3810:
133:
2381:(orientation polarisation), or can be induced in any molecule in which the asymmetric distortion of the nuclei is possible (distortion polarisation). Orientation polarisation results from a permanent dipole, e.g., that arises from the 104.45° angle between the asymmetric bonds between oxygen and hydrogen atoms in the water molecule, which retains polarisation in the absence of an external electric field. The assembly of these dipoles forms a macroscopic polarisation.
157:
3050:
2206:
5193:
36:
3533:
2857:
1643:
2233:. It is the relationship between the electric field and the dipole moment that gives rise to the behaviour of the dielectric. (Note that the dipole moment points in the same direction as the electric field in the figure. This is not always the case, and is a major simplification, but is true for many materials.)
4019:
Researchers "doped" BST thin films with magnesium, analyzing the "structure, microstructure, surface morphology and film/substrate compositional quality" of the result. The Mg doped BST films showed "improved dielectric properties, low leakage current, and good tunability", meriting potential for use
2396:
of the molecules. Because the rotation is not instantaneous, dipolar polarisations lose the response to electric fields at the highest frequencies. A molecule rotates about 1 radian per picosecond in a fluid, thus this loss occurs at about 10 Hz (in the microwave region). The delay of the response to
2213:
In the classical approach to the dielectric, the material is made up of atoms. Each atom consists of a cloud of negative charge (electrons) bound to and surrounding a positive point charge at its center. In the presence of an electric field, the charge cloud is distorted, as shown in the top right of
4343:
considered from the standpoint of their interaction with electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields. Thus we are concerned with gases as well as with liquids and solids and with the storage of electric and magnetic energy as well as its dissipation." (p. 1) (Technology Press of MIT and John Wiley,
2432:
If a crystal or molecule consists of atoms of more than one kind, the distribution of charges around an atom in the crystal or molecule leans to positive or negative. As a result, when lattice vibrations or molecular vibrations induce relative displacements of the atoms, the centers of positive and
4012:
The research was part of an effort to provide the Army with highly-tunable, microwave-compatible materials for broadband electric-field tunable devices, which operate consistently in extreme temperatures. This work improved tunability of bulk barium strontium titanate, which is a thin film enabler
2526:
is the dependence of the permittivity of a dielectric material on the frequency of an applied electric field. Because there is a lag between changes in polarisation and changes in the electric field, the permittivity of the dielectric is a complex function of the frequency of the electric field.
4777:
Lee, Che-Hui; Orloff, Nathan D.; Birol, Turan; Zhu, Ye; Goian, Veronica; Rocas, Eduard; Haislmaier, Ryan; Vlahos, Eftihia; Mundy, Julia A.; Kourkoutis, Lena F.; Nie, Yuefeng; Biegalski, Michael D.; Zhang, Jingshu; Bernhagen, Margitta; Benedek, Nicole A.; Kim, Yongsam; Brock, Joel D.; Uecker,
3390:
2408:
frequencies or less, the molecules are bent and stretched by the field and the molecular dipole moment changes. The molecular vibration frequency is roughly the inverse of the time it takes for the molecules to bend, and this distortion polarisation disappears above the infrared.
1782:
3045:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\varepsilon '&=\varepsilon _{\infty }+{\frac {\varepsilon _{s}-\varepsilon _{\infty }}{1+\omega ^{2}\tau ^{2}}}\\\varepsilon ''&={\frac {(\varepsilon _{s}-\varepsilon _{\infty })\omega \tau }{1+\omega ^{2}\tau ^{2}}}\end{aligned}}}
1003:, positive charges are displaced in the direction of the field and negative charges shift in the direction opposite to the field. This creates an internal electric field that reduces the overall field within the dielectric itself. If a dielectric is composed of weakly
4778:
Reinhard; Xi, X. X.; Gopalan, Venkatraman; Nuzhnyy, Dmitry; Kamba, Stanislav; Muller, David A.; Takeuchi, Ichiro; Booth, James C.; Fennie, Craig J.; Schlom, Darrell G. (2013). "Exploiting dimensionality and defect mitigation to create tunable microwave dielectrics".
1507:
4009:(ARL) conducted research on thin film technology. Barium strontium titanate (BST), a ferroelectric thin film, was studied for the fabrication of radio frequency and microwave components, such as voltage-controlled oscillators, tunable filters and phase shifters.
2755:
3681:
that operates by polarising the paraelectric, allowing it to return to ambient temperature (by dissipating the extra heat), bringing it into contact with the object to be cooled, and finally depolarising it, would result in refrigeration.
2063:
4130:), may retain excess internal charge or "frozen in" polarisation. Electrets have a semi-permanent electric field, and are the electrostatic equivalent to magnets. Electrets have numerous practical applications in the home and industry.
2243:
This is the essence of the model in physics. The behaviour of the dielectric now depends on the situation. The more complicated the situation, the richer the model must be to accurately describe the behaviour. Important questions are:
3380:
3317:
2433:
negative charges are also displaced. The locations of these centers are affected by the symmetry of the displacements. When the centers do not correspond, polarisation arises in molecules or crystals. This polarisation is called
3952:
2620:, and therefore dielectric relaxation is measured relative to the expected linear steady state (equilibrium) dielectric values. The time lag between electrical field and polarisation implies an irreversible degradation of
3828:
The most obvious advantage to using such a dielectric material is that it prevents the conducting plates, on which the charges are stored, from coming into direct electrical contact. More significantly, however, a high
2577:
is the permittivity of the free space. Because permittivity indicates the strength of the relation between an electric field and polarisation, if a polarisation process loses its response, permittivity decreases.
5018:
Cole, M. W.; Hubbard, C.; Ngo, E.; Ervin, M.; Wood, M.; Geyer, R. G. (July 2002). "Structureâproperty relationships in pure and acceptor-doped Ba1âxSrxTiO3 thin films for tunable microwave device applications".
1293:
3891:
3528:{\displaystyle \tan(\delta )={\frac {\varepsilon ''}{\varepsilon '}}={\frac {\left(\varepsilon _{s}-\varepsilon _{\infty }\right)\omega \tau }{\varepsilon _{s}+\varepsilon _{\infty }\omega ^{2}\tau ^{2}}}}
1972:
2674:
2862:
1657:
2334:
5064:
1407:
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2593:
of a material. This is usually caused by the delay in molecular polarisation with respect to a changing electric field in a dielectric medium (e.g., inside capacitors or between two large
3821:
dielectric material with high permittivity as the intervening medium between the stored positive and negative charges. This material is often referred to in technical contexts as the
3254:
2850:
2658:
is the dielectric relaxation response of an ideal, noninteracting population of dipoles to an alternating external electric field. It is usually expressed in the complex permittivity
995:, because they have no loosely bound, or free, electrons that may drift through the material, but instead they shift, only slightly, from their average equilibrium positions, causing
1638:{\displaystyle \mathbf {D} \ =\ \varepsilon _{0}\mathbf {E} +\mathbf {P} \ =\ \varepsilon _{0}\left(1+\chi _{e}\right)\mathbf {E} \ =\ \varepsilon _{0}\varepsilon _{r}\mathbf {E} .}
714:
4016:
In a 2004 research paper, U.S. ARL researchers explored how small concentrations of acceptor dopants can dramatically modify the properties of ferroelectric materials such as BST.
