History of the Encyclopædia Britannica

1149:. The sixth edition was a reprint of the fifth with a modern typeface. It even used the preface to the fifth edition, dated December 1, 1817, as its own. Only the short page, "Advertisement To The Sixth Edition", which was bound in volume 1 after the forward and dated January, 1822, set it apart. In that advertisement, it is claimed that some geographical articles would be updated, and that the articles in the supplement to the third edition would be inserted into the encyclopedia in their proper alphabetical places. Although the advertisement claimed that these articles would be included in this manner, they were not, and the author of the preface to the seventh edition states that none of this material entered the main body until that edition, and even gives a list of the articles which were. 1252:"parts" of around 133 pages each, at 6 shilling per part, with 6 parts combined into 800 page volumes for 36 shillings. The promise was made in the beginning that there would be 20 volumes, making the total £36 for the set. Volume 1 was only 5 parts, entirely made up of dissertations. Volume 2, in 6 parts, was the beginning of alphabetical listings. The 12th part, another dissertation, was ready in 1831, and would have been the first part of volume 3, but the publishers put it into a separate volume at 12 shillings. In total the subscribers wound up paying for 127 parts (£38, two shillings). 926:, appears in the fourth edition as an entirely new 358-page article, which, according to the preface to the fifth edition, was authored by Millar himself. The new treatise was necessary because the copyright to the supplement to the third, which included Thomson's excellent treatise, was not owned by Britannica. (Thomson would much later author the article for the seventh edition). The article "Electricity", 125 pages in the third edition, was completely re-written for the fourth edition and was 163 pages. By contrast, the 125-page " 958:

is a description of this capital before the commencement of the present American war." This line is exactly as it had appeared in the second edition, which was written during the war. (The war had been over for years when the third edition was published). In the fourth edition, the word "present" was replaced with "late", the rest of the article remaining entirely unchanged. The article "America" reprinted the entire 81 pages of the third edition, but appended 52 new pages after it, and an index for the 133-page article.

2538:, namely, that its sales (and, hence, the company's income) fluctuated strongly over the life-cycle of an edition. After the release of a new edition, sales would generally begin strong, and decline gradually for 10–20 years as the edition began to show its age; finally, sales would drop off precipitously with the announcement that work had begun on a new edition, since few people would buy an obsolete encyclopedia that would soon be updated. These strong fluctuations in sales led to economic hardship for the 1316:

bound together with volume I, the dissertations volume. Four of these dissertations were carried over from the seventh edition, and two were new to the eighth. The five included in volume 1 of the eighth (1853) were authored by Dugald Stewart, James Mackintosh, Richard Whately, John Playfair, and John Leslie, in that order, with the Whately work being a new one. A sixth dissertation, by J. D. Forbes, was issued in 1856, in a separate quarto volume, "gratis, along with Vol. XII".

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from the seventh edition, even the ones that should have been updated. In the first few volumes, a sheet of onion-skin paper faces each plate, but after volume 6, they were eliminated. To save money, the end pages and covers were not marbled, as this was an expensive process. Finally, the end pages contain advertisements for other products sold by A & C. Black, such as atlases and travel guides, and advertisements encouraging subscribers to continue their enrollments.

930:" of the third was largely unchanged for the fourth, and the 306-page "Medicine" of the third was only superficially edited in the fourth and of roughly equal length. (Medicine had been a similar 302 pages in the second edition). The 79-page "Agriculture" of the third was entirely and excellently re-written, and is 225 pages, for the fourth edition. Sixty pages of new information were added onto the end of "America," which grew to 138 pages, with an index and new maps. " 633:

biographies, including one of Captain James Cook. It curiously contains 25 new pages on Air, which give very little new information about air itself, but mainly cover hot air ballooning, one of Tytler's hobbies. The first page of the supplement begins with the words "Appendix containing articles omitted and others further explained or improved, together with corrections of errors and of wrong references." The appendix also includes 10 plates, namely CCCXIV to CCCXXIII.

2549:"always timely and always salable". The basic idea was to maintain a continuous editorial staff that would constantly revise the articles on a fixed schedule. Earlier encyclopedias did not maintain a continuous editorial staff, but rather assembled one just prior to beginning a new edition. Rather than releasing supplemental editions or volumes, new printings would be made every year with only enough copies made to cover the sales for that year. An analysis of the 520:' estimate, Tytler wrote more than three-quarters of the second edition. Compared to the first edition, the second had five times as many long articles (150), including "Scotland" (84 pages), "Optics" (132 pages), and "Medicine" (309 pages), which had their own indices. The second edition was published in 181 numbers from 21 June 1777 to 18 September 1784; these numbers were bound into 10 volumes dated 1778–1783, having 8,595 pages and 340 plates again engraved by 1636:

print large graphic illustrations on the same pages as the text, as opposed to limiting illustrations to separate copperplates. Although this technology had first been used in a primitive fashion the seventh edition, and to a much lesser extent in the 8th, in the ninth edition there were thousands of quality illustrations set into the text pages, in addition to the plates. The ninth edition was a critical success, and roughly 8,500 sets were sold in Britain.

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identical to the Edinburgh sets except for the title pages, and that they would be of the same high quality as the Edinburgh sets. Scribner's volumes and Hall volumes were often mixed together in sets by N.Y. distributors and sold this way as they were interchangeable, and such sets are still found this way. A total of 45,000 authorized sets were produced this way for the US market. Scribners' claimed U.S. copyright on several of the individual articles.

2126:, the complete text is freely available online. The 11th edition retained the high scholarship and eminent contributors that marked the ninth edition, but tempered that scholarship with shorter, simpler articles that were more intelligible to lay-readers. Thus, the 9th and 11th editions had 17,000 and 40,000 articles, respectively, although they were roughly equivalent in size. This shift accommodated the American business strategy of popularizing the 2270:, who also had been the main editor of the 11th edition, as well as the 1902 11-volume supplement to the ninth edition, known as the 10th edition. Horace Hooper died in 1922, a few weeks after the publication of the 12th edition. This edition was a commercial failure, losing Sears roughly $ 1.75 million, after which Sears gave it back to Hooper's widow, Harriett Meeker Cox, and her brother, William J. Cox, who ran the company from 1923 to 1928. 270: 289: 2720: 2471: 1429: 1308: 281: 87: 30: 628:

parliament of Great Britain; who have full power and authority to make laws and statutes of sufficient validity to bind the colonies and people of America, subjects to the crown of Great Britain in all cases whatsoever. And the attempting to enforce this by other acts of Parliament, penalties, and at last by military power, gave rise, as is well known, to the present revolt of our colonies.

1263:, LLD. It consisted of 21 numbered volumes with 17,101 pages and 506 plates. It was the first edition to include a general index for all articles, a practice that was maintained until 1974. The index was 187 pages, and was either bound alone as an unnumbered thin volume, or was bound together with volume I. Many illustrious contributors were recruited to this edition, including Sir 1487: 1998: 1244: 1134: 1009:

all the same, but with the name A. Bell replaced with W. Archibald or other names on all plates, including the maps. Some of the plates have very minor revisions, but they are all basically Bell's work from the fourth or earlier editions, and these new names were probably added for business reasons involving copyright royalties. W. Archibald was probably Constable himself.

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drawn from the Encyclopædia Britannica itself, as well as from the Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, the Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions, and Compton’s by Britannica. Written by international experts and scholars, the articles in this collection reflect the standards that have been the hallmark of the leading English-language encyclopedia for over 240 years.

2561:"Book of the Year", in which a single volume would be released every year covering the developments of the previous year, particularly in rapidly changing fields such as science, technology, culture and politics. The "Book of the Year" was published in print annually from 1938 to 2018. Powell also introduced the Library Research Service (1936), in which owners of the 1216: 648: 495: 910:, a physician, who was good at scientific topics but criticized for being "slow & dilatory & not well qualified". The mathematical articles of Prof. Wallace were widely praised in the fourth edition. Overall, the fourth edition was a mild expansion of the third, from 18 to 20 volumes, and was updated in its historical, scientific, and biographical articles. 2066: 1202:

were just reprints of the fourth. The supplement to the fourth/fifth/sixth edition addressed the issue of updates in a clumsy way, often referring back to the encyclopedia, essentially making the reader look everything up twice. What was needed was a completely new edition from the ground up. This was to be accomplished with the magnificent seventh edition.

1153: 1748:. To avoid further litigation, the suit against Saalfield Publishing was settled in court "by a stipulation in which the defendants agree not to print or sell any further copies of the offending work, to destroy all printed sheets, to destroy or melt the portions of the plates from which the infringing matter in the Supplement as it appears in the 2207: 608:. When finished in 1784, complete sets were sold at Charles Elliot's bookshop in Edinburgh for 10 pounds, unbound. More than 1,500 copies of the second edition were sold this way by Elliot in less than one year, making the second edition enough of a financial success that a more ambitious third edition was begun a few years later. 1291:, who wrote Chemistry for the third edition supplement 40 years earlier, was recruited to write that article again for the seventh edition. Mathematical diagrams and illustrations were made from woodcuts, and for the first time in Britannica's history, were printed on the same pages as the text, in addition to the copperplates. 1001: 711:...that, by the Wisdom of Your Councils, and the Vigour of Your Fleets and Armies, Your MAJESTY may be enabled soon to restore Peace to Europe; that You may again have leisure to extend Your Royal Care to the Improvement of Arts, and the Advancement of Knowledge; that You May Reign long over a Free, Happy and a Loyal People... 856:; unfortunately, the two men quarreled and they never spoke for the last ten years of Bell's life (1799–1809). Bonar was friendly to the article authors, however, and conceived the plan of paying them as well as the article reviewers, and of allowing them to retain copyright for separate publication of their work. 2039:(catalogued under #39899.c.1). The advertising was clearly targeted at middle and lower-middle-class people seeking to improve themselves. The advertising campaign was remarkably successful; more than 70,000 sets were sold, bringing in profit of more than £600,000. When one British expert expressed surprise to 516:, M.A., who was known as an able writer and willing to work for a very low wage. Macfarquhar and Bell rescued Tytler from the debtors' sanctuary at Holyrood Palace, and employed him for seven years at 17 shillings per week. Tytler wrote many science and history articles and almost all of the minor articles; by 1335:, a professor of medical jurisprudence at Edinburgh University. When Traill fell ill, he was assisted by a young Scottish philosopher, John Downes. Black was able to hold costs to roughly £75,655. This edition began the tradition of a contributors' banquet to celebrate the edition's completion (5 June 1861). 3556:

7th edition, written by the same Thomas Thomson 40 years later. In fact, chemical symbols did not appear in Britannia's Chemistry article until the 8th edition's, written by William Gregory. What Thomson did was introduce modern chemical nomenclature without symbols...oxide of tin, chloride of lime, etc.

