522:" for short. In 1991, the Taiwanese cartridge-sellers pleaded guilty to trafficking in counterfeit goods in criminal court, leading to a 1993 civil suit where they were ordered to pay $ 24 million in damages to Nintendo. Nintendo and Blockbuster repaired the business relationship after their lawsuit, and collaborated throughout the 1990s and early 2000s. This included Nintendo allowing Blockbuster to rent and sell a number of games made exclusive to the rental company's stores. The video game rental market continued to grow, and by 2008, Blockbuster was earning over $ 200 million in annual revenue from video game rentals. However, the company began to suffer losses due to competition from
503:
315:
31:
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Blockbuster announced their plans to find a legal alternative to photocopying. Blockbuster considered either producing their own game manuals, or purchasing alternate manuals from an upcoming Video
Software Dealers Association Convention. They eventually chose the latter option, declaring that producing manuals was a waste of resources considering that video games made up only 3% of annual profits.
2300:
222:
628:
477:
passed the
Computer Software Rentals Amendment Act, with Nintendo excluded from the final legislation. While the CSRAA gave copyright owners in computer software an exclusive "rental right", the same legislation allowed consumers to rent video games in an exception now commonly known as the "Nintendo
432:
to a court order that would suspend the practice of photocopying the game manuals. Blockbuster announced that they had already contacted store managers to stop copying the manuals when they received
Nintendo's original letter. Since video game rentals often led to lost or damaged instruction manuals,
488:
by comparing games to movies. If film studios have a window of exclusivity in theaters before they decide to offer their work for rental, Sheff concluded that a similar model would be reasonable for games, rather than allowing video-rental stores to buy unlimited copies on the first day of release.
203:
Soon after the settlement, the United States
Congress passed the Computer Software Rentals Amendment Act prohibiting software rentals, excluding Nintendo cartridges from similar protections. Although Nintendo criticized the game rental business, they came to accept it, even working with Blockbuster
551:
as one of the lawsuits that altered the course of the game industry, allowing the rental market to thrive for the years that followed. As the game industry came to accept video game rentals, companies turned their attention to the economic threat of used game sales. Later game consoles such as the
493:
criticized the video game rental business. He described
Nintendo's business model to "spend thousands of hours and millions of dollars creating a game ... to be compensated every time the thing sells," while lamenting that rental companies can "exploit the thing—renting it out over and over again,
424:
Blockbuster reacted publicly, saying that
Nintendo initiated the lawsuit out of frustration with being excluded from the pending software legislation. A Nintendo spokesman responded that "in an industry like ours, if you don't have strong copyright laws, you don't have a company. You don't have an
411:
were lost, as well as photocopying the manuals for replacement purposes. On July 31, 1989, Nintendo of
America sent a letter of request to Blockbuster, requesting that Blockbuster cease photocopying and reproducing Nintendo's copyrighted game manuals. Five days later, this was followed by a formal
394:
of software, and argued that cartridges did not need protection as they were difficult to copy and reproduce. Nintendo attempted to find compromise legislation, such as limiting game rentals until one year after their initial release, but did not succeed. By mid-1989, the bill passed through the
337:. A similar policy discussion occurred in America, with the Rental Records Amendments Act banning music rentals in 1984. Meanwhile, the film and television industry created an extremely successful rental business, with an estimated annual revenue of over $ 5 billion in 1988, even more than their
301:
In 1989, Nintendo sold an estimated $ 2.7 billion (~$ 5.78 billion in 2023) in video game software and games, accounting for 80% of the market. Blockbuster hoped to gain an edge on their competition by renting
Nintendo games at a time when their demand was on the rise. In some video rental
379:, the Software Publishers Association promised to exclude cartridge-based console games from the new copyright protections, in exchange for support from the Video Software Dealer's Association. Nintendo of America asked for support from Microsoft, their neighbor in
420:
for the unauthorized copying of their game manuals. Nintendo asserted that at least one
Blockbuster-owned store and three franchises within New Jersey had photocopied their game manuals and rented them to their customers with their respective games.
