843:. The solution found by R. L. Taylor and H. E. Haring of the Bell Labs was based on experience with ceramics. They ground down tantalum to a powder, pressed this powder into a cylindrical form and then sintered the powder particles into a pellet ("slug") at high temperatures, between 1500 and 2000 °C, under vacuum conditions. These first sintered tantalum capacitors used a non-solid electrolyte not consistent with the concept of solid state electronics. 1952 a targeted search in the Bell Labs for a solid electrolyte by D. A. McLean and F. S. Power led to the invention of manganese dioxide as a solid electrolyte for a sintered tantalum capacitor.
401:
389:
1072:, load life or useful life of electrolytic capacitors is a special characteristic of non-solid electrolytic capacitors, especially non-solid aluminum electrolytic capacitors. Their liquid electrolyte can evaporate over time, leading to wear-out failures. Solid niobium capacitors with manganese dioxide electrolyte have no wear-out mechanism, so the constant failure rate lasts up to the point when all capacitors have failed. They don't have a life time specification like non-solid aluminum electrolytic capacitors.
413:
857:
33:
1340:
1195:
205:
201:
in the West, with major capacitor manufacturers taking interest in the late 1990s. The materials and processes used to produce niobium capacitors are essentially the same as for tantalum capacitors. Rising tantalum prices in 2000 and 2001 encouraged the development of niobium electrolytic capacitors with manganese dioxide and polymer electrolytes, which have been available since 2002.
166:
980:
836:) used this phenomenon for an idea of a polarized "Electric liquid capacitor with aluminum electrodes". In 1896 Pollak obtained a patent for the first electrolytic capacitor. The first tantalum electrolytic capacitors with wound tantalum foils and non-solid electrolyte were developed in 1930 by Tansitor Electronics Inc., USA, and used for military purposes.
141:(NbO) as anode material. Niobium oxide is a hard ceramic material characterized by high metallic conductivity. Niobium oxide powder can be prepared in a similar structure to that of tantalum powder and can be processed in a similar way to produce capacitors. It also can be oxidized by anodic oxidation (
1075:
However, solid polymer niobium electrolytic capacitors do have a life time specification. The electrolyte deteriorates by a thermal degradation mechanism of the conductive polymer. The electrical conductivity decreases, as a function of time, in agreement with a granular structure, in which aging is
1029:
The surge voltage indicates the maximum peak voltage value that may be applied to electrolytic capacitors during their application for a limited number of cycles. The surge voltage is standardized in IEC/EN 60384-1. For niobium electrolytic capacitors the surge voltage shall be not higher than
1006:
The voltage proof of electrolytic capacitors decreases with increasing temperature. For some applications it is important to use a higher temperature range. Lowering the voltage applied at a higher temperature maintains safety margins. For some capacitor types therefore the IEC standard specifies a
200:
In the 1960s, the higher availability of niobium ore compared with tantalum ore prompted research into niobium electrolytic capacitors in the Soviet Union. Here they served the same purpose as tantalum capacitors in the West. With the collapse of the Iron
Curtain, the technology became better-known
118:
Niobium is a sister metal to tantalum. Niobium has a similar melting point (2744 °C) to tantalum and exhibits similar chemical properties. The materials and processes used to produce niobium-dielectric capacitors are essentially the same as for existing tantalum-dielectric capacitors. However,
1347:
Niobium capacitors are in general polarized components, with distinctly marked positive terminals. When subjected to reversed polarity (even briefly), the capacitor depolarizes and the dielectric oxide layer breaks down, which can cause it to fail even when later operated with correct polarity. If
927:
The electrical characteristics of niobium electrolytic capacitors depend on structure of the anode and the type of electrolyte. The capacitance value of the capacitor depends on measuring frequency and temperature. The rated capacitance value or nominal value is specified in the data sheets of the
281:
The niobium anode material is manufactured from a powder sintered into a pellet with a rough surface structure intended to increase the electrode surface area A compared to a smooth surface with the same footprint. This increase in surface area can increase the capacitance by a factor of up to 200
1257:
dielectric breaks down and the capacitor exhibits a thermal runaway failure. In comparison to solid tantalum capacitors the thermal runaway of niobium anodes will occur at about three times higher power than of tantalum anodes. This gives a significant reduction (95%) of the ignition failure mode
864:
Niobium electrolytic capacitors as discrete components are not ideal capacitors, they have losses and parasitic inductive parts. All properties can be defined and specified by a series equivalent circuit composed out of an idealized capacitance and additional electrical components which model all
566:
Tantalum and niobium electrolytic capacitors with solid electrolyte as surface-mountable chip capacitors are mainly used in electronic devices in which little space is available or a low profile is required. They operate reliably over a wide temperature range without large parameter deviations.