2444:
as well as dipolar polarisation. The ferroelectric transition, which is caused by the lining up of the orientations of permanent dipoles along a particular direction, is called an
2117:
1988:
1872:
3989:
of the polarisation response for a narrow range of frequencies, generally in the microwave band. It consists of a "puck" of ceramic that has a large dielectric constant and a low
2635:
refers to the relaxation response of a dielectric medium to an external, oscillating electric field. This relaxation is often described in terms of permittivity as a function of
1827:
3229:
2825:
2190:
4837:
Kong, L. B.; Li, S.; Zhang, T. S.; Zhai, J. W.; Boey, F. Y. C.; Ma, J. (2010-11-30). "Electrically tunable dielectric materials and strategies to improve their performances".
3204:
3163:
1356:
1322:
3122:
687:
1451:
3591:
This shows the response of dielectrics to an applied DC field to behave according to a power law, which can be expressed as an integral over weighted exponential functions.
2146:
1901:
1500:
1478:
1238:
1216:
2639:, which can, for ideal systems, be described by the Debye equation. On the other hand, the distortion related to ionic and electronic polarisation shows behaviour of the
2514:
different electrical properties. As a result, some parts of the membrane of a neuron may be excitable (capable of generating action potentials), whereas others are not.
699:
1171:
1076:
storing capacity of the material (by means of polarisation). A common example of a dielectric is the electrically insulating material between the metallic plates of a
4967:
Developments in
Dielectric Materials and Electronic Devices: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of The American Ceramic Society, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA 2004
4315:
Dielectric, insulating material or a very poor conductor of electric current. When dielectrics are placed in an electric field, practically no current flows in them.
3904:
5319:
4874:
Giere, A.; Zheng, Y.; Maune, H.; Sazegar, M.; Paul, F.; Zhou, X.; Binder, J. R.; Muller, S.; Jakoby, R. (2008). "Tunable dielectrics for microwave applications".
5253:
3618:
causes polarisation and/or alignment of dipoles only parallel to the applied electric field. Contrary to the analogy with a paramagnetic material, no permanent
4160:
behave within an externally applied magnetic field. Ferroelectric materials often have very high dielectric constants, making them quite useful for capacitors.
2388:, remains constant in orientation polarisation; however, the direction of polarisation itself rotates. This rotation occurs on a timescale that depends on the
3790:
have a paraelectricâferroelectric transition just below ambient temperature, providing high tunability. Films suffer significant losses arising from defects.
4039:
Solid dielectrics are perhaps the most commonly used dielectrics in electrical engineering, and many solids are very good insulators. Some examples include
5221:
4924:
published 2003-11-06, issued 2004-10-18, assigned to IHP GmbH- Innovations for High
Performance Microelectronics/Institute Fur Innovative Mikroelektronik
3813:
Charge separation in a parallel-plate capacitor causes an internal electric field. A dielectric (orange) reduces the field and increases the capacitance.
1245:
950:
719:
4992:
3853:
2067:
The susceptibility (or equivalently the permittivity) is frequency dependent. The change of susceptibility with respect to frequency characterises the
4965:
3614:
Paraelectricity is the nominal behaviour of dielectrics when the dielectric permittivity tensor is proportional to the unit matrix, i.e., an applied
3124:
in the denominator due to an ongoing sign convention ambiguity whereby many sources represent the time dependence of the complex electric field with
729:
3622:
needs to exist in a paraelectric material. Removal of the fields results in the dipolar polarisation returning to zero. The mechanisms that causes
1080:. The polarisation of the dielectric by the applied electric field increases the capacitor's surface charge for the given electric field strength.
3322:
3259:
1049:
5201:
3993:. Such resonators are often used to provide a frequency reference in an oscillator circuit. An unshielded dielectric resonator can be used as a
5177:
554:
2295:
1652:
In general, a material cannot polarise instantaneously in response to an applied field. The more general formulation as a function of time is
5156:
5120:
4891:
4678:
4597:
4152:
dielectrics exhibit a spontaneous dipole moment, which can be reversed by an externally applied electric field. This behaviour is called the
569:
191:
5216:
3967:. This allows the capacitor to operate at higher voltages before the insulating dielectric ionises and begins to allow undesirable current.
3757:. The two have mismatched crystal spacing that produces strain within the strontium titanate layer that makes it less stable and tunable.
3746:) substitutes for room temperature devices. Other potential materials include microwave dielectrics and carbon nanotube (CNT) composites.
3673:
Paraelectricity has been explored as a possible refrigeration mechanism; polarising a paraelectric by applying an electric field under
1363:
449:
5246:
5002:
4975:
4635:
1910:
181:
119:
2483:
All cells in animal body tissues are electrically polarised â in other words, they maintain a voltage difference across the cell's
4708:
Debye, P. (1913), Ver. Deut. Phys. Gesell. 15, 777; reprinted 1954 in collected papers of Peter J.W. Debye. Interscience, New York
3833:
allows a greater stored charge at a given voltage. This can be seen by treating the case of a linear dielectric with permittivity
4298:
3566:
2527:
Dielectric dispersion is very important for the applications of dielectric materials and the analysis of polarisation systems.
364:
4280:
5102:
4084:
as a fluid dielectric and to assist in cooling. Dielectric fluids with higher dielectric constants, such as electrical grade
3580:
943:
709:
186:
57:
4937:
Cole, M. W.; Geyer, R. G. (2004). "Novel tunable acceptor doped BST thin films for high quality tunable microwave devices".
2384:
When an external electric field is applied, the distance between charges within each permanent dipole, which is related to
5183:
Dissemination of IT for the
Promotion of Materials Science (DoITPoMS) Teaching and Learning Package "Dielectric Materials"
4614:
3644:
Most dielectric materials are paraelectrics. A specific example of a paraelectric material of high dielectric constant is
724:
429:
4137:, or (equivalently) change physical shape if an external voltage is applied across the material. This property is called
3586:
100:
5239:
3994:
3630:(displacement of the electron cloud from the nucleus) and polarisation of molecules or combinations of ions or defects.
3574:
2338:
When both the type of electric field and the type of material have been defined, one then chooses the simplest function
1978:
589:
579:
564:
329:
196:
2153:
629:
319:
72:
882:
757:
654:
53:
3594:
3558:
2750:{\displaystyle {\hat {\varepsilon }}(\omega )=\varepsilon _{\infty }+{\frac {\Delta \varepsilon }{1+i\omega \tau }},}
2647:
type. The character of the distortion process depends on the structure, composition, and surroundings of the sample.
549:
3057:
1777:{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} (t)=\varepsilon _{0}\int _{-\infty }^{t}\chi _{e}\left(t-t'\right)\mathbf {E} (t')\,dt'.}
1420:
4285:
4246:
4181:
382:
2502:
In neurons, the types of ion channels in the membrane usually vary across different parts of the cell, giving the
79:
46:
3713:
2351:
2288:
gives rise to the behaviour of the dielectric, which, for a given material, can be characterised by the function
2236:
When the electric field is removed, the atom returns to its original state. The time required to do so is called
936:
897:
424:
414:
354:
349:
289:
4231:
4006:
2226:
867:
747:
434:
2552:
The ionic polarisation and molecular distortion polarisation can no longer track the electric field past the
5186:
5148:
4257:
4201:
4157:
4116:
4108:
2222:
1144:
1134:
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86:
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1832:
5206:
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4206:
3754:
2342:
that correctly predicts the phenomena of interest. Examples of phenomena that can be so modelled include:
694:
464:
239:
4330:
1793:
4226:
4186:
3809:
2259:
2159:
2074:
Moreover, the fact that the polarisation can only depend on the electric field at previous times (i.e.,
1456:
1061:
792:
479:
469:
419:
409:
156:
132:
68:
5298:
4991:
Nair, K. M.; Bhalla, Amar S.; Hirano, S.-I.; Suvorov, D.; Schwartz, Robert W.; Zhu, Wei (2012-04-11).