183:
offered a compromise to the
Software Publishers Association, promising to support a prohibition on software rentals if they still allowed the lucrative game cartridge rentals. A draft of the new rental protection bill passed through the
594:
technology, but relented after a consumer backlash. Attorney Mark Humphrey has noted that "secondary markets for video games are no longer protected by the first sale doctrine", as copyright holders can use new technologies such as
2816:
290:, Melk and Huzienga were able to substantially expand Blockbuster across America. By 1989, it was estimated that a Blockbuster store was opening approximately every 24 hours. Blockbuster's estimated revenue in 1989 was over
481:
During the dispute, journalist Jack Neese reacted that "what Blockbuster is doing may be completely legal but it is not right." After the dispute had been settled, Journalist David Sheff reacted in his book
306:, Blockbuster's revenues from video game rentals reached $ 150 million (~$ 309 million in 2023) by 1990, or 10% of their business. Blockbuster claimed that this only made up 3% of their annual profits.
241:
quickly became a commercial success. By 1989, it was estimated that 15 million homes in America were in possession of a Nintendo product, and this estimate rose to 20 million in the post-Christmas season.
568:, positioning them as general purpose computer and entertainment systems, thus avoiding the Nintendo exception for game consoles. Moreover, the first-sale doctrine was revisited in the 2008 case
196:
Blockbuster for reproducing their copyrighted game manuals. Blockbuster quickly ended the practice, and decided to hire third parties to create replacements for any lost or damaged manuals. They
413:
1271:
1058:
449:(ii) a computer program embodied in or used in conjunction with a limited purpose computer that is designed for playing video games and may be designed for other purposes.
1020:
1371:
1955:
1463:
673:
396:
185:
129:
466:
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the matter outside of court for an undisclosed amount. While Nintendo continued to argue for their inclusion in the Computer Software Rental Amendments Act, the
827:"Blockbuster vs. the World : Entertainment: When it comes to videos, Blockbuster is aptly named. Now this industry leader is storming Southern California"
446:(i) a computer program which is embodied in a machine or product and which cannot be copied during the ordinary operation or use of the machine or product; or
2476:
2193:
586:
that the end-user was purchasing a singular, non-transferable license to the software, thus limiting the sale of used software. When Microsoft announced the
2204:
2821:
2321:
1240:
30:
730:
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925:
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argued to Congress that renting their game cartridges could destroy the market for their games. But the Video Software Dealers Association focused on
1960:
1206:
425:
industry." Legal scholars noted that if Blockbuster had indeed photocopied the instruction manuals, they would have violated Nintendo's copyright.
2826:
1141:
842:
334:
208:, which describe that the consumer is purchasing a singular, non-transferable license to the software, thus limiting the sale of used software.
2811:
470:
302:
stores, video game rentals comprised as much as 40% of their business, while comprising closer to 15% at other stores. According to journalist
2238:
1807:
1434:
352:, which allows an individual to distribute a copy of a copyrighted work that they have legally purchased. In response to this practice, the
2331:
2326:
2316:
1991:
1681:
1013:"Digital Domino Effect: The Erosion of First Sale Protection for Video Games and the Implications for Ownership of Copies and Phonorecords"
371:
promised to crush any new law that targeted video games, as game rentals were too lucrative to give up. Backed by powerful players such as
159:
which allows anyone to distribute an instance of a copyrighted work that they have legally purchased. To stop the rental of software, the
469:
approved a bill that limited the rental of computer software without limiting the rental of video game cartridges. By November, both the
1836:
1347:
596:
1263:
1947:
1503:
984:
368:
180:
2041:
809:
637:
1046:
696:
2469:
2308:
1400:
1316:
275:
1012:
353:
168:
1368:
767:
956:
894:
279:
97:
The photocopying of video game manuals was an infringement of copyright, but the rental of video games was completely legal.
2831:
2738:
2050:
1984:
252:
sold in its first five years. By the end of the decade, 30% of American households owned the NES, compared to 23% for all
234:
1451:
657:
2806:
2070:
1858:
1853:
1848:
321:
worked with the Software Publishers Association to lobby the United States government against computer software rentals.
155:
began to rent computer software to capitalize on the growing software industry. This practice was legal, thanks to the
2462:
2411:
502:
2705:
2531:
2263:
2019:
1998:
579:
383:, but Microsoft was determined to see new protections for computer software even without protections for Nintendo.
