 by Tansitor Electronics Inc., USA, and used for military purposes.
130:(NbO) as anode material. Niobium oxide is a hard ceramic material characterized by high metallic conductivity. Niobium oxide powder can be prepared in a similar structure to that of tantalum powder and can be processed in a similar way to produce capacitors. It also can be oxidized by anodic oxidation (
1064:
However, solid polymer niobium electrolytic capacitors do have a life time specification. The electrolyte deteriorates by a thermal degradation mechanism of the conductive polymer. The electrical conductivity decreases, as a function of time, in agreement with a granular structure, in which aging is
1018:
The surge voltage indicates the maximum peak voltage value that may be applied to electrolytic capacitors during their application for a limited number of cycles. The surge voltage is standardized in IEC/EN 60384-1. For niobium electrolytic capacitors the surge voltage shall be not higher than
995:
The voltage proof of electrolytic capacitors decreases with increasing temperature. For some applications it is important to use a higher temperature range. Lowering the voltage applied at a higher temperature maintains safety margins. For some capacitor types therefore the IEC standard specifies a
189:
In the 1960s, the higher availability of niobium ore compared with tantalum ore prompted research into niobium electrolytic capacitors in the Soviet Union. Here they served the same purpose as tantalum capacitors in the West. With the collapse of the Iron
Curtain, the technology became better-known
107:
Niobium is a sister metal to tantalum. Niobium has a similar melting point (2744 °C) to tantalum and exhibits similar chemical properties. The materials and processes used to produce niobium-dielectric capacitors are essentially the same as for existing tantalum-dielectric capacitors. However,
1336:
Niobium capacitors are in general polarized components, with distinctly marked positive terminals. When subjected to reversed polarity (even briefly), the capacitor depolarizes and the dielectric oxide layer breaks down, which can cause it to fail even when later operated with correct polarity. If
916:
The electrical characteristics of niobium electrolytic capacitors depend on structure of the anode and the type of electrolyte. The capacitance value of the capacitor depends on measuring frequency and temperature. The rated capacitance value or nominal value is specified in the data sheets of the
270:
The niobium anode material is manufactured from a powder sintered into a pellet with a rough surface structure intended to increase the electrode surface area A compared to a smooth surface with the same footprint. This increase in surface area can increase the capacitance by a factor of up to 200
1246:
dielectric breaks down and the capacitor exhibits a thermal runaway failure. In comparison to solid tantalum capacitors the thermal runaway of niobium anodes will occur at about three times higher power than of tantalum anodes. This gives a significant reduction (95%) of the ignition failure mode
853:
Niobium electrolytic capacitors as discrete components are not ideal capacitors, they have losses and parasitic inductive parts. All properties can be defined and specified by a series equivalent circuit composed out of an idealized capacitance and additional electrical components which model all
555:
Tantalum and niobium electrolytic capacitors with solid electrolyte as surface-mountable chip capacitors are mainly used in electronic devices in which little space is available or a low profile is required. They operate reliably over a wide temperature range without large parameter deviations.
1266:
in tantalum capacitors and therefore grows thicker per applied volt and so operates at lower field strength for a given voltage rating with the lower electrical stress the dielectric. In combination with niobium oxide anodes, which are more stable against oxygen diffusion that results in lower
564:
In order to compare the different characteristics of the different electrolytic chip capacitor types, specimens with the same dimensions and of comparable capacitance and voltage are compared in the following table. In such a comparison the values for ESR and ripple current load are the most
1073:
The different types of electrolytic capacitors show different behaviors in long-term stability, inherent failure modes and their self-healing mechanisms. Application rules for types with an inherent failure mode are specified to ensure capacitors high reliability and long life.
451:
The combination of anode materials for niobium and tantalum electrolytic capacitors and the electrolytes used has formed a wide variety of capacitor types with different properties. An outline of the main characteristics of the different types is shown in the table below.