1277:
in tantalum capacitors and therefore grows thicker per applied volt and so operates at lower field strength for a given voltage rating with the lower electrical stress the dielectric. In combination with niobium oxide anodes, which are more stable against oxygen diffusion that results in lower
575:
In order to compare the different characteristics of the different electrolytic chip capacitor types, specimens with the same dimensions and of comparable capacitance and voltage are compared in the following table. In such a comparison the values for ESR and ripple current load are the most
1084:
The different types of electrolytic capacitors show different behaviors in long-term stability, inherent failure modes and their self-healing mechanisms. Application rules for types with an inherent failure mode are specified to ensure capacitors high reliability and long life.
462:
The combination of anode materials for niobium and tantalum electrolytic capacitors and the electrolytes used has formed a wide variety of capacitor types with different properties. An outline of the main characteristics of the different types is shown in the table below.
130:) into the niobium anode metal is very high, resulting in leakage current instability or even capacitor failures. There are two possible ways to reduce oxygen diffusion and improve leakage current stability – either by doping metallic niobium powders with nitride into
196:
This property of niobium was known since the beginning of the 20th century. Although niobium is more abundant in nature and less expensive than tantalum, its high melting point of 2744 °C hindered the development of niobium electrolytic capacitors.
1076:
due to the shrinking of the conductive polymer grains. The life time of polymer electrolytic capacitors is specified in similar terms like non-solid e-caps but its life time calculation follows other rules leading to much longer operational life times.
827:
The phenomenon that can electrochemically form an oxide layer on aluminum and metals like tantalum or niobium, blocking an electric current in one direction but allowing it to flow in the other direction, was discovered in 1875 by the French researcher
400:
1718:
E. Vitoratos, S. Sakkopoulos, E. Dalas, N. Paliatsas, D. Karageorgopoulos, F. Petraki, S. Kennou, S. A. Choulis, Thermal degradation mechanisms of PEDOT:PSS, Organic
Electronics, Volume 10, Issue 1, February 2009, Pages 61–66,
943:
The percentage of allowed deviation of the measured capacitance from the rated value is called capacitance tolerance. Electrolytic capacitors are available in different tolerance series, whose values are specified in the
576:
important parameters for the use of electrolytic capacitors in modern electronic equipment. The lower the ESR the higher the ripple current per volume, thus the better the functionality of the capacitor in the circuit.
98:
Like most electrolytic capacitors, niobium capacitors are polarized components. Reverse voltages or ripple currents higher than specified tolerances can destroy the dielectric and thus the capacitor; the resulting
277:
per volt. This very thin dielectric layer, combined with a sufficiently high dielectric strength, allows niobium electrolytic capacitors to achieve a high volumetric capacitance comparable to tantalum capacitors.
145:, forming) to generate the insulating dielectric layer. Thus two types of niobium electrolytic capacitors are marketed, those using a passivated niobium anode and those using a niobium oxide anode. Both types use
119:
niobium as a raw material is much more abundant in nature than tantalum and is less expensive. The characteristics of niobium electrolytic capacitors and tantalum electrolytic capacitors are roughly comparable.
388:
373:
The higher permittivity and lower breakdown voltage of niobium pentoxide relative to tantalum pentoxide results in niobium capacitors and tantalum capacitors having similar sizes for a given capacitance.
1018:
Lower voltage applied may have positive influences for tantalum (and niobium) electrolytic capacitors. Lowering the voltage applied increases the reliability and reduces the expected failure rate.