3168:
3127:
1334:
1300:
5324:
5293:
5288:
5112:
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4946:
4787:
4746:
4723:
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4326:
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2237:
1904:
1174:
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1000:
992:
917:
817:
782:
534:
399:
299:
284:
219:
3234:
2830:
324:
4480:"Malignant cell characterisation via mathematical analysis of bio impedance and optical properties"
4221:
4196:
4056:
4033:
3209:
2805:
2590:
2531:
2366:
2122:
2068:
1982:
1877:
1325:
1027:
877:
857:
852:
659:
644:
529:
499:
394:
20:
3666:, and above this temperature it transforms into a disordered paraelectric phase. Similarly, other
2417:
Ionic polarisation is polarisation caused by relative displacements between positive and negative
1483:
1461:
1221:
1199:
5081:
4897:
4819:
4737:
Kuhn, U.; LĂŒty, F. (1965). "Paraelectric heating and cooling with OHâdipoles in alkali halides".
4570:
4515:
4367:
4067:
4060:
3990:
3697:
3645:
2488:
1181:
of the material and thus influences many other phenomena in that medium, from the capacitance of
752:
492:
294:
254:
3637:
phases where electric dipoles are unaligned and thus have the potential to align in an external
3599:
This is used when the dielectric loss is approximately constant for a wide range of frequencies.
4535:"Biodielectric phenomenon for actively differentiating malignant and normal cells: An overview"
3753:
produced a dielectric capable of operating at up to 125 GHz. The material was created via
1149:
5152:
5126:
5116:
5044:
4998:
4971:
4887:
4811:
4674:
4631:
4593:
4562:
4554:
4507:
4499:
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4403:
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2621:
2597:
surfaces). Dielectric relaxation in changing electric fields could be considered analogous to
2473:
2058:{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} (\omega )=\varepsilon _{0}\chi _{e}(\omega )\mathbf {E} (\omega ).}
1118:
812:
4647:
5283:
5073:
5036:
4879:
4854:
4846:
4803:
4795:
4754:
4546:
4491:
4450:
4442:
4393:
4385:
4251:
4153:
4138:
4134:
4093:
3609:
2541:
The dipolar polarisation can no longer follow the oscillations of the electric field in the
2346:
2273:
964:
912:
827:
787:
777:
664:
619:
602:
519:
454:
224:
148:
4099:
Because dielectrics resist the flow of electricity, the surface of a dielectric may retain
3693:
are insulators whose ability to store electrical charge changes when a voltage is applied.
5278:
5182:
5062:
Lyon, David (2013). "Gap size dependence of the dielectric strength in nano vacuum gaps".
4103:
excess electrical charges. This may occur accidentally when the dielectric is rubbed (the
3750:
3652:
3619:
2799:
2492:
2484:
2477:
2469:
2426:
1104:
1090:
1031:
1015:
988:
847:
772:
767:
634:
509:
474:
369:
334:
234:
4612:
James, Frank A.J.L., editor. The
Correspondence of Michael Faraday, Volume 3, 1841â1848,
3963:
Dielectric materials used for capacitors are also chosen such that they are resistant to
887:
5032:
4950:
4791:
4750:
4438:
4381:
93:
5138:
4455:
4422:
4398:
4355:
3638:
3615:
2602:
2511:
2378:
1186:
1073:
1057:
984:
980:
807:
802:
624:
514:
439:
389:
339:
312:
269:
244:
214:
207:
3677:
conditions raises the temperature, while removing the field lowers the temperature. A
2559:
The electronic polarisation loses its response in the ultraviolet region around 10 Hz.
1829:. The upper limit of this integral can be extended to infinity as well if one defines
1125:; therefore it stores and returns electrical energy as if it were an ideal capacitor.
1007:
molecules, those molecules not only become polarised, but also reorient so that their
5313:
4758:
4574:
4519:
4176:
4127:
4112:
3659:
3541:(1913). It is characteristic for dynamic polarisation with only one relaxation time.
2617:
2613:
2465:
2422:
2385:
2361:
2356:
2269:
1008:
1004:
922:
907:
892:
832:
544:
459:
444:
359:
344:
249:
4901:
3749:
In 2013, multi-sheet layers of strontium titanate interleaved with single layers of
2476:, energetically unfavourable transport of ions, and cell-to-cell communication (the
1790:
of the electric field at previous times with time-dependent susceptibility given by
1014:
The study of dielectric properties concerns storage and dissipation of electric and
4964:
Nair, K. M.; Guo, Ruyan; Bhalla, Amar S.; Hirano, S.-I.; Suvorov, D. (2012-04-11).
4823:
4302:
4236:
4171:
4089:
3830:
2496:
1178:
1138:
902:
797:
762:
704:
639:
524:
404:
279:
16:
Electrically insulating substance able to be polarised by an applied electric field
5085:
4850:
4550:
4495:
4133:
Some dielectrics can generate a potential difference when subjected to mechanical
559:
5172:
5142:
5106:
2460:
Ionic polarisation enables the production of energy-rich compounds in cells (the
5262:
4534:
4479:
4081:
4077:
3896:
3563:
This equation is used when the dielectric loss peak shows asymmetric broadening.
3538:
2610:
2563:
In the frequency region above ultraviolet, permittivity approaches the constant
2461:
1787:
1085:
1019:
822:
674:
504:
166:
35:
4618:
4446:
4389:
3947:{\displaystyle c={\frac {\sigma _{\varepsilon }}{V}}={\frac {\varepsilon }{d}}}
3555:
This equation is used when the dielectric loss peak shows symmetric broadening.
2205:
5192:
5077:
4920:
4883:
4085:
3964:
3667:
2644:
2598:
539:
5048:
4558:
4503:
4339:... are not a narrow class of so-called insulators, but the broad expanse of
4876:
2008 17th IEEE International
Symposium on the Applications of Ferroelectrics
4040:
3986:
3804:
3678:
3674:
3375:{\displaystyle {\hat {\varepsilon }}(\omega )=\varepsilon '-i\varepsilon ''}
3312:{\displaystyle {\hat {\varepsilon }}(\omega )=\varepsilon '+i\varepsilon ''}
2640:
2636:
2542:
2393:
2209:
Electric field interaction with an atom under the classical dielectric model
2149:
1182:
1077:
1018:
in materials. Dielectrics are important for explaining various phenomena in
862:
837:
649:
574:
171:
24:
4815:
4566:
4511:
4464:
4407:
5130:
4032:
can also be a useful, nearly lossless dielectric even though its relative
1095:
5147:. Monographs on the Physics & Chemistry of Materials (2nd ed.).
4423:"Recovery of Alumina Nanocapacitors after High and Low Voltage Breakdown"
4294:
4241:
4123:
4071:
4052:
2606:
2553:
2503:
2405:
2398:
2252:
1177:
in response to an electric field. This, in turn, determines the electric
614:
609:
229:
4799:
2491:. This electrical polarisation results from a complex interplay between
2248:
Is the electric field constant, or does it vary with time? At what rate?
4859:
4630:
The
Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, United Kingdom, 1996.
4290:
4149:
4145:
4141:. Piezoelectric materials are another class of very useful dielectrics.
4074:
provide a dielectric barrier between the substrate and its environment.