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has fluctuated from 500,000 (1985, the same as in 1954) to 400,000 (1989,1991) to 700,000 in the 2007 print version. Presumably, this recent increase reflects the introduction of efficient electronic indexing, since the size of the encyclopedia has remained nearly constant at approximately 40 million

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Even after the 10th edition was published, some American infringement companies were still printing thousands of copies of the Ninth without the supplements. See above. Some of these companies were adding their own "Americanized" supplements, but none of them reproduced the Tenth. Copyright violation

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Compared to the eighth edition, the ninth was far more luxurious, with thick boards and high-quality leather bindings, premier paper, and a production which took full advantage of the technological advances in printing in the years between the 1850s and 1870s. Great use was made of the new ability to

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The eighth edition was published from 1853 to 1860, with title pages for each volume dated the year that volume was printed. It contained 21 numbered volumes, with 17,957 pages and 402 plates. The index, published in 1861, was 239 pages, and was either bound alone as an unnumbered 22nd volume, or was

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Title pages for all volumes were printed in 1842 and delivered with the completed set. An index to the entire set was created that year as well, and was the first of its kind for Britannica. Being only 187 pages long, it did not warrant its own volume, and was sent to bookbinders with instructions to

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Britannica by the sixth edition was in some regards hopelessly out of date. The supplement to the third edition contained updates which were not included in it, and which had become dated themselves anyway, the fourth edition expanded the text somewhat but revised very little, and the fifth and sixth

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Almost no changes were made to the text, it was basically a remake of the fifth with very minor updates. All in all, the fourth, fifth, and sixth editions are virtually the same as each other. Rather than revising the main text of the encyclopedia with each edition, Constable chose to add all updates

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This supplement contained a rudimentary form of an index, listing the 669 articles in alphabetical order at the end of volume six, by volume but not page number, but it did not contain any sort of cross referencing. The index was called "Table of the Articles and Treatises Contained in This Work" and

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The French Encyclopédie had been accused, and justly accused, of having disseminated far and wide the seeds of anarchy and atheism. If the Encyclopædia Britannica shall in any degree counteract the tendency of that pestiferous work, even these two volumes will not be wholly unworthy of your Majesty's

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The third edition was published from 1788 to 1797 in 300 weekly numbers (1 shilling apiece); these numbers were collected and sold unbound in 30 parts (10 shilling, sixpence each), and finally in 1797 they were bound in 18 volumes with 14,579 pages and 542 plates, and given title pages dated 1797 for

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A 204-page appendix, written in 1784, is found at the end of Vol. 10. It does not have its own title page, but merely follows with pagination continuing from 8996 to 9200. The appendix introduces articles on Entomology, Ichthyology, Weather, Hindus (spelled Gentoos), and others, and contains many new

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He chose a spot of ground on which no plants had been sown, and there he made a hole large and deep enough to admit the patient up to the chin. The interstices of the pit were then carefully filled up with the fresh mould, so that the earth might everywhere come in contact with the patient's body. In

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With regard to errors in general, whether falling under the denomination of mental, typographical or accidental, we are conscious of being able to point out a greater number than any critic whatever. Men who are acquainted with the innumerable difficulties of attending the execution of a work of such

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for $ 1.25 million. In 1922, a three-volume supplement to the 11th edition was released that summarized the developments just before, during and after World War I; these three volumes, taken together with the 11th edition of 1910, became known as the 12th edition. The articles describing World War I

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The fifth edition was a corrected reprint of the fourth; there is virtually no change in the text. The errata are listed at the end of each volume of the fourth edition, and corrected in the fifth, but the number of errata is small and in some volumes there are none. The plates and plate numbers are

965:, who asked 20,000 pounds sterling for it, which Bell declined. The supplemental material was licensed for the fourth edition for 100 pounds, but this copyright issue remained a problem through the sixth edition and the material was not used. The supplements had to be purchased separately. 957:

The majority of copy in the fourth edition, however, is unchanged from the third. Large blocks of text were carried over, line-by-line, unchanged in their typesetting, with some minor editing here and there. For example, the "Boston" article in the third edition contains the sentence, "The following

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Because several of the colonies had claimed the soul and exclusive right of imposing taxes upon themselves, the statute 6 Geo. III. c. 12 expressly declares, that all his Majesty's colonies in America, have been, are, and of right ought to be, subordinate to and dependent upon the imperial crown and

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As the force of love prevails, sighs grow deeper; a tremor affects the heart and pulse; the countenance is alternately pale and red; the voice is suppressed in the sauces; the eyes grow dim; cold sweats break out; sleep absents itself, at least until the morning; the secretions become disturbed; and

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The Britannica International Encyclopedia is the Japanese edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica, published by Britannica Japan. Published by TBS Britannica since 1972, Britannica Japan took over the publishing business in 2000. The International Encyclopedia Britannica consists of the Encyclopedia

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encyclopedia. Richard S. Pearle & Co. of Chicago photoengraved some sets in 1891, and added three volumes of "American Revisions and additions," the first two in 1891 and the third in 1892. In 1893, they published sets with volumes 1–24 from the original Britannica, the three "American" volumes

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The seventh edition, when complete, went on sale for £24 per set. However, Adam Black had invested more than £108,766 in its production: £5,354 for advertising, £8,755 for editing, £13,887 for 167 contributors, £13,159 for plates, £29,279 for paper, and £19,813 for the printing. In the end, roughly

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was over, gives in the entry for Virginia: "Virginia, late one of the British colonies, now one of the United States of North America..." but the entry in Volume 2 for Boston, published in 1778, states: "Boston, the capital of New England in North America, ....The following is a description of this

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has been published continuously since 1768, appearing in fifteen official editions. Several editions have been amended with multi-volume "supplements" (third, fifth/sixth), consisted of previous editions with added supplements (10th, and 12th/13th) or gone drastic re-organizations (15th). In recent

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Many authors cite Thomson's Chemistry article in the 3rd edition supplement, in error, as being the first printed usage of chemical symbols, but no chemical symbols were used is that article, nor in Millar's 4th edition article, reprinted in the 5th and 6th editions, nor even in the article in the

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In 1994, an online version was launched, with subscriptions for sale for $ 2,000. By 1996 the price of the CD-ROM had dropped to $ 200, and sales had dropped to $ 325 million—about half of their 1990 levels. Only 55,000 hard copy versions were sold in 1994, compared with 117,000 in 1990, and sales

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To reproduce a foreign publication is not wrong. There may be differences of opinion about the morality of republishing a work here that is copyrighted abroad; but the public policy of this country, as respects the subject, is in favor of such replication...It is supposed to have an influence upon

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The consequences of reducing the costs of production of the eighth edition can be seen today in surviving sets. With only 402 plates, this edition has the fewest since the second edition, and far fewer woodcuts within the text pages were used than in the seventh edition. The maps are all reprinted

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The seventh edition was begun in 1827 and published from March 1830 to January 1842, although all volumes have title pages dated 1842. It was a new work, not a revision of earlier editions, although some articles from earlier editions and supplements are used. It was sold to subscribers in monthly

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After securing sole-ownership rights in December 1816, Constable began work on a supplement to the fifth edition, even before the fifth edition had been released (1817). The supplement was completed in April 1824, consisting of six volumes with 4933 pages, 125 plates, 9 maps, 3 "dissertations" and

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The editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, the world standard in reference since 1768, present the Britannica Global Edition. Developed specifically to provide comprehensive and global coverage of the world around us, this unique product contains thousands of timely, relevant, and essential articles

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Britannica Global Edition was printed in 2009. It contained 30 volumes and 18,251 pages, with 8,500 photographs, maps, flags, and illustrations in smaller "compact" volumes. It contained more than 40,000 articles written by scholars from across the world, including Nobel Prize winners. Unlike the

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Who that is old enough does not remember the "campaign" of 1903, the insidious payment by instalments, the sets dumped at your door, bookcase and all, on receipt of a guinea, the scholarships, the competition questions, the reply-paid telegrams pursuing you to the innermost sanctuary of your home

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of London, and with Adam & Charles Black in the UK, the new owners quickly produced an 11-volume supplement to the ninth edition; being nine volumes of text, 25–33, a map volume, 34, which was 1 inch taller than the other volumes, and a new index, vol 35, also an inch taller than 25–33, which

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In 1896, Scribner's Sons, which had claimed US copyright on many of the articles, obtained court orders to shut down bootlegger operations, some of whose printing plates were melted down as part of the enforcement. Publishers were able to get around this order, however, by re-writing the articles

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While the sixth volume of the fifth edition was being printed, Constable became owner of Britannica, as well as Bonar's third edition supplements. Legal disputes over the copyright of the third edition supplements continued, however, and for this reason a new supplement was written by Constable's

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In addition to American unauthorized copies, there were American supplements which were written to be appended to authorized copies of Britannica. The Hubbard Brothers of Philadelphia produced a 5-volume American supplement between 1882 and 1889, in quality leather bindings designed to match the

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The supplement was compiled, for the first five volumes, at a pace which would have given it more than the 6 volumes it eventually would consist of; the alphabet from A-M was put into those five. It was apparently rushed to completion with volume 6, which contained the rest of the alphabet, viz:

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this situation the patient suffered to remain till he began to shiver or felt himself uneasy...The patient was then taken out, and, after being wrapped in a linen cloth, was placed upon a mattress, and two hours afterwards his whole body was rubbed with the ointment composed of the leaves of the

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The second edition improved greatly upon the first, but is still notable for the large amount of now-archaic information it contained. For example, "Chemistry" goes into great detail on an obsolete system of what would now be called alchemy, in which earth, air, water and fire are named elements

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The 11th edition employed 35 named female contributors, out of 1,500 total (2.3%). Although this was not much of an increase over the 10th edition (which named 37 female contributors out of 1,800 in total), it was heralded publicly as a major advance in recognizing the contributions of women in

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The landmark ninth edition, often called "the Scholar's Edition", was published from January 1875 to 1889 in 25 volumes, with volume 25 the index volume. Unlike the first two Black editions, there were no preliminary dissertations, the alphabetical listing beginning in volume 1. Up to 1880, the

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Sales figures for the 11th edition were comparable to those of the 9th, which sold hundreds of thousands of copies including the unlicensed sets. Unlike the 9th, however, the 11th edition was not infringed, all sets being printed legitimately by Britannica. It can be seen that the 9th and 11th

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market share plummeted. Britannica countered by offering a CD-ROM version of their product, although it could not generate the print version's $ 500–600 in sales commissions. Britannica decided to charge $ 995 for just the CD-ROM, while bundling a free disc with the print version, hoping that

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of Boston, and Samuel L. Hall of New York, to print, bind and distribute additional sets in the United States, and provided them with stereotype plates for text and graphics, specifications on the color and tanning quality of the leather bindings, etc., so the American-produced sets would be

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The Supplement to the fifth edition was finished in 1824, and was sold with those sets, as well as with sets of the sixth edition, to be delivered at its completion. This supplement curiously was started during the production of the fifth edition but was not finished until after the 6th was

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articles suggested that roughly 75% required only occasional revising, whereas 25% required revision every 1–3 years. The articles were therefore divided into 30 classifications and a schedule for their revision worked out, such that every article would be checked at least twice a decade.