1230:
but much lower than a short. In case of faults or impurities in the dielectric which evokes a partial dielectric breakdown the conducting channel would be effectively isolated by reduction of Nb
936:. The standardized measuring condition for electrolytic capacitors is an AC measuring method with a frequency of 100/120 Hz. The AC measuring voltage shall not exceed 0,5 V AC-
268:
1202:
A rare failure in solid electrolytic capacitors is breakdown of the dielectric caused by faults or impurities. In niobium electrolytic capacitors the dielectric is niobium pentoxide (Nb
1011:". The category voltage is the maximum DC voltage or peak pulse voltage that may be applied continuously to a capacitor at any temperature within the category temperature range T
839:
The development of solid electrolyte tantalum capacitors began in the early 1950s as a miniaturized, more reliable low-voltage support capacitor to complement the newly invented
412:
1038:
Like other electrolytic capacitors, niobium electrolytic capacitors are polarized and require the anode electrode voltage to be positive relative to the cathode voltage.
110:
in the 1960s. Since 2002 they have been commercially available in the West, taking advantage of the lower cost and better availability of niobium relative to tantalum.
1376:. The definition of the characteristics and the procedure of the test methods for capacitors for use in electronic equipment are set out in the generic specification:
1680:
1030:
round 1.3 times of the rated voltage, rounded off to the nearest volt. The surge voltage applied to niobium capacitors may influence the capacitors failure rate.
1365:
916:
1661:
D. F. Tailor, Tantalum and
Tantalum Compounds, Fansteel Inc., Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol. 19, 2nd ed. 1969 John Wiley & sons, Inc.
1315:
1308:
1477:
169:
Diagram illustrating anodic oxidation, in which a metallic anode in an electrolyte forms an oxide layer in response to the application of voltage.
1950:
D. Bach, Dissertation, 2009-06-05, Universität
Karlsruhe (TH), EELS investigations of stoichiometric niobium oxides and niobium-based capacitors
1348:
the failure is a short circuit (the most common occurrence), and current is not limited to a safe value, catastrophic thermal runaway may occur.
1301:
224:
Every electrolytic capacitor can be thought of as a "plate capacitor" whose capacitance increases with the electrode area (A) and the dielectric
1627:
1456:
406:
Schematic representation of the structure of a sintered niobium electrolytic capacitor with solid electrolyte and the cathode contacting layers
1089:
Long-term electrical behavior, failure modes, self-healing mechanism, and application rules of the different types of electrolytic capacitors
1956:
999:
is the maximum DC voltage or peak pulse voltage that may be applied continuously at any temperature within the rated temperature range T
1945:
948:
specified in IEC 60063. For abbreviated marking in tight spaces, a letter code for each tolerance is specified in IEC 60062.
1638:
1586:
1573:
Ch. Schnitter, A. Michaelis, U. Merker, H. C. Starck, Bayer, New
Niobium Based Materials for Solid Electrolyte Capacitors, Carts 2002
181:
bath and applying a positive voltage to it forms a layer of electrically insulating oxide whose thickness corresponds to the applied
122:
Niobium electrolytic capacitors can be made with high purity niobium as the anode but the diffusion of oxygen from the dielectric (Nb
1746:
1942:
865:
losses and inductive parameters of a capacitor. In this series-equivalent circuit the electrical characteristics are defined by:
1626:
Y. Pozdeev-Freeman, P. Maden, Vishay, Solid-Electrolyte
Niobium Capacitors Exhibit Similar Performance to Tantalum, 2002-02-01,
1388:
1920:
1408:
Niobium capacitors are available in SMD style, that makes them suitable for all portable electronic systems with flat design
1815:
1558:
1510:
1679:
E. K. Reed, Jet
Propulsion Laboratory, Characterization of Tantalum Polymer Capacitors, NEPP Task 1.21.5, Phase 1, FY05]
1670:
R. L. Taylor and H. E. Haring, "A metal semi-conductor capacitor," J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 103, p. 611, November, 1956.
960:
953:
945:
1703:
908:
895:
234:
1650:
1465:
987:
Referring to IEC/EN 60384-1 standard the allowed operating voltage for niobium capacitors is called "rated voltage U
1015:. The relation between both voltages and temperatures is given in the picture right (or above, on mobile devices).
