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Although no nation specifically affirmed Hay’s proposal, Hay announced that each of the powers had granted consent in principle and treaties made after 1900 make reference to the
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had issued the "Open Door Notes" of
September–November 1899, followed by a diplomatic circular in July 1900, asking that all of the major world powers with vested interests in
300:, to the Republic of China. The Nine-Power Treaty was one of several treaties concluded at the Washington Naval Conference. Other major agreements included the
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The Nine-Power Treaty, concurrent with the
Shantung Treaty of the Washington Naval Conference, effectively prompted Japan to return territorial control of
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were preparing to carve China up into colonies, Hay also added provisions that
Chinese territorial and administrative integrity should be maintained.
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Relations Between the United States and the Far East (with Special Reference to the Four-Power, Five-Power, and Nine-Power Treaties)
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declare formally that they would maintain an 'open door' to allow all nations equal rights and equal access to the
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but to no avail. However, the treaty eventually had a role in checking
Japanese aggression during the 1932
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The Nine-Power Treaty lacked any enforcement regulations, and when violated by Japan during its
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From
Versailles to Pearl Harbor: The Origins of the Second World War in Europe and Asia
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The United States was especially leery of
Japanese designs on China, after the
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Sadao Asada, "Japan's 'Special
Interests' and the Washington Conference."
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285:) sign the Nine-Power Treaty which intended to make the Open Door Policy
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Fenwick, C. G. "The Nine Power Treaty and the
Present Crisis in China".
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as an international issue, and had all of the attendees (United States,
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1922 treaty affirming the sovereignty and territorial integrity of China
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of 1921–1922, the United States government again raised the
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in 1917, which was soon shown to be completely ineffective.
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One
Hundred Years of Sea Power: The U.S. Navy, 1890-1990
503:. Library of Congress Legislative Reference Service.
420:"Battle of Shanghai (1937) – Republican China Blog"
461:. Rutgers University Press, 1968. pp. 79–136.
398:"Office of the Historian - Milestones - 1921-1936"
40:, the driving force behind the Open Door policy.
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553:Treaties of the Republic of China (1912–1949)
387:(Rutgers University Press, 1968). pp. 79–136.
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346:effectively ended the Nine-Power Treaty.
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528:The full text of the Nine-Power Treaty
466:American Journal of International Law
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458:Republican foreign policy, 1921-1933
385:Republican foreign policy, 1921-1933
233:. These agreements concluded with
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192:special concessions within China
150:United States Secretary of State
35:United States Secretary of State
563:Treaties of the Empire of Japan
214:privileges continued unabated.
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441:. Stanford University Press.
330:Nine Power Treaty Conference
308:, and the Shangtung Treaty.
431:Sources and further reading
247:Washington Naval Conference
241:Washington Naval Conference
210:open to foreign trade, and
167:in China. Fearing that the
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548:Treaties concluded in 1922
364:American Historical Review
332:after the outbreak of the
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543:Interwar-period treaties
334:Second Sino-Japanese War
320:in 1931 and creation of
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235:Lansing–Ishii Agreement
484:. Palgrave Macmillan.
468:31.4 (1937): 671-674.
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499:Myer, Carl L (1936).
437:Baer, George (1996).
318:invasion of Manchuria
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366:67.1 (1961): 62-70.
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67:Nine-Power Agreement
338:Battle of Shanghai
326:economic sanctions
223:Twenty-One Demands
219:Russo-Japanese War
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182:Copy of the treaty
157:Qing-dynasty China
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455:Ellis, L. Ethan.
402:history.state.gov
306:Five-Power Treaty
302:Four-Power Treaty
296:province, of the
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255:Republic of China
89:Republic of China
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245:During the
171:powers and
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91:as per the
537:Categories
509:B0008D24WG
350:References
131:, and the
322:Manchukuo
227:Manchuria
294:Shandong
283:Portugal
202:rights,
198:rights,
196:railroad
169:European
153:John Hay
129:Portugal
57:Japanese
38:John Hay
474:2190677
372:1846262
275:Belgium
101:Belgium
71:Chinese
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263:France
200:mining
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470:JSTOR
368:JSTOR
271:Italy
204:loans
173:Japan
121:Japan
117:Italy
105:China
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61:九カ国条約
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75:九國公約
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