205:
2695:
2231:
2065:
2055:
1821:
591:
583:
1232:
2791:
2510:
1369:"Blockbuster Reaches Agreement on Plan to Recapitalize Balance Sheet and Substantially Reduce its Indebtedness"
569:
113:
2619:
286:, to invest. Combining the operational techniques from Waste Management with the business expansion models of
722:
188:, prohibiting software rentals for computers while allowing stores to rent Nintendo game cartridges. With no
2750:
2443:
2435:
2382:
1879:
1164:
1096:
917:
629:
The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story Behind the Craze that Touched our Lives and Changed the World
462:
376:
197:
176:
256:. Industry observers concluded that the NES's popularity had grown so quickly that the market for Nintendo
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1937:
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reported that Nintendo had sold seven million NES systems in 1988 alone, almost as many units as the 1982
160:
117:
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was amended to allow copyright holders to decide their own terms and conditions for rental stores, after
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1841:
886:
Game Over: How Nintendo Zapped an American Industry, Captured Your Dollars, & Enslaved Your Children
387:
1133:
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to offer exclusive rental versions of their games. The first-sale doctrine was eventually subverted by
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2186:
2112:
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games, including a Taiwanese company calling themselves both the "Nintendo Electronic Company" and "
407:
Nintendo discovered that Blockbuster's game rental practices included charging customers a fee when
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hundreds and even thousands of times," without any compensation to Nintendo or their developers.
238:
144:. Nintendo responded that they were enforcing their copyright as an essential foundation of the
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2485:
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2128:
2102:
1977:
1797:
1646:
1586:
1563:
1557:
1533:
1489:
1430:
1047:"The Computer Software Rental Amendments Act of 1990: Another Bend in the First Sale Doctrine"
980:
952:
890:
834:
805:
665:
633:
391:
267:
253:
152:
133:
128:. Blockbuster publicly accused Nintendo of starting the lawsuit after being excluded from the
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2181:
1927:
1914:
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72:
Letter of Request from Nintendo to Blockbuster, requesting cessation of manual reproduction.
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2347:
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2060:
1782:
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1711:
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600:
523:
85:
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2012:
2005:
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1716:
1706:
1691:
1676:
1671:
1661:
1651:
1580:
1539:
623:
490:
429:
294:, cementing the brand as the 'king' of the video rental industry, as its closest rival
283:
1392:
1308:
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2700:
2683:
1922:
1889:
1726:
1721:
1097:"Nintendo Zaps Blockbuster Reproduction of Game Instructions Spurs Copyright Lawsuit"
553:
542:, leading Blockbuster to file for bankruptcy in 2010. Nintendo continues to operate.
257:
141:
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2614:
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1792:
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1767:
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775:
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2036:
1932:
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1746:
1736:
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1701:
1598:
723:"Fusion, Transfusion or Confusion / Future Directions In Computer Entertainment"
590:, they initially planned to prevent the console from playing used games through
515:
507:
303:
121:
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2107:
1884:
1631:
561:
535:
338:
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109:
838:
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372:
318:
172:
2357:
1378:(Press release). Blockbuster. September 23, 2010. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
578:
enforced prohibitions on the resale of their copyrighted software using an
1293:
Neese, Jack (August 16, 1989). "Blockbuster Blind To Value Of Copyright".
2678:
2642:
2258:
2198:
1512:
947:
Ganea, Peter; Heath, Christopher; Hiroshi, Saito; SaikĂ´, Hiroshi (2005).
587:
575:
557:
361:
345:
330:
287:
244:
230:
164:
137:
125:
2668:
539:
193:
1196:"Video Games, Fair Use and the Internet: The Plight of the Let's Play"
2760:
2715:
2454:
527:
271:
2216:
531:
519:
501:
313:
220:
2817:
United States District Court for the District of New Jersey cases
1309:"Nintendo Awarded $ 24 Million In Suit Over Pirated Video Games"
2458:
2220:
1485:
949:
Japanese Copyright Law: Writings in Honour of Gerhard Schricker
298:
earned $ 180 million (~$ 385 million in 2023) in revenue.