119:) into the niobium anode metal is very high, resulting in leakage current instability or even capacitor failures. There are two possible ways to reduce oxygen diffusion and improve leakage current stability – either by doping metallic niobium powders with nitride into
185:
This property of niobium was known since the beginning of the 20th century. Although niobium is more abundant in nature and less expensive than tantalum, its high melting point of 2744 °C hindered the development of niobium electrolytic capacitors.
1065:
due to the shrinking of the conductive polymer grains. The life time of polymer electrolytic capacitors is specified in similar terms like non-solid e-caps but its life time calculation follows other rules leading to much longer operational life times.
816:
The phenomenon that can electrochemically form an oxide layer on aluminum and metals like tantalum or niobium, blocking an electric current in one direction but allowing it to flow in the other direction, was discovered in 1875 by the French researcher
389:
1707:
E. Vitoratos, S. Sakkopoulos, E. Dalas, N. Paliatsas, D. Karageorgopoulos, F. Petraki, S. Kennou, S. A. Choulis, Thermal degradation mechanisms of PEDOT:PSS, Organic
Electronics, Volume 10, Issue 1, February 2009, Pages 61–66,
932:
The percentage of allowed deviation of the measured capacitance from the rated value is called capacitance tolerance. Electrolytic capacitors are available in different tolerance series, whose values are specified in the
565:
important parameters for the use of electrolytic capacitors in modern electronic equipment. The lower the ESR the higher the ripple current per volume, thus the better the functionality of the capacitor in the circuit.
87:
Like most electrolytic capacitors, niobium capacitors are polarized components. Reverse voltages or ripple currents higher than specified tolerances can destroy the dielectric and thus the capacitor; the resulting
266:
per volt. This very thin dielectric layer, combined with a sufficiently high dielectric strength, allows niobium electrolytic capacitors to achieve a high volumetric capacitance comparable to tantalum capacitors.
134:, forming) to generate the insulating dielectric layer. Thus two types of niobium electrolytic capacitors are marketed, those using a passivated niobium anode and those using a niobium oxide anode. Both types use
108:
niobium as a raw material is much more abundant in nature than tantalum and is less expensive. The characteristics of niobium electrolytic capacitors and tantalum electrolytic capacitors are roughly comparable.
377:
362:
The higher permittivity and lower breakdown voltage of niobium pentoxide relative to tantalum pentoxide results in niobium capacitors and tantalum capacitors having similar sizes for a given capacitance.
1007:
Lower voltage applied may have positive influences for tantalum (and niobium) electrolytic capacitors. Lowering the voltage applied increases the reliability and reduces the expected failure rate.
1219:
but much lower than a short. In case of faults or impurities in the dielectric which evokes a partial dielectric breakdown the conducting channel would be effectively isolated by reduction of Nb
925:. The standardized measuring condition for electrolytic capacitors is an AC measuring method with a frequency of 100/120 Hz. The AC measuring voltage shall not exceed 0,5 V AC-
257:
1191:
A rare failure in solid electrolytic capacitors is breakdown of the dielectric caused by faults or impurities. In niobium electrolytic capacitors the dielectric is niobium pentoxide (Nb
1000:". The category voltage is the maximum DC voltage or peak pulse voltage that may be applied continuously to a capacitor at any temperature within the category temperature range T
828:
The development of solid electrolyte tantalum capacitors began in the early 1950s as a miniaturized, more reliable low-voltage support capacitor to complement the newly invented
401:
1027:
Like other electrolytic capacitors, niobium electrolytic capacitors are polarized and require the anode electrode voltage to be positive relative to the cathode voltage.
99:
in the 1960s. Since 2002 they have been commercially available in the West, taking advantage of the lower cost and better availability of niobium relative to tantalum.
1365:. The definition of the characteristics and the procedure of the test methods for capacitors for use in electronic equipment are set out in the generic specification:
1669:
1019:
round 1.3 times of the rated voltage, rounded off to the nearest volt. The surge voltage applied to niobium capacitors may influence the capacitors failure rate.