4048:
3634:
2628:
2448:. The transition caused by ionic polarisations in crystals is called a
1331:
The susceptibility of a medium is related to its relative permittivity
584:
5231:
5040:
4807:
3537:
This relaxation model was introduced by and named after the physicist
4029:
3663:
2389:
2218:
1412:
1193:
1023:
669:
176:
4372:
2534:: a frequency-dependent response of a medium for wave propagation.
1981:
and write this relationship as a function of frequency. Due to the
1288:{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} =\varepsilon _{0}\chi _{e}\mathbf {E} ,}
4698:. London: Elsevier Publishing Companys. pp. 231â232, 348â349.
4044:
3818:
3808:
2546:
2377:
Dipolar polarisation is a polarisation that is either inherent to
2229:, a vector quantity shown in the figure as the blue arrow labeled
2204:
131:
3886:{\displaystyle \sigma _{\varepsilon }=\varepsilon {\frac {V}{d}}}
3571:
This equation considers both symmetric and asymmetric broadening.
1192:
It is defined as the constant of proportionality (which may be a
3627:
2616:). Relaxation in general is a delay or lag in the response of a
2507:
2251:
Does the response depend on the direction of the applied field (
5235:
4028:
Dielectric materials can be solids, liquids, or gases. (A high
2418:
2265:
Do any boundaries or interfaces have to be taken into account?
1967:{\displaystyle \chi _{e}(\Delta t)=\chi _{e}\delta (\Delta t)}
1115:
29:
4916:
Semiconductor capacitor with praseodymium oxide as dielectric
4254:â variation of dielectric strength of gas related to pressure
3960:
leads to greater charge stored and thus greater capacitance.
3385:
The dielectric loss is also represented by the loss tangent:
987:. When a dielectric material is placed in an electric field,
4421:
Belkin, A.; Bezryadin, A.; Hendren, L.; Hubler, A. (2017).
3712:) is used for devices operating at low temperatures, while
1068:
is generally used to indicate electrical obstruction while
5065:
IEEE Transactions on
Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation
3841:
between two conducting plates with uniform charge density
1121:
infinite electrical conductivity), thus exhibiting only a
4115:, or it can be potentially destructive as in the case of
2329:{\displaystyle \mathbf {M} =\mathbf {F} (\mathbf {E} ).}
1173:
of a dielectric material is a measure of how easily it
2530:
This is one instance of a general phenomenon known as
2156:
on the real and imaginary parts of the susceptibility
3907:
3856:
3817:
Commercially manufactured capacitors typically use a
3393:
3325:
3262:
3237:
3212:
3171:
3130:
3098:
3060:
2860:
2833:
2808:
2677:
2298:
2162:
2125:
2080:
1991:
1977:
It is more convenient in a linear system to take the
1913:
1880:
1835:
1796:
1660:
1510:
1486:
1464:
1423:
1366:
1337:
1303:
1248:
1224:
1202:
1152:
4994:
Ceramic
Materials and Multilayer Electronic Devices
4673:. London: Elsevier Academic Press. pp. 92â93.
3670:also exhibit paraelectricity at high temperatures.
3256:representing real and imaginary parts are given by
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3946:
3885:
3527:
3374:
3311:
3248:
3223:
3198:
3157:
3116:
3084:
3044:
2844:
2819:
2749:
2328:
2184:
2140:
2111:
2057:
1966:
1895:
1866:
1821:
1776:
1637:
1494:
1472:
1445:
1401:
1350:
1316:
1287:
1232:
1210:
1165:
991:do not flow through the material as they do in an
4615:"Letter 1798, William Whewell to Faraday, p. 442"
4172:Classification of materials based on permittivity
3382:. The above equation uses the latter convention.
2766:is the permittivity at the high frequency limit,
1114:is a material with zero electrical conductivity (
1060:. The latter is expressed by a number called the
4356:"Dielectric study on mixtures of ionic liquids"
3985:(DRO) is an electronic component that exhibits
3956:From this, it can easily be seen that a larger
2852:of the complex dielectric permittivity yields:
2794:is the static, low frequency permittivity, and
1402:{\displaystyle \chi _{e}\ =\varepsilon _{r}-1.}
1218:to the induced dielectric polarisation density
3848:. In this case the charge density is given by
3085:{\displaystyle {\hat {\varepsilon }}(\omega )}
2404:When an external electric field is applied at
5247:
2802:of the medium. Separating into the real part
944:
8:
4275:
4273:
2280:The relationship between the electric field
4156:. These materials are analogous to the way
1903:. An instantaneous response corresponds to
5254:
5240:
5232:
3206:. In the former convention, the functions
951:
937:
155:
139:
4858:
4649:Microwave Engineering â R. S. Rao (Prof.)
4454:
4397:
4371:
3934:
3920:
3914:
3906:
3873:
3861:
3855:
3516:
3506:
3496:
3483:
3460:
3447:
3435:
3412:
3392:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3236:
3211:
3170:
3129:
3097:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3029:
3019:
2992:
2979:
2969:
2941:
2931:
2913:
2900:
2893:
2884:
2861:
2859:
2832:
2807:
2715:
2706:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2662:of a medium as a function of the field's
2315:
2307:
2299:
2297:
2167:
2161:
2124:
2085:
2079:
2038:
2023:
2013:
1992:
1990:
1985:, the integral becomes a simple product,
1943:
1918:
1912:
1879:
1840:
1834:
1801:
1795:
1759:
1740:
1710:
1700:
1692:
1682:
1661:
1659:
1627:
1621:
1611:
1593:
1582:
1561:
1543:
1535:
1529:
1511:
1509:
1487:
1485:
1465:
1463:
1428:
1422:
1387:
1371:
1365:
1342:
1336:
1308:
1302:
1277:
1271:
1261:
1249:
1247:
1225:
1223:
1203:
1201:
1157:
1151:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
4354:Thoms, E.; Sippel, P.; et., al. (2017).
4122:Specially processed dielectrics, called
2397:the change of the electric field causes
2272:with respect to the field, or are there
4932:
4930:
4590:Biographical Encyclopedia of Scientists
4269:
3626:behaviour are distortion of individual
2589:is the momentary delay (or lag) in the
1480:is related to the polarisation density
700:Electromagnetism and special relativity
147:
5320:Electric and magnetic fields in matter
5178:Dielectric Sphere in an Electric Field
4080:is used extensively inside electrical
1056:typically means materials with a high
4332:Dielectric Materials and Applications
4005:From 2002 to 2004, the United States
2258:Is the response the same everywhere (
2112:{\displaystyle \chi _{e}(\Delta t)=0}
1867:{\displaystyle \chi _{e}(\Delta t)=0}
720:Maxwell equations in curved spacetime
7:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4539:Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine
4484:Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine
2556:or far-infrared region around 10 Hz,
58:adding citations to reliable sources
4126:(which should not be confused with
2537:When the frequency becomes higher:
2225:. A dipole is characterised by its
1822:{\displaystyle \chi _{e}(\Delta t)}
1326:electric permittivity of free space
3575:KohlrauschâWilliamsâWatts function
3497:
3461:
2993:
2914:
2885:
2718:
2707:
2185:{\displaystyle \chi _{e}(\omega )}
2126:
2094:
1955:
1927:
1881:
1849:
1810:
1696:
14:
4059:are the three most commonly used
3319:whereas in the latter convention
3054:Note that the above equation for
5191:
5173:Feynman's lecture on dielectrics
3199:{\displaystyle \exp(+i\omega t)}
3158:{\displaystyle \exp(-i\omega t)}
2316:
2308:
2300:
2217:This can be reduced to a simple
2039:
1993:
1741:
1662:
1628:
1594:
1544:
1536:
1512:
1488:
1466:
1351:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{r}}
1317:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}}
1278:
1250:
1226:
1204:
1103:) in response to a request from
34:
4696:Theory of Electric Polarisation
4533:Hossain, Shadeeb (2020-04-02).