1782:
T. Zednicek, AVX, A Study of Field
Crystallization in Tantalum Capacitors and its effect on DCL and Reliability,
1414:
Niobium capacitors are available with solid electrolyte for low ESR applications and stable electrical parameters
84:
1764:
1554:
T. Zednicek, S. Sita, C. McCracken, W. A. Millman, J. Gill, AVX, Niobium Oxide
Technology Roadmap, CARTS 2002
1046:
General information to impedance, ESR, dissipation factor tan δ, ripple current, and leakage current see
394:
The capacitor cell of a niobium electrolytic capacitor consists of sintered niobium or niobium monoxide powder
1369:
822:
131:
1615:
1731:
1373:
1058:
1047:
190:
49:
882:
1448:
1380:
IEC 60384-1, Fixed capacitors for use in electronic equipment – Part 1: Generic specification
1854:
Radovan Faltus, AVX, Advanced capacitors ensure long-term control-circuit stability, 2012-02-07, EDT
1720:
1536:
580:
Comparison of the most important characteristics of different types of electrolytic chip capacitors
1983:
1962:
1598:
1506:
32:
1427:
286:
88:
1614:
T. Kárník, AVX, Niobium oxide for capacitor manufacturing, Metal 2008, 2008-05-13 – 2008-05-15,
1339:
1124:
Thermally induced insulating of faults in the dielectric by decomposition of the electrolyte MnO
829:
1384:
Until now (2014) no IEC detail specification for niobium electrolytic capacitors is available.
1314:
1307:
856:
1938:
1194:
444:
436:
146:
92:
65:
17:
1153:
Insulating of faults in the dielectric by oxidation or evaporation of the polymer electrolyte
1783:
1469:
1300:
937:
424:
91:
chip capacitors in certain voltage and capacitance ratings. They are available with a solid
61:
915:
Using a series equivalent circuit instead of a parallel equivalent circuit is specified by
1768:
1750:
1707:
1562:
1540:
1211:
273:
The dielectric thickness of niobium electrolytic capacitors is very thin, in the range of
204:
134:
1699:
Ch. Reynolds, AVX, Technical
Information, Reliability Management of Tantalum Capacitors,
1343:
Niobium electrolytic chip capacitors are marked with a bar at the positive component side
208:
A dielectric material is placed between two conducting plates (electrodes), each of area
1743:
1245:
As more energy is applied to a faulty solid niobium eventually either the high ohmic NbO
418:
Construction of a typical SMD niobium electrolytic chip capacitor with solid electrolyte
1955:
Ch. Schnitter: The taming of niobium. In: Bayer research, Bayer AG, 2004 (2007-02-11),
911:
which is the effective self-inductance of the capacitor, usually abbreviated as "ESL".
1977:
1961:
Niobium Powder for Electrolytic Capacitor, JFE Technical Report No. 6 (October 2005)
1855:
1822:
1597:
Niobium Powder for Electrolytic Capacitor, JFE Technical Report No. 6 (October 2005)
138:
100:
1269:
of solid niobium electrolytic capacitors has a lower breakdown voltage proof than Ta
1946:
9781259007316 – Capacitors : Technology and Trends by R P Deshpande - AbeBooks
1585:
J. Moore, Kemet, Nb capacitors compared to Ta capacitors a less costly alternative
1069:
1065:
833:
225:
107:
1530:
Tantalum-Niobium International Study Center, Tantalum and Niobium – Early History
1395:
EIA-717-A Surface Mount Niobium and Tantalum Capacitor Qualification Specification
1826:
1555:
1502:
1361:
898:
which summarizes all ohmic losses of the capacitor, usually abbreviated as "ESR"
447:
178:
174:
73:
1007:"temperature derated voltage" for a higher temperature, the "category voltage U
165:
1903:"Beuth Verlag – Normen, Standards & Fachliteratur kaufen | seit 1924"
1797:
1700:
1637:
Rutronik, Tantalum & Niobium Capacitors, Technical Standards and Benefits
1357:
1188:
niobium anode: voltage derating 50% niobium oxide anode: voltage derating 20%
1021:
Applying a higher voltage than specified may destroy electrolytic capacitors.
