93:. The loans were ostensibly private loans made by private banks as investments in the development of China; however, in reality the loans were underwritten by the Japanese government in assisting Duan Qirui in his civil war to overcome his rivals for control of northern China.
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were leaked to the public, Duan Qirui was virulently attacked for having made traitorous deals with the
Japanese. Some of the rights granted to Japan were very similar to the 5th clause of the recently rejected
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In return for this financial support, Japan received confirmation of its claims to the former German
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70:(1873–1954) to negotiate a series of eight loans totaling 145 million
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Wasserstrom, Twentieth
Century China: New Approaches, page 49
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to the leader of one of the splinter groups of the former
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241:Spence, The Search for Modern China, page 329
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252:"Developmentalisms | Ernest Ming-Tak Leung"
309:Foreign relations of the Empire of Japan
120:. This popular discontent grew into the
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38:were a series of loans made by the
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63:, Masatake's secretary.
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164:Oxford University Press
134:Beasley, W.G. (1991).
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118:Twenty-One Demands
102:Shandong Province
47:Terauchi Masatake
32:Nishihara Shakkan
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190:. London:
128:References
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106:Manchuria
184:(1991).
156:(1999).
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49:to the
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319:Loans
229:Notes
91:Korea
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