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in New York. It has 24 volumes, reduced from 29 in the 11th edition, yet has 45,000 articles compared to 37,000. It has 15,000 illustrations, of which 1,500 are full plates. The 14th edition took three years to complete, at the then exorbitant cost of $ 2.5 million, all of it invested by

1568:, a topic then already familiar on the Continent of Europe. Smith contributed several articles to the ninth edition, but lost his teaching position on 24 May 1881, due to the controversy his (ir)religious articles aroused; he was immediately hired to be joint editor-in-chief with Baynes. 937:

In addition, some long articles appear for the first time in the fourth edition. "Geology" is new, even though the word had been coined in 1735. Accordingly, the third edition's 30-page entry "Earth," as well as its 24-page article "Earthquake," and the geological sections of its article

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encyclopedia. McHenry believes these failures were due to a reluctance among senior management to fully embrace the new technology, caused largely by the overriding influence of the sales staff and management. The sales personnel earned commissions from door-to-door selling of the print

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1,500 and $ 2,200, and the product was considered part of a luxury brand with an impeccable reputation handed down from generation to generation. The management did not believe that a CD-ROM could adequately compete or supplement their business. Microsoft responded by using content from

1807:, who assessed Hooper as "a ranker who loved to be accepted as a gentleman. Treat him as a gentleman and one had no trouble with him; treat him as an essentially dishonest ranker and one got all the trouble there was to get." The American partnership sold more than 20,000 copies of the 1627:

that, being unenthusiastic, was never printed. There were roughly 1100 contributors altogether, a handful of whom were women; this edition was also the first to include a significant article about women ("Women, Law Relating to"). Evolution was listed for the first time, in the wake of

934:" was expanded from eight pages and one plate in the third edition to 98 pages and four plates in the fourth, with a three-page index. Human "Physiology" was entirely re-written, and went from 60 pages to 80, with an index. "Physics," on the other hand, is unchanged from the third. 698:

as an important and definitive reference work for much of the next century. This edition was also enormously profitable, yielding 42,000 pounds sterling profit on the sale of roughly 10,000 copies. The third edition began the tradition (continued to this day) of dedicating the

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The eighth edition is a thorough revision, even more so than the Seventh. Some long articles were carried over from the seventh edition, but most were completely re-written, and new articles by illustrious contributors were added. In all, there were 344 contributors, including

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apart was to group related topics together into longer essays, that were then organized alphabetically. Previous English encyclopedias had generally listed related terms separately in their alphabetical order, rather like a modern technical dictionary, an approach that the

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declined the offer, viewing the mission of the university as not entirely consistent with a large commercial publishing house; however it continues even today to be involved in its production, offering editorial advice and allowing its name to be associated with the

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The alphabetical encyclopedia began at the beginning of volume 2. The price was reduced to 24 shillings per volume, cloth-bound. In addition to the Edinburgh sets, more sets were authorized by Britannica to the London publishers Simpkin, Marshall and Company, and to

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in 1728, which went through multiple editions and awakened publishers to the enormous profit potential of encyclopedias. Although not all encyclopedias succeeded commercially, their elements sometimes inspired future encyclopedias; for example, the failed two-volume

2655:"Does it make any money?" Bill asked. Wood replied that sales would earn his company some $ 300,000 before taxes that year. Bill replied, "Well, General, you know that universities do not have any money. They cannot buy businesses. Why don't you make a gift of the 906:. As with the third edition, in which title pages were not printed until the set was complete, and all volumes were given title pages dated 1797, title pages for the fourth edition were sent to bookbinders in 1810, dated that year for all volumes. The editor was 913:

Some of the long articles were entirely re-written for the fourth edition. For example, the 56-page "Botany" of the third edition was replaced in the fourth with a 270-page version by moving all the individual plant articles into one. Conversely, the 53-page

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in print. The long s started being phased out of English publications shortly after the turn of the 19th century, and by 1817 it was archaic. The Supplement To The Fifth edition (see below), as well as the sixth edition, used a modern font with a short s.

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On March 14, 2012, Britannica announced it would not be printing any more sets of its paper version, which accounted for less than 1 percent of its sales, and would instead focus on its DVD and online versions. It had not printed any new sets since 2010.

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Taken together, the 35 volumes were dubbed the "10th edition". The re-issue of the ninth edition under the moniker "10th edition" caused some outrage, since many articles of the ninth edition were more than 25 years old. This led to the popular joke:

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15th edition, it did not contain Macro- and Micropedia sections, but ran A through Z as all editions up to the 14th had. It currently is out of print and sold out. The last printing was in 2011. The following is Britannica's description of the work:

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also featured 160 copperplate illustrations engraved by Bell. Three of the engravings in the section on midwifery, depicting childbirth in clinical detail, were sufficiently shocking to prompt some readers to tear those engravings out of the volume.

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as usable as possible, saying that "utility ought to be the principal intention of every publication. Wherever this intention does not plainly appear, neither the books nor their authors have the smallest claim to the approbation of mankind".

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released three new volumes covering the history of 1910–1926, which were intended to supplant those of the 12th edition. Again taken together with the 11th edition, the new volumes became known as the 13th edition, which maintained the

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encyclopedia, but the offer was declined. Senior managers at Britannica were confident in their control of the market and that their healthy profits would continue. At this time complete sets of the encyclopedia were priced between

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was intended to be the road-map of all knowledge, within which every fact, technique, and theory could be organized. With this edition EB became the first encyclopedia that serves both functions of fact-checking and self-education.

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editions were massively better-sellers than previous editions. This is mainly due to the increase in population of, and sales in, the United States, which were mere colonies with low population when Britannica started out in 1768.

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for 14,000 pounds to Archibald Constable, an apprentice bookseller, who had been involved in its publication from 1788. To secure the copyrights for the third edition supplement, Constable gave Bonar a one-third stake in the

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encyclopedias, which McHenry believes led to decisions about the distribution and pricing of the electronic products being driven by the desires of the sales personnel rather than market conditions and customer expectations.

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25–27, and the index as Vol. 28. Some copies of this version say they were printed by Werner, also of Chicago, and from 1902 to 1907 Werner printed the commonly found "New Werner Edition," of 30 volumes (24 volumes plus five

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was begun in 1776, with the addition of history and biography articles. Smellie declined to be editor, principally because he objected to the addition of biography. Macfarquhar took over the role himself, aided by pharmacist

1826:

to Americans has left a lingering resentment among some British citizens, especially when it is perceived that parochial American concerns are emphasized. For example, one British critic wrote on the centenary of the sale:

3099:-English bilingual online encyclopedia following the 2002 edition of Britannica Concise Encyclopaedia (the first bilingual product of Britannica) and announced plans to translate the rest of the encyclopedia into Chinese. 2644:

which had occurred two days earlier. At the end of this conversation, as coffee was served, Bill changed the subject and said to Wood, "General, don't you think it is rather unsuitable for a mail-order house to own the

3138:

After ending publication of its print edition, which at the end supplied only 1% of the company's revenue, it hoped to transition to a CD or online version. Sales of both of these were disappointing — competition with

2962:

volumes was increased from 10 to the present 12 volumes, although the number of articles was reduced from 102,214 to roughly 65,000. The strict 750-word limit was softened to allow articles of medium length, such as

380:

was completed in 1771, having 2,391 pages. The numbers were bound in three equally sized volumes covering A–B, C–L, and M–Z; an estimated 3,000 sets were eventually sold, priced at 12 pounds sterling apiece.

4022:

Banquet at Guildhall in the City of London, Tuesday 15 October 1968: Celebrating the 200th Anniversary of the Encyclopædia Britannica and the 25th Anniversary of the Honorable William Benton as its Chairman and

2266:

and the political changes brought about by it took up a large portion of the supplement, but articles on such things as radio (still called wireless telephony) are informative. The editor of the supplement was

1664:

own printshop, Neill and Company, in Edinburgh. The spy would steal the proofreader's copies and send them by fastest mail to the United States, allowing Stoddart to publish his version simultaneously with the

2199:

learned circles. However, the 11th edition did employ hundreds of women to write unsigned articles; some women, such as Irish medical expert Harriet Hennessy, even rose to be (uncredited) department editors.

1632:'s writings, but the subject was treated as if still controversial, and a complete working of the subject would have to wait for the 11th edition. The eighth edition has no listing for the subject at all. 359:

to produce the encyclopedia in 100 parts (called "numbers" and equivalent to thick pamphlets), which were later bound into three volumes. The first number appeared on 10 December 1768 in Edinburgh, priced

2329:, leaving Cox as publisher. Cox argued forcefully for a new 14th edition, pointing out that the 11th edition (the bulk of the 12th and 13th editions) was badly out of date. Cox also tried to involve the 942:", were dropped, as these topics are found in the fourth edition's newly written article, which is 78 pages long and has its own index. For other examples, the fourth edition has a 96-page article " 682:

Nearly doubling the scope of the second edition, Macfarquhar's encyclopedic vision was finally realized. Recruited by Gleig, several illustrious authorities contributed to this edition, such as

1716:

authorized volumes in appearance. Of good scholarship, it contained biographies of Americans and geographies of US places, as well as other US interests not mentioned in the main encyclopedia.

2337:, even including a $ 1 million advance from Rosenwald as a temptation; however, the trustees of the University turned down his proposal, a choice they almost repeated a generation later under 2737: 2492: 1446: 104: 1145:

Constable also produced the sixth edition, which was completed in May, 1823. It was published in 40 half-volume parts, priced 16 shillings in boards (32 pounds for the set). The editor was

332: 223: 4393: 3201: 1791:

would advertise the sale and lend its respectable name. Hooper and his energetic advertising manager, Henry Haxton, introduced many innovative sales methods: full-page advertisements in

438:

The vivid prose and easy navigation of the first edition led to strong demand for a second. Although this edition has been faulted for its imperfect scholarship, Smellie argued that the

918:" of the third was removed, and replaced by the note "see Gilding, Parting, Purifying, Refining, Smithery." The article "Chemistry," which was 261 pages long in the third, written by 1299:

include it at the beginning of volume 1, the dissertations volume, which had been printed in 1829. This same arrangement would also be used for the eighth edition, but not the ninth.

3807: 1656:

cheaply produced bootlegged copies were also sold in the U.S., which still did not have copyright laws protecting foreign publications. Famous infringers of that era include the

1795:, testimonials from celebrities, buying on installment plans, and a long series of so-called 'final offers'. Although the crass marketing was criticized as inappropriate to the 3237: 3599: 1831:

The full horror of what an American editorial monopoly entails is seldom appreciated. The American editors who write short in-house articles are ignorant and parochial...The

3144: 2130:

for a mass market, while still retaining its quality as a reference work. The high literary and scholarly level of the 11th edition is largely due to the zeal of its owner,

686:, who introduced modern chemical nomenclature in a chart appended to the Chemistry article, and would go on to re-write that article in the 1801 supplement (see below), and 1156:

Comparing the 5th edition to the 6th, showing one of the geographical updates. The population of New York City was increasing rapidly, and that figure needed to be revised.

950:", 60 pages long in the fourth edition, with a 3-page index, is a new listing as well. After "Science" is a new 24-page article "Amusements In Science", which is a virtual 2902:" or, more laconically, "This arrangement has nothing to recommend it except commercial novelty". Most readers could not predict whether a given subject would be found in 2898:, for 'little knowledge,' and little knowledge is what it provides. It has proved to be grotesquely insufficient as an index, radically constricting the utility of the 2018:("From my bath I curse you", one man wired back!), the "Going, going, gone" tactics—"Only five days left and one of them the shortest!" so irrelevant, but so arresting! 1744: 480:

published a facsimile of the 1st edition, even including "age spots" on the paper. This has been periodically reprinted and is still part of Britannica's product line.

4047: 3271: 2706:

in 1996. The University of Chicago was the sole beneficiary of the Foundation, and in the mid-1990s the university provided funding to stem the encyclopedia's losses.

844:

was published in 1801, having 1,624 pages and 50 copperplates by D. Lizars. A revised edition was published in 1803. This supplement was published by a wine-merchant,

1034:

was 9 pages long. It was nothing to be compared to a typical encyclopedia index, such as the ones found at the end of the seventh and further editions of Britannica.