983:
Relation between rated and category voltage and rated and category temperature
967:
840:
440:
186:
69:
467:
Overview of the key features of niobium and tantalum electrolytic capacitors
1278:
voltage derating rules compared with passivated niobium or tantalum anodes.
979:
428:
274:
142:
1198:
Self-healing in solid niobium capacitors with manganese dioxide electrolyte
1174:
Thermally induced insulation of faults in the dielectric by reduction of Nb
571:
Comparison of electrical parameters of niobium and tantalum capacitor types
423:
A typical niobium capacitor is a chip capacitor and consists of niobium or
282:
for solid niobium electrolytic capacitors, depending on the rated voltage.
1417:
Niobium capacitors have a limited number of manufacturers (AVX and Vishay)
285:
The properties of the niobium pentoxide dielectric layer, compared with a
832:. He coined the term "valve metal" for such metals. Charles Pollak (born
1761:
1464:(4). Fansteel Metallurgical Corporation, North Chicago, Illinois, USA:
451:
182:
77:
57:
1473:
1042:
Impedance, ESR and dissipation factor, ripple current, leakage current
1921:"G. Roos, Digi-Key, Niobium Capacitors Slow to Take Hold, 2012-11-20"
1884:
1649:
Charles Pollack: D.R.P. 92564, filed 1896-01-14, granted 1897-05-19
1364:
components and related technologies follows the rules given by the
1210:). Besides this pentoxide there is an additional niobium suboxide,
293:
Characteristics of the different tantalum and niobium oxide layers
1816:"Voltage derating rules for solid Tantalum and Niobium capacitors"
1449:"An Investigation of Columbium as an Electrolytic Capacitor Metal"
1338:
1193:
978:
855:
432:
203:
164:
53:
31:
1951:
1690:
D. A. McLean, F. S. Power, Proc. Inst. Radio Engrs. 44 (1956) 872
1405:
Niobium capacitors serve as a replacement for tantalum capacitors
1222:
is a semi-conducting material with a higher conductivity than Nb
458:
Comparison of niobium and tantalum electrolytic capacitor types
106:
Niobium capacitors were developed in the United States and the
1968:
1866:
1391:
publish a standard for niobium and tantalum chip capacitors:
1501:
Folster, J. H. D.; Holley, E. E.; Whitman, A. (1964-06-26).
1057:
For general information on reliability and failure rate see
173:
Niobium, similarly to tantalum and aluminum, is a so-called
76:
on the surface of the oxide layer serves as the capacitor's
1730:
Nichicon, Technical Guide, Calculation Formula of Lifetime
1080:
Failure modes, self-healing mechanism and application rules
378:
Basic construction of solid niobium electrolytic capacitors
1902:
1534:
1531:
1503:"Production engineering measure for Columbium capacitors"
1387:
For electronics manufacturers in the United States the
860:
Series-equivalent circuit model of a tantalum capacitor
810:(1) 100 μF/10 V, unless otherwise specified,
813:(2) calculated for a capacitor 100 μF/10 V,
228:(ε), and decreases with the dielectric thickness (d).
1809:
1807:
1805:
1742:
Estimating of Lifetime Fujitsu Media Devices Limited
237:
1937:
R. P. Deshpande, Capacitors: Technology and Trends,
1762:
NIC Technical Guide, Calculation Formula of Lifetime
1411:
Niobium capacitors have no inrush current limitation
534:
Niobium oxide electrolytic capacitor, sintered anode
1139:Voltage derating 50% Series resistance 3 Ω/V
263:{\displaystyle C=\varepsilon \cdot {\frac {A}{d}}}
262:
36:SMD chip style of niobium electrolytic capacitors
489:Tantalum electrolytic capacitor, sintered anode
103:can cause a fire or explosion in larger units.