1354:
905:
1650:
D. F. Tailor, Tantalum and
Tantalum Compounds, Fansteel Inc., Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol. 19, 2nd ed. 1969 John Wiley & sons, Inc.
1304:
1297:
1466:
158:
Diagram illustrating anodic oxidation, in which a metallic anode in an electrolyte forms an oxide layer in response to the application of voltage.
1939:
D. Bach, Dissertation, 2009-06-05, Universität
Karlsruhe (TH), EELS investigations of stoichiometric niobium oxides and niobium-based capacitors
1337:
the failure is a short circuit (the most common occurrence), and current is not limited to a safe value, catastrophic thermal runaway may occur.
1290:
213:
Every electrolytic capacitor can be thought of as a "plate capacitor" whose capacitance increases with the electrode area (A) and the dielectric
1616:
1445:
395:
Schematic representation of the structure of a sintered niobium electrolytic capacitor with solid electrolyte and the cathode contacting layers
1078:
Long-term electrical behavior, failure modes, self-healing mechanism, and application rules of the different types of electrolytic capacitors
1945:
988:
is the maximum DC voltage or peak pulse voltage that may be applied continuously at any temperature within the rated temperature range T
1934:
937:
specified in IEC 60063. For abbreviated marking in tight spaces, a letter code for each tolerance is specified in IEC 60062.
1627:
1575:
1562:
Ch. Schnitter, A. Michaelis, U. Merker, H. C. Starck, Bayer, New
Niobium Based Materials for Solid Electrolyte Capacitors, Carts 2002
170:
bath and applying a positive voltage to it forms a layer of electrically insulating oxide whose thickness corresponds to the applied
111:
Niobium electrolytic capacitors can be made with high purity niobium as the anode but the diffusion of oxygen from the dielectric (Nb
1735:
1931:
854:
losses and inductive parameters of a capacitor. In this series-equivalent circuit the electrical characteristics are defined by:
1615:
Y. Pozdeev-Freeman, P. Maden, Vishay, Solid-Electrolyte
Niobium Capacitors Exhibit Similar Performance to Tantalum, 2002-02-01,
1377:
1909:
1397:
Niobium capacitors are available in SMD style, that makes them suitable for all portable electronic systems with flat design
1804:
1547:
1499:
1668:
E. K. Reed, Jet
Propulsion Laboratory, Characterization of Tantalum Polymer Capacitors, NEPP Task 1.21.5, Phase 1, FY05]
1659:
R. L. Taylor and H. E. Haring, "A metal semi-conductor capacitor," J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 103, p. 611, November, 1956.
949:
942:
934:
1692:
897:
884:
223:
1639:
1454:
976:
Referring to IEC/EN 60384-1 standard the allowed operating voltage for niobium capacitors is called "rated voltage U
1004:. The relation between both voltages and temperatures is given in the picture right (or above, on mobile devices).
1771:
T. Zednicek, AVX, A Study of Field
Crystallization in Tantalum Capacitors and its effect on DCL and Reliability,
1403:
Niobium capacitors are available with solid electrolyte for low ESR applications and stable electrical parameters
73:
1753:
1543:
T. Zednicek, S. Sita, C. McCracken, W. A. Millman, J. Gill, AVX, Niobium Oxide
Technology Roadmap, CARTS 2002
1035:
General information to impedance, ESR, dissipation factor tan δ, ripple current, and leakage current see
383:
The capacitor cell of a niobium electrolytic capacitor consists of sintered niobium or niobium monoxide powder
1358:
811:
120:
1604:
1720:
1362:
1047:
1036:
179:
38:
871:
1437:
1369:
IEC 60384-1, Fixed capacitors for use in electronic equipment – Part 1: Generic specification
1843:
Radovan Faltus, AVX, Advanced capacitors ensure long-term control-circuit stability, 2012-02-07, EDT
1709:
1525:
569:
Comparison of the most important characteristics of different types of electrolytic chip capacitors
1972:
1951:
1587:
1495:
21:
1416:
275:
77:
1603:
T. Kárník, AVX, Niobium oxide for capacitor manufacturing, Metal 2008, 2008-05-13 – 2008-05-15,
1328:
1113:
Thermally induced insulating of faults in the dielectric by decomposition of the electrolyte MnO
818:
1373:
Until now (2014) no IEC detail specification for niobium electrolytic capacitors is available.