2195:

several times over the next 15 years. Although Sears' handy set was successful in 1915–1916, sales dropped significantly when the United States entered World War I.

2614: 473: 2426:, by a woman who wrote to editor Walter Yust that too many biographies were of men; Yust made a count and found that 6% of its 13,000 biographies were of women. 1012:

Being a reprint of the fourth, set in the same type, Encyclopædia Britannica's fifth edition was one of the last publications in the English language to use the

611:

The long period of time during which this edition was written makes the later volumes more updated than the earlier ones. Volume 10, published in 1783 after the

376:"A Society of Gentlemen in Scotland", possibly referring to the many gentlemen who had bought subscriptions. By releasing the numbers in weekly instalments, the 1720:

that Scribner's had copyrighted; for example, the "United States" article in Werner's 1902 unlicensed edition was newly written and copyrighted by R.S. Pearle.

759: 707:. In the Supplement to the Third Edition, Gleig called him "the Father of Your People, and enlightened Patron of Arts, Sciences and Literature", and expressed: 3442: 2662:

General Wood did not reply immediately but walked to his car. As he got into the car, he turned to Bill Benton and said, "All right, Bill, I will give you the

3916: 3106:

believes that Britannica failed to exploit its early advantages in the market for electronic encyclopedias. Britannica had, for example, published the second

2179:, who issued a physically smaller but complete version known as the "handy edition," with each volume almost pocket-sized. The owner of Sears, philanthropist 344:

were still popular, and despite the commercial failure of other English encyclopedias, Macfarquhar and Bell were inspired by the intellectual ferment of the

2094:, the 11th edition was the first to be published substantially at one time, instead of volume by volume. Its illustrious contributors are legion, including 472:, with slight variants on the title page and a different preface, by Edward and Charles Dilly in 1773 and by John Donaldson in 1775. On the occasion of the 3882: 3878: 3394: 2215: 2069: 2060: 1943: 1761:

was an American businessman, and a close associate of James Clarke, one of the leading American bootleggers. Hooper recognized the potential profit in the

2910:; the criteria by which the articles were sorted were not obvious even to scholars, despite Adler's claims that the sorting followed naturally from the 1571:

The ninth and 11th editions are often lauded as high points for scholarship; the ninth included yet another series of illustrious contributors such as

2429:

The 14th edition was published in September 1929, and had 23 volumes with a one-volume Index that also contained a complete atlas. Unfortunately, the

508: 498: 489: 3033: 1669:

and at nearly half the price ($ 5 versus $ 9 per volume). His right to do so was upheld in an infamous decision by Justice Arthur Butler who argued

841: 728: 651: 642: 382: 273: 264: 2370:

for the American mass market at the expense of its scholarship. The 14th edition also drew criticism for deleting information unflattering to the

2167:, and scholars from Cambridge University were allowed to review the text and veto any overly aggressive advertising. Perhaps because of this, the 1959: 1848: 1398:

In being a living proof that pure patriotism is not a delusion, or virtue an empty name, no one of the sons of man has equalled George Washington.

3589:"Preface to the 5th edition, 1817" page. ix. Encyclopædia Britannica 6th edition, 1823, printed for Archibald Constable and Company, Edinburgh. 4383: 3937: 3191: 2366:. It was very different from the 11th edition, having fewer volumes and simpler articles, continuing the business strategy of popularizing the 4465: 2155:

to cancel its sponsorship contract with Hooper, feeling that the interests of the newspaper were not being served. After failing to win over

1844: 63:

The encyclopedia as known up to 2012 was incurring unsustainable losses and the print editions were ended, but it continues on the Internet.

4261: 1835:

is a publication so contemptuous of Britain, the land of its birth, that it cannot be bothered to ascertain correct usage when speaking of

3999: 3804: 1169:

completed. It also was sold as a unit for owners of the fourth edition, and became known as "Supplement to the 4th, 5th and 6th edition".

528:

error caused page 8000 to follow page 7099. Most of the maps of this edition (eighteen of them) are found in a single 195-page article, "

4460: 3969: 824:

in America was also a problem with the ninth edition (1889). Unlicensed copies were also sold in Dublin by James Moore under the title,

4439: 3546:

George Gleig in the foreword to Encyclopædia Britannica Third Edition, 1797, Vol. 1, p. preface, Gleig lists authors of the 3rd edition

1552:

afterwards. An intellectual prodigy who mastered advanced scientific and mathematical topics, Smith was a professor of theology at the

1004:

Comparing the 4th edition (left) to the 5th. In lines 4 and 16 of the second paragraph, the word iron was corrected with the word zinc.

2422:. In all, there were roughly 3,500 named contributors, of which roughly half were American. The 14th edition was again criticized for 1927: 873:

published between 1751 and 1766. In the royal dedication penned on 10 December 1800, Gleig elaborated on the editorial purpose of the

778:

For perfection seems to be incompatible with the nature of works constructed on such a plan, and embracing such a variety of subjects.

402:, the idea for this "new plan" is generally ascribed to Colin Macfarquhar, although William Smellie claimed it as his own invention. 3847: 3741: 3417: 3227: 2759: 2518: 1612: 1530: 1468: 1376: 126: 1497: 976:

died in 1809, one year before the fourth edition was finished. In 1815, his heirs began producing the fifth edition but sold it to

236:(published 1745) grouped its topics into long self-contained treatises, an organization that likely inspired the "new plan" of the 4076:, 1964 (OCLC 152581687)/ London: MacGibbon & Kee, 1964 (OCLC 807782651) / New York: Johnson Reprint Corp., 1972. (OCLC 286856) 3628: 4425: 1735: 704: 425:

I wrote most of it, my lad, and snipped out from books enough material for the printer. With pastepot and scissors I composed it!

3670: 2781:

gradually became outdated. Beginning in the early 1960s, the failings of the 14th edition began to be collated and published by

4475: 3354: 3123: 1576: 902:

The fourth edition was begun in 1800 and completed in 1810, comprising 20 volumes with 16,033 pages and 581 plates engraved by

804:

and published at nearly the same time (1788–1798), together with an analogous supplement (1803), by the Scottish-born printer,

771: 477: 447:

an extensive nature will make proper allowances. To these we appeal, and shall rest satisfied with the judgment they pronounce.

352: 164: 159: 1691:

and charged only half as much as Stoddart ($ 2.50 per volume). Other people alleged to have copied the ninth edition included

3118: 2741: 2496: 1450: 108: 4193: 4168: 4037: 3263: 1811:

in the United States (four runs of 5,000), after which Hooper and Jackson bought out the two Clarke brothers in early 1900.

748: 4292: 2894:

sets of alphabetically organized articles provoked much criticism. In a typical contemporary assessment, "It is called the

3084:, even offering the entire reference free of charge for a time (around 18 months, from October 1999 to March 2001) on the 2035:

An excellent collection of prospectuses received by a single person (C. L. Parker) in that year has been preserved by the

1804: 1553: 663:

again edited this edition up to "Mysteries" but died in 1793 (aged 48) of "mental exhaustion"; his work was taken over by

3463:

The degree of M.A. is found after his name in the 11th edition of Britannica in the article Encyclopedia, vol. 9., p. 378

2433:

struck scarcely a month after the release of the 14th edition, and sales plummeted. Despite the unfailing support of the

3913:

Lies and Fallacies of the Encyclopædia Britannica: How Powerful and Shameless Clerical Forces Castrated a Famous Work...

2799:

The 15th edition was produced over 10 years at a cost of $ 32 million and released in 1974 in 30 volumes. The so-called

1856: 1348: 60:

has developed several "spin-off" products to leverage its reputation as a reliable reference work and educational tool.

3080:

for $ 135 million, a fraction of its book value. Safra introduced severe price-cutting measures to try to compete with

980:, who finished it; Millar was again the editor. Completed in 1817, the fifth edition sold for 36 pounds sterling ( 4470: 4230: 3517: 2013:: hand-written letters, telegrams, limited-time offers, etc.. The following quote, written in 1926, captures the mood 4417: 2974:

s Outline of Knowledge was simplified for easier use. In reality, by breaking the intrinsic links between a topic in

2481: 1512: 1311:

1858 advertisement for then-available volumes 1 through 19 of the 8th edition, cloth-bound at 24 shillings per volume

796: 3911: 3438: 3163: 2854:

since its seventh edition; even in the second edition, individual long articles had their own indices. The idea of

2629: 2363: 2164: 1751: 1731: 1641: 1580: 813: 612: 43: 4330: 2730: 2545:

To address this problem, Powell suggested in 1933 the policy of continuous revision, with the goal of keeping the

2500: 2485: 1679:

Justice Arthur Butler, in his 1879 decision upholding Joseph Stoddart's right to republish the 9th edition of the

1508: 1439: 1137:

Comparing the 5th edition, top, with the 6th. The only change was the typeface, which included the removal of the

588:

a loss of appetite, a hectic fever, melancholy, or perhaps madness, if not death, constitutes the sad catastrophe.

97: 4154: 3600:"Encyclopædia Britannica - Supplement to the fourth, fifth, and sixth editions | English language reference work" 3111: 2142: 1971: 1931: 1776: 1645: 1604: 1321: 242: 4352: 1184:(a publisher), Alexander Wight (a banker), Abram Thomson (a bookbinder) and Thomas Allen, the proprietor of the 984:) and consisted of 20 volumes with 16,017 pages and 582 plates. In 1816, Bell's trustees sold the rights to the 690:, Secretary of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, who wrote several well-regarded articles on sciences then called 2947: 2938:, the 1985 version of the 15th edition introduced other major changes. The 4,207 articles of the first version 2683: 2633: 2383: 2349:

By 1926, the 11th edition was beginning to show its age, and work on a new edition was begun. The editors were

2338: 2134:, who held scholarship in high regard and spared no expense to make the 11th edition as excellent as possible. 1892: 1584: 1288: 1280: 1224: 1086: 923: 907: 756: 744: 687: 683: 153:, the latter having 2493 articles in 37 books. Encyclopedias were published in Europe and China throughout the 1739: 2926:

responded to reader requests by restoring the index as a two-volume set. The number of topics indexed by the

1775:

of London were in financial straits. Hooper formed a partnership with Clarke, his brother George Clarke, and

1025:

Supplement to the fifth edition, 1824 (later known as the supplement to the fourth, fifth and sixth editions)

3232: 2831:) of 4,207 longer, scholarly articles with references, similar to those of the ninth and 11th editions. The 2243: 805: 145: 17: 1041:, who contributed the articles "Chivalry", "Romance", and "Drama". To edit the supplement, Constable hired 292:

A page from the first edition. The flow of short entries is interrupted here by one of the major treatises.

4480: 3687: 1687:

Another successful infringer was Henry G. Allen, who developed a photographic reproduction method for the

1620: 973: 903: 853: 672: 521: 345: 305: 247: 188: 139:

Encyclopedias of various types had been published since antiquity, beginning with the collected works of

2956:

was also restricted somewhat from 19 volumes to the present 17 volumes. At the same time, the number of

2931:

words from 1954 to the present and far less than 40% of the encyclopedia has changed from 1985 to 2007.