1427:
The End of Ownership: Personal Property in the Digital Economy
282:
executive John Melk saw this success and convinced his boss,
50:
Nintendo of America, Inc. v. Blockbuster Entertainment Corp.
2405:
Nintendo of America, Inc. v. Blockbuster Entertainment Corp.
105:
Nintendo of America, Inc. v. Blockbuster Entertainment Corp.
24:
Nintendo of America, Inc. v. Blockbuster Entertainment Corp.
1481:
414:
United States District Court for the District of New Jersey
1452:"Gamestopped: Vernor v. Autodesk and the Future of Resale"
918:"Video Rental Firms Win Round in Struggle with Nintendo"
1425:
Perzanowski, Aaron; Schultz, Jason (October 28, 2016).
912:
910:
908:
906:
348:
due to an exception in the Copyright Act known as the
278:
in 1985. As the company expanded to nearly 20 stores,
1340:"Blockbuster's Curious Collection of Exclusive Games"
260:
was larger than that for all home computer software.
1393:"Lawsuits that altered the course of gaming history"
977:
Videoland: Movie Culture at the American Video Store
2633:
2577:
2556:
2519:
2501:
2492:
2421:
2396:
2340:
2307:
2272:
2157:
2137:
2121:
2095:
2088:
2029:
1969:
1946:
1902:
1867:
1829:
1820:
1760:
1619:
1612:
1573:
1526:
1519:
1233:"Used Video Games: The New Software Piracy: Part 2"
618:
616:
91:
81:
76:
68:
63:
55:
45:
37:
23:
428:One week after the lawsuit commenced, Blockbuster
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
651:
649:
461:By the following year, Nintendo and Blockbuster
344:In America, it was still legal to rent computer
225:The Nintendo Entertainment System's Control Deck
455:Computer Software Rental Amendments Act of 1990
441:
1040:
1038:
399:without protection for video game cartridges.
2470:
2232:
1497:
979:. University of California. pp. 17, 18.
603:where first sale does not technically apply.
506:A ROM burner used to copy cartridges for the
8:
951:. Kluwer Law International B.V. p. 54.
489:In 1993, Nintendo of America vice president
192:to stop the rental of their games, Nintendo
632:. Roseville, California: Prima Publishing.
2498:
2477:
2463:
2455:
2239:
2225:
2217:
2092:
1826:
1616:
1523:
1504:
1490:
1482:
697:"Just Kids' Play or Computer in Disguise?"
151:The dispute began in the late 1980s, when
29:
20:
1134:"Chain to Stop Giving Out Nintendo Books"
1956:Entertainment Planning & Development
1456:Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy
200:the lawsuit with Nintendo a year later.
2205:Symphonic Legends – Music from Nintendo
1203:Journal of Law, Technology & Policy
928:from the original on September 19, 2020
658:"The Games Played For Nintendo's Sales"
612:
467:United States House Judiciary Committee
360:to prohibit the rental of all computer
335:Recording Industry Association of Japan
130:Computer Software Rental Amendments Act
1165:"Nintendo Steps Up Blockbuster Battle"
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1107:from the original on February 14, 2019
656:Ramirez, Anthony (December 21, 1989).
471:United States House of Representatives
1466:from the original on October 21, 2022
1420:
1418:
1403:from the original on October 21, 2022
1386:
1384:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1061:from the original on October 17, 2022
1023:from the original on October 21, 2022
970:
968:
804:. New York: Wiley. pp. 32, 126.
733:from the original on January 10, 2020
140:but allowed the rental of Nintendo's
7:
1264:"Congress Restricts Software Rental"
1212:from the original on August 26, 2022
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
795:
793:
1391:Gilbert, Henry (February 4, 2014).
1338:McGee, Maxwell (February 6, 2015).
676:from the original on April 21, 2019
443:This subsection does not apply to—
412:lawsuit against Blockbuster in the
2822:Copyright infringement of software
1231:Lowell, Michael (March 30, 2012).
1045:Corsello, Kenneth R. (1991–1992).