1303:
1296:
845:
1927:
1183:
433:
425:
135:
81:
54:
1142:
Insulating of faults in the dielectric by oxidation or evaporation of the polymer electrolyte
1772:
1458:
1289:
926:
413:
80:
chip capacitors in certain voltage and capacitance ratings. They are available with a solid
50:
904:
Using a series equivalent circuit instead of a parallel equivalent circuit is specified by
1757:
1739:
1696:
1551:
1529:
1200:
262:
The dielectric thickness of niobium electrolytic capacitors is very thin, in the range of
193:
123:
1688:
Ch. Reynolds, AVX, Technical
Information, Reliability Management of Tantalum Capacitors,
1332:
Niobium electrolytic chip capacitors are marked with a bar at the positive component side
197:
A dielectric material is placed between two conducting plates (electrodes), each of area
1732:
1234:
As more energy is applied to a faulty solid niobium eventually either the high ohmic NbO
407:
Construction of a typical SMD niobium electrolytic chip capacitor with solid electrolyte
1944:
Ch. Schnitter: The taming of niobium. In: Bayer research, Bayer AG, 2004 (2007-02-11),
900:
which is the effective self-inductance of the capacitor, usually abbreviated as "ESL".
1966:
1950:
Niobium Powder for Electrolytic Capacitor, JFE Technical Report No. 6 (October 2005)
1844:
1811:
1586:
Niobium Powder for Electrolytic Capacitor, JFE Technical Report No. 6 (October 2005)
127:
89:
1258:
of solid niobium electrolytic capacitors has a lower breakdown voltage proof than Ta
1935:
9781259007316 – Capacitors : Technology and Trends by R P Deshpande - AbeBooks
1574:
J. Moore, Kemet, Nb capacitors compared to Ta capacitors a less costly alternative
1058:
1054:
822:
214:
96:
1519:
Tantalum-Niobium International Study Center, Tantalum and Niobium – Early History
1384:
EIA-717-A Surface Mount Niobium and Tantalum Capacitor Qualification Specification
1815:
1544:
1491:
1350:
887:
which summarizes all ohmic losses of the capacitor, usually abbreviated as "ESR"
436:
167:
163:
62:
996:"temperature derated voltage" for a higher temperature, the "category voltage U
154:
1892:"Beuth Verlag – Normen, Standards & Fachliteratur kaufen | seit 1924"
1786:
1689:
1626:
Rutronik, Tantalum & Niobium Capacitors, Technical Standards and Benefits
1346:
1177:
niobium anode: voltage derating 50% niobium oxide anode: voltage derating 20%
1010:
Applying a higher voltage than specified may destroy electrolytic capacitors.
972:
Relation between rated and category voltage and rated and category temperature
956:
829:
429:
175:
58:
456:
Overview of the key features of niobium and tantalum electrolytic capacitors
1267:
voltage derating rules compared with passivated niobium or tantalum anodes.
968:
417:
263:
131:
1187:
Self-healing in solid niobium capacitors with manganese dioxide electrolyte
1163:
Thermally induced insulation of faults in the dielectric by reduction of Nb
560:
Comparison of electrical parameters of niobium and tantalum capacitor types
412:
A typical niobium capacitor is a chip capacitor and consists of niobium or
271:
for solid niobium electrolytic capacitors, depending on the rated voltage.