2690:, which he published until his death in 1973. His widow Helen Hemingway Benton continued to publish the 2671: 2637: 2610: 2531: 2446: 2371: 2354: 2330: 2262: 2131: 2087: 2040: 1900: 1758: 1545: 1332: 1260: 832:'s 3rd edition. By contrast, Dobson's work had various corrections and amendments for American readers. 361: 200: 76: 2122:, this edition is still highly regarded for its lucid explanations of scholarly subjects. Being in the 213:(two volumes, published 1704 and 1710, respectively), which contained articles by such contributors as 4430: 1165:, which had gone out of style, from the font, which required the whole encyclopedia to be re-typeset. 1161:

to the supplement. It's probable that the sixth edition only exists because of the need to remove the

2160: 1955: 1724: 1356: 1232: 1094: 1074: 431: 210: 3947: 3831: 2572:

began to capitalize on its reputation by aggressively developing "spin-offs", such as the 12-volume

405:

Smellie wrote most of the first edition, borrowing liberally from the authors of his era, including

3096: 2415: 1861: 1696: 1608: 1596: 1572: 1372: 977: 620: 399: 233: 176: 3076:

later fell to 20,000. Facing financial pressure, Britannica was bought in 1996 by Swiss financier

191:(1630). Most early encyclopedias did not include biographies of living people and were written in 4106: 4042: 2151: 2095: 1882: 1771: 1549: 1186: 1050: 691: 544:

in detail (illustrated with a copperplate engraving). The second edition also reports a cure for

4253: 2942:

were combined into 674 longer articles; for example, the individual articles for each of the 50

2652:"Yes", replied General Wood, "Sears, Roebuck should never have acquired it in the first place." 2082:

was begun in 1903, and published in 1910–1911 in 28 volumes, with a one-volume Index. Edited by

604:

Like the first edition, the second was sold in sections by subscription at the printing shop of

3991: 2580:(published 1935, and edited by Albert Bushwell Hart, Isaac J. Cox and Lawrence H. Dawson), the 1383:

is listed for the first time. This edition also featured the first American contributor to the

4434: 4219: 3843: 3737: 3413: 3067:, released in 1993, soon became a software staple with almost every computer purchase and the 2855: 2695: 2586: 2315: 2311: 2156: 1700: 1392: 1276: 1268: 767: 660: 605: 410: 301: 204: 3961: 3388: 2565:

could write to have their personal questions researched and answered by the editorial staff.

863:

explicitly positioned itself as a conservative publication in reaction to the radical French

4098: 2785: 2430: 2411: 2359: 2254: 2180: 2103: 2036: 2010: 1963: 1923: 1919: 1911: 1896: 1352: 1344: 1146: 1070: 951: 337: 218: 2590:, a summary of the national and international events surrounding World War II (1937–1946). 1712:

which was only 10 volumes, as was the 1895 Belford-Clark issue by the same name (Chicago).

3942: 3811: 3674: 2935: 2576:

for children (published 1934, and revised to 15 volumes in 1947), the historical timeline

2379: 2287: 2137:

After a heated legal dispute and all-too-public corporate wrangling over ownership of the

1951: 1947: 1939: 1907: 1592: 1295:

5,000 sets were sold but Black considered himself well-rewarded in intellectual prestige.

1284: 1272: 1058: 939: 269: 150: 3732:

Kister's Best Encyclopedias: A Comparative Guide to General and Specialized Encyclopedias

865: 318: 1037:

This supplement had remarkably illustrious contributors. Constable was friends with Sir

288: 4388: 3836: 3725: 3624: 3334:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Library of Congress catalog number 58-8379. 3196: 3103: 2870:

should not merely serve as a reference work, but also aspire to be a categorization of

2625: 2442: 2387: 2307: 2251: 1812: 1734:

in 8 volumes with a 4 volume supplement (when the British edition had 24 volumes). The

1692: 1637: 1629: 1616: 1588: 1403: 1388: 1264: 1195: 1177: 1066: 555: 418: 414: 356: 203:. However, English-composed encyclopedias appeared in the 18th century, beginning with 3704:

the copyrighted articles are listed at the front of each volume of the Scribner's sets

1887:

covered the first 33 volumes (the maps volume 34 had its own index). The editors were

4454: 3907: 3730: 3667: 3383: 3009:

of Small Entries, the Encyclopedia of Large Entries, and the International Yearbook.

2958: 2952: 2875: 2686:, a former U.S. senator and advertising executive, obtained exclusive control of the 2598: 2434: 2295: 2283: 2267: 2247: 2211: 2172: 2123: 2091: 2083: 2043:

that so many people would want an outdated encyclopedia, he replied: "They didn't; I

1975: 1888: 1364: 1360: 1340: 1328: 1256: 1236: 1098: 1078: 1062: 1042: 541: 323: 53: 3358: 3328: 2815:) volume, which aimed to provide an outline of "all known information"; a 10-volume 812:

law was passed on 30 May 1790—although anticipated by Section 8 of Article I of the

2879: 2703: 2641: 2407: 2399: 2374:. Nevertheless, the 14th also included many illustrious contributors, including 18 2350: 2303: 2115: 2107: 1840: 1836: 1657: 1624: 1368: 1046: 1038: 962: 919: 886: 845: 783: 740: 732: 716: 668: 664: 593: 564: 545: 517: 513: 240:. The first encyclopedia to include biographies of living people was the 64-volume 214: 72: 3140: 2441:

almost went bankrupt over the next few years. Rosenwald died in 1932, and General

770:. Nevertheless, Gleig was sanguine about the errors of the third edition, echoing 4197: 4172: 2273:

The passage of a few years led to a better perspective on that era. In 1926, the

1708:

volumes and a new index for all 29 volumes). In 1890, James Clarke published the

961:

The copyright of the material in the supplement to the third edition was held by

922:, and had been re-written in that edition's supplement as a 191-page treatise by 4284: 4073: 3992:"The Final Book of the Year: Britannica's 250th Anniversary Collector's Edition" 3897:

As stated by J. L. Garvin in his original 1929 introduction to the 14th edition.

3077: 2982: 2976: 2969: 2719: 2470: 2391: 2375: 2291: 1967: 1915: 1600: 1428: 1380: 1307: 1172:

Unfortunately, Constable went bankrupt on 19 January 1826 and the rights to the

947: 927: 736: 280: 154: 86: 29: 1755:

has been printed, and to pay D. Appleton & Co. the sum of $ 2000 damages."

3107: 3051: 2943: 2445:

took over; Cox was removed as publisher and the Secretary-Treasurer of Sears,

2319: 2299: 2239: 2192: 2111: 1181: 1082: 1054: 1030:

160 biographies, mainly of people who had died within the preceding 30 years.

943: 931: 915: 537: 525: 3490:. Chicago: The Newberry Library. Library of Congress catalog number 68-21708. 816:(ratified 4 March 1789)—but did not protect foreign publications such as the 398:

management described as "dismembering the sciences". Although anticipated by

348:

and thought the time ripe for a new encyclopedia "compiled upon a new plan".

326:(published 1751–1766), which was widely viewed as heretical. Ironically, the 3018: 2823:) of 102,214 short articles (strictly less than 750 words); and a 19-volume 2782: 2419: 1997: 1935: 1799:

history and scholarship, the unprecedented profits delighted the manager of

1243: 1176:

were sold on auction; they were eventually bought on 16 July 1828 for 6,150

1133: 809: 529: 373: 309: 140: 3694:, vol. 25 (9th ed.), New York: New York, C. Scribner's sons, 1889 3514:"Encyclopedia Britannica First 1st Second 2nd Third 3rd Fourth 4th Edition" 3513: 3228:"Encyclopædia Britannica's President on Killing Off a 244-Year-Old Product" 2206: 1815:

had moved to London in 1895 and, on 9 May 1901, sold all the rights to the

1215: 731:

is also famous for its bold article on "Motion", which erroneously rejects

647: 494: 4227:

Graduate Centre for Culture and Communication, Department of Media Studies

4220:"To wire or not to wire? Encyclopædia Britannica versus Microsoft Encarta" 2065: 3167: 3085: 2980:

with its associated EB articles the intended function (or usefulness) of

2964: 2839:

articles are listed in alphabetical order; the 4,287 contributors to the

1738:

had acquired all the rights to the encyclopedia in America. In addition,

1557: 406: 206:

Lexicon technicum, or A Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences

3580:

Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary, 1991, under the word geology.

3268:(English language reference work) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia" 2850:

This 15th edition had no general index, which had been a feature of the

1152: 4326: 3877:

There are many places the encyclopedia can be accessed online (see the

3398:. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 377. 3063: 3039: 2744: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2230:

Twelfth and thirteenth editions (competing supplements to the eleventh)

2176: 2009:

The 1903 advertising campaign for the 10th edition was an onslaught of

1453: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 870: 330:

had begun as a French translation of the popular English encyclopedia,

111: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4110: 2866:

could serve the role of an index. More generally, Adler felt that the

946:", which listing does not appear in the third or its supplement, and " 4360: 3092: 3022: 2624:

It was after lunch on the afternoon of December 9, 1941 that General

2423: 2403: 2395: 1190:. Not long after, Black bought out his partners and ownership of the 1162: 1138: 1013: 469: 3570:. Vol. 18. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2007. pp. 257–286. 3387: 2163:

as a new sponsor; thus, the 11th edition was published initially by

1515:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 195:, although some encyclopedias were translated into English, such as 4445: 4102: 4025:. United Kingdom: Encyclopædia Britannica International, Ltd. 1968. 3072:

including the CD-ROM would persuade buyers to stay with the brand.

2777:

Despite the policy of continuous revision, the 14th edition of the

2205: 2064: 1996: 1565: 1306: 1242: 1228: 1214: 1151: 1132: 1090: 1000: 999: 993:; after Bonar's death in 1814, Constable bought his rights to the 646: 493: 365: 287: 279: 268: 192: 28: 2171:

encountered financial difficulties, whereupon it was licensed to

1942:(articles on "Greenland" and "Polar Regions: The Arctic Ocean"), 671:

again contributed heavily to the authorship, up to the letter M.

623:

are outlined concisely by Tytler in the article "Colonies" thus:

3838:

A Position to Command Respect: Women and the Eleventh Britannica

2099: 1579:(articles on "Optics, Geometrical" and "Wave Theory of Light"), 889:, in the Dedication of the Supplement to the 3rd edition of the 719:, in the Dedication of the Supplement to the 3rd edition of the 576: 250:, who argued that death alone should not render people notable. 4139:

McCracken, S (February 1976). "The Scandal of 'Britannica 3'".

3668:

Important Contributors to the Britannica, 9th and 10th Editions

667:, later Bishop Gleig of Brechin (consecrated 30 October 1808). 4089:

Harris, Chauncy D. (1975). "The New Encyclopædia Britannica".

3027: 2713: 2464: 2457:

headquarters were moved to Chicago, where they have remained.

1480: 1422: 616:

capital before the commencement of the present American war."

80: 4384:"After 244 Years, Encyclopaedia Britannica Stops the Presses" 4254:"CD-ROM Technology Poses Challenge for Encyclopedia Industry" 3192:"After 244 Years, Encyclopaedia Britannica Stops the Presses" 1283:

did all of Zoology, Hampden did all of Greek philosophy, and

351:

Needing an editor, the two chose a 28-year-old scholar named

2183:, was friends with Horace Hooper and enthusiastic about the 2051:

did not end until shortly before the 11th edition came out.