383:Construction of a solid niobium chip capacitor
8:
1147:Deterioration of conductivity, ESR increases
1778:
1776:
1505:(report). North Adams, Massachusetts, USA:
1087:
923:Capacitance standard values and tolerances
465:
435:of the capacitor, with the oxide layer of
177:. Placing such a metal in contact with an
1850:
1848:
1846:
1792:
1790:
1550:
1548:
1366:International Electrotechnical Commission
1144:Tantalum e-caps solid polymer electrolyte
289:layer, are given in the following table:
250:
236:
1610:
1608:
1606:
789:Aluminum capacitors, Polymer electrolyte
769:Aluminum capacitors, Polymer electrolyte
673:Tantalum capacitors, Multianode, polymer
653:Tantalum capacitors, Polymer electrolyte
600:Max. Leakage current after 2 Min. (μA)
597:Max. Ripple current 85/105 °C (mA)
578:
291:
1581:
1579:
1439:
1258:compared to solid tantalum capacitors.
1092:
594:Max. ESR 100 kHz, 20 °C (mΩ)
470:
381:
1457:Journal of the Electrochemical Society
970:, tolerance ±10%, letter code "K"
963:, tolerance ±20%, letter code "M"
956:, tolerance ±20%, letter code "M"
823:Electrolytic capacitors § History
7:
1814:Zedníček, Tomáš; Gill, John (2003).
1447:Shtasel, A.; Knight, H. T. (1961) .
629:Tantalum capacitors, Multianode, MnO
83:Niobium capacitors are available in
721:Niobium capacitors, Multianode, MnO
1136:if current availability is limited
928:manufacturers and is symbolized C
881:, the resistance representing the
872:, the capacitance of the capacitor
313:Dielectric layer thickness (nm/V)
25:
1796:Vishay, DC Leakage Failure Mode,
1372:, non-governmental international
1313:
1306:
1299:
1094:Type of electrolytic capacitors
745:Niobium-caps Polymer electrolyte
411:
399:
387:
1513:from the original on 2022-06-21
1483:from the original on 2022-06-21
1097:Long-term electrical behavior
185:. This oxide layer acts as the
1292:Electrolytic capacitor symbols
585:Electrolytic capacitor family
472:Electrolytic capacitor family
42:niobium electrolytic capacitor
18:Niobium electrolytic capacitor
1:
1885:"Welcome to the IEC Webstore"
1533:and Applications for Niobium
1356:The standardization for all
909:equivalent series inductance
896:equivalent series resistance
1967:Introduction to capacitors
1466:The Electrochemical Society
157:) as the dielectric layer.
87:packaging and compete with
2000:
975:Rated and category voltage
847:Electrical characteristics
820:
591:Dimension DxL, WxHxL (mm)
56:(+) is made of passivated
1161:Niobium e-caps, solid MnO
1111:Tantalum e-caps solid MnO
1053:Reliability and life time
852:Series-equivalent circuit
533:
488:
310:Breakdown voltage (V/μm)
214:and with a separation of
64:, on which an insulating
605:Tantalum capacitors, MnO
537:Solid, manganese dioxide
506:Solid, manganese dioxide
492:Non-solid, sulfuric acid
345:Niobium or Niobium oxide
1328:Electrolytic capacitor
1261:The dielectric layer Nb
1103:Self-healing mechanism
1003:(IEC/EN 60384-1).
991:" or "nominal voltage U
772:Panasonic SP-UE 180/6.3
697:Niobium capacitors, MnO
481:Max. rated voltage (V)
478:Capacitance range (μF)
1374:standards organization
1344:
1325:Electrolytic capacitor
1322:Electrolytic capacitor
1282:Additional information
1242:if energy is limited.