584:declared in the software packaging
369:Video Software Dealers Association
181:Video Software Dealers Association
124:game instruction manuals owned by
14:
1319:from the original on June 7, 2019
1274:from the original on May 10, 2023
1262:Mace, Scott (November 12, 1990).
1243:from the original on May 13, 2019
1175:from the original on May 13, 2019
1163:Forman, Ellen (August 10, 1989).
1144:from the original on May 13, 2019
1095:Forman, Ellen (August 13, 1989).
845:from the original on June 8, 2019
514:Nintendo turned its attention to
2797:United States copyright case law
2309:Blockbuster Entertainment Awards
2298:
2194:Intellectual property protection
1350:from the original on May 5, 2019
1961:Platform Technology Development
1450:Lopresto, Charles (Fall 2011).
354:Software Publishers Association
169:Software Publishers Association
2827:1990 in United States case law
2532:final location in Bend, Oregon
2341:Former brands and acquisitions
1051:Catholic University Law Review
825:Citron, Alan (July 22, 1990).
564:and software services such as
263:In the same period, the first
59:Settled outside of court, 1990
1:
2812:Video game copyright case law
1985:Nintendo La Rivista Ufficiale
768:"The Making of a Blockbuster"
729:. December 1990. p. 26.
235:Nintendo Entertainment System
2071:Nintendo World Championships
889:. Diane Publishing Company.
695:Ferrell, Keith (July 1989).
386:Backed by Nintendo, several
41:District Court of New Jersey
2412:Harris v. Blockbuster, Inc.
545:The case has been noted by
206:end-user license agreements
2848:
2264:Blockbuster (Bend, Oregon)
2020:Official Nintendo Magazine
1295:South Florida Sun Sentinel
580:end-user license agreement
397:Senate Judiciary Committee
341:revenue of $ 4.5 billion.
237:in North America, and the
186:Senate Judiciary Committee
2769:
2620:Microsoft Movies & TV
2444:"A Nightmare on FaceTime"
2296:
2254:
2056:Nintendo Campus Challenge
1919:Nintendo Network Services
1282:– via Google Books.
802:The Making of Blockbuster
592:digital rights management
416:, with Nintendo alleging
367:During negotiations, the
364:, including video games.
96:
28:
2773:Video-on-demand services
2511:Culture Convenience Club
1992:Nintendo Magazine System
1374:October 3, 2018, at the
975:Herbert, Daniel (2014).
756:. June 1988. p. 50.
752:"The Nintendo Threat?".
114:copyright of video games
1999:Nintendo Player's Guide
1880:Nintendo Tumbler Puzzle
1017:Southwestern Law Review
1011:Humphrey, Mark (2013).
800:DeGeorge, Gail (1997).
377:WordPerfect Corporation
177:WordPerfect Corporation
132:, which prohibited the
2696:Le SuperClub Vidéotron
2674:Hastings Entertainment
2066:Nintendo PowerFest '94
1938:Nintendo Switch Online
924:. September 19, 1990.
772:Bloomberg Businessweek
511:
451:
418:copyright infringement
358:United States Congress
327:copyright law of Japan
322:
226:
161:United States Congress
2051:Iwata Asks interviews
1194:Taylor, Ivan (2015).
1138:The Los Angeles Times
883:Sheff, David (1993).
754:Computer Gaming World
727:Computer Gaming World
505:
388:video game developers
317:
224:
2832:1990 in video gaming
2706:Playdium Movie Magic
2430:The Last Blockbuster
2187:Nintendo Space World
2113:Super Nintendo World
1742:Hidemaro Fujibayashi
778:on November 13, 2010
475:United States Senate
392:unauthorized copying
274:, Texas, founded by
179:, and Nintendo. The
2807:Nintendo litigation
2583:and digital lockers
1574:Nintendo of America
1140:. August 10, 1989.
597:digital downloading
356:began to lobby the
350:first-sale doctrine
157:first-sale doctrine
146:video game industry
2590:Amazon Prime Video
2486:Video rental shops
2046:World Championship
1948:Software divisions
1527:Nintendo Co., Ltd.
1270:. 12. No. 46: 66.