1548:—the first English-born editor after a series of Scots—and 4421:

article describing the Britannica's financial woes in 1995

4316:

The company name was 智慧藏學習科技公司, a spin-off of publisher 遠流

3355:"History of Encyclopædia Britannica and Britannica Online" 2261:

and bought its rights on 24 February 1920 from his friend

452:

William Smellie, in the Preface to the 1st edition of the

2390:. More coverage was given to popular entertainment, with 1710:

Americanized Encyclopædia Britannica, Revised and Amended

507:

After the success of the first edition, a more ambitious

3488:

The Circle of Knowledge: Encyclopaedias Past and Present

1742:

claimed that the 4 volume supplement used material from

800:, was based almost entirely on the third edition of the 4124:

Wolff, G (November 1976). "Britannica 3, Failures of".

3143:

is mentioned. Sales of the CD/DVD ended with the 2015 "

2890:

The lack of an index and the unusual organization into

2584:(published 1942, and prepared by G. Donald Hudson) and 1504: 1045:, who recruited other eminent contributors such as Sir 4440:

Free access and download of the Scribner's 9th Edition

3330:

The Great EB: The Story of the Encyclopædia Britannica

694:. The third edition established the foundation of the 3378: 3376: 3061:

sales reached an all-time high of $ 650 million, but

2605:

until 1943. In 1941, Sears offered the rights to the

2221:, with the slogan "When in doubt—"look it up" in the 197:

De proprietatibus rerum (On the properties of things)

3777:

Moberley Bell and his Times: An Unofficial Narrative

3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 2788:, culminating in his highly critical 390-page book, 1391:, who wrote a 40,000-word hagiographic biography of 4305:

Sales plummeted from 100,000 a year to just 20,000.

4097:(1). Geographical Review, Vol. 65, No. 1: 141–145. 3537:

Encyclopædia Britannica, second edition. Edinburgh.

2847:articles are generally anonymous and unreferenced. 1564:who addressed the historical interpretation of the 1206:

A. and C. Black editions (seventh–ninth, 1827–1901)

753:

Essay on the First Principles of Natural Philosophy

4169:"Britannica Global Edition – the Britannica Store" 4155:"Encyclopaedia Britannica ends 244 years of print" 3835: 3729: 3501:The Great EB, the story of Encyclopædia Britannica 3433: 3431: 3429: 3327: 3130:until 1994, a year after Microsoft launched their 2967:, which almost fills one page. Superficially, the 2796:began to work on a new edition, the current 15th. 1906:Notable contributors to the 10th edition included 1839:, a publication so insular as to give an entry to 675:, Macfarquhar's partner, bought the rights to the 4426:Retrenching from web in 2001, return to book form 2946:were merged into what became a 310-page article " 2807:) had a unique three-part organization: a single 2649:, and isn't it even more unsuitable in wartime?" 2325:In 1928, Rosenwald bought back the rights to the 1331:died in 1847, Adam Black selected for its editor 1595:(articles on "Moscow", "Odessa" and "Siberia"), 1287:contributed the excellent article Architecture. 774:'s sentiment in the first edition quoted above: 583:for nearly a century (until its ninth edition): 4084: 4082: 3677:, 1902encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 1 April 2022. 3439:"History of the Encyclopædia Britannica Part 1" 3001: 2622: 2613:. The story of this offer was recounted at the 2015: 1829: 1671: 1396: 878: 826:Moore's Dublin Edition, Encyclopædia Britannica 776: 709: 625: 585: 550: 444: 423: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3736:(2nd ed.). Phoenix, Arizona: Oryx Press. 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3649:Encyclopædia Britannica, 7th edition, preface. 3357:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from 2843:articles are identified scrupulously, but the 1876:Tenth edition (supplement to the 9th), 1902–03 1871:First American editions (10th–14th, 1901–1973) 1819:to Hooper and Jackson, then living in London. 1660:Joseph M. Stoddart, who employed a spy in the 340:in 1728. Although later editions of Chambers' 3893: 3891: 3765:The Publishers' Weekly No. 1688, June 4, 1904 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 2023:Janet E. Courtney, long-time employee of the 8: 4285:"Encyclopædia Britannica changes to survive" 3790:Mosley, Charles (10 July 1988). "No title". 3625:"Encyclopædia Britannica: The Final Edition" 3410:Encyclopædia Britannica, 1st edition reprint 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 2534:identified and fixed a key vulnerability of 2449:, was installed as the new President of the 2234:The poor sales of the war years brought the 766:, which was written in 1724 but rejected by 540:. Tytler also describes the architecture of 18:Ninth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica 3258: 3256: 3254: 2499:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1944:Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe 1745:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography 1194:passed to the Edinburgh publishing firm of 836:Supplement to the third edition, 1801, 1803 4038:"Deal Is Set for Encyclopaedia Britannica" 3116:as early as 1989 (the first one being the 3046:In 1981, the first digital version of the 3021:approached Britannica to collaborate on a 1903:, the brother of the owner Horace Hooper. 1765:and, again in 1896, learned that both the 1615:(articles on "Elasticity" and "Heat") and 442:should be given the benefit of the doubt: 254:Earliest editions (first–sixth, 1768–1824) 3814:, britannica.com. Retrieved 1 April 2022. 3034:Funk & Wagnalls Standard Encyclopedia 2760:Learn how and when to remove this message 2519:Learn how and when to remove this message 1674:the advance of learning and intelligence. 1531:Learn how and when to remove this message 1469:Learn how and when to remove this message 316:as a conservative reaction to the French 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 4431:Complete hypertext of the Fourth edition 3883:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition 2682:Thus, in 1943, the wealthy and powerful 2061:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition 1918:(articles on "Base-ball" and "Rowing"), 1623:, then 25, contributed an article about 1544:editor, and author of the Foreword, was 1231:, which included the translation of the 828:; this was an exact reproduction of the 230:A Universal History of Arts and Sciences 52:have been developed, both online and on 4036:Feder, Barnaby J. (December 19, 1995). 3805:Encyclopaedia Britannica: Tenth edition 3182: 3156: 3091:In 2003, Britannica co-operated with a 2594:Transfer of ownership to William Benton 2418:contributed a well-regarded article on 2282:tradition of illustrious contributors: 1960:John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh 1851:. It amounts to more than impertinence. 1560:, and was the first contributor to the 3966:The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago 3221: 3219: 2187:promise; he single-handedly saved the 1599:(articles on "Taboo" and "Totemism"), 1021:company, which was completed in 1824. 743:, wrote that gravity is caused by the 703:to the reigning British monarch, then 575:and a somewhat melancholy article on " 490:Encyclopædia Britannica Second Edition 3412:. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2004. 954:for the opening of the 19th century. 643:Encyclopædia Britannica Third Edition 484:Second edition, 1783, Supplement 1784 430:William Smellie, at a meeting of the 265:Encyclopædia Britannica First Edition 7: 4333:from the original on 6 February 2021 3968:. Chicago Historical Society. 2005. 3631:from the original on October 8, 2006 2742:adding citations to reliable sources 2497:adding citations to reliable sources 2257:, was devoted to the mission of the 2118:on music. Sometimes called the 1911 1451:adding citations to reliable sources 474:200th anniversary of the 1st edition 109:adding citations to reliable sources 4396:from the original on March 14, 2012 4353:"The Building of Britannica Online" 3946:. 23 September 1929. Archived from 3274:from the original on 2 January 2018 3204:from the original on March 14, 2012 2582:Encyclopædia Britannica World Atlas 2005:of London produced the 10th edition 1950:(part of article on "Egyptology"), 1946:(part of article on "Newspapers"), 794:The first "American" encyclopedia, 755:(1762), which in turn was based on 468:The first edition was reprinted in 181:Encyclopedia septem tomis distincta 3566:"Encyclopedias and Dictionaries". 3445:from the original on March 3, 2016 3013:Development of electronic versions 2874:(everything knowable), to fulfill 1928:Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard 1611:(articles on "Atom" and "Ether"), 747:. He seems to have been swayed by 739:. Instead, Gleig, or more likely, 25: 4233:from the original on July 1, 2023 3113:Compton's MultiMedia Encyclopedia 2694:until her own death in 1974. The 2145:, becoming the sole owner of the 1640:authorized the American firms of 1619:(article on "Mural Decoration"). 596:, in the 2nd–8th editions of the 284:Title page from the first edition 4382:Bosman, Julie (March 13, 2012). 4050:from the original on 21 May 2020 4002:from the original on 9 July 2021 3568:Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th ed 3190:Bosman, Julie (March 13, 2012). 2792:(1964). Goaded into action, the 2718: 2640:, were discussing the attack on 2469: 1485: 1427: 1093:included the translation of the 997:for 4,500 pounds sterling. 304:, a bookseller and printer, and 221:wrote a very popular two-volume 85: 4295:from the original on 2006-04-12 4264:from the original on 2007-09-27 3972:from the original on 2018-10-20 3919:from the original on 2006-06-14 3520:from the original on 2014-10-12 3240:from the original on 2021-01-24 3037:to create what is now known as 2729:needs additional citations for 2702:from 1980 until it was sold to 2659:to the University of Chicago?" 2568:Under Powell's leadership, the 2141:(1908–1909), Hooper bought out 1956:Sir Arthur Thomas Quiller-Couch 1880:Again under the sponsorship of 1736:Encyclopædia Britannica Company 1438:needs additional citations for 1406:, in the eighth edition of the 1223:included seminal works such as 1219:Early 19th-century editions of 840:A two-volume supplement to the 165:Martianus Minneus Felix Capella 96:needs additional citations for 48:years, digital versions of the 3962:"Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc" 3779:. London: Philip Allan and Co. 3516:. Hyzercreek.com. 2011-07-15. 3119:Academic American Encyclopedia 1180:by a partnership of four men: 1077:and a former secretary of the 820:. Unauthorized copying of the 536:containing various amounts of 1: 4252:Ridder, Knight (1994-06-26). 3775:Kitchen, F. Harcourt (1925). 2636:, then vice-president of the 2461:Policy of continuous revision 2078:The renowned 11th edition of 1972:Sir Charles Scott Sherrington 1805:Charles Frederic Moberly Bell 1247:Endpaper from the 7th edition 1115:Vol. III: CHE–ECO, 726 pages. 56:. Since the early 1930s, the 4466:Cultural history of Scotland 4196:. ブリタニカ・ジャパン. Archived from 4166:The Britannica online store 1603:(article on "Apparitions"), 1583:(article on "John Keats"), 1118:Vol. IV: EDI–HOR, 708 pages. 1112:Vol. II: AUS–CEY, 680 pages. 1081:, contributed the entry for 786:, in the 3rd edition of the 567:, in the 2nd edition of the 478:Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 4329:(in Chinese). 3 July 2003. 3865:Recollected in Tranquillity 3863:Courtney, Janet E. (1926). 2986:is hindered significantly. 2801:New Encyclopædia Britannica 2159:, Hooper managed to secure 2029:Recollected in Tranquillity 1511:the claims made and adding 1121:Vol. V: HUN–MOL, 586 pages. 4497: 4070:The Myth of the Britannica 3792:Manchester Guardian Weekly 3226:Cauz, Jorge (March 2013). 3164:American Colonies Act 1766 2918:Second version (1985–2010) 2914:outline of all knowledge. 2790:The Myth of the Britannica 2557:Powell also conceived the 2364:Sears, Roebuck and Company 2165:Cambridge University Press 2149:. The public furor caused 2058: 1862:Manchester Guardian Weekly 1581:Algernon Charles Swinburne 1575:(article on "Evolution"), 1124:Vol. VI: NAI–Z, 863 pages. 814:United States Constitution 808:. The first United States 679:from Macfarquhar's heirs. 640: 487: 389:The key idea that set the 262: 70: 4283:Day, Peter (2006-12-17). 3990:Admin (11 October 2017). 3867:. Heinemann. p. 225. 2773:First version (1974–1984) 2453:. In that same year, the 1938:(article on "Yosemite"), 1932:Frederic William Maitland 1783:under the sponsorship of 1777:Walter Montgomery Jackson 1740:D. Appleton & Company 1646:Little, Brown and Company 1322:Little, Brown and Company 1109:Vol. I: A–ATW, 648 pages. 1073:, compiler of the famous 745:classical element of fire 502:First and Second Editions 246:(published 1732–1759) of 243:Grosses Universal-Lexicon 185:A Seven-Part Encyclopedia 167:(early 5th century), the 4444:Ninth and 10th editions 3486:Wells, James M. (1968). 3145:Ultimate Reference Suite 2948:United States of America 2934:Under the editorship of 2698:continued to manage the 2384:Albert Abraham Michelson 2345:Fourteenth edition, 1929 1893:Donald Mackenzie Wallace 1654:several hundred thousand 1585:William Michael Rossetti 1419:Ninth edition, 1875–1889 848:, the son-in-law of the 579:" that persisted in the 372:was published under the 312:. They conceived of the 4461:Encyclopædia Britannica 3692:Encyclopædia Britannica 3604:Encyclopedia Britannica 3395:Encyclopædia Britannica 3266:Encyclopædia Britannica 3233:Harvard Business Review 3102:Former editor-in-chief 2878:'s grand conception of 2647:Encyclopædia Britannica 2619:Encyclopædia Britannica 2223:Encyclopædia Britannica 2218:Encyclopædia Britannica 2120:Encyclopædia Britannica 2080:Encyclopædia Britannica 2071:Encyclopædia Britannica 1992:Encyclopædia Britannica 1988:Encyclopædia Britannica 1833:Encyclopædia Britannica 1752:Encyclopædia Britannica 1732:Encyclopædia Britannica 1706:New American Supplement 1681:Encyclopædia Britannica 1642:Charles Scribner's Sons 1408:Encyclopædia Britannica 1221:Encyclopædia Britannica 891:Encyclopædia Britannica 788:Encyclopædia Britannica 721:Encyclopædia Britannica 598:Encyclopædia Britannica 569:Encyclopædia Britannica 500:Encyclopædia Britannica 460:Smellie strove to make 454:Encyclopædia Britannica 308:, an engraver, both of 44:Encyclopædia Britannica 35:Encyclopædia Britannica 4476:Scottish Enlightenment 3879:External links section 3688:"List of contributors" 3658:see image to the right 3623:Wolfe, Morris (1974). 3441:. 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Black and 2000: 1901:Franklin Henry Hooper 1759:Horace Everett Hooper 1546:Thomas Spencer Baynes 1333:Thomas Stewart Traill 1310: 1246: 1218: 1211:Seventh edition, 1842 1155: 1136: 1003: 797:Dobson's Encyclopædia 650: 497: 291: 283: 272: 201:Bartholomeus Anglicus 77:List of encyclopedias 32: 4446:1902encyclopedia.com 3950:on October 13, 2007. 3110:encyclopedia titled 3050:was created for the 2813:Primer for Education 2738:improve this article 2615:bicentennial banquet 2493:improve this section 2378:in science, such as 2161:Cambridge University 1725:Saalfield Publishing 1447:improve this article 1357:Joseph Dalton Hooker 1303:Eighth edition, 1860 898:Fourth edition, 1810 432:Crochallan Fencibles 368:on finer paper. The 355:who was offered 200 105:improve this article 4091:Geographical Review 3938:"Patriarch Revised" 3842:. 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Hadley 1866: 1845:Lords Carrington 1822:The sale of the 1683: 1593:Prince Kropotkin 1536: 1529: 1525: 1522: 1516: 1513:inline citations 1489: 1488: 1481: 1474: 1467: 1463: 1460: 1454: 1431: 1423: 1410: 1353:Charles Merivale 1345:Charles Kingsley 1147:Charles Maclaren 1071:Peter Mark Roget 893: 790: 764:Moses' Principia 723: 600: 571: 456: 434: 338:Ephraim Chambers 300:was the idea of 219:Ephraim Chambers 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 89: 81: 21: 4496: 4495: 4491: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4486: 4485: 4451: 4450: 4414: 4409: 4399: 4397: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4366: 4364: 4351: 4350: 4346: 4336: 4334: 4327:"Press release" 4325: 4324: 4320: 4315: 4311: 4298: 4296: 4282: 4281: 4277: 4267: 4265: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4236: 4234: 4222: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4203: 4201: 4192: 4191: 4187: 4178: 4176: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4152: 4148: 4138: 4137: 4133: 4123: 4122: 4118: 4088: 4087: 4080: 4067: 4063: 4053: 4051: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4020: 4019: 4015: 4005: 4003: 3989: 3988: 3984: 3975: 3973: 3960: 3959: 3955: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3922: 3920: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3896: 3889: 3876: 3872: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3850: 3832:Thomas, Gillian 3830: 3829: 3818: 3812:Wayback Machine 3803: 3799: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3755: 3751: 3744: 3724: 3723: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3675:Wayback Machine 3666: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3634: 3632: 3622: 3621: 3617: 3608: 3606: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3532: 3523: 3521: 3512: 3511: 3507: 3499: 3495: 3485: 3484: 3467: 3462: 3458: 3448: 3446: 3437: 3436: 3427: 3420: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3382: 3381: 3374: 3364: 3362: 3353: 3352: 3339: 3325: 3324: 3287: 3277: 3275: 3262: 3261: 3252: 3243: 3241: 3225: 3224: 3217: 3207: 3205: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3174: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3141:Knowledge (XXG) 3015: 2996: 2936:Philip W. Goetz 2920: 2829:Large Education 2821:Small Education 2775: 2766: 2755: 2749: 2746: 2735: 2723: 2712: 2596: 2525: 2514: 2508: 2505: 2490: 2474: 2463: 2380:Robert Millikan 2376:Nobel laureates 2347: 2288:Albert Einstein 2232: 2063: 2057: 2047:them want it." 2032: 2022: 1952:Gifford Pinchot 1940:Fridtjof Nansen 1908:Laurence Binyon 1878: 1873: 1867: 1855: 1813:A & C Black 1787:, meaning that 1684: 1678: 1638:A & C Black 1537: 1526: 1520: 1517: 1502: 1490: 1486: 1475: 1464: 1458: 1455: 1444: 1432: 1421: 1411: 1402: 1379:(Lord Kelvin). 