1406:
Niobium capacitors have a limited number of manufacturers (AVX and Vishay)
274:
The properties of the niobium pentoxide dielectric layer, compared with a
821:. He coined the term "valve metal" for such metals. Charles Pollak (born
1750:
1453:(4). Fansteel Metallurgical Corporation, North Chicago, Illinois, USA:
440:
171:
66:
46:
1462:
1031:
Impedance, ESR and dissipation factor, ripple current, leakage current
1910:"G. Roos, Digi-Key, Niobium Capacitors Slow to Take Hold, 2012-11-20"
1873:
1638:
Charles Pollack: D.R.P. 92564, filed 1896-01-14, granted 1897-05-19
1353:
components and related technologies follows the rules given by the
1199:). Besides this pentoxide there is an additional niobium suboxide,
282:
Characteristics of the different tantalum and niobium oxide layers
1805:"Voltage derating rules for solid Tantalum and Niobium capacitors"
1438:"An Investigation of Columbium as an Electrolytic Capacitor Metal"
1327:
1182:
967:
844:
421:
192:
153:
42:
20:
1940:
1679:
D. A. McLean, F. S. Power, Proc. Inst. Radio Engrs. 44 (1956) 872
1394:
Niobium capacitors serve as a replacement for tantalum capacitors
1211:
is a semi-conducting material with a higher conductivity than Nb
447:
Comparison of niobium and tantalum electrolytic capacitor types
95:
Niobium capacitors were developed in the United States and the
1957:
1855:
1380:
publish a standard for niobium and tantalum chip capacitors:
1490:
Folster, J. H. D.; Holley, E. E.; Whitman, A. (1964-06-26).
1046:
For general information on reliability and failure rate see
162:
Niobium, similarly to tantalum and aluminum, is a so-called
65:
on the surface of the oxide layer serves as the capacitor's
1719:
Nichicon, Technical Guide, Calculation Formula of Lifetime
1069:
Failure modes, self-healing mechanism and application rules
367:
Basic construction of solid niobium electrolytic capacitors
1891:
1523:
1520:
1492:"Production engineering measure for Columbium capacitors"
1376:
For electronics manufacturers in the United States the
849:
Series-equivalent circuit model of a tantalum capacitor
799:(1) 100 μF/10 V, unless otherwise specified,
802:(2) calculated for a capacitor 100 μF/10 V,
217:(ε), and decreases with the dielectric thickness (d).
1798:
1796:
1794:
1731:
Estimating of Lifetime Fujitsu Media Devices Limited
226:
1926:
R. P. Deshpande, Capacitors: Technology and Trends,
1751:
NIC Technical Guide, Calculation Formula of Lifetime
1400:
Niobium capacitors have no inrush current limitation
523:
Niobium oxide electrolytic capacitor, sintered anode
1128:Voltage derating 50% Series resistance 3 Ω/V
252:{\displaystyle C=\varepsilon \cdot {\frac {A}{d}}}
251:
25:SMD chip style of niobium electrolytic capacitors
478:Tantalum electrolytic capacitor, sintered anode
92:can cause a fire or explosion in larger units.
372:Construction of a solid niobium chip capacitor
8:
1136:Deterioration of conductivity, ESR increases
1767:
1765:
1494:(report). North Adams, Massachusetts, USA:
1076:
912:Capacitance standard values and tolerances
454:
424:of the capacitor, with the oxide layer of
166:. Placing such a metal in contact with an
1839:
1837:
1835:
1781:
1779:
1539:
1537:
1355:International Electrotechnical Commission
1133:Tantalum e-caps solid polymer electrolyte
278:layer, are given in the following table:
239:
225:
1599:
1597:
1595:
778:Aluminum capacitors, Polymer electrolyte
758:Aluminum capacitors, Polymer electrolyte
662:Tantalum capacitors, Multianode, polymer
642:Tantalum capacitors, Polymer electrolyte
589:Max. Leakage current after 2 Min. (μA)
586:Max. Ripple current 85/105 °C (mA)
567:
280:
1570:
1568:
1428:
1247:compared to solid tantalum capacitors.
1081:
583:Max. ESR 100 kHz, 20 °C (mΩ)
459:
370:
1446:Journal of the Electrochemical Society
959:, tolerance ±10%, letter code "K"
952:, tolerance ±20%, letter code "M"
945:, tolerance ±20%, letter code "M"
812:Electrolytic capacitors § History
7:
1803:Zedníček, Tomáš; Gill, John (2003).