4478:Hossain, Shadeeb (2020-12-27).
4107:). This can be useful, as in a
3983:dielectric resonator oscillator
3595:DjordjevicâSarkar approximation
3117:{\displaystyle 1-i\omega \tau }
2446:order-disorder phase transition
1786:That is, the polarisation is a
136:A polarised dielectric material
45:needs additional citations for
4671:Dielectric Phenomena in Solids
4020:in microwave tunable devices.
3581:stretched exponential function
3545:Variants of the Debye equation
3406:
3400:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3249:{\displaystyle \varepsilon ''}
3193:
3178:
3152:
3137:
3079:
3073:
3067:
2998:
2972:
2845:{\displaystyle \varepsilon ''}
2696:
2690:
2684:
2440:Ionic polarisation causes the
2320:
2312:
2179:
2173:
2100:
2091:
2049:
2043:
2035:
2029:
2003:
1997:
1961:
1952:
1933:
1924:
1855:
1846:
1816:
1807:
1756:
1745:
1672:
1666:
1446:{\displaystyle \chi _{e}\ =0.}
1:
4851:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2010.04.004
4839:Progress in Materials Science
4551:10.1080/15368378.2020.1737804
4496:10.1080/15368378.2020.1850471
4299:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica, Inc.
3633:Paraelectricity can occur in
3224:{\displaystyle \varepsilon '}
2820:{\displaystyle \varepsilon '}
2141:{\displaystyle \Delta t<0}
1896:{\displaystyle \Delta t<0}
1196:) relating an electric field
725:Relativistic electromagnetism
4759:10.1016/0038-1098(65)90060-8
4013:for electronics components.
3995:dielectric resonator antenna
2240:time; an exponential decay.
2071:properties of the material.
1495:{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} }
1473:{\displaystyle \mathbf {D} }
1233:{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} }
1211:{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} }
4092:capacitors to help prevent
3567:HavriliakâNegami relaxation
2472:, the establishment of the
2450:displacive phase transition
5341:
5021:Journal of Applied Physics
4939:Revista Mexicana de Fisica
4739:Solid State Communications
4592:. CRC Press. p. 943.
4447:10.1038/s41598-017-01007-9
4390:10.1038/s41598-017-07982-3
4247:Rotational Brownian motion
4182:Clausius-Mossotti relation
4024:Some practical dielectrics
3974:
3802:
3607:
3092:is sometimes written with
2570:in every substance, where
2154:KramersâKronig constraints
1132:
450:LiĂ©nardâWiechert potential
18:
5269:
5144:Principles of Dielectrics
5108:Classical Electrodynamics
5078:10.1109/TDEI.2013.6571470
4997:. John Wiley & Sons.
4970:. John Wiley & Sons.
4884:10.1109/ISAF.2008.4693753
4694:Böttcher, C.J.F. (1952).
4096:and increase capacitance.
3714:barium strontium titanate
2352:Group velocity dispersion
2292:defined by the equation:
1166:{\displaystyle \chi _{e}}
715:Mathematical descriptions
425:Electromagnetic radiation
415:Electromagnetic induction
355:Magnetic vector potential
350:Magnetic scalar potential
4232:Linear response function
4007:Army Research Laboratory
3587:Curieâvon Schweidler law
1648:Dispersion and causality
1072:is used to indicate the
19:Not to be confused with
5222:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
5187:University of Cambridge
5149:Oxford University Press
4329:, in his seminal work,
4286:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
4258:Separator (electricity)
4202:Dielectric spectroscopy
4158:ferromagnetic materials
4117:electrostatic discharge
4109:Van de Graaff generator
2827:and the imaginary part
2223:superposition principle
2196:Dielectric polarisation
1145:electric susceptibility
1135:Electric susceptibility
1129:Electric susceptibility
1001:dielectric polarisation
997:dielectric polarisation
265:Electrostatic induction
260:Electrostatic discharge
5225:(11th ed.). 1911.
5207:Encyclopedia Americana
4914:MĂŒssig, Hans-Joachim.
4669:Kao, Kwan Chi (2004).
4212:EIA Class 2 dielectric
4207:EIA Class 1 dielectric
3948:
3887:
3814:
3755:molecular beam epitaxy
3559:ColeâDavidson equation
3529:
3376:
3313:
3250:
3225:
3200:
3159:
3118:
3086:
3046:
2846:
2821:
2798:is the characteristic
2751:
2392:and surrounding local
2330:
2284:and the dipole moment
2210:
2186:
2142:
2113:
2059:
1968:
1897:
1868:
1823:
1778:
1639:
1496:
1474:
1447:
1403:
1352:
1318:
1289:
1234:
1212:
1167:
695:Electromagnetic tensor
137:
5196:Texts on Wikisource:
5139:Scaife, Brendan K. P.
5113:John Wiley & Sons
4921:U.S. patent 7,113,388
4724:John Wiley & Sons
4588:Daintith, J. (1994).
4187:Dielectric absorption
3949:
3888:
3812:
3579:Fourier transform of
3530:
3377:
3314:
3251:
3226:
3201:
3160:
3119:
3087:
3047:
2847:
2822:
2752:
2633:dielectric relaxation
2587:Dielectric relaxation
2582:Dielectric relaxation
2524:dielectric dispersion
2518:Dielectric dispersion
2331:
2208:
2187:
2143:
2114:
2060:
1969:
1898:
1869:
1824:
1779:
1640:
1497:
1475:
1457:electric displacement
1448:
1404:
1353:
1319:
1290:
1235:
1213:
1168:
1062:relative permittivity
1050:electrical conduction
688:Covariant formulation
480:Synchrotron radiation
420:Electromagnetic pulse
410:Electromagnetic field
135:
5289:antiferroelectricity
5141:(3 September 1998).
4327:Arthur R. von Hippel
4154:ferroelectric effect
4105:triboelectric effect
4088:, are often used in
3977:Dielectric resonator
3971:Dielectric resonator
3905:
3854:
3823:capacitor dielectric
3391:
3323:
3260:
3235:
3210:
3169:
3128:
3096:
3058:
2858:
2831:
2806:
2675:
2442:ferroelectric effect
2373:Dipolar polarisation
2296:
2160:
2148:), a consequence of
2123:
2078:
1989:
1911:
1905:Dirac delta function
1878:
1833:
1794:
1658:
1508:
1484:
1462:
1421:
1411:So in the case of a
1364:
1335:
1301:
1246:
1222:
1200:
1150:
1123:displacement current
1011:align to the field.
993:electrical conductor
977:electrical insulator
730:Stressâenergy tensor
655:Reluctance (complex)
400:Displacement current
54:improve this article
5263:Polarization states
5105:(10 August 1998) .
5103:Jackson, John David
5033:2002JAP....92..475C
4951:2004RMxF...50..232C
4800:10.1038/nature12582
4792:2013Natur.502..532L
4751:1965SSCom...3...31K
4718:Chiang, Y. (1997).