1377:William Thomson 1349:Robert Chambers 1305: 1285:William Hosking 1273:Antonio Panizzi 1213: 1208: 1196:A & C Black 1178:pounds sterling 1131: 1059:William Hazlitt 1027: 971: 940:Natural History 900: 894: 885: 838: 791: 782: 772:William Smellie 724: 715: 705:King George III 645: 639: 601: 592: 572: 563: 559:and hog's lard. 492: 486: 457: 451: 435: 429: 357:pounds sterling 353:William Smellie 267: 261: 256: 151:Pliny the Elder 146:Natural History 133: 122: 116: 113: 102: 90: 79: 69: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4494: 4492: 4484: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4453: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4442: 4437: 4428: 4423: 4419:New York Times 4413: 4412:External links 4410: 4408: 4407: 4389:New York Times 4374: 4344: 4318: 4309: 4275: 4244: 4210: 4194:"ブリタニカ国際大百科事典" 4185: 4159: 4146: 4131: 4116: 4103:10.2307/213852 4078: 4061: 4028: 4013: 3982: 3953: 3929: 3908:McCabe, Joseph 3899: 3887: 3870: 3855: 3848: 3816: 3797: 3782: 3767: 3758: 3749: 3742: 3706: 3697: 3679: 3660: 3651: 3642: 3615: 3591: 3582: 3573: 3558: 3548: 3539: 3530: 3505: 3493: 3465: 3456: 3425: 3418: 3401: 3386:, ed. (1911). 3384:Chisholm, Hugh 3372: 3337: 3285: 3250: 3215: 3197:New York Times 3181: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3172: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3104:Robert McHenry 3017:In the 1980s, 3014: 3011: 2995: 2994:Global Edition 2992: 2919: 2916: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2767: 2726: 2724: 2717: 2711: 2708: 2684:William Benton 2634:William Benton 2630:Sears, Roebuck 2628:, Chairman of 2626:Robert E. Wood 2601:published the 2595: 2592: 2527: 2526: 2477: 2475: 2468: 2462: 2459: 2443:Robert E. Wood 2388:Arthur Compton 2353:in London and 2346: 2343: 2339:William Benton 2308:Ferdinand Foch 2252:philanthropist 2231: 2228: 2143:Walter Jackson 2106:on astronomy; 2059:Main article: 2056: 2053: 2020: 1986:is behind the 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1865:(10 July 1988) 1857:Charles Mosley 1853: 1727:published the 1693:John Wanamaker 1676: 1630:Charles Darwin 1617:William Morris 1589:Amelia Edwards 1539: 1538: 1493: 1491: 1484: 1477: 1476: 1435: 1433: 1426: 1420: 1417: 1404:Edward Everett 1400: 1389:Edward Everett 1304: 1301: 1289:Thomas Thomson 1265:David Brewster 1225:Thomas Young's 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1141:from the font. 1130: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1087:Thomas Young's 1067:Thomas Malthus 1026: 1023: 970: 967: 924:Thomas Thomson 899: 896: 883: 837: 834: 780: 713: 684:Thomas Thomson 641:Main article: 638: 635: 590: 561: 556:solanum nigrum 509:second edition 488:Main article: 485: 482: 449: 427: 419:Samuel Johnson 415:Alexander Pope 263:Main article: 260: 257: 255: 252: 169:Speculum majus 157:, such as the 135: 134: 93: 91: 84: 68: 65: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4493: 4482: 4481:Encyclopedism 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4447: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4395: 4391: 4390: 4385: 4378: 4375: 4362: 4358: 4357:howtoknow.com 4354: 4348: 4345: 4332: 4328: 4322: 4319: 4313: 4310: 4306: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4279: 4276: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4245: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4214: 4211: 4200:on 2021-04-16 4199: 4195: 4189: 4186: 4175:on 2014-07-05 4174: 4170: 4163: 4160: 4156: 4150: 4147: 4142: 4135: 4132: 4127: 4120: 4117: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4085: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4065: 4062: 4049: 4045: 4044: 4039: 4032: 4029: 4024: 4017: 4014: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3986: 3983: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3957: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3944: 3939: 3933: 3930: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3909: 3903: 3900: 3894: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3874: 3871: 3866: 3859: 3856: 3851: 3849:0-8108-2567-8 3845: 3840: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3806: 3801: 3798: 3793: 3786: 3783: 3778: 3771: 3768: 3762: 3759: 3753: 3750: 3745: 3743:0-89774-744-5 3739: 3734: 3733: 3727: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3707: 3701: 3698: 3693: 3689: 3683: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3669: 3664: 3661: 3655: 3652: 3646: 3643: 3630: 3626: 3619: 3616: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3592: 3586: 3583: 3577: 3574: 3569: 3562: 3559: 3552: 3549: 3543: 3540: 3534: 3531: 3519: 3515: 3509: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3494: 3489: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3460: 3457: 3444: 3440: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3419:0-85229-066-7 3415: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3397: 3396: 3390: 3385: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3360: 3356: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3273: 3269: 3267: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3251: 3239: 3235: 3234: 3229: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3203: 3199: 3198: 3193: 3186: 3183: 3177: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3157: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3136: 3133: 3129: 3128:Britannica CD 3125: 3122:published by 3121: 3120: 3115: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3070: 3066: 3065: 3060: 3057:In 1990, the 3055: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3042: 3041: 3036: 3035: 3029: 3024: 3020: 3012: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2985: 2984: 2979: 2978: 2973: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2960: 2955: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2929: 2925: 2922:In 1985, the 2917: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2876:Francis Bacon 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2858:was that the 2857: 2853: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2784: 2780: 2772: 2764: 2761: 2753: 2743: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2727:This section 2725: 2721: 2716: 2715: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2678: 2673: 2667: 2665: 2660: 2658: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2599:Sears Roebuck 2593: 2591: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2523: 2520: 2512: 2509:November 2010 2502: 2498: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2483: 2478:This section 2476: 2472: 2467: 2466: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2437:company, the 2436: 2435:Sears Roebuck 2432: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2296:Sigmund Freud 2293: 2289: 2285: 2284:Harry Houdini 2281: 2276: 2271: 2269: 2268:Hugh Chisholm 2264: 2260: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2248:Sears Roebuck 2245: 2241: 2237: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2219: 2213: 2212:advertisement 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2173:Sears Roebuck 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2153: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2124:public domain 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2084:Hugh Chisholm 2081: 2074: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2030: 2026: 2019: 2014: 2012: 2004: 1999: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1889:Hugh Chisholm 1885: 1884: 1875: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1858: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1828: 1825: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1754: 1753: 1750:Americanized 1747: 1746: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1682: 1675: 1670: 1668: 1663: 1659: 1658:Philadelphian 1655: 1650: 1647: 1644:of New York, 1643: 1639: 1633: 1631: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1605:Lord Macaulay 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1577:Lord Rayleigh 1574: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1535: 1532: 1524: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1500: 1499: 1494:This section 1492: 1483: 1482: 1473: 1470: 1462: 1452: 1448: 1442: 1441: 1436:This section 1434: 1430: 1425: 1424: 1418: 1416: 1409: 1405: 1399: 1395: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1367:, Professors 1366: 1365:John Herschel 1362: 1361:Robert Bunsen 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1341:Lord Macaulay 1336: 1334: 1330: 1329:Macvey Napier 1325: 1323: 1317: 1309: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1257:Macvey Napier 1253: 1245: 1238: 1237:Rosetta Stone 1234: 1233:hieroglyphics 1230: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1166: 1164: 1154: 1150: 1148: 1140: 1135: 1128: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1102: 1100: 1099:Rosetta Stone 1096: 1095:hieroglyphics 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1079:Royal Society 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1063:David Ricardo 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1043:Macvey Napier 1040: 1035: 1031: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1015: 1010: 1002: 998: 996: 992: 987: 983: 979: 975: 968: 966: 964: 959: 955: 953: 949: 945: 941: 935: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 911: 909: 905: 897: 892: 888: 882: 877: 876: 872: 868: 867: 862: 857: 855: 851: 847: 843: 842:third edition 835: 833: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 806:Thomas Dobson 803: 799: 798: 789: 785: 779: 775: 773: 769: 765: 761: 758: 754: 750: 749:William Jones 746: 742: 738: 735:'s theory of 734: 730: 729:third edition 722: 718: 712: 708: 706: 702: 697: 693: 689: 685: 680: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 659:all volumes. 653: 652:Third edition 649: 644: 636: 634: 629: 624: 622: 617: 614: 609: 607: 599: 595: 589: 584: 582: 578: 570: 566: 560: 558: 557: 549: 547: 543: 539: 533: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 510: 503: 501: 496: 491: 483: 481: 479: 475: 471: 466: 463: 455: 448: 443: 441: 433: 426: 422: 420: 416: 412: 408: 403: 401: 397: 396:Britannica's' 392: 387: 384: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 358: 354: 349: 347: 343: 339: 336:published by 335: 334: 329: 325: 324:Denis Diderot 321: 320: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 290: 282: 275: 274:First edition 271: 266: 258: 253: 251: 249: 245: 244: 239: 235: 231: 226: 225: 220: 216: 212: 208: 207: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 161: 156: 152: 148: 147: 142: 131: 128: 120: 110: 106: 100: 99: 94:This section 92: 88: 83: 82: 78: 74: 66: 64: 61: 59: 55: 54:optical media 51: 46: 45: 36: 31: 27: 19: 4418: 4398:. Retrieved 4387: 4377: 4367:December 30, 4365:. Retrieved 4361:the original 4356: 4347: 4335:. Retrieved 4321: 4312: 4304: 4297:. Retrieved 4288: 4278: 4268:November 21, 4266:. Retrieved 4257: 4247: 4237:November 21, 4235:. Retrieved 4226: 4213: 4202:. Retrieved 4198:the original 4188: 4177:. Retrieved 4173:the original 4162: 4149: 4140: 4134: 4126:The Atlantic 4125: 4119: 4094: 4090: 4072:. New York: 4069: 4064: 4052:. Retrieved 4041: 4031: 4021: 4016: 4004:. Retrieved 3995: 3985: 3974:. Retrieved 3965: 3956: 3948:the original 3941: 3932: 3921:. Retrieved 3912: 3902: 3873: 3864: 3858: 3837: 3800: 3791: 3785: 3776: 3770: 3761: 3752: 3731: 3700: 3691: 3682: 3663: 3654: 3645: 3633:. Retrieved 3618: 3607:. Retrieved 3603: 3594: 3585: 3576: 3567: 3561: 3551: 3542: 3533: 3522:. Retrieved 3508: 3500: 3496: 3487: 3459: 3447:. Retrieved 3409: 3404: 3393: 3363:. Retrieved 3359:the original 3329: 3276:. Retrieved 3265: 3242:. Retrieved 3231: 3206:. Retrieved 3195: 3185: 3159: 3137: 3131: 3127: 3117: 3112: 3101: 3090: 3081: 3074: 3069:Britannica's 3068: 3062: 3059:Britannica's 3058: 3056: 3047: 3045: 3038: 3032: 3016: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2988: 2981: 2975: 2968: 2957: 2951: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2923: 2921: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2889: 2883: 2882:. Thus, the 2880:epistemology 2872:omne scibile 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2851: 2849: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2805:Britannica 3 2804: 2800: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2778: 2776: 2756: 2747: 2736:Please help 2731:verification 2728: 2704:Jacqui Safra 2699: 2691: 2687: 2681: 2676: 2669: 2663: 2661: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2646: 2642:Pearl Harbor 2623: 2618: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2567: 2562: 2559:Britannica's 2558: 2556: 2551:Britannica's 2550: 2546: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2532:E. H. Powell 2530: 2515: 2506: 2491:Please help 2479: 2455:Britannica's 2454: 2450: 2438: 2428: 2408:Irene Castle 2400:Lillian Gish 2367: 2351:J. L. Garvin 2348: 2334: 2326: 2324: 2304:Leon Trotsky 2280:Britannica's 2279: 2274: 2272: 2258: 2235: 2233: 2222: 2217: 2201: 2197: 2188: 2185:Britannica's 2184: 2168: 2150: 2146: 2138: 2136: 2127: 2119: 2116:Donald Tovey 2108:Edmund Gosse 2079: 2077: 2070: 2049: 2044: 2034: 2028: 2024: 2016: 2008: 2002: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1905: 1881: 1879: 1860: 1843:but none to 1841:Alan Whicker 1832: 1830: 1823: 1821: 1816: 1808: 1800: 1797:Britannica's 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1779:to sell the 1770: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1749: 1743: 1729:Americanized 1728: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1705: 1688: 1686: 1680: 1672: 1666: 1662:Britannica's 1661: 1653: 1651: 1634: 1625:Robert Burns 1570: 1561: 1542: 1527: 1518: 1495: 1465: 1456: 1445:Please help 1440:verification 1437: 1413: 1407: 1397: 1384: 1369:Richard Owen 1337: 1326: 1318: 1314: 1297: 1293: 1281:James Wilson 1261:James Browne 1254: 1250: 1220: 1200: 1191: 1185: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1159: 1144: 1103: 1047:Humphry Davy 1039:Walter Scott 1036: 1032: 1028: 1019: 1011: 1007: 994: 990: 985: 982:2011: £2,200 981: 972: 963:Thomas Bonar 960: 956: 936: 920:James Tytler 912: 908:James Millar 901: 890: 887:George Gleig 879: 874: 866:Encyclopédie 864: 860: 858: 850:Britannica's 849: 846:Thomas Bonar 839: 829: 825: 821: 817: 801: 795: 793: 787: 784:George Gleig 777: 763: 752: 741:James Tytler 733:Isaac Newton 726: 720: 717:George Gleig 710: 700: 695: 688:John Robison 681: 676: 669:James Tytler 665:George Gleig 657: 631: 626: 618: 610: 603: 597: 594:James Tytler 586: 580: 574: 568: 565:James Tytler 554: 551: 546:tuberculosis 534: 518:Robert Burns 514:James Tytler 506: 499: 467: 461: 459: 453: 445: 439: 437: 424: 404: 395: 390: 388: 377: 369: 350: 341: 331: 328:Encyclopédie 327: 319:Encyclopédie 317: 313: 297: 295: 241: 237: 229: 222: 215:Isaac Newton 205: 196: 184: 180: 179:(1250), and 173:Great Mirror 172: 168: 158: 144: 138: 123: 114: 103:Please help 98:verification 95: 73:Encyclopedia 62: 57: 49: 42: 40: 34: 26: 4400:December 3, 4299:October 21, 4074:Grove Press 3635:October 21, 3449:October 19, 3278:21 December 3208:December 3, 3078:Jacob Safra 2944:U.S. states 2900:Macropædia. 2394:writing on 2392:Gene Tunney 2292:Marie Curie 2175:and Co. of 2100:kite-flying 2098:writing on 1968:Carl Schurz 1916:Walter Camp 1613:Lord Kelvin 1601:Andrew Lang 1381:Photography 1351:, the Rev. 1324:of Boston. 1227:article on 1089:article on 974:Andrew Bell 928:Metaphysics 904:Andrew Bell 854:Andrew Bell 737:gravitation 673:Andrew Bell 661:Macfarquhar 522:Andrew Bell 342:Cyclopaedia 333:Cyclopaedia 306:Andrew Bell 211:John Harris 155:Middle Ages 4455:Categories 4337:6 February 4204:2020-11-08 4179:2016-02-05 4153:CBS News, 4141:Commentary 4128:: 107–110. 3996:Britannica 3976:2019-02-09 3923:2007-01-19 3726:Kister, KF 3609:2017-12-18 3524:2012-01-05 3365:17 October 3244:2018-12-03 3178:References 3108:multimedia 3052:LexisNexis 3048:Britannica 2959:Micropædia 2953:Macropædia 2940:Macropædia 2928:Britannica 2924:Britannica 2912:Propædia's 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