1436:Shtasel, A.; Knight, H. T. (1961) .
618:Tantalum capacitors, Multianode, MnO
72:Niobium capacitors are available in
710:Niobium capacitors, Multianode, MnO
1125:if current availability is limited
917:manufacturers and is symbolized C
870:, the resistance representing the
861:, the capacitance of the capacitor
302:Dielectric layer thickness (nm/V)
14:
1785:Vishay, DC Leakage Failure Mode,
1361:, non-governmental international
1302:
1295:
1288:
1083:Type of electrolytic capacitors
734:Niobium-caps Polymer electrolyte
400:
388:
376:
1502:from the original on 2022-06-21
1472:from the original on 2022-06-21
1086:Long-term electrical behavior
174:. This oxide layer acts as the
1281:Electrolytic capacitor symbols
574:Electrolytic capacitor family
461:Electrolytic capacitor family
31:niobium electrolytic capacitor
1:
1874:"Welcome to the IEC Webstore"
1522:and Applications for Niobium
1345:The standardization for all
898:equivalent series inductance
885:equivalent series resistance
1956:Introduction to capacitors
1455:The Electrochemical Society
146:) as the dielectric layer.
76:packaging and compete with
1989:
964:Rated and category voltage
836:Electrical characteristics
809:
580:Dimension DxL, WxHxL (mm)
45:(+) is made of passivated
1150:Niobium e-caps, solid MnO
1100:Tantalum e-caps solid MnO
1042:Reliability and life time
841:Series-equivalent circuit
522:
477:
299:Breakdown voltage (V/μm)
203:and with a separation of
53:, on which an insulating
594:Tantalum capacitors, MnO
526:Solid, manganese dioxide
495:Solid, manganese dioxide
481:Non-solid, sulfuric acid
334:Niobium or Niobium oxide
1317:Electrolytic capacitor
1250:The dielectric layer Nb
1092:Self-healing mechanism
992:(IEC/EN 60384-1).
980:" or "nominal voltage U
761:Panasonic SP-UE 180/6.3
686:Niobium capacitors, MnO
470:Max. rated voltage (V)
467:Capacitance range (μF)
1363:standards organization
1333:
1314:Electrolytic capacitor
1311:Electrolytic capacitor
1271:Additional information
1231:if energy is limited.
1188:
1160:no unique determinable
1048:electrolytic capacitor
1037:electrolytic capacitor
984:". The rated voltage U
973:
850:
473:Max. temperature (°C)
293:Relative permittivity
253:
210:
180:electrolytic capacitor
159:
39:electrolytic capacitor
26:
16:Electrolytic capacitor
1331:
1186:
1145:Voltage derating 20%
1139:Field crystallization
1110:Field crystallization
971:
848:
420:into a pellet as the
310:Tantalum pentoxide Ta
254:
196:
157:
24:
337:Niobium pentoxide Nb
224:
1496:Sprague Electric Co
1227:into high ohmic NbO
1171:into insulating NbO
1079:
955:rated capacitance,
948:rated capacitance,
941:rated capacitance,
570:
457:
416:powder pressed and
283:
35:Columbium capacitor
33:(historically also
1756:2013-09-15 at the
1738:2013-12-24 at the
1695:2013-08-06 at the
1550:2014-02-24 at the
1528:2016-02-13 at the
1417:Types of capacitor
1334:
1189:
1117:into insulating Mn
1095:Application rules
1077:
974:
851:
568:
455:
281:
276:tantalum pentoxide
249:
211:
160:
27:
1463:10.1149/1.2428084
1321:
1320:
1276:Capacitor symbols
1238:channel or the Nb
1181:
1180:
797:
796:
793:40 (0.04CV)
781:Kemet A700 100/10
773:100 (0.1CV)
749:20 (0.02CV)
729:20 (0.02CV)
705:20 (0.02CV)
677:100 (0.1CV)
665:Kemet T530 150/10
657:100 (0.1CV)
645:Kemet T543 330/10
637:10 (0.01CV)
625:Kemet T510 330/10
613:10 (0.01CV)
601:Kemet T494 330/10
553:
552:
434:manganese dioxide
426:niobium pentoxide
360:
359:
247:
136:niobium pentoxide
103:Basic information
82:manganese dioxide
55:niobium pentoxide
1980:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1852:
1846:
1841:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1820:
1814:. Archived from
1809:
1800:
1789:
1783:
1774:
1769:
1760:
1748:
1742:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1671:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1541:
1532:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1471:
1457:(ECS): 343–347.