4439:2017NatSR...7..932B
4382:2017NatSR...7.7463T
4197:Dielectric strength
4068:Industrial coatings
4061:gaseous dielectrics
4057:sulfur hexafluoride
4034:dielectric constant
3691:Tunable dielectrics
3165:whereas others use
2591:dielectric constant
2532:material dispersion
2456:In biological cells
2367:Harmonic generation
1983:convolution theorem
1705:
1028:solid-state physics
645:Magnetomotive force
530:Electromotive force
500:Alternating current
435:Jefimenko equations
395:Cyclotron radiation
21:dielectric constant
3991:dissipation factor
3944:
3883:
3815:
3698:strontium titanate
3646:strontium titanate
3551:ColeâCole equation
3525:
3372:
3309:
3246:
3221:
3196:
3155:
3114:
3082:
3042:
3040:
2842:
2817:
2747:
2489:membrane potential
2435:ionic polarisation
2413:Ionic polarisation
2326:
2211:
2201:Basic atomic model
2182:
2138:
2109:
2055:
1964:
1893:
1864:
1819:
1774:
1688:
1635:
1492:
1470:
1443:
1399:
1348:
1314:
1285:
1230:
1208:
1163:
1112:perfect dielectric
1042:Although the term
493:Electrical network
330:Gauss magnetic law
295:Static electricity
255:Electric potential
138:
5307:
5306:
5158:978-0-198-56557-4
5122:978-0-471-30932-1
5041:10.1063/1.1484231
4893:978-1-4244-2744-4
4786:(7472): 532â536.
4720:Physical Ceramics
4680:978-0-12-396561-5
4599:978-0-7503-0287-6
4217:High-Îș dielectric
4192:Dielectric losses
3942:
3929:
3899:per unit area by
3881:
3675:adiabatic process
3523:
3430:
3335:
3272:
3070:
3036:
2948:
2742:
2687:
2664:angular frequency
2622:Gibbs free energy
2545:region around 10
2474:resting potential
2262:of the material)?
2255:of the material)?
1979:Fourier transform
1606:
1600:
1556:
1550:
1524:
1518:
1436:
1379:
1119:perfect conductor
973:dielectric medium
961:
960:
660:Reluctance (real)
630:Gyratorâcapacitor
575:Resonant cavities
465:Maxwell equations
130:
129:
122:
104:
5332:
5299:ferrielectricity
5284:ferroelectricity
5256:
5249:
5242:
5233:
5226:
5211:
5195:
5162:
5134:
5111:(3rd ed.).
5090:
5089:
5072:(4): 1467â1471.
5059:
5053:
5052:
5015:
5009:
5008:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4961:
4955:
4954:
4934:
4925:
4923:
4912:
4906:
4905:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4834:
4828:
4827:
4774:
4763:
4762:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4715:
4709:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4644:
4638:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4617:. Archived from
4610:
4604:
4603:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4458:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4401:
4375:
4351:
4345:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4310:
4305:on 27 April 2021
4277:
4222:Low-Îș dielectric
4139:piezoelectricity
4094:corona discharge
4036:is only unity.)
3953:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3943:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3924:
3915:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3882:
3874:
3866:
3865:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3779:
3778:
3770:
3769:
3760:Systems such as
3745:
3744:
3743:
3735:
3734:
3726:
3725:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3610:Ferroelectricity
3534:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3511:
3510:
3501:
3500:
3488:
3487:
3477:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3452:
3451:
3436:
3431:
3429:
3421:
3413:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3371:
3357:
3337:
3336:
3328:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3308:
3294:
3274:
3273:
3265:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3245:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3220:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3072:
3071:
3063:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3024:
3023:
3007:
2997:
2996:
2984:
2983:
2970:
2961:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2936:
2935:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2905:
2904:
2894:
2889:
2888:
2872:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2841:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2816:
2786:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2741:
2724:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2689:
2688:
2680:
2656:Debye relaxation
2651:Debye relaxation
2493:ion transporters
2386:chemical bonding
2347:Refractive index
2335:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2303:
2268:Is the response
2191:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2172:
2171:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2090:
2089:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2042:
2028:
2027:
2018:
2017:
1996:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1948:
1947:
1923:
1922:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1845:
1844:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1806:
1805:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1755:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1715:
1714:
1704:
1699:
1687:
1686:
1665:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1616:
1615:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1566:
1565:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1413:classical vacuum
1408:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1392:
1391:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1253:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1161:
989:electric charges
965:electromagnetism
953:
946:
939:
620:Electric machine
603:Magnetic circuit
565:Parallel circuit
555:Network analysis
520:Electric current
455:London equations
300:Triboelectricity
290:Potential energy
159:
149:Electromagnetism
140:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
5340:
5339:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5330:
5329:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5303:
5294:helielectricity
5279:paraelectricity
5265:
5260:
5214:
5199:
5169:
5159:
5137:
5123:
5101:
5098:
5096:Further reading
5093:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5017:
5016:
5012:
5005:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4978:
4963:
4962:
4958:
4936:
4935:
4928:
4919:
4913:
4909:
4894:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4836:
4835:
4831:
4776:
4775:
4766:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4707:
4703:
4693:
4692:
4688:
4681:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4654:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4624:
4622:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4600:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4325:
4321:
4308:
4306:
4279:
4278:
4271:
4267:
4262:
4167:
4026:
4003:
3979:
3973:
3916:
3903:
3902:
3857:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3807:
3801:
3796:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3751:strontium oxide
3742:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3688:
3656:
3641:and weaken it.
3620:electric dipole
3612:
3606:
3604:Paraelectricity
3547:
3512:
3502:
3492:
3479:
3478:
3456:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3422:
3414:
3389:
3388:
3364:
3350:
3321:
3320:
3301:
3287:
3258:
3257:
3238:
3233:
3232:
3213:
3208:
3207:
3167:
3166:
3126:
3125:
3094:
3093:
3056:
3055:
3039:
3038:
3025:
3015:
3008:
2988:
2975:
2971:
2962:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2937:
2927:
2920:
2909:
2896:
2895:
2880:
2873:
2865:
2856:
2855:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2809:
2804:
2803:
2800:relaxation time
2792:
2784:
2777:
2767:
2764:
2725:
2717:
2702:
2673:
2672:
2653:
2603:magnetic fields
2584:
2576:
2569:
2520:
2487:, known as the
2485:plasma membrane
2470:plasma membrane
2458:
2415:
2379:polar molecules
2375:
2294:
2293:
2203:
2198:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2121:
2120:
2081:
2076:
2075:
2019:
2009:
1987:
1986:
1939:
1914:
1909:
1908:
1907:susceptibility
1876:
1875:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1763:
1748:
1727:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1678:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1617:
1607:
1578:
1571:
1567:
1557:
1525:
1506:
1505:
1482:
1481:
1460:
1459:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1383:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1267:
1257:
1244:
1243:
1220:
1219:
1198:
1197:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1133:Main articles:
1131:
1105:Michael Faraday
1091:William Whewell
1040:
1032:cell biophysics
1016:magnetic energy
957:
928:
927:
743:
735:
734:
690:
680:
679:
635:Induction motor
605:
595:
594:
510:Current density
495:
485:
484:
475:Poynting vector
385:
383:Electrodynamics
375:
374:
370:Right-hand rule
335:Magnetic dipole
325:BiotâSavart law
315:
305:
304:
240:Electric dipole
235:Electric charge
210:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5338:
5336:
5328:
5327:
5322:
5312:
5311:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5251:
5244:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5212:
5189:
5180:
5175:
5168:
5167:External links
5165:
5164:
5163:
5157:
5135:
5121:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5054:
5027:(1): 475â483.
5010:
5003:
4983:
4976:
4956:
4926:
4907:
4892:
4866:
4845:(8): 840â893.