662:The New York Times
571:Vernor v. Autodesk
512:
409:video game manuals
323:
268:video rental store
254:personal computers
239:video game console
227:
153:video rental shops
2779:
2778:
2669:DVD.com (Netflix)
2552:
2551:
2452:
2451:
2368:KPS Video Express
2214:
2213:
2153:
2152:
2129:Nintendo MĂ©gadĂ´me
2103:Nintendo New York
1978:Nintendo Fun Club
1898:
1897:
1816:
1815:
1798:Hirokazu Yasuhara
1647:Yasuhisa Yamamura
1608:
1607:
1587:Tatsumi Kimishima
1564:Shuntaro Furukawa
1558:Tatsumi Kimishima
1534:Fusajiro Yamauchi
1436:978-0-262-33596-6
922:The Baltimore Sun
831:Los Angeles Times
538:services such as
498:Impact and legacy
101:
100:
2839:
2739:Northern Ireland
2649:BlackBerry World
2600:Fandango at Home
2568:West Coast Video
2499:
2494:Brick and mortar
2479:
2472:
2465:
2456:
2302:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2218:
2182:Nintendo Selects
2093:
1928:Nintendo Account
1915:Nintendo Network
1827:
1697:Yoshiaki Koizumi
1642:Tadashi Sugiyama
1627:Shigeru Miyamoto
1617:
1593:Reggie Fils-Aimé
1546:Hiroshi Yamauchi
1524:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1483:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1422:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1388:
1379:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1315:. May 25, 1993.
1313:Associated Press
1305:
1299:
1298:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1237:Learn to Counter
1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1211:
1200:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1169:The Sun Sentinel
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1130:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1101:The Sun Sentinel
1092:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1042:
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1032:
1030:
1028:
1008:
991:
990:
972:
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944:
938:
937:
935:
933:
914:
901:
900:
880:
855:
854:
852:
850:
822:
816:
815:
797:
788:
787:
785:
783:
774:. Archived from
764:
758:
757:
749:
743:
742:
740:
738:
719:
713:
712:
710:
708:
692:
686:
685:
683:
681:
653:
644:
643:
620:
457:
296:West Coast Video
293:
280:Waste Management
77:Court membership
33:
21:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2792:Blockbuster LLC
2782:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2765:
2689:Hollywood Video
2635:
2629:
2625:Movies Anywhere
2582:
2579:Streaming media
2573:
2560:
2548:
2515:
2488:
2483:
2453:
2448:
2422:Cultural impact
2417:
2392:
2348:DEJ Productions
2336:
2303:
2294:
2268:
2250:
2248:Blockbuster LLC
2245:
2215:
2210:
2149:
2145:Nintendo Museum
2133:
2117:
2084:
2061:Nintendo Direct
2025:
1965:
1942:
1894:
1863:
1812:
1783:Hirokazu Tanaka
1773:Masayuki Uemura
1756:
1712:Hiroyuki Kimura
1687:Hiroji Kiyotake
1657:Akito Nakatsuka
1637:Yoshio Sakamoto
1604:
1569:
1515:
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1480:
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1376:Wayback Machine
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721:
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706:
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694:
693:
689:
679:
677:
655:
654:
647:
640:
624:Kent, Steven L.
622:
621:
614:
609:
601:streaming media
524:video on demand
500:
459:
453:
439:
405:
312:
292:US$ 600 million
291:
219:
214:
142:game cartridges
120:agreed to stop
112:related to the
86:Alfred M. Wolin
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2595:Cineplex Store
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2353:Discovery Zone
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2329:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2305:
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2297:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2290:James W. Keyes
2287:
2282:
2280:Wayne Huizenga
2276:
2274:
2273:Notable people
2270:
2269:
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2255:
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2048:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2016:
2013:Nintendo World
2009:
2006:Nintendo Power
2002:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1950:
1944:
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1910:Nintendo eShop
1906:
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1803:Takaya Imamura
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
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1770:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1752:Takayoshi Sato
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1717:Toru Minegishi
1714:
1709:
1707:Shigefumi Hino
1704:
1699:
1694:
1692:Katsuya Eguchi
1689:
1684:
1682:Kenji Yamamoto
1679:
1677:Satoru Shibata
1674:
1672:Kenichi Sugino
1669:
1664:
1662:Kensuke Tanabe
1659:
1654:
1652:Takashi Tezuka
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1623:
1621:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1601:(2019–present)
1596:
1590:
1584:
1581:Minoru Arakawa
1577:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1566:(2018–present)
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1540:Sekiryo Kaneda
1537:
1530:
1528:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1486:
1478:
1477:
1462:(1): 227–246.