1199:
1171:no unique determinable
1059:electrolytic capacitor
1048:electrolytic capacitor
995:". The rated voltage U
984:
861:
484:Max. temperature (°C)
304:Relative permittivity
264:
221:
191:electrolytic capacitor
170:
50:electrolytic capacitor
37:
27:Electrolytic capacitor
1342:
1197:
1156:Voltage derating 20%
1150:Field crystallization
1121:Field crystallization
982:
859:
431:into a pellet as the
321:Tantalum pentoxide Ta
265:
207:
168:
35:
348:Niobium pentoxide Nb
235:
1507:Sprague Electric Co
1238:into high ohmic NbO
1182:into insulating NbO
1090:
966:rated capacitance,
959:rated capacitance,
952:rated capacitance,
581:
468:
427:powder pressed and
294:
46:Columbium capacitor
44:(historically also
1767:2013-09-15 at the
1749:2013-12-24 at the
1706:2013-08-06 at the
1561:2014-02-24 at the
1539:2016-02-13 at the
1428:Types of capacitor
1345:
1200:
1128:into insulating Mn
1106:Application rules
1088:
985:
862:
579:
466:
292:
287:tantalum pentoxide
260:
222:
171:
38:
1474:10.1149/1.2428084
1332:
1331:
1287:Capacitor symbols
1249:channel or the Nb
1192:
1191:
808:
807:
804:40 (0.04CV)
792:Kemet A700 100/10
784:100 (0.1CV)
760:20 (0.02CV)
740:20 (0.02CV)
716:20 (0.02CV)
688:100 (0.1CV)
676:Kemet T530 150/10
668:100 (0.1CV)
656:Kemet T543 330/10
648:10 (0.01CV)
636:Kemet T510 330/10
624:10 (0.01CV)
612:Kemet T494 330/10
564:
563:
445:manganese dioxide
437:niobium pentoxide
371:
370:
258:
147:niobium pentoxide
114:Basic information
93:manganese dioxide
66:niobium pentoxide
16:(Redirected from
1991:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1863:
1857:
1852:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1831:
1825:. Archived from
1820:
1811:
1800:
1794:
1785:
1780:
1771:
1759:
1753:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1552:
1543:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1482:
1468:(ECS): 343–347.
1453:
1444:
1335:Polarity marking
1317:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1295:
1091:
885:of the capacitor
728:AVX, NBM 220/6.3
704:AVX, NOS 220/6,3
582:
469:
415:
403:
391:
307:Oxide structure
295:
269:
267:
266:
261:
259:
251:
161:Anodic oxidation
68:layer acts as a
62:niobium monoxide
21:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1974:
1973:
1957:Wayback Machine
1934:
1932:Further reading
1929:
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1918:
1914:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1889:webstore.iec.ch
1883:
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1769:Wayback Machine
1760:
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1486:
1484:
1480:
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1424:
1402:
1354:
1352:Standardization
1337:
1289:
1284:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:niobium dioxide
1209:
1205:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1164:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1114:
1082:
1055:
1044:
1036:
1034:Reverse voltage
1027:
1014:
1010:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
977:
935:
931:
925:
906:
893:
883:leakage current
880:
854:
849:
830:Eugène Ducretet
825:
819:
748:NEC, NMC 100/10
724:
700:
632:
608:
573:
460:
419:
416:
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404:
395:
392:
380:
355:
351:
328:
324:
298:Anode material
233:
232:
163:
156:
152:
135:niobium nitride
129:
125:
116:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1997:
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1100:Failure modes
1098:
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551:Solid, polymer
548:
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541:
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524:
521:
520:Solid, polymer
517:
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502:
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479:
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443:, and a solid
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1832:on 2013-08-06
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1071:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1041:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1025:Surge Voltage
1024:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1004:
981:
974:
969:
965:
962:
958:
955:
951:
950:
949:
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922:
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919:/EN 60384-1.
918:
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477:
474:
471:
464:
457:
455:
453:
449:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
425:niobium oxide
414:
409:
402:
397:
390:
385:
382:
377:
375:
366:
363:
360:
357:
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344:
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144:
140:
139:niobium oxide
136:
133:
120:
113:
111:
109:
104:
102:
101:short circuit
96:
95:electrolyte.