1442:
1433:
1324:Polarity marking
1306:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1284:
1080:
874:of the capacitor
717:AVX, NBM 220/6.3
693:AVX, NOS 220/6,3
571:
458:
404:
392:
380:
296:Oxide structure
284:
258:
256:
255:
250:
248:
240:
150:Anodic oxidation
57:layer acts as a
51:niobium monoxide
1988:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1963:
1962:
1946:Wayback Machine
1923:
1921:Further reading
1918:
1917:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1878:webstore.iec.ch
1872:
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1758:Wayback Machine
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1484:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1413:
1391:
1343:
1341:Standardization
1326:
1278:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1201:niobium dioxide
1198:
1194:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1153:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1103:
1071:
1044:
1033:
1025:
1023:Reverse voltage
1016:
1003:
999:
991:
987:
983:
979:
966:
924:
920:
914:
895:
882:
872:leakage current
869:
843:
838:
819:Eugène Ducretet
814:
808:
737:NEC, NMC 100/10
713:
689:
621:
597:
562:
449:
408:
405:
396:
393:
384:
381:
369:
344:
340:
317:
313:
287:Anode material
222:
221:
152:
145:
141:
124:niobium nitride
118:
114:
105:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1986:
1984:
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1965:
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1960:
1954:
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1672:
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1118:
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1111:
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1101:
1097:
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1093:
1090:
1089:Failure modes
1087:
1084:
1070:
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1032:
1029:
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1021:
1015:
1012:
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584:
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541:
540:Solid, polymer
537:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
520:
519:
516:
513:
510:
509:Solid, polymer
506:
505:
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492:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
475:
474:
471:
468:
465:
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432:, and a solid
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151:
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116:
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104:
101:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1985:
1974:
1971:
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1929:
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1905:
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1869:
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1857:
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1832:
1821:on 2013-08-06
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1060:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1030:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1014:Surge Voltage
1013:
1011:
1008:
1005:
993:
970:
963:
958:
954:
951:
947:
944:
940:
939:
938:
936:
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928:
911:
909:
908:/EN 60384-1.
907:
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719:
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709:
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466:
463:
460:
453:
446:
444:
442:
438:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
414:niobium oxide
403:
398:
391:
386:
379:
374:
371:
366:
364:
355:
352:
349:
346:
336:
333:
332:
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187:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
156:
149:
147:
137:
133:
129:
128:niobium oxide
125:
122:
109:
102:
100:
98:
93:
91:
90:short circuit
85:
84:electrolyte.