1442:
1435:
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1380:
1361:
1330:
1300:
1285:
1254:
1223:
1186:
1155:
1118:
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1034:
992:
986:978-0520279636
985:
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611:
610:
608:
605:
499:
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491:Howard Lincoln
440:
438:
435:
404:
401:
311:
308:
284:Wayne Huizenga
218:
215:
213:
210:
99:
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83:
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74:
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52:
47:
46:Full case name
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2752:
2751:Video Library
2749:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2701:Network Video
2699:
2697:
2694:
2690:
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2686:
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2684:Movie Gallery
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
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2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
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2640:
2638:
2636:rental brands
2634:Defunct video
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2530:
2529:
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2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:Former chains
2518:
2512:
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2383:Video Library
2381:
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2017:
2015:
2014:
2010:
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1989:
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1923:Club Nintendo
1921:
1918:
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1911:
1908:
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1905:
1901:
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1890:Ultra Machine
1888:
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1834:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1809:
1808:Giles Goddard
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1778:YĹŤichi Kotabe
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1727:Mahito Yokota
1725:
1723:
1722:Kazumi Totaka
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
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1432:
1429:. MIT Press.
1428:
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844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
821:
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813:
811:0-471-15903-4
807:
803:
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773:
769:
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760:
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748:
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702:
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691:
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675:
671:
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659:
652:
650:
646:
641:
639:0-7615-3643-4
635:
631:
630:
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619:
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613:
606:
604:
602:
598:
593:
589:
585:
581:
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573:
572:
567:
563:
559:
555:
554:Playstation 2
550:
549:
543:
541:
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365:
363:
359:
355:
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347:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
325:In 1984, the
320:
316:
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297:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
266:
261:
259:
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233:released the
232:
223:
216:
211:
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201:
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195:
191:
187:
182:
178:
174:
171:, as well as
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154:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
106:
95:
92:Case opinions
90:
87:
84:
82:Judge sitting
80:
75:
71:
69:Prior actions
67:
62:
58:
54:
51:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2664:Family Video
2615:iTunes Store
2503:Chain stores
2436:
2428:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2285:John Antioco
2203:
2076:
2043:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1970:Publications
1842:mobile games
1793:Gunpei Yokoi
1788:Satoru Okada
1768:Genyo Takeda
1667:Hideki Konno
1552:Satoru Iwata
1468:. Retrieved
1459:
1455:
1445:
1426:
1405:. Retrieved
1396:
1364:
1352:. Retrieved
1343:
1333:
1321:. Retrieved
1312:
1303:
1294:
1288:
1278:December 22,
1276:. Retrieved
1267:
1257:
1245:. Retrieved
1236:
1226:
1214:. Retrieved
1202:
1189:
1177:. Retrieved
1168:
1158:
1146:. Retrieved
1137:
1109:. Retrieved
1100:
1063:. Retrieved
1054:
1050:
1025:. Retrieved
1016:
976:
948:
942:
930:. Retrieved
921:
884:
847:. Retrieved
830:
820:
801:
780:. Retrieved
776:the original
771:
762:
753:
747:
735:. Retrieved
726:
717:
707:November 11,
705:. Retrieved
703:. p. 28
700:
690:
678:. Retrieved
661:
627:
570:
566:social media
562:DVD playback
546:
544:
513:
483:
480:
478:Exception".