94:
90:
86:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
34:
30:
19:
1969:CapSite 2023
1943:1-25900731-6
1915:
1907:www.beuth.de
1906:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1861:
1834:. Retrieved
1827:the original
1757:
1738:
1726:
1714:
1695:
1686:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1651:D.R.P. 92564
1645:
1633:
1622:
1593:
1569:
1526:
1515:. Retrieved
1496:
1485:. Retrieved
1461:
1455:
1442:
1386:
1383:
1355:
1346:
1291:
1290:
1260:
1244:
1201:
1083:
1074:
1070:service life
1063:
1056:
1045:
1037:
1028:
1020:
1017:
1005:
986:
942:
926:
914:
901:
888:
875:
869:
863:
838:
834:Karol Pollak
826:
812:
809:
574:
565:
495:0.1...18,000
475:Electrolyte
461:
422:
372:
284:
280:
272:
226:permittivity
223:
216:
215:
210:
209:
199:
195:
179:electrolytic
172:
121:
117:
108:Soviet Union
105:
97:
82:
45:
41:
39:
29:
1165:electrolyte
1115:electrolyte
795:7.3x4.3x4.0
775:7.3x4.3x4.2
751:7.3x4.3x2.8
731:7.3x4.3x4.1
725:electrolyte
707:7.3x4.3x4.1
701:electrolyte
679:7.3x4.3x4.0
659:7.3x4.3x4.0
639:7.3x4.3x4.0
633:electrolyte
615:7.3x4.3x4.0
609:electrolyte
509:0.1...3,300
448:electrolyte
301:Dielectric
175:valve metal
74:electrolyte
1984:Capacitors
1871:www.iec.ch
1867:"Homepage"
1836:2015-01-02
1517:2022-06-21
1487:2022-06-21
1434:References
1370:non-profit
1362:electronic
1358:electrical
1218:). The NbO
968:E12 series
841:transistor
821:See also:
523:10...1,500
441:dielectric
275:nanometers
187:dielectric
132:passivated
72:. A solid
70:dielectric
1368:(IEC), a
1066:life time
961:E6 series
954:E3 series
554:4.7...470
540:1...1,500
361:amorphous
334:amorphous
248:⋅
245:ε
143:anodizing
137:or using
60:metal or
1978:Category
1765:Archived
1747:Archived
1704:Archived
1559:Archived
1537:Archived
1511:Archived
1478:Archived
1422:See also
1400:Features
946:E series
515:125/150
501:125/200
429:sintered
318:Tantalum
89:tantalum
48:) is an
879:leakage
817:History
452:cathode
450:as the
183:voltage
78:cathode
58:niobium
1941:
1168:stable
1118:stable
907:, the
894:, the
588:Type
189:in an
52:whose
1830:(PDF)
1819:(PDF)
1481:(PDF)
1452:(PDF)
433:anode
80:(−).
54:anode
1939:ISBN
1214:(NbO
1064:The
801:4700
781:3700
737:2561
713:1461
685:4970
665:4900
645:2500
621:1285
560:105
546:105
529:105
367:2.5
340:1.6
1963:PDF
1823:AVX
1798:PDF
1744:PDF
1732:PDF
1701:PDF
1639:PDF
1616:PDF
1599:PDF
1587:PDF
1556:PDF
1470:doi
1462:108
1389:EIA
938:RMS
917:IEC
905:ESL
892:ESR
618:100
512:125
498:630
439:as
364:400
337:625
149:(Nb
85:SMD
1980::
1905:.
1887:.
1869:.
1845:^
1821:.
1804:^
1789:^
1775:^
1605:^
1578:^
1547:^
1509:.
1476:.
1460:.
1454:.
1360:,
1068:,
1061:.
940:.
798:10
734:40
710:80
662:10
642:35
557:16
543:10
526:25
454:.
358:41
331:27
193:.
40:A
1923:.
1909:.
1891:.
1873:.
1839:.
1520:.
1490:.
1472::
1275:5
1273:O
1271:2
1267:5
1265:O
1263:2
1255:5
1253:O
1251:2
1247:2
1240:2
1236:5
1234:O
1232:2
1228:5
1226:O
1224:2
1220:2
1216:2
1208:5
1206:O
1204:2
1184:2
1180:5
1178:O
1176:2
1163:2
1134:3
1132:O
1130:2
1126:2
1113:2
1013:C
1009:C
1001:R
997:R
993:N
989:R
934:N
932:C
930:R
902:L
889:R
876:R
870:C
778:7
757:-
754:-
723:2
699:2
682:5
631:2
607:2
354:5
352:O
350:2
327:5
325:O
323:2
256:d
253:A
242:=
239:C
220:.
217:d
211:A
155:5
153:O
151:2
128:5
126:O
124:2
20:)
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