4829:
4764:
4729:
4710:
4701:
4686:
4679:
4661:
4639:
4605:
4598:
4580:
4525:
4470:
4413:
4346:
4319:
4301:Archived from
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4142:
4131:
4128:ferroelectrics
4120:
4097:
4075:
4025:
4022:
4002:
4001:BST thin films
3999:
3975:Main article:
3972:
3969:
3941:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3910:
3880:
3877:
3872:
3869:
3864:
3860:
3844:
3837:and thickness
3803:Main article:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3784:
3775:
3766:
3740:
3731:
3722:
3706:
3687:
3684:
3654:
3639:electric field
3616:electric field
3605:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3592:
3589:
3584:
3577:
3572:
3569:
3564:
3561:
3556:
3553:
3546:
3543:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3434:
3428:
3425:
3420:
3417:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3334:
3331:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3244:
3241:
3219:
3216:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2840:
2837:
2815:
2812:
2790:
2782:
2775:
2762:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2723:
2720:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2652:
2649:
2583:
2580:
2574:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2550:
2519:
2516:
2468:) and, at the
2457:
2454:
2425:(for example,
2423:ionic crystals
2414:
2411:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2278:
2277:
2274:nonlinearities
2266:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1649:
1646:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1490:
1468:
1442:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1345:
1341:
1311:
1307:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1228:
1206:
1187:speed of light
1160:
1156:
1130:
1127:
1089:was coined by
1058:polarisability
1039:
1036:
985:electric field
983:by an applied
959:
958:
956:
955:
948:
941:
933:
930:
929:
926:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
744:
741:
740:
737:
736:
733:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
710:Four-potential
707:
702:
697:
691:
686:
685:
682:
681:
678:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
625:Electric motor
622:
617:
612:
606:
601:
600:
597:
596:
593:
592:
587:
582:
580:Series circuit
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
550:Kirchhoff laws
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
515:Direct current
512:
507:
502:
496:
491:
490:
487:
486:
483:
482:
477:
472:
470:Maxwell tensor
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
440:Larmor formula
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
390:Bremsstrahlung
386:
381:
380:
377:
376:
373:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
340:Magnetic field
337:
332:
327:
322:
316:
313:Magnetostatics
311:
310:
307:
306:
303:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
245:Electric field
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
215:Charge density
211:
208:Electrostatics
206:
205:
202:
201:
200:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
161:
160:
152:
151:
145:
144:
143:Articles about
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5337:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5268:
5264:
5257:
5252:
5250:
5245:
5243:
5238:
5237:
5234:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5209:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5197:
5194:
5190:
5188:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5166:
5160:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5145:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5109:
5104:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5066:
5058:
5055:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5014:
5011:
5006:
5004:9781118406762
5000:
4996:
4995:
4987:
4984:
4979:
4977:9781118408193
4973:
4969:
4968:
4960:
4957:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4911:
4908:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4878:. p. 1.
4877:
4870:
4867:
4861:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4833:
4830:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4765:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4733:
4730:
4725:
4721:
4714:
4711:
4705:
4702:
4697:
4690:
4687:
4682:
4676:
4672:
4665:
4662:
4651:
4650:
4643:
4640:
4637:
4636:0-86341-250-5
4633:
4621:on 2016-12-23
4620:
4616:
4609:
4606:
4601:
4595:
4591:
4584:
4581:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4529:
4526:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4474:
4471:
4466:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4417:
4414:
4409:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4350:
4347:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4320:
4316:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4264:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4252:Paschen's law
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4177:Paramagnetism
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4113:electrophorus
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4008:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3978:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3961:
3959:
3954:
3939:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3917:
3911:
3908:
3900:
3898:
3893:
3878:
3875:
3870:
3867:
3862:
3858:
3849:
3847:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3811:
3806:
3798:
3793:
3791:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3715:
3699:
3694:
3692:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3660:ferroelectric
3657:
3649:
3647:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3611:
3603:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3535:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3503:
3493:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3439:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3418:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3386:
3383:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3329:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3266:
3242:
3239:
3217:
3214:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3076:
3064:
3052:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3004:
3001:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2966:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2881:
2877:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2853:
2838:
2835:
2813:
2810:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2765:
2757:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2721:
2712:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2681:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2648:
2646:
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2615:
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2479:
2478:Na+/K+-ATPase
2475:
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2453:
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2227:dipole moment
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998:
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545:Joule heating
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460:Lorentz force
458:
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366:
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360:Magnetization
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
345:Magnetic flux
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
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281:
278:
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271:
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256:
253:
251:
250:Electric flux
248:
246:
243:
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238:
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233:
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226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
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195:
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190:
188:
187:Computational
185:
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173:
170:
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165:
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163:
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158:
154:
153:
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110:December 2022
102:
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70:
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65:Find sources:
59:
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43:This article
41:
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4722:. New York:
4719:
4713:
4704:
4695:
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4670:
4664:
4653:. Retrieved
4648:
4642:
4623:. Retrieved
4619:the original
4608:
4589:
4583:
4545:(2): 89â96.
4542:
4538:
4528:
4490:(1): 65â83.
4487:
4483:
4473:
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4314:
4307:. Retrieved
4303:the original
4284:
4281:"Dielectric"
4237:Metamaterial
4100:
4090:high voltage
4082:transformers
4038:
4027:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4004:
3982:
3980:
3962:
3957:
3955:
3901:
3894:
3850:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3831:permittivity
3827:
3822:
3816:
3794:Applications
3759:
3748:
3695:
3690:
3689:
3672:
3650:
3643:
3632:
3624:paraelectric
3623:
3613:
3536:
3387:
3384:
3053:
2854:
2795:
2788:
2780:
2773:
2769:
2760:
2758:
2671:
2666:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2632:
2626:
2601:in changing
2586:
2585:
2571:
2564:
2562:
2536:
2529:
2523:
2522:In physics,
2521:
2501:
2497:ion channels
2482:
2466:mitochondria
2459:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2434:
2431:
2416:
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2383:
2376:
2339:
2337:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2242:
2235:
2230:
2216:
2214:the figure.
2212:
2073:
2066:
1976:
1785:
1654:
1651:
1504:
1454:
1417:
1410:
1360:
1330:
1296:
1242:
1191:
1179:permittivity
1142:
1139:Permittivity
1111:
1109:
1100:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1069:
1065:
1053:
1048:implies low
1043:
1041:
1013:
996:
979:that can be
972:
968:
962:
705:Four-current
640:Linear motor
525:Electrolysis
405:Eddy current
365:Permeability
285:Polarization
280:Permittivity
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
69:"Dielectric"
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
5325:Dielectrics
4860:10356/93905
4366:(1): 7463.
4337:Dielectrics
4335:, stated: "
4309:20 November
4144:Some ionic
4078:Mineral oil
4047:, and most
3897:capacitance
3696:Generally,
3668:perovskites
3662:below 1430
3658:crystal is
3539:Peter Debye
2611:transformer
2462:proton pump
2260:homogeneity
1788:convolution
1038:Terminology
1020:electronics
675:Transformer
505:Capacitance
430:Faraday law
225:Coulomb law
167:Electricity
5314:Categories
5274:dielectric
5217:Dielectric
5202:Dielectric
4945:(3): 232.
4808:2117/21213
4655:2013-11-08
4625:2012-05-18
4433:(1): 932.
4373:1703.05625
4344:NY, 1954).
4265:References
4086:castor oil
3965:ionisation
3799:Capacitors
3686:Tunability
3608:See also:
2645:oscillator
2605:(e.g., in
2599:hysteresis
2595:conducting
2401:and heat.