460:
454:
452:
448:
445:
442:
427:
423:
406:
385:
366:
343:
324:
300:
262:
250:Commodore 64
243:
228:
202:
190:legal remedy
150:
136:of computer
122:photocopying
104:
103:
102:
64:Case history
49:
18:
2756:Xtra-vision
2730:Video City
2726:Rogers Plus
2659:Civic Video
2645:Movie Kiosk
2558:DVD-by-mail
2544:Videoflicks
2539:Jumbo Video
2527:Blockbuster
2439:(TV series)
2437:Blockbuster
2388:Xtra-vision
2363:Gamestation
2077:NES Edition
2037:Camp Hyrule
1933:My Nintendo
1875:Love Tester
1854:Controllers
1837:Video games
1830:Video games
1747:Bill Trinen
1737:Aya Kyogoku
1732:Risa Tabata
1702:Eiji Aonuma
1599:Doug Bowser
1595:(2006–2019)
1589:(2002–2006)
1583:(1980–2002)
1560:(2015–2018)
1554:(2002–2015)
1548:(1949–2002)
1542:(1929–1949)
1536:(1889–1929)
1470:October 21,
1407:October 21,
1397:Games Radar
1344:GamesRadar+
1216:October 21,
1065:October 17,
1027:October 21,
782:November 3,
737:October 20,
582:. Autodesk
548:GamesRadar+
516:counterfeit
508:Nintendo DS
304:David Sheff
265:Blockbuster
118:Blockbuster
2786:Categories
2771:See also:
2721:Ritz Video
2561:and kiosks
2378:Record Bar
2108:Shigureden
1885:Ultra Hand
1859:Characters
1632:Koji Kondo
1520:Presidents
958:9041123938
896:0788163205
607:References
536:mail order
530:automated
526:services,
339:box office
276:David Cook
270:opened in
258:cartridges
212:Background
110:legal case
108:is a 1989
16:Court case
2746:Video Ezy
2734:Australia
2711:Quickflix
2654:CinemaNow
2610:Google TV
2605:Globoplay
2373:Movielink
2177:Marketing
2170:Data leak
2096:Operating
2089:Locations
1268:InfoWorld
1179:March 21,
1148:March 21,
1111:March 15,
932:March 15,
839:0458-3035
670:0362-4331
485:Game Over
430:consented
373:Microsoft
333:from the
319:Microsoft
229:In 1985,
173:Microsoft
2802:Nintendo
2679:LoveFilm
2643:Best Buy
2397:Lawsuits
2259:EchoStar
2199:Bergsala
2138:Upcoming
2042:Classic
1903:Services
1849:Consoles
1822:Products
1513:Nintendo
1464:Archived
1401:Archived
1372:Archived
1348:Archived
1317:Archived
1272:Archived
1241:Archived
1207:Archived
1173:Archived
1142:Archived
1105:Archived
1059:Archived
1021:Archived
926:Archived
843:Archived
731:Archived
701:Compute!
674:Archived
626:(2001).
588:Xbox One
576:Autodesk
574:, where
558:Xbox 360
556:and the
473:and the
375:and the
362:software
346:software
331:lobbying
288:Ray Kroc
245:Compute!
231:Nintendo
138:software
126:Nintendo
116:, where
2581:rentals
2165:History
2158:Related
2122:Defunct
1323:May 25,
1057:: 177.
849:May 25,
680:May 25,
540:Netflix
463:settled
437:Outcome
403:Dispute
381:Redmond
198:settled
167:by the
165:lobbied
56:Decided
2761:Zip.ca
2716:Redbox
2570:(Peru)
2358:Erol's
2044:Tetris
2030:Events
1761:Former
1620:Active
1613:People
1433:
1354:May 6,
1247:May 6,
983:
955:
893:
837:
808:
668:
636:
560:added
534:, and
532:kiosks
528:Redbox
272:Dallas
175:, the
134:rental
1210:(PDF)
1199:(PDF)
520:NTDEC
217:Facts
38:Court
1868:Toys
1472:2022
1431:ISBN
1409:2022
1356:2019
1325:2019
1280:2021
1249:2019
1218:2022
1181:2019
1150:2019
1113:2019
1067:2022
1029:2022
981:ISBN
953:ISBN
934:2019
891:ISBN
851:2019
835:ISSN
806:ISBN
784:2010
739:2022
709:2013
682:2019
666:ISSN
634:ISBN
599:and
194:sued
163:was
2332:7th
2327:6th
2322:4th
2317:1st
310:Law
2788::
1460:21
1458:.
1454:.
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