83:
79:
75:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
23:
19:
1958:CapSite 2023
1932:1-25900731-6
1904:
1896:www.beuth.de
1895:
1886:
1877:
1868:
1859:
1850:
1823:. Retrieved
1816:the original
1746:
1727:
1715:
1703:
1684:
1675:
1664:
1655:
1646:
1640:D.R.P. 92564
1634:
1622:
1611:
1582:
1558:
1515:
1504:. Retrieved
1485:
1474:. Retrieved
1450:
1444:
1431:
1375:
1372:
1344:
1335:
1280:
1279:
1249:
1233:
1190:
1072:
1063:
1059:service life
1052:
1045:
1034:
1026:
1017:
1009:
1006:
994:
975:
931:
915:
903:
890:
877:
864:
858:
852:
827:
823:Karol Pollak
815:
801:
798:
563:
554:
484:0.1...18,000
464:Electrolyte
450:
411:
361:
273:
269:
261:
215:permittivity
212:
205:
204:
199:
198:
188:
184:
168:electrolytic
161:
110:
106:
97:Soviet Union
94:
86:
71:
34:
30:
28:
18:
1154:electrolyte
1104:electrolyte
784:7.3x4.3x4.0
764:7.3x4.3x4.2
740:7.3x4.3x2.8
720:7.3x4.3x4.1
714:electrolyte
696:7.3x4.3x4.1
690:electrolyte
668:7.3x4.3x4.0
648:7.3x4.3x4.0
628:7.3x4.3x4.0
622:electrolyte
604:7.3x4.3x4.0
598:electrolyte
498:0.1...3,300
437:electrolyte
290:Dielectric
164:valve metal
63:electrolyte
1973:Capacitors
1860:www.iec.ch
1856:"Homepage"
1825:2015-01-02
1506:2022-06-21
1476:2022-06-21
1423:References
1359:non-profit
1351:electronic
1347:electrical
1207:). The NbO
957:E12 series
830:transistor
810:See also:
512:10...1,500
430:dielectric
264:nanometers
176:dielectric
121:passivated
61:. A solid
59:dielectric
1357:(IEC), a
1055:life time
950:E6 series
943:E3 series
543:4.7...470
529:1...1,500
350:amorphous
323:amorphous
237:⋅
234:ε
132:anodizing
126:or using
49:metal or
1967:Category
1754:Archived
1736:Archived
1693:Archived
1548:Archived
1526:Archived
1500:Archived
1467:Archived
1411:See also
1389:Features
935:E series
504:125/150
490:125/200
418:sintered
307:Tantalum
78:tantalum
37:) is an
868:leakage
806:History
441:cathode
439:as the
172:voltage
67:cathode
47:niobium
1930:
1157:stable
1107:stable
896:, the
883:, the
577:Type
178:in an
41:whose
1819:(PDF)
1808:(PDF)
1470:(PDF)
1441:(PDF)
422:anode
69:(−).
43:anode
1928:ISBN
1203:(NbO
1053:The
790:4700
770:3700
726:2561
702:1461
674:4970
654:4900
634:2500
610:1285
549:105
535:105
518:105
356:2.5
329:1.6
1952:PDF
1812:AVX
1787:PDF
1733:PDF
1721:PDF
1690:PDF
1628:PDF
1605:PDF
1588:PDF
1576:PDF
1545:PDF
1459:doi
1451:108
1378:EIA
927:RMS
906:IEC
894:ESL
881:ESR
607:100
501:125
487:630
428:as
353:400
326:625
138:(Nb
74:SMD
1969::
1894:.
1876:.
1858:.
1834:^
1810:.
1793:^
1778:^
1764:^
1594:^
1567:^
1536:^
1498:.
1465:.
1449:.
1443:.
1349:,
1057:,
1050:.
929:.
787:10
723:40
699:80
651:10
631:35
546:16
532:10
515:25
443:.
347:41
320:27
182:.
29:A
1912:.
1898:.
1880:.
1862:.
1828:.
1509:.
1479:.
1461::
1264:5
1262:O
1260:2
1256:5
1254:O
1252:2
1244:5
1242:O
1240:2
1236:2
1229:2
1225:5
1223:O
1221:2
1217:5
1215:O
1213:2
1209:2
1205:2
1197:5
1195:O
1193:2
1173:2
1169:5
1167:O
1165:2
1152:2
1123:3
1121:O
1119:2
1115:2
1102:2
1002:C
998:C
990:R
986:R
982:N
978:R
923:N
921:C
919:R
891:L
878:R
865:R
859:C
767:7
746:-
743:-
712:2
688:2
671:5
620:2
596:2
343:5
341:O
339:2
316:5
314:O
312:2
245:d
242:A
231:=
228:C
209:.
206:d
200:A
144:5
142:O
140:2
117:5
115:O
113:2
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