2238:relaxation
2221:using the
2152:, imposes
2069:dispersion
1240:such that
1183:capacitors
1086:dielectric
1070:dielectric
1054:dielectric
969:dielectric
742:Scientists
590:Waveguides
570:Resistance
540:Inductance
320:AmpĂšre law
80:newspapers
5185:from the
5049:0021-8979
4745:(2): 31.
4575:212565141
4559:1536-8378
4520:229694503
4504:1536-8378
4341:nonmetals
4124:electrets
4041:porcelain
3987:resonance
3937:ε
3922:ε
3918:σ
3871:ε
3863:ε
3859:σ
3805:Capacitor
3679:heat pump
3514:τ
3504:ω
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3458:ε
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3342:ω
3333:^
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3270:^
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3141:−
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3077:ω
3068:^
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2994:∞
2990:ε
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2956:ε
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2719:Δ
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2685:^
2682:ε
2641:resonance
2637:frequency
2543:microwave
2512:cell body
2504:dendrites
2394:viscosity
2177:ω
2165:χ
2150:causality
2127:Δ
2095:Δ
2083:χ
2047:ω
2033:ω
2021:χ
2011:ε
2001:ω
1956:Δ
1950:δ
1941:χ
1928:Δ
1916:χ
1882:Δ
1850:Δ
1838:χ
1811:Δ
1799:χ
1725:−
1708:χ
1697:∞
1694:−
1690:∫
1680:ε
1619:ε
1609:ε
1580:χ
1559:ε
1527:ε
1426:χ
1394:−
1385:ε
1369:χ
1340:ε
1306:ε
1269:χ
1259:ε
1175:polarises
1155:χ
1083:The term
1078:capacitor
1066:Insulator
1045:insulator
981:polarised
898:Steinmetz
828:Kirchhoff
813:Jefimenko
808:Hopkinson
793:Helmholtz
788:Heaviside
650:Permeance
535:Impedance
275:Insulator
270:Gauss law
220:Conductor
197:Phenomena
192:Textbooks
172:Magnetism
25:dialectic
4902:15835472
4816:24132232
4567:32138569
4512:33356700
4465:28428625
4427:Sci. Rep
4408:28785071
4360:Sci. Rep
4295:Illinois
4242:RC delay
4165:See also
4146:crystals
4101:stranded
4072:Parylene
4070:such as
4053:nitrogen
4049:plastics
3895:and the
3427:′
3419:″
3369:″
3355:′
3306:″
3292:′
3243:″
3218:′
2959:″
2870:′
2839:″
2814:′
2607:inductor
2554:infrared
2406:infrared
2399:friction
2253:isotropy
1768:′
1753:′
1732:′
1101:electric
975:) is an
923:Wiechert
878:Poynting
768:Einstein
615:DC motor
610:AC motor
445:Lenz law
230:Electret
5210:. 1920.
5029:Bibcode
4947:Bibcode
4824:4457286
4788:Bibcode
4747:Bibcode
4456:5430567
4435:Bibcode
4399:5547043
4378:Bibcode
4291:Chicago
4227:Leakage
4150:polymer
4051:. Air,
3997:(DRA).
3635:crystal
2629:physics
1324:is the
1185:to the
908:Thomson
883:Ritchie
873:Poisson
858:Neumann
853:Maxwell
848:Lorentz
843:Liénard
773:Faraday
758:Coulomb
585:Voltage
560:Ohm law
182:History
94:scholar
5155:
5131:535998
5129:
5119:
5086:709782
5084:
5047:
5001:
4974:
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4890:
4822:
4814:
4780:Nature
4677:
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4573:
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4502:
4463:
4453:
4406:
4396:
4135:stress
4030:vacuum
2787:where
2759:where
2510:, and
2390:torque
2270:linear
2219:dipole
1605:
1599:
1555:
1549:
1523:
1517:
1435:
1378:
1297:where
1194:tensor
1093:(from
1074:energy
1024:optics
1005:bonded
893:Singer
888:Savart
868:Ărsted
833:Larmor
823:Kelvin
778:Fizeau
748:AmpĂšre
670:Stator
177:Optics
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
5082:S2CID
4898:S2CID
4820:S2CID
4571:S2CID
4516:S2CID
4368:arXiv
4045:glass
3819:solid
3702:SrTiO
3653:LiNbO
2614:cores
918:Weber
913:Volta
903:Tesla
818:Joule
803:Hertz
798:Henry
783:Gauss
665:Rotor
101:JSTOR
87:books
5153:ISBN
5127:OCLC
5117:ISBN
5045:ISSN
4999:ISBN
4972:ISBN
4888:ISBN
4812:PMID
4675:ISBN
4632:ISBN
4594:ISBN
4563:PMID
4555:ISSN
4508:PMID
4500:ISSN
4461:PMID
4404:PMID
4311:2021
4148:and
4055:and
3651:The
3628:ions
3231:and
2508:axon
2495:and
2427:NaCl
2419:ions
2133:<
2119:for
1888:<
1874:for
1455:The
1143:The
1137:and
1030:and
971:(or
967:, a
838:Lenz
763:Davy
753:Biot
73:news
5219:".
5204:".
5074:doi
5037:doi
4880:doi
4855:hdl
4847:doi
4804:hdl
4796:doi
4784:502
4755:doi
4547:doi
4492:doi
4451:PMC
4443:doi
4394:PMC
4386:doi
4111:or
3780:TiO
3767:1âx
3736:TiO
3723:1âx
3395:tan
3173:exp
3132:exp
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2609:or
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1358:by
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3106:i
3100:1
3080:)
3074:(
3031:2
3021:2
3013:+
3010:1
2999:)
2981:s
2973:(
2967:=
2943:2
2933:2
2925:+
2922:1
2902:s
2891:+
2878:=
2796:Ï
2791:s
2789:Δ
2783:â
2781:Δ
2776:s
2774:Δ
2770:Δ
2768:Î
2763:â
2761:Δ
2745:,
2733:i
2730:+
2727:1
2713:+
2700:=
2697:)
2691:(
2667:Ï
2660:Δ
2575:0
2572:Δ
2568:0
2565:Δ
2549:,
2340:F
2324:.
2321:)
2317:E
2313:(
2309:F
2305:=
2301:M
2290:F
2286:M
2282:E
2276:?
2231:M
2180:)
2174:(
2169:e
2136:0
2130:t
2107:0
2104:=
2101:)
2098:t
2092:(
2087:e
2053:.
2050:)
2044:(
2040:E
2036:)
2030:(
2025:e
2015:0
2007:=
2004:)
1998:(
1994:P
1962:)
1959:t
1953:(
1945:e
1937:=
1934:)
1931:t
1925:(
1920:e
1891:0
1885:t
1862:0
1859:=
1856:)
1853:t
1847:(
1842:e
1817:)
1814:t
1808:(
1803:e
1772:.
1765:t
1761:d
1757:)
1750:t
1746:(
1742:E
1737:)
1729:t
1722:t
1718:(
1712:e
1702:t
1684:0
1676:=
1673:)
1670:t
1667:(
1663:P
1633:.
1629:E
1623:r
1613:0
1602:=
1595:E
1590:)
1584:e
1576:+
1573:1
1569:(
1563:0
1552:=
1545:P
1541:+
1537:E
1531:0
1520:=
1513:D
1489:P
1467:D
1438:=
1430:e
1389:r
1381:=
1373:e
1344:r
1310:0
1283:,
1279:E
1273:e
1263:0
1255:=
1251:P
1227:P
1205:E
1159:e
952:e
945:t
938:v
